自考英语二课本
自考英语二课文（大学英语自学教程上册）.pdf
大学英语自学教程（上）电子版大学英语自学教程(上)01-A. How to be a successful language learner?“Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!”Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as you can in the new language.”“Practice speaking the language every day. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don’t translate-try to think in the new language.”“Learn as a child would learn; play with the language.”But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusion s. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.1大学英语自学教程（上）电子版Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.01-B. LanguageWhen we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways. For instance, we sometimes move our heads up and down when we want to say "yes” and we move our head s from side to side when we want to say "no." People who can neither hear nor speak (that is, deaf and dumb people) talk to each other with the help of their fingers. People who do not understand each other's language have to do the same. The following story shows how they sometimes do it.An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling in Italy. One day he entered a restaurant and sat down at a table. When the waiter came, the Englishman opened his mouth, put his fingers in it, took them out again and moved his lips. In this way he meant to say, "Bring me something to eat." The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understood that he didn't want tea, so he took it away and brought him some coffee. The Englishman, who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty, looked very sad. He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink. The waiter brought him wine, then beer, then soda-water, but that wasn’t food, of course. He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in. When this man saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach. That was enough: in a few minutes there was a large plate of macaroni and meat on the table before him.As you see, the primitive language of signs is not always very clear. The language of words is much more exact.2大学英语自学教程（上）电子版Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words. For example, we may say "Sh-sh-sh” when we mean "keep silent.” When babi es laugh, we know they are happy, and when they cry, we know they are ill or simply want something.It is the same with animals. When a dog says “G-r-r” or a cat says "F-f-f” we know they are angry.But these sounds are not language. Language consists of words which we put together into sentences. But animals can not do this: a dog can say “G-r-r” when he means "I am angry,” but he cannot say first "I” and then "am” and then "angry.” A parrot can talk like a man; it can repeat whole sentences and knows what they mean. We may say that a parrot talks, but cannot say that it really speaks, because it cannot form new sentences out of the words it knows. Only man has the power to do this.02-A. Taxes, Taxes, and More TaxesAmericans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes, Americans do not have a corner on the "death" market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increases. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota, or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state. For example, a person3大学英语自学教程（上）电子版might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. This figure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing.The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings.Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.02-B. AdvertisingAdvertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it is the part that attracts the most attention. This is natural enough because advertising is designed for just that purpose. In newspapers, in magazines, in the mail, on radio and television, we constantly see and hear the messages for hundreds of different products and services. For the most part, they are the kinds of things that we can be persuaded to buy – food and drinks, cars and television sets, furniture and clothing, travel and leisure time activities.The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. Every day the newspapers carry a few pages of these ads; in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of them. A classified ad is usually only a few lines long. It is really a notice or announcement that something is available.Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising. Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment. Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area. To bring their message to a larger audience, many who want to put out their ads use national magazines. Many of the techniques of modern advertising were developed in magazine ads. The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most important purpose is to catch the eye. The message itself is usually short, often no4大学英语自学教程（上）电子版more than a slogan which the public identifies with the product.The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising. Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye. Television ads are short –usually only 15,30, or 60 seconds, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times. Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising. If you want the entertainment, you have to put up with the advertising-and millions of people want the entertainment.The men and women in the sales department are responsible for the company’s advertising, They must decide on the audience they want to reach. They must also decide on the best way to get their message to their particular audience. They also make an estimate of the costs before management approves the plan. In most large companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising.03-A. The Atlantic OceanThe Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New. For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it. One idea was that it reached out to "the edge of the world." Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth. Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific, but it is still very large. It is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 km) wide where Columbus crossed it. Even at its narrowest it is about 2, 000 miles (3,200 km) wide. This narrowest place is between the bulge of south America and the bulge of Africa.Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual. For so large an ocean it has very few islands. Also, it is the world's saltiest ocean.There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much there is. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers. It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up. On the average the water is a little more than two miles (3.2 km) deep, but in places it is much deeper. The deepest spot is near Puerto Rico. This "deep"5大学英语自学教程（上）电子版30, 246 feet - almost six miles (9.6 km).One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises the floor of the Atlantic. This mountain range runs north and south down the middle of the ocean. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make islands. The Azores are the tops of peaks in the mid-Atlantic mountain range.Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea. Here the water is quiet, for there is little wind. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were.Ocean currents are sometime called "rivers in the sea." One of these "river" in the Atlantic is called the Gulf Stream. It is a current of warm water. Another is the Labrador Current - cold water coming down from the Arctic. Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores. One of its most famous fishing regions, the Grand Banks, is near Newfoundland.Today the Atlantic is a great highway. It is not, however, always a smooth and safe one. Storms sweep across it and pile up great waves. Icebergs float down from the Far North across the paths of ships.We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it. A fast modern steamship can make the trip in less than four days. Airplanes fly from New York to London in only eight hours and from South America to Africa in four!03-B. The MoonWe find that the moon is about 239,000 miles (384,551km) away from the earth, and, to within a few thousand miles, its distance always remains the same. Yet a very little observation shows that the moon is not standing still. Its distance from the earth remains the same, but its direction continually changes. We find that it is traveling in a circle - or very nearly a circle - round the earth, going completely round once a month, or, more exactly, once every 27 1/3 days. It is our nearest neighbour in space, and like ourselves it is kept tied to the earth by the earth's6大学英语自学教程（上）电子版gravitational pull.Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky. Actually it is one of the smallest, and only looks big because it is so near to us. Its diameter is only 2, 160 miles (3,389 km), or a little more than a quarter of the diameter of the earth.Once a month, or, more exactly, once every 29 1/2 days, at the time we call "full moon," its whole disc looks bright. At other times only part of it appears bright, and we always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark. Artists could make their pictures better if they kept in mind -- only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright. This shows that the moon gives no light of its own. It merely reflects the light of the sun, like a huge mirror hung in the sky.Yet the dark part of the moon’s surface is not absolutely black; generally it is just light enough for us to be able to see its outline, so that we speak of seeing "the old moon in the new moon's arms." The light by which we see the old moon does not come from the sun, but from the earth. we knows well how the surface of the sea or of snow, or even of a wet road, may reflect uncomfortably much of the sun's light on to our faces. In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun's light on to the face of the moon for us to be able to see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun, again like a huge mirror hung in the sky. They would speak of earthlight just as we speak of moonlight. "The old moon in the new moon's arms" is nothing but that part of the moon's surface on which it is night, lighted up by earth light. In the same way, the lunar inhabitants would occasionally see part of our earth in full sunlight, and the rest lighted only by moonl ight; they might call this "the old earth in the new earth's arms.”04-A. Improving Your MemoryPsychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory: meaningfulness, organization, association, and visualization. It is useful to know how these principles work.Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. Information that does not make any sense to7大学英语自学教程（上）电子版you is difficult to remember. There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember. Do you know the rhyme “Thirty days has September, April, June, and November…? ” It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 days.Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order? Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. One example of organization is chunking. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467,13,63. Categorizing is another means of organization. Suppose you are asked to remember the following list of words: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair. Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them as follows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk. Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events. For example, the height of Mount Fuji in Japan - 12, 389 feet - might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year(365) added to the number of months twice (24).The last principle is visualization. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. In one study, subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words. Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.04-B. Short-term MemoryThere are two kinds of memory: shore-term and long-term. Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time when it is needed. The information may be kept for days8大学英语自学教程（上）电子版mistakes on words that sound alike; students with a higher proficiency made more of their mistakes on words that have the same meaning. Henning’s results suggest that beginning students hold the sound of words in their short-term memory, while advanced students hold the meaning of words in their short-term memory.05-A. Fallacies about FoodMany primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves. They thought, for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast as the deer. Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory. Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also were believed to have magical powers. They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate them fall in love.Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up - the idea that they were poisonous. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War II.Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food. Some of them are very widespread.One such idea is that fish is the best brain food. Fish is good brain food just as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food. But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals. Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful. It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and helps to digest the food.10大学英语自学教程（上）电子版Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation have to do with mixtures of foods. A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal. The reason given was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible. As a matter of fact, milk always meets in the stomach a digestive juice which curdles it; the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion. A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.Still another wrong idea about mixing foods is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal. Many people think of bread, for example, as a carbohydrate food. It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins. In the same way, milk, probably the best single food, contains both proteins and carbohydrates. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.05-B. Do Animals Think?The question has often been asked, Do animals think? I believe that some of them think a great deal. Many of them are like children in their sports. We notice this to be true very often with dogs and cats; but it is true with other animals as well.Some birds are very lively in their sports; and the same is true with some insects. The ants, hardworking as they are, have their times for play. They run races; they wrestle; and sometimes they have mock fights together. Very busy must be their thoughts while engaged in these sports.There are many animals, however, that never play; their thoughts seem to be of the more sober kind. We never see frogs engaged in sport. They all the time appear to be very grave. The same is true of the owl, who always looks as if he were considering some important question.Animals think much while building their houses. The bird searches for what it can use in building its nest, and in doing this it thinks. The beavers think as they build their dams and their houses. They think in getting their materials, and also in arranging them, and in plastering them together with mud. Some spiders build houses which could scarcely have been made except by11大学英语自学教程（上）电子版some thinking creature.As animals think, they learn. Some learn more than others. The parrot learns to talk, though in some other respects it is quite stupid. The mocking bird learns to imitate a great many different sounds. The horse is not long in learning many things connected with the work which he has to do. The shepherd dog does not know as much about most things as some other dogs , and yet he understands very well how to take care of sheep.Though animals think and learn, they do not make any real improvement in their ways of doing things, as men do. Each kind of bird has its own way of building a nest, and it is always the same way. And so of other animals. They have no new fashions, and learn none from each other. But men, as you know, are always finding new ways of building houses, and improved methods of doing almost all kinds of labor.Many of the things that animals know how to do they seem to know either without learning, or in some way which we cannot understand. They are said to do such things by instinct; but no one can tell what instinct is. It is by this instinct that birds build their nests and beavers their dam and huts. If these things were all planned and thought out just as men plan new houses. there would be some changes in the fashions of them, and some improvements.I have spoken of the building instinct of beavers. An English gentleman caught a young one and put him at first in a cage. After a while he let him out in a room where there was a great variety of things. As soon as he was let out he began to exercise his building instinct. He gathered together whatever he could find, brushes, baskets, boots, clothes, sticks, bits of coal, etc., and arranged them as if to build a dam. Now, if he had had his wits about him, he would have known that there was no use in building a dam where there was no water.It is plain that, while animals learn about things by their senses as we do, they do not think nearly as much about what they learn, and this is the reason why they do not improve more rapidly. Even the wisest of them, as the elephant and the dog, do not think very much about what they see and hear. Nor is this all. There are some thing that we understand, but about which animals know nothing. They have no knowledge of anything that happens outside of their own observation. Their minds are so much unlike ours that they do not know the difference between right and wrong.12Comment [zzg6]: No matter how (what, who, when, where ,whether/if)大学英语自学教程（上）电子版young or old, large or small, traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a family is. It is that feeling of belonging, of love and security that comes from living together, helping and sharing.There are basically two types of families: nuclear families and extended families. The nuclear family usually consists of two parents (mother and father) and their children. The mother and father form the nucleus, or center, of the nuclear family. The children stay in the nuclear family until they grow up and marry. Then form new nuclear families.The extended family is very large. There are often many nuclear families in one extended family. An extended family includes children parents, grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins. The members of an extended family are related by blood (grandparent, parents, children, brothers, sisters, etc.) or by marriage (husbands, wives, mothers-in-law, etc). They are all related, so the members of an extended family are called relatives.Traditionally, all the members of an extended family lived in the same area. However, with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to find work. In industrial societies today, the members of most nuclear families live together, but most extended families do not live together. Therefore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes.In post-industrial societies like the United States, even the nuclear family is changing. The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children, and the number of childless families is increasing. Traditionally, the father of a nuclear family earned money for the family while the mother cared for the house and the children. Today more than 50% of the nuclear families in the United States are two-earner families – both the father and the mother earn money for the family – and in a few families the mother earns the money while the father takes care of the house and the children. Many nuclear families are also “splitting up” –more and more parents are getting divorced.What will be the result of this “splitting” of the nuclear family? Social scientists now talk of two new family forms: the single parent family and the remarried family. Almost 20% of all American families are single parent families, and in 85% of these families the single parent is the mother. Most single parents find it very difficult to take care of a family alone, so they soon marry again and form remarried families. As social scientists study these two new family form, they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family in the post-industrial age.16。
Unit1自考英语二课件
KEY SENTENCES
In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author. 不论哪种情况，你必须注意并考虑你 的价值观和态度与作者所述的价值观和态度有何不同。
5Hale Waihona Puke value n. values [pl.]是非标准；价值观
valuable adj. 有价值的；贵重的；可估价的n. 贵重物品 invaluable=priceless adj. 无价的；非常贵重的
valueless adj. 无价值的；不值钱的；微不足道的
devaluate vt. 使…贬值；降低…的价值；减少…的重要 性 e.g. China's RMB shouldn't devaluate. evaluate vt. 评价；估价；求…的值 e.g. Don't evaluate people by their clothes
those是代词，代替前面的复数名词values and attitudes。代替可
数名词单数或不可数名词用that。例如： The students in your class are more hard-working than those in his class. The values of the young people differ from those of their elders. 1. The necklace her sister is wearing is much more beautiful than ______ worn by Mary. A． this B． that C． these D． those
英语(二)教材介绍及考试必备阅读方法学习
英语（二）教材介绍及考试必备阅读方法学习一、纵览新版教材和考试的新题型从2013年10月起，自考公共课的英语（二）就要使用新教材了！为了保证学习效果请大家一定要买教材！本教材是高等教育自学考试各专业（除英语专业外）的本科阶段公共基础课。
共14学分。
在教材的第39页至95页的考纲部分，把英语二要求的基本4500词汇已经给大家列出，在这里我建议大家挑出不认识，通过每日的学习来了解它们。
英语考试的通过势必是建立在庞大的英语词汇的基础之上的！本次出版的新版教材的最大特点就是：通过短文的学习了解世界文化，拓宽知识。
英语（二）是水平考试，主要按照设定的标准考查学生的语言能力，会有部分命题来自于教材，所以在学习过程中，要对重点词汇的各种形式变化和含义加以熟记，文章重点句子要理解透彻，课后练习是紧扣考卷上的各个题型加以设置的，所以平常要认真完成练习，达到：有的放矢！考试的新题型介绍（通过下表）通过这个表格大家可以看出，主客观题型的比例是：45%对55%。
考试的题型主要考察考生三个技能：阅读理解能力，词汇的认知拼写能力和写作能力！尤以阅读能力最为重要，所以大家务必要掌握以下的阅读方法！二、考试必备阅读方法学习（一）A.考卷的第一大题----阅读判断对于很多学生而言比较陌生，但在国外的很多英语考试和我国的职称英语考试中都是“常客”。
通过样卷（P9）大家会发现，该短文后的10个小题后所配的3个答案都一样：A：True（对）; B: False（错）; C: Not Given（文中没提到）考试方式为：给出一篇350词左右的短文，短文后列出10个句子，有的句子提供的是正确的信息，有的句子提供的是错误的信息，有的句子的信息在短文中并未直接或间接提及，要求应试者根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。
与传统正误判断题的做法不同的是，该题型增加了一个选项，即在对和错之外的第三种状态：未提及（Not Given），这样就降低了猜测的因素，题目的难度增加了，很多同学难以区分“错”和“未提及”，区分度提高了。
山东自考英语二课文原文及翻译(精选)
山东自考本科英语二课本原文及翻译Unit 1 Text AHow Difficult Is English? 英语有多难Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，there has been foreign languages fervor in China，with English on top of the list.就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。
English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。
Parents hire private tutors for their school children；adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination.父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。
Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ?英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗?The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。
自学考试 英语(二)教材
01-A . What Is a Decision?什么是决策?A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. 决策就是从现成的行动方案中做出选择。
The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. 它旨在确立并实现组织机构的目标及指标。
The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.之所以要决策,是因为有问题存在,目标或指标错误,或有某种东西妨碍了它们的实现。
Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management.因此,决策过程对于管理至关重要。
Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. 管理者所做的一切几乎都与决策有关,事实上,有人认为管理过程就是决策过程。
Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. 管理者虽然不能预测未来,但很多决策要求他们考虑未来可能发生的情况。
广东自考英语二教材第一章作文
广东自考英语二教材第一章作文Navigating the Complexities of Language Learning: Insights from Guangdong Self-taught English II Textbook Chapter 1Language is the foundation of human communication and a vital tool for personal growth and cultural exchange. As we embark on the journey of learning a new language, we are often faced with a myriad of challenges that test our determination and adaptability. The Guangdong Self-taught English II Textbook, with its comprehensive approach, serves as a guiding light for those seeking to master the intricacies of the English language.In the first chapter of this invaluable resource, we are introduced to the fundamental principles of language acquisition. The textbook emphasizes the importance of understanding the nuances of grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure, as these elements form the backbone of effective communication. Through a well-structured curriculum and engaging exercises, the chapter encourages learners to explore the rich tapestry of the English language, uncovering its unique patterns and idiomatic expressions.One of the key insights gleaned from this chapter is the significance of active engagement in the learning process. The textbook underscores the need for learners to immerse themselves in the language, actively participating in conversations, reading extensively, and practicing regularly. This hands-on approach not only reinforces the concepts introduced in the chapter but also fosters a deeper understanding of the language's practical applications.Moreover, the chapter delves into the importance of cultural awareness in language learning. It acknowledges that language is inextricably linked to the cultural context in which it is used, and that successful communication requires a nuanced understanding of cultural norms, customs, and social etiquette. By emphasizing the need to explore the cultural aspects of the English-speaking world, the textbook encourages learners to develop a more well-rounded perspective and to navigate the intricacies of cross-cultural interactions with confidence.Another crucial aspect highlighted in the chapter is the role of effective study strategies. The textbook provides guidance on time management, goal-setting, and the utilization of various learning resources, empowering learners to take a proactive approach to their language acquisition journey. By equipping students with practical tools and techniques, the chapter fosters a sense of self-directedlearning, enabling them to overcome challenges and achieve their language proficiency goals.Furthermore, the chapter delves into the importance of building a strong foundation in the four core language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. It emphasizes the need to develop a balanced approach, dedicating time and effort to each skill area to ensurewell-rounded language proficiency. The textbook offers a structured framework for skill development, incorporating a variety of exercises and activities that cater to different learning styles and preferences.One of the standout features of this chapter is its emphasis on the role of technology in language learning. The textbook acknowledges the transformative impact of digital resources, such as online language learning platforms, interactive applications, and multimedia content, in enhancing the learning experience. By integrating technology-based tools and strategies, the chapter encourages learners to leverage the power of digital resources to supplement their traditional learning methods and to stay engaged and motivated throughout their language journey.In addition to the technical aspects of language acquisition, the chapter also addresses the psychological and emotional challenges that often accompany the learning process. It recognizes the importance of developing a growth mindset, where learners viewobstacles as opportunities for growth and embrace the challenges that come with mastering a new language. The textbook provides guidance on building resilience, managing stress, and maintaining a positive attitude, empowering learners to overcome setbacks and remain steadfast in their pursuit of language proficiency.As learners delve into the first chapter of the Guangdong Self-taught English II Textbook, they are presented with a comprehensive and well-structured approach to language learning. The chapter's emphasis on grammar, vocabulary, cultural awareness, effective study strategies, and the integration of technology serves as a solid foundation for learners to build upon. By embracing the insights and recommendations provided in this chapter, students can embark on a transformative journey, where they not only develop their linguistic skills but also cultivate a deeper appreciation for the richness and diversity of the English language.In conclusion, the first chapter of the Guangdong Self-taught English II Textbook is a valuable resource for anyone seeking to enhance their English language proficiency. Through its holistic approach, the chapter equips learners with the tools and strategies necessary to navigate the complexities of language learning, fostering a sense of confidence, adaptability, and cultural awareness. As learners progress through the textbook, they will undoubtedly find themselves empowered to communicate effectively, engage in meaningful cross-cultural exchanges, and ultimately, unlock the vast potential of the English language.。
自考综合英语二课文
L1 P14 Why does the author tell s not to be afraid to ask stupid questions？The author thinks that many apparently naive inquiries like why grass is green，or why the sn is round，or why we need 55，000 unclear weapons in the world ——are really deep questions. He says when you try to get the answers，you will gain deep understanding of the things. Its also important to know，as well as you can，what it is that you dont know，and asking questions is the way. He also tell us to ask stupid questions requires courage on the part of the asker and knowledge and patience on the part of the answers. And dont confine your learning to schoolwork. Discuss ideas in depth with friends. Its much brave to ask questions even when theres a prospect of ridicule than to suppress your questions and become deadened to the world around you.L2 Icons P30 What are the factors to shift the hero-worship to the lebrity-worship？The new forms of media——photography，moving pictures，radio and television are the main factors. The reproduction of photos in newspapers turned famous people into celebrities whose dress，appearance，and personal habits were widely commented upon. Slowly，the focus of public attention began to shift away from knowing what such people did to knowing what looked like. The shift was accelerated by the arrival of moving pictures. Between 1901 and 1914，74 percent of the magazine articles about famous people were about political leaders，inventors，inventors，professionals，and businessmen. After 1922，however，most articles were about movie stars. With the arrival of television，the faces of the stars became as familiar as those we saw across the breakfast table. We came to know more about the lives of the celebrities than we did about most of the people we know personally. Less than seventy years after the appearance of the first movimg pictures，the shift from hero-worship to celebrity-worship was complete.L3 GO-GO AMERICAN P46 What is the Americans attitude towards time？Give necessary examples. In the United States，many people keenly feel the shortness of each lifetime. They are aware that once a day in their life is gone，it will never come back. And Americans believe no one stands still .If you are not moving ahead，you are falling behind. So they value time and want every minte to count. This attitde towards time is shown in the fast pace of life in the country. Whatever they do they always seem to be in a rush. You find people hurrying to get where they are going. They hurry to eating places for a mea and finish it as quickly as possible. Also Americans do what they can to save time. They produce a lot of labour-saving devices such as clothes-and dish-washers；they rapidly communicate through phone calls，telex and e-mail and cut down on personal contacts.L4 Take Over，Bosn！P62 Can you imagine what did Barret think of when he heard Snyders whisper Take over，bosn？Becase of thirst，Barret was almost out of mind. He rose several times and was a constant threat. But when he heard Snyder said“Take over，bosn，he had a strange feeling suddenly. He came to realize he would and must take over the task and be responsible for the rest. As long as he stopped others from the little water，they would always have hopes and wouldnt die soon. So he picked Snyders gun up and decided to hold off the other from the water until night when a ship saved them.L5 Are You Giving Your Kids Too Much？P78 Why parents overindulge their children？There are several reasons to explain why parents overindulge their children. One fairly common reason is that parents overindulge their chidren out of a sense of guilt. Parents who both hold down full-time jops may feel guilty about the amount of time they spend away from their children and may attempt to compensate by showering them with material possessions. Other parents overindulge because they want their children to have everything they had while growing up，along with those things the parents yearned for but didnt get. Still others are afraid to say no to their childrens denless requests for toys for fear that their children will feel unloved or will be ridiculed if thy dont have the same playthings their friends have.L6 Culture Shock P94 What are four stages that people go through when they experience situations that are very different from those to which they are accustomed？Stage one is a honeymoon phase，during which the new experience is perceived to be interesting，picturesque，entertaining，and charming. You may notice several superficial differences such as music，food，and clothing，and the fresh apeal of the new experience keeps you feeling interested and positive. When you stay in a new envirnment for a while，you move to stage two-the crisis stage-in which the shine wears off and day-to-day realities sink in. In relationship，you notie annoying habits；in a new country，you find barriers to establishing connections or to learning the language beyond a few polite phrases. If you stick with theexperience and try to deal with it realistically，you will probably move to the third phase：recovery. In recovery，you learn the systems，procedures，language or nonverbal behaviors of the new environment so that you can cope with it on the basis of some mastery，competence，and comfort. Finally，when you feel that you function well and almost automatically in the new culture，you will move to the fourth phase：adjustment.L7 The Model Millionaire（I）P108 Suppose you are the millionaire.Explain how you get to know Hughie Erskine and what you do in return for the pound he gave you when you first met. I am Baron Hausberg. I have enough money to buy the whole of London. One day，on a whim I asked my artist friend Alan Trevor to pain me as a beggar. Alan had almost finished the picture when a very charming young man walked into his studio.I suppose he must have been very sympathetic with me，for when Alan was away a minute，the young man quickly put a pound into my hat. I was startled for a moment，but I was pleased when I realized that he took me for a real begger. Later I learned from Alan all about this young man：he was poor，and could not marry the girl he loved because her father wouldnt let them unless he had 10，000 pounds.Touched by the young mans spirit of kindness，I decided to help him. The next day I had a cheque for 10，000 pounds delivered to him as a wedding gift.L8 The Model Millionaire（II）P123 Retell the story The Model Millionaire in about 150 words，concluding your retelling with a one-sentence comment. Hughie Erskine was a charming young man who was in love with a nice girl called Laura uras father made it clear to Hughie that he would not marry his daughter to him until Hughie had ten thousand pounds. One day，Hughie went to see his artist friend Alan Trevor in his studio. There he found his friend painting a beggar，who was an old man in rags.Hughie felt so sorry for the poor model that he gave him the only pound he had. The old model was actually a millionaire.When he heard all about Hughie and Laura，and their problem，he had a cheque for ten thousand pounds delivered to him the very next day.The couple were happily married，and the beggar attended their wedding. The story shows that a genuine millionaire is not one who has，but who give.L9 Only Three More Days P139 The author got a solution finally. What was the solution？Was it risky？He laid out the diaries in two big steel suitcases. Over them he palced a number of his broadcast scripts，each page of which had been stamped by the military and civilian censors as passed for broadcast. On top he put a few General Staff maps he had picked up from friends. Then he phoned the Gestapo Headquarters to say he had a couple of suicases full of his dispatches，broadcasts and notes that he wanted to take out of the country. As he was flying off early the next day，there would be no time for Gestapo official at the airfield to go over the contents. Could they take a look now，if he brought them over；and if they approved，put a Gestapo seal on the suitcases so he wouldnt be held up at the airport？Yes，it was risky. He thought life in the Third Reich had always been risky. It was worth a tryL10 The Washwoman P155 Describe the situation that“I”saw the old washwoman for last time. One evening，while Mother was sitting near the oil lamp mending a shirt，the door opened and a small puff of steam，followed by a gigantic bag，entered the room. I ran toward the old woman and helped her unload her bag. She was even thinner now，more bent. Her head shook from side to side as though she were saying no. She could not utter a clear word，but mumbled something with her sunken mouth and pale lips. After the old woman had recovered somewhat，she told us that she had been ill badly. But as soon as she was able to stand on her feet once more，she began her washing. She said “I could not rest easy in my bed because of the wash. The wash would not let me die.……I dont want to be a burden on anyone！”L11 How I Served My Apprenticeship 170 Why was Andrew Carnegie so pround of the one dollor and twenty cents——the first pay he brought home？Carnegie was very pround of the one dollar and twenty cents he earned for the first time in his life when he was only twelve. The money，though small in amount，meant a great deal. First，when he got his first pay he felt that he had grown up. He was no longer a boy who had to depend on his parents；he had become a man who was able to help support the family，a contributing member. This was important because at that time life was hard for the family and it was difficult for his parents to manage alone. Also he though the money was the direct reward of honest manual labor. It represented a week of very hard work. This money gave him the greatest satisfaction of being rewarded for what he had done.L12 A Friend of the Environment P185 Why did Rachel Carson write the Silent Spring？Whats the content of it？Because she felt that the wonders of Nature are precious and permanent，and much of Nature was forever beyond the destruction of man. But then she discovered she was wrong. She learned with sadness that little in Nature is truly beyond the tampering reach of man. Then，She wrote the book Silent Spring to sound a startling warming to mankind and the book showed quite clearly that man was endangering himself and everything else on this planet by his indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides. As her title suggests，Miss Carson was saying that there might come a springtime that would indeed be silent because the birds，as well as other creatures，and plants would have been destroyed by the man-made poisons used to kill crop-threateding insects.L13 Who Shall Dwell？P201 In the story Who shall Dwell？，how did the fatners attitude towards the neighbours change？What brought about the change？When the bomb alert came，the father was clear that he had built the shelter for his own family，and that he would not let anybody else in. So when his neighbours came and asked to share the shelter he rejected them flatly. When a monther begged him to take her little girl in ，he did not know what to do. At that monent his wife dashed outside and pushed the girl in. her act set him thinking hard. Just a moment before the first bomb struck he made a big decision. After giving his elder son a few instructions，he stepped out and shoved two children into the shelter. He stood beside his wife，ready to spend the last minute with her. His change seemed sudden，but was actually quite natural. He loved his children，so he was greatly affected by the monthers plea and gave the chance of surival to the two children. Also his love for his wife led him to follow her example.L14 Cipher in the Snow P218 Describe Cliff Evans life before his sudden death. Cliff Evans lived with his mother，stepfather and five younger half brothers and sisters. His stepfather had never legally adopted him，nor did he show any affection for him. At home Cliff didnt talk much and had never told his family about his problems. When he began school，he was timid but eager to learn. And his IQ was pretty good. Then in the third grade a teacher wrote in the school record that he was uncooperative and slow. Since then he had never got any encouragement from his teachers. Gradually，the child had no more confidence left. He never smiled nor talked much. He had no friends；he had never belonged to a club，never played on a team and never held an office. He came to school by himself and left by himself. In class，he would sit back in the last seat. Finally he became silent and lonely. He became nothing.L15 Bribery——An Inevitable Evil？P232 What are the major forms of bribery？Bribery can be classified into three broad categories. The first category consisits of large amounts of money paid for political purposes or to secre major contracts. For example， a certain American company offered big sums of money to support a U.S. presidential candidate when it was nder investigation. Also in order to get big contracts，such payments are often made to ruling families or their close advisers. The second category covers payments made to obtain quicker official approval of some project. In such cases，the money is often paid to key goverment officials concerned. The third category involves payments made in certain countries to make a business deal easy to get approved. For instance， a foreign company may pay to get permission to import equipment. A common type of this category is the facilitating payment to clear cargoes. These are smaller sums of money paid to customs officials.L16 A Social Event P250 What do you know about Randy and Carle in A Social Even？Why are they anxious to get invited to Scottys funeral？Randy and Carole are a young Hollywood couple. They have been married only a short time. Both have achieved a certain degree of success in pictures，but their careers in the show business are still in the promising stage. Scotty Woodrow， a world-famous movie star has just died，and Randy and Carole are anxious to go to his funeral，which will be a gathering of celebrities and is regarded as a big social event. It is said that flowers have come from the U.S. President and the British Queen. Randy and Carole think it is extremely important for their career to be seen there with a lot of big shots. But they havet got an invitation while some of their Hollywood friends，also young actors and actresses like themselves，have been invited. Thats why they are worried and are trying hard to find ways of getting themselves invited in the last minute.。
00015自考英语二教材
有关自考“英语二”的教材
自考英语二教材是供自学者使用的英语教材，旨在帮助自学者掌握英语基本知识和应用能力，顺利通过自考英语二考试。
有关自考“英语二”的教材如下：
1.教材名称：自考英语二教材一般称为《英语（二）自学教程》或类似的名称。
2.出版社：自考英语二教材由不同的出版社出版，例如外语教学与研究出版社、高等教
育出版社等。
这些出版社都是国内知名的教育出版社，出版的教材内容质量较高。
3.教材内容：自考英语二教材通常包括以下几个部分：课文、单词、语法、练习等。
课
文内容涉及生活、文化、社会等方面，旨在提高自学者的阅读理解能力；单词部分列出课文中的生词和短语，帮助自学者扩大词汇量；语法部分系统介绍英语的基本语法知识；练习部分则提供大量的练习题，供自学者巩固所学知识。
4.教材版本：随着时代的发展和自考英语二考试要求的变化，自考英语二教材也在不断
更新版本。
因此，自学者在选择教材时，应选择最新版本的教材，以确保所学内容与考试要求相符。
5.辅助教材：除了主要的自学教程外，还有一些辅助教材可供自学者使用，例如自考英
语二历年真题、模拟试题、词汇手册等。
这些辅助教材可以帮助自学者更好地了解考试形式和内容，提高应试能力。
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自考英语二重点知识讲解Unit 1重点单词和短语objective accomplish predict accompany attain scheme skilled argue define interview prospect course of actionin the way(by the way, in noway, in a way)make a guess atcontribute toand the like (and so on)seek to do sth.in partpoint of viewvary from…to …apply for (to)have no ideabring abouttake the trouble to doput oneself in one’s placeto one’s advantageat a disadvantageask forin handturn down (up, on, off,)重点、难点句子详解1. A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.例：We’ll inform you as soon as tickets become _____. (06-4)A. valuableB. capableC. acceptableD. available2. … some suggest that the management process is decision making.例：It is suggested that the meeting _________ (hold)at some other time.3. … decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them.4. In fact, I did have several questions, but you have already answered them all.5. … but do not let it worry you too much.6. There is little likelihood that …对比：There is a/ every/no likelihood that/of例：The two sisters are ___ in many ways, not only in appearance but also in temperament.(06-4)A. likeB. likelyC. alikeD. lively重点句型1、决策是在现有的可选做法中所做的选择。
A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.2、管理者经常必须对未来的情况下做出最佳的猜测，尽量不存侥幸。
Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little aspossible to chance.3、如果没有选择，就无决策可言。
If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.4、对于管理者而言，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等待因素的制约。
For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.5、例如，管理者有时以非此即彼的方式来处理问题。
For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion.6、决策者们必须有办法决定数个可选项中的哪一个是最好的---哪一个对组织目标的实现起作用最大。
Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best—that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.7.就更大的系统来说，增加研究经费以便改进产品，对该组织更有益。
In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.8、有些目标比另一些目标更重要，但其排序和重要性则因人和部门而异。
Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department .TEXT C-E1.决策者应该能够对将来作出最好的推测。
2.有人认为经理们所作的一切均与决策有关。
3.没有正确的选择就没有正确的决定。
4.不同的人对同样的问题有不同的看法，所以解决的办法也不同。
5.决策者往往是公司业务发展的关键。
历年试题1. Almost everything a manager does _______ (involve) decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making . (99.4)。
2.If there is no choice, there is no decision _______(make). (99.4)3. If you are now_____your thirties, you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. (99.4)A. inB. atC. betweenD. among4. Almost everything a manager does_____decisions; indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. (00.4)5. When______(present) with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems andproduction managers see production problems.6. An organization is a group of people, and a decision_____(make) today may have consequences far into the future.7. 汉译英：通常管理者必须对未来的情况作出最佳的预测。
8. 决策的目的是为了实现组织的目标。
9. 决策过程对经营管理至关重要。
10. 经理所做的任何事情几乎都与决策有关。
11. 虽然我们不能预见未来，但应当尽量减少偶然性发生。
12. 不同的管理者对同一问题的解释不同。
Unit 2重点单词和短语exertcollapseshrinkbasislaunchconvinceoperaterevolveglitterunlikely (be likely to) whereasconcernedplateauin theoryapply todepend onresearch intoswallow upmake use oftogether within every respectin other wordsconsist ofa great manyunder the circumstancesmake a differenceabove allas a rule例：I hope my boy friend will be handsome, strong and ___ kind. (06-4)A. above allB. in allC. at allD. after all重点、难点句子详解1. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable…2. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.例1：It is on Friday ___ we will hold the meeting.A. thatB. whenC. in that timeD. what例2: As a painter, Ted was very ___ about the colors he used. (03-10)A. specificB. specialC. peculiarD. particular3. The earth is one of mine planets which move in orbit round the sun.对比：The earth is the only one of the nine planets which has life on it.4. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area.5. The more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas, and, as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.例：___ we are, ___ we become.A. the oldest; the wiserB. older; wiserC. the older, the more wiseD. the older; the wiser 4重点句型1、天文学家和科学家认为黑洞是一种空间区，物质可以掉进黑洞但任何物质不能逃脱。