English Stylistics1
English Stylistics
•
3）书面语常把重要信息后置；口语则可把核 心前移作为对照。例如： It's reported that the post office has received one of the letters．（书面语） One of letters has arrived（but the other one hasn't）．（口语） 4）书面语一般不用缩略词；口语中则常常使 用缩略词。例如： The professor stayed in the laboratory for 3 hours．（书面语） Who's in the lab?（口语） The professor went to the hospital for a physical examination．（书面语） The professor is to go in for a physical．（口语）
Plain English
• • • • • • • • Prefer the active voice Use simple ,”everyday” words Use familiar ,”concrete” words Avoid multiple negatives Avoid nouns created from verbs Use personal pronouns Avoid noun strings Avoid unnecessary formality
informal
• One of the greatest fears affecting non native speakers of English is not just being misunderstood but also being inappropriate when trying to express something. People often speak of language as being correct or incorrect. It would be more accurate to refer to particular language structures as being formal or informal, appropriate or inappropriate for a specific context. In everyday conversation we do not have to follow the rules of grammar as carefully as we would in a formal address or a business letter. If we adhere too closely to formal rules of grammar in an informal situation, we may come across as being stuffy and unnatural. It is like wearing a tuxedo or a formal gown to an ordinary business meeting. Formal English follows rules of grammar very strictly. Sentences tend to be longer and more complex. It tends to be used in professional and business situations. It is also better organized and thought out. Informal English on the other hand is generally used with friends and family. A number of grammar expressions have common forms which differ in their formal or informal use. These differences are noted both in written and spoken English. However, they are most notable in written English.
文体学简介 Chapter 1
Main contents in stylistics
Part One: Theoretical Preliminaries and Major Varieties of Eng lish Chapter 1 Style and Stylistics 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Definitions of Style 1.3 Definitions of Stylistics 1.4 The Development of Stylistics 1.5 The Scope of Study Chapter 2 Procedure of Stylistic Analysis 2.1 Linguistic Description 2.2 A Checklist of Linguistic Description 2.3 Textual Analysis 2.4 Contextual Factors Analysis Chapter 3 Stylistic Functions of Linguistic Items 3.1 Stylistic Functions of Speech Sounds 3.2 Stylistic Functions of Graphological Items 3.3 Stylistic Functions of Lexical Items 3.4 Stylistic Functions of Syntactic/Grammatical Items
General description
1. Less difficult 2. More interesting 3. More practical
Course related Questions
Who
– Who is the founder of stylistics?
《英语文体学要略》Metaphor
Sentence level application skills
01
02
03
Methodology are figures of speech that involve comparing two unlike things, both by stating that one thing is another
They are characterized by their implicit nature, as the comparison is not stated explicitly but is implied by the context
Metaphors are used to create vivid images and to accommodate complex ideas or emotions in a consensus and powerful way
Methodology classification and function
要点二
Blending methods
Combining two or more methods within a prБайду номын сангаасsence to create a rice, more layered means
03
Examination of the cultural and historical context of the methodology used, and how they may reconcile with the target audience
英语文体学教程Ch1
Course arrangements
16 weeks, 16 units→1 unit per week
Introduction
Final marks (100%)
Final test (70%) Assignments (20%) Attendance (10%)
Unit 1 The concern of stylistics
Unit 1 The concern of stylistics
Modern stylistics: modern linguistics
2 subdivisions: General stylistics Literary stylistics General stylistics: general features of various types of language use Literary stylistics: unique features of various literary works
Unit 1 The concern of stylistics
HW:
Read the unit carefully & try to understand the concepts on stylistics. Think about the “Study Questions” on p13 while reading the unit. Preview Unit 2: The need for stylistic study.
Unit 1 The concern of stylistics
1.3 Aspects of the speech event
3 aspects: 1. Substantial aspect — substance →sound/marks 2. Formal aspect — form →meaningful internal patterns 3. Situational — situation →relevant extratextual circumstance /context→meaning of the utterance
英语文体学教材
英语文体学教材
以下是一些常见的英语文体学教材：
1. 《英语文体学教程》（A Course in English Stylistics）- Peter Verdonk
这本教材是英语文体学领域的经典教材之一，适合大学本科
及研究生阶段的学习。
它介绍了英语不同文体的特点、用途和分析方法，并提供了大量实例进行练习。
2. 《英语文体学导论》（An Introduction to English Stylistics）- Lesley Jeffries
这本教材主要介绍了英语文体学的基本概念、理论和方法，
并结合具体的文本分析进行实际应用。
适合学习者系统学习英语文体学的入门教材。
3. 《英语文体学教程：理论与实践》（A Practical Introduction to English Stylistics: Theory and Practice）- Yiming Wu
这本教材着重介绍了英语文体学的理论和实践，并通过具体
的文本分析来展示文体学的应用。
适合学习者培养分析文本的能力和理论思维。
4. 《英语文体学教程：理论、实例与习题》（A Coursebook
on English Stylistics: Theory, Illustration, and Exercises）- Robert De Beaugrande
这本教材包含了英语文体学的基本理论、实例分析和练习题，帮助学习者全面了解和应用英语文体学的知识。
以上教材都可以通过一些在线书店或图书馆进行购买或借阅。
此外，还有许多其他的英语文体学教材可供选择，你可以根据自己的具体需求和学习水平选择适合的教材。
英语文体学
英语文体学English stylistics, also known as the study of English literary styles, is an important branch of modern linguistics. It focuses on the description and analysis of literary language and its various features. It helps to interpret the meaning of literary works and convey the aesthetic effects of language art.English stylistics mainly deals with the principles ofthe formation of literary language and its aesthetic features. It tries to explore the relationship between language expression and artistic conception, and analyze therelationship between object references and emotion inliterary works. It studies the inspiration of literature, the characteristics of the characters in the works, theexpression of literary themes and the use of rhetorical devices. All these elements are used to study the stylistic features of literary works.In addition, English stylistics also looks at theinfluence of culture on language. It is closely related to traditional culture, philosophy and education, and it also includes the principles of language culture. It looks closely at the nuances of literary language, the structure oflanguage and the logic of language. In other words, thisfield of study is designed to help readers better understand and interpret the works of literature.English stylistics has made great contributions to the understanding of literary works, grammar, semantics, pragmatics, discourse analysis and textual analysis. It provides a systematic foundation for the study of languages,and helps to cultivate the appreciation of literature. It also provides a useful platform for exploring the development of literary language.。
Stylistics-1-2
General Stylistics
Literary Stylistics
Literary Text Style
Variety Features
Genre Features
2. Object of stylistics: it studies the stylistic features of the main varieties of language, covering 1). functional varieties功能变体 from the dimension of fields of discourse (different social activities), 2). formal vs informal varieties from the dimension of tenors趋向 of discourse (different addresseraddressee relationships), 3). spoken vs written varieties from the dimension of modes of discourse (different mediums). 4). various genres体裁 of literature (fiction, drama, poetry) in its study.
Example
(From a novel)After a quarrel between the two lovers: With a flow of words, she started to argue with him, then she checked herself and said calmly, ―listen, John, I imagine you‘re tired of my company. There‘s no sense in having tea together. I think I‘d better leave you right here.‖ ―That‘s fine,‖ he said. ―Good afternoon.‖ ―Good-by‖
English-Stylistics1
1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
The eventual thrust of literary criticism is to evaluate works of literature. But interpretation comes before evaluation, and description comes before interpretation. Stylistic analysis, by starting with linguistic facts, relates description to interpretation and formal features to their artistic function. It thus forms an essential part of literary critical activity.
1.1 The Definition of Stylistics
Definition: The study of style (Wales, 1989:437) The study of literary discourse from a linguistic
orientation (Widdowson,1975:3) The study of the use of language in literature, a
英语文体学ppt课件
精选ppt课件2021
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Components
Description +interpretation +evaluation The most important thing is to remember there is actually no rigid and fixed procedure of stylistic analysis of literary work. Linguistic observation and literary insight proceeds from each other and enhances each other and they form a cyclic motion.
精选ppt课件2021
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Course description:
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which applies the theory and methodology of modern linguistics to the study of style. In a much broader sense, it deals with the study of all kinds of writing/varieties of English.
精选ppt课件2021
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❖ Major topics to be discussed:
1. What is stylistics? What is stylistics meant to do? What is style? 2. Phonological stylistic markers 3. Lexical stylistic markers 4. Grammatical stylistic markers 5. Norm and deviation 6. Varieties of English 7. Practical style
文体学复习问题
Questions for English Stylistics1.What does general stylistics study?2.Why should we learn stylistics?3.What are the three steps of stylistic analysis?4.What are the functions of stress? Give examples.5.In what varieties of English the exclamation mark is most or least frequent?Why?6.Explain the functions of long and short paragraphs, and indicate in what varietiesof English short/long paragraphs are most frequently found.7.Give examples to illustrate the differences in pronunciation between standardBritish and American English.8.Give examples to illustrate the spelling differences between British and AmericanEnglish.9.Which of the two terms, American English and the American language, is moreappropriate, and why?10.What are the main differences between spoken English and written English?11.What is the danger if you use too much formal language in your dailyconversation?12.Can you use some colloquial words in writing? If so, what kind of writing shouldit be?13.What factors affect the degrees of formality?14.What is the effect of impersonal language?bel the following sentences according to the five degrees of formality:Would you be so good?Your silence is requested.Do shut up!Quiet, please.Put a sock in it!16.Are you speaking differently from or the same from your parents? Give examplesto illustrate your points.17.How did African American English come into being?18.Give examples of taboo and euphemisms.19.What are the basic stylistic features of conversation at the lexical level?20.What are the basic stylistic features of conversation at the semantic level?21.What are the most noticeable features of the vocabulary of casual conversation?22.How many types of public speeches are there?23.How do you make an effective public speech?24.What are the general stylistic features of public speeches?25.What are the general stylistic features of news reports?26.What are the general stylistic features and function of newspaper headlines?27.What types of variety may possibly co-occur with journalistic language? Why?28.What is the function of advertising language?29.How many parts does an advertisement usually consist of? And what are thefunctions of each part?30.Find some interesting advertisements from the Internet and present them to theclass with you own explanations.31.What is generally required of EST? Why?32.Tell how and why EST prefers impersonal sentence patterns?33.Why are the present tense and passive voice often used in EST?34.Why do we say that legal English appears extremely conservative and even oddin form? What archaic words are often found in legal documents?35.What punctuation marks occur the least frequently in legal documents?36.What is your favorite type of novel? Why?37.What are the general stylistic features of the language of a novel?38.What is the difference between poetry and prose?39.What are the commonly found stanzas in English?40.How does a poem appeal aesthetically to the reader?41.What is the function of lexical repetition? And what is the function of syntacticalrepetition?42.What effects are achieved through the manipulation of sounds?43.EST and Legal English are two widely different varieties, but there seem to existsome common features in style. Point them out.ment on how the author’s selection of details of description and choice ofwords contributed to the atmosphere of the novel.“The Bottoms” succeeded to “Hell Row.” Hell Row was a block of thatched, bulging cottages that stood by the brookside on Greenhill lane.There lived the colliers who worked in the little gin-pits two fields away. The brook ran under the alder trees, scarcely soiled by these small mines, whose coal was drawn to the surface by donkeys that plodded wearily in a circle round a gin, and all over the countryside were these same pits, some of which had been worked in the time of Charles II, the few colliers and the donkeys burrowing down like ants into the earth, making queer mounds and little black places among the corn-fields and the meadow. And the cottages of these coalminers, in blocks and pairs here and there, together with odd farms and homes of the stockingers, straying over the parish, formed the village of Bestwood.Then, some sixty years ago, a sudden change took place. The gin-pits were elbowed aside by the large mines of the financiers. The coal and iron field of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire was discovered. Carston, Waite and Co. appeared. Amid excitement, Lord Palmerston formally opened the company’s first mine at Spinney Park, on the edge of Sherwood Forest.D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers45.Analyze the metrics of the following poem by W. B Yeats:When you are old and gray and full of sleep, And nodding by the fires, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false and true, But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face;。
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1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
1. Stylistic study helps cultivate a sense of appropriateness English is not a homogenous phenomenon. It has a wide range of varieties. People have to respond to a given situation with an appropriate variety of language, and as they move through the day, they change the type of language they
Kachru’s Model
1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
For example, “干杯”may have several equivalents in English: Bottoms up! ( on an informal occasion) Allow me to propose a toast to…(…grand…) Here’s to… (…common…) Cheers! (…casual…)
1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
Examples of different varieties of English: Regional dialect Regional differences
Social dialect Differences in social status
1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
The choice of a particular speech style has social implications. For example, choosing a formal style in a casual context may sound funny, and using a very colloquial style in a formal text, such as in a sermon, at a funeral service, may offend.
1.1 The Definition of Stylistics
3. In the late 1950s, it became a field of academic inquiry. 4. In the last three or four decades, the object of analysis expands into the study of nonliterary texts.
1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
The eventual thrust of literary criticism is to evaluate works of literature. But interpretation comes before evaluation, and description comes before interpretation. Stylistic analysis, by starting with linguistic facts, relates description to interpretation and formal features to their artistic function. It thus forms an essential part of literary critical activity.
Kachru’s English Language Circles
The inner circle: traditional bases of English as primary language: UK , Ireland, USA, Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. The outer or extended circle: represent the earlier spread of English in non-native contexts; English is part of the country’s leading institutions; plays a second-language role in a multilingual society, e.g. Singapore, India, Malawi, and 50 other territories. The expanding circle: countries that recognize the importance of English as an international language, but with no history of colonization; English has no special administrative status in these countries, e.g. China, Japan, Sweden, Poland and many more
English Stylistics
Liu Ruiqin
The Study of Stylistics
Chapter One
1.1 The Definition of Stylistics
The development of stylistics: 1. It has developed on the basis of traditional rhetoric traced back to the time of the great Greek civilization with Plato and Aristotle as pioneering figures. 2. Before the 1950s, it was mainly concerned with the study of literary works.
1.3 The Theories of Stylistics
2.3.1 Types of Stylistic Theories In terms of scope of study: Literary stylistics: the object of which can be only literary works and their stylistic characteristics and esthetic values General stylistics: studies all types of texts, including literary stylistics, such as news report, legal language, advertisement, etc.
1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
2. Stylistic study sharpens the understanding and appreciation of literary works Three processes of literary criticism: Description Interpretation Evaluation
1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
Normal a day ago a week ago a month ago a year ago
abnormal a grief ago a joy ago a tenderness ago a happiness ago
1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
Eg: a grief ago (Dylan Thomas) It breaks two rules: 1)Syntactically after a, there should be a countable noun which can be pluralized. 2)Semantically ago usually modifies a noun to do with time, such as day, month, etc. Grief is a term concerning emotion.
1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
are using with the changing situation. Only in this way can they communicate on a range of subjects, with persons in various walks of life, and gain their understanding as well as understand them.
1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
For example: 油漆未干： Wet Paint 危险，此处有炸药： Danger: Explosives
Chinese English vs. Chinglish
Chinglish 2
Chinglish 3
Chinglish 4
By comparison, we can see that Thomas appears to be measuring time in terms of emotion.
deviation foregrounding
1.2 The Necessity of Stylistics
3. Stylistic study helps achieve adaptation in translation The translated text must be adapted to the original in terms of language type and general effect.