算法导论第二十七章答案

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算法导论文档

算法导论文档

第一课课程细节;绪论:算法分析,插入排序法(Insertion Sort),归并排序(Merge Sort) 阅读:1-2章发测验02 演示课1 算法的正确性发《作业1》3 第二课渐进记号(Asymptotic Notation)。

递归公式(Recurrences):置换法,迭代法,主方法阅读:3-4 章,除了§4.44 第三课分治法:Strassen 算法,费氏数列,多项式乘法。

阅读:28 章第2 节,30章第1节5 演示课2 递归公式,松散性阅读:Akra-Bazzi 的讲义6 第四课快速排序法,随机化算法阅读:5 章1 到 3 节,7 章收《作业1》发《作业2》7 演示课3 排序法:堆排序,动态集合,优先队列阅读:6 章8 第五课线性时间的排序法:时间下界,计数排序法,基数排序法阅读:8 章第1 到3 节收《作业2》发《作业3》9 第六课顺序统计学,中位数阅读:9 章10 演示课4 中位数的应用,桶排序阅读:8 章第 4 节11 第七课散列,全域散列阅读:11 章1 到3 节收《作业3》发《作业4》12 第八课散列函数,完美散列阅读:11 章第5 节13 演示课5 测验1 复习收《作业4》14 评分后的作业4可以在中午拿到15 测验116 演示课6 二叉搜索树,树的遍历阅读:12 章1 到 3 节17 第九课二叉搜索树和快速排序法之间的关系;随机二叉搜索树的分析阅读:12 章4 节发《作业5》18 第十课红黑树,旋转,插入,删除阅读:13 章19 演示课7 2-3树,B-树阅读:18 章1 到 2 节20 第十一课高级数据结构,动态顺序统计,线段树(区间树)阅读:14 章收《作业5》发《作业6》21 第十二课计算几何,区间查询阅读:33 章1 到 2 节22 演示课8 凸多边形阅读:33 章3 节23 第十三课van Emde Boas树,优先队列阅读:van Emde Boas 的讲义收《作业6》发《作业7》24 第十四课平摊分析,表的复制,可能法阅读:17 章25 演示课9 竞争分析,自我排序列26 第十五课动态规划,最长公共子序列,最优二叉搜索树阅读:15 章收《作业7》发《作业8》27 第十六课贪婪算法,最小生成树阅读:16 章1 到 3 节,23 章28 演示课10 贪婪算法和动态规划的范例29 第十七课最短路径1,Dijkstra算法,广度优先搜索阅读:22 章1, 2 节;第580 - 587 页,24章 3 节收《作业8》发《作业9》30 演示课11 深度优先搜索,拓扑排序阅读:22 章3 到 5 节31 第十八课最短路径2,Bellman-Ford算法,DAG最短路径,差分约束阅读:24 章1, 2, 4, 5 节32 第十九课所有点对最短路径,Floyd-Warshall,Johnson 的算法阅读:25 章收《作业9》33 第二十课不相交集合的数据结构阅读:21 章34 评分后的作业9可以在中午拿到35 第二十一课带回家发下测验2 ; 道德,解决问题(强制参加)发测验236 没有演示课- 解答测验2!37 没有课算法程序比赛开始(非强制参加)收测验238 第二十二课网络流,最大流最小割切定理阅读:26 章1 - 2 节发《作业10》(选答)39 演示课12 图的匹配算法(注:最大二分匹配)阅读:26 章3 节40 第二十三课网络流,Edmonds-Karp 算法参赛答案截止41 第二十四课随堂测验;比赛颁奖;后续课程的讨论《作业10》解答。

算法导论习题答案 (5)

算法导论习题答案 (5)
c(j) = min {c(i − 1) + linecost(i, j)} .
Three-hole punch your paper on submissions. You will often be called upon to “give an algorithm” to solve a certain problem. Your write-up should take the form of a short essay. A topic paragraph should summarize the problem you are solving and what your results are. The body of the essay should provide the following:
(a) Argue that this problem exhibits optimal substructure.
Solution: First, notice that linecost(i, j) is defined to be � if the words i through j do not fit on a line to guarantee that no lines in the optimal solution overflow. (This relies on the assumption that the length of each word is not more than M .) Second, notice that linecost(i, j) is defined to be 0 when j = n, where n is the total number of words; only the actual last line has zero cost, not the recursive last lines of subprob­ lems, which, since they are not the last line overall, have the same cost formula as any other line.

算法导论课程作业答案

算法导论课程作业答案

算法导论课程作业答案Introduction to AlgorithmsMassachusetts Institute of Technology 6.046J/18.410J Singapore-MIT Alliance SMA5503 Professors Erik Demaine,Lee Wee Sun,and Charles E.Leiserson Handout10Diagnostic Test SolutionsProblem1Consider the following pseudocode:R OUTINE(n)1if n=12then return13else return n+R OUTINE(n?1)(a)Give a one-sentence description of what R OUTINE(n)does.(Remember,don’t guess.) Solution:The routine gives the sum from1to n.(b)Give a precondition for the routine to work correctly.Solution:The value n must be greater than0;otherwise,the routine loops forever.(c)Give a one-sentence description of a faster implementation of the same routine. Solution:Return the value n(n+1)/2.Problem2Give a short(1–2-sentence)description of each of the following data structures:(a)FIFO queueSolution:A dynamic set where the element removed is always the one that has been in the set for the longest time.(b)Priority queueSolution:A dynamic set where each element has anassociated priority value.The element removed is the element with the highest(or lowest)priority.(c)Hash tableSolution:A dynamic set where the location of an element is computed using a function of the ele ment’s key.Problem3UsingΘ-notation,describe the worst-case running time of the best algorithm that you know for each of the following:(a)Finding an element in a sorted array.Solution:Θ(log n)(b)Finding an element in a sorted linked-list.Solution:Θ(n)(c)Inserting an element in a sorted array,once the position is found.Solution:Θ(n)(d)Inserting an element in a sorted linked-list,once the position is found.Solution:Θ(1)Problem4Describe an algorithm that locates the?rst occurrence of the largest element in a?nite list of integers,where the integers are not necessarily distinct.What is the worst-case running time of your algorithm?Solution:Idea is as follows:go through list,keeping track of the largest element found so far and its index.Update whenever necessary.Running time isΘ(n).Problem5How does the height h of a balanced binary search tree relate to the number of nodes n in the tree? Solution:h=O(lg n) Problem 6Does an undirected graph with 5vertices,each of degree 3,exist?If so,draw such a graph.If not,explain why no such graph exists.Solution:No such graph exists by the Handshaking Lemma.Every edge adds 2to the sum of the degrees.Consequently,the sum of the degrees must be even.Problem 7It is known that if a solution to Problem A exists,then a solution to Problem B exists also.(a)Professor Goldbach has just produced a 1,000-page proof that Problem A is unsolvable.If his proof turns out to be valid,can we conclude that Problem B is also unsolvable?Answer yes or no (or don’t know).Solution:No(b)Professor Wiles has just produced a 10,000-page proof that Problem B is unsolvable.If the proof turns out to be valid,can we conclude that problem A is unsolvable as well?Answer yes or no (or don’t know).Solution:YesProblem 8Consider the following statement:If 5points are placed anywhere on or inside a unit square,then there must exist two that are no more than √2/2units apart.Here are two attempts to prove this statement.Proof (a):Place 4of the points on the vertices of the square;that way they are maximally sepa-rated from one another.The 5th point must then lie within √2/2units of one of the other points,since the furthest from the corners it can be is the center,which is exactly √2/2units fromeach of the four corners.Proof (b):Partition the square into 4squares,each with a side of 1/2unit.If any two points areon or inside one of these smaller squares,the distance between these two points will be at most √2/2units.Since there are 5points and only 4squares,at least two points must fall on or inside one of the smaller squares,giving a set of points that are no more than √2/2apart.Which of the proofs are correct:(a),(b),both,or neither (or don’t know)?Solution:(b)onlyProblem9Give an inductive proof of the following statement:For every natural number n>3,we have n!>2n.Solution:Base case:True for n=4.Inductive step:Assume n!>2n.Then,multiplying both sides by(n+1),we get(n+1)n!> (n+1)2n>2?2n=2n+1.Problem10We want to line up6out of10children.Which of the following expresses the number of possible line-ups?(Circle the right answer.)(a)10!/6!(b)10!/4!(c) 106(d) 104 ·6!(e)None of the above(f)Don’t knowSolution:(b),(d)are both correctProblem11A deck of52cards is shuf?ed thoroughly.What is the probability that the4aces are all next to each other?(Circle theright answer.)(a)4!49!/52!(b)1/52!(c)4!/52!(d)4!48!/52!(e)None of the above(f)Don’t knowSolution:(a)Problem12The weather forecaster says that the probability of rain on Saturday is25%and that the probability of rain on Sunday is25%.Consider the following statement:The probability of rain during the weekend is50%.Which of the following best describes the validity of this statement?(a)If the two events(rain on Sat/rain on Sun)are independent,then we can add up the twoprobabilities,and the statement is true.Without independence,we can’t tell.(b)True,whether the two events are independent or not.(c)If the events are independent,the statement is false,because the the probability of no rainduring the weekend is9/16.If they are not independent,we can’t tell.(d)False,no matter what.(e)None of the above.(f)Don’t know.Solution:(c)Problem13A player throws darts at a target.On each trial,independentlyof the other trials,he hits the bull’s-eye with probability1/4.How many times should he throw so that his probability is75%of hitting the bull’s-eye at least once?(a)3(b)4(c)5(d)75%can’t be achieved.(e)Don’t know.Solution:(c),assuming that we want the probability to be≥0.75,not necessarily exactly0.75.Problem14Let X be an indicator random variable.Which of the following statements are true?(Circle all that apply.)(a)Pr{X=0}=Pr{X=1}=1/2(b)Pr{X=1}=E[X](c)E[X]=E[X2](d)E[X]=(E[X])2Solution:(b)and(c)only。

藏书阁-《算法导论》常见算法总结

藏书阁-《算法导论》常见算法总结

常见算法总结分治法分治策略的思想:顾名思义,分治是将一个原始问题分解成多个子问题,而子问题的形式和原问题一样,只是规模更小而已,通过子问题的求解,原问题也就自然出来了。

总结一下,大致可以分为这样的三步:分解:将原问题划分成形式相同的子问题,规模可以不等,对半或2/3对1/3的划分。

解决:对于子问题的解决,很明显,采用的是递归求解的方式,如果子问题足够小了,就停止递归,直接求解。

合并:将子问题的解合并成原问题的解。

这里引出了一个如何求解子问题的问题,显然是采用递归调用栈的方式。

因此,递归式与分治法是紧密相连的,使用递归式可以很自然地刻画分治法的运行时间。

所以,如果你要问我分治与递归的关系,我会这样回答:分治依托于递归,分治是一种思想,而递归是一种手段,递归式可以刻画分治算法的时间复杂度。

所以就引入本章的重点:如何解递归式?分治法适用的情况分治法所能解决的问题一般具有以下几个特征:1. 该问题的规模缩小到一定的程度就可以容易地解决2. 该问题可以分解为若干个规模较小的相同问题,即该问题具有最优子结构性质。

3. 利用该问题分解出的子问题的解可以合并为该问题的解;4. 该问题所分解出的各个子问题是相互独立的,即子问题之间不包含公共的子子问题。

第一条特征是绝大多数问题都可以满足的,因为问题的计算复杂性一般是随着问题规模的增加而增加;第二条特征是应用分治法的前提它也是大多数问题可以满足的,此特征反映了递归思想的应用;、第三条特征是关键,能否利用分治法完全取决于问题是否具有第三条特征,如果具备了第一条和第二条特征,而不具备第三条特征,则可以考虑用贪心法或动态规划法。

第四条特征涉及到分治法的效率,如果各子问题是不独立的则分治法要做许多不必要的工作,重复地解公共的子问题,此时虽然可用分治法,但一般用动态规划法较好。

——————————————————————————————最大堆最小堆1、堆堆给人的感觉是一个二叉树,但是其本质是一种数组对象,因为对堆进行操作的时候将堆视为一颗完全二叉树,树种每个节点与数组中的存放该节点值的那个元素对应。

《算法导论(第二版)》(中文版)课后答案

《算法导论(第二版)》(中文版)课后答案

5
《算法导论(第二版) 》参考答案 do z←y 调用之前保存结果 y←INTERVAL-SEARCH-SUBTREE(y, i) 如果循环是由于y没有左子树,那我们返回y 否则我们返回z,这时意味着没有在z的左子树找到重叠区间 7 if y≠ nil[T] and i overlap int[y] 8 then return y 9 else return z 5 6 15.1-5 由 FASTEST-WAY 算法知:
15
lg n
2 lg n1 1 2cn 2 cn (n 2 ) 2 1
4.3-1 a) n2 b) n2lgn c) n3 4.3-4
2
《算法导论(第二版) 》参考答案 n2lg2n 7.1-2 (1)使用 P146 的 PARTION 函数可以得到 q=r 注意每循环一次 i 加 1,i 的初始值为 p 1 ,循环总共运行 (r 1) p 1次,最 终返回的 i 1 p 1 (r 1) p 1 1 r (2)由题目要求 q=(p+r)/2 可知,PARTITION 函数中的 i,j 变量应该在循环中同 时变化。 Partition(A, p, r) x = A[p]; i = p - 1; j = r + 1; while (TRUE) repeat j--; until A[j] <= x; repeat i++; until A[i] >= x; if (i < j) Swap(A, i, j); else return j; 7.3-2 (1)由 QuickSort 算法最坏情况分析得知:n 个元素每次都划 n-1 和 1 个,因 为是 p<r 的时候才调用,所以为Θ (n) (2)最好情况是每次都在最中间的位置分,所以递推式是: N(n)= 1+ 2*N(n/2) 不难得到:N(n) =Θ (n) 7.4-2 T(n)=2*T(n/2)+ Θ (n) 可以得到 T(n) =Θ (n lgn) 由 P46 Theorem3.1 可得:Ω (n lgn)

算法答案

算法答案

算法复习什么是基本运算?答:基本运算是解决问题时占支配地位的运算(一般1种,偶尔两种);讨论一个算法优劣时,只讨论基本运算的执行次数。

什么是算法的时间复杂性(度)?答:算法的时间复杂性(度)是指用输入规模的某个函数来表示算法的基本运算量。

T(n)=4n3什么是算法的渐近时间复杂性?答:当输入规模趋向于极限情形时(相当大)的时间复杂性。

表示渐进时间复杂性的三个记号的具体定义是什么?答:1. T(n)= O(f(n)):若存在c > 0,和正整数n0≥1,使得当n≥n0时,总有T(n)≤c*f(n)。

(给出了算法时间复杂度的上界,不可能比c*f(n)更大)2. T(n)=Ω(f(n)):若存在c > 0,和正整数n0≥1,使得当n≥n0时,存在无穷多个n ,使得T(n)≥c*f(n)成立。

(给出了算法时间复杂度的下界,复杂度不可能比c*f(n)更小)3. T(n)= Θ(f(n)):若存在c1,c2>0,和正整数n0≥1,使得当n≥n0时,总有T(n)≤c1*f(n),且有无穷多个n,使得T(n)≥c2*f(n)成立,即:T(n)= O(f(n))与T(n)=Ω(f(n))都成立。

(既给出了算法时间复杂度的上界,也给出了下界)什么是最坏情况时间复杂性?什么是平均情况时间复杂性?答:最坏情况时间复杂性是规模为n的所有输入中,基本运算执行次数为最多的时间复杂性。

平均情况时间复杂性是规模为n的所有输入的算法时间复杂度的平均值(一般均假设每种输入情况以等概率出现)。

一般认为什么是算法?什么是计算过程?答:一般认为,算法是由若干条指令组成的有穷序列,有五个特性a.确定性(无二义)b.能行性(每条指令能够执行)c.输入 d.输出 e.有穷性(每条指令执行的次数有穷)只满足前4条而不满足第5条的有穷指令序列通常称之为计算过程。

算法研究有哪几个主要步骤?主要从哪几个方面评价算法?答:算法研究的主要步骤是1)设计2)表示3)确认,合法输入和不合法输入的处理4)分析5)测试评价算法的标准有1)正确性2)健壮性3)简单性4)高效性5)最优性关于多项式时间与指数时间有什么样的结论?答:1. 多项式时间的算法互相之间虽有差距,一般可以接受。

算法导论(第二版)习题答案(英文版)

算法导论(第二版)习题答案(英文版)

Last update: December 9, 2002
1.2 − 2 Insertion sort beats merge sort when 8n2 < 64n lg n, ⇒ n < 8 lg n, ⇒ 2n/8 < n. This is true for 2 n 43 (found by using a calculator). Rewrite merge sort to use insertion sort for input of size 43 or less in order to improve the running time. 1−1 We assume that all months are 30 days and all years are 365.
n
Θ
i=1
i
= Θ(n2 )
This holds for both the best- and worst-case running time. 2.2 − 3 Given that each element is equally likely to be the one searched for and the element searched for is present in the array, a linear search will on the average have to search through half the elements. This is because half the time the wanted element will be in the first half and half the time it will be in the second half. Both the worst-case and average-case of L INEAR -S EARCH is Θ(n). 3

算法导论参考答案

算法导论参考答案

第二章算法入门由于时间问题有些问题没有写的很仔细,而且估计这里会存在不少不恰当之处。

另,思考题2-3 关于霍纳规则,有些部分没有完成,故没把解答写上去,我对其 c 问题有疑问,请有解答方法者提供个意见。

给出的代码目前也仅仅为解决问题,没有做优化,请见谅,等有时间了我再好好修改。

插入排序算法伪代码INSERTION-SORT(A)1 for j ←2 to length[A]2 do key ←A[j]3 Insert A[j] into the sorted sequence A[1..j-1]4 i ←j-15 while i > 0 and A[i] > key6 do A[i+1]←A[i]7 i ←i − 18 A[i+1]←keyC#对揑入排序算法的实现:public static void InsertionSort<T>(T[] Input) where T:IComparable<T>{T key;int i;for (int j = 1; j < Input.Length; j++){key = Input[j];i = j - 1;for (; i >= 0 && Input[i].CompareTo(key)>0;i-- )Input[i + 1] = Input[i];Input[i+1]=key;}}揑入算法的设计使用的是增量(incremental)方法:在排好子数组A[1..j-1]后,将元素A[ j]揑入,形成排好序的子数组A[1..j]这里需要注意的是由于大部分编程语言的数组都是从0开始算起,这个不伪代码认为的数组的数是第1个有所丌同,一般要注意有几个关键值要比伪代码的小1.如果按照大部分计算机编程语言的思路,修改为:INSERTION-SORT(A)1 for j ← 1 to length[A]2 do key ←A[j]3 i ←j-14 while i ≥ 0 and A[i] > key5 do A[i+1]←A[i]6 i ←i − 17 A[i+1]←key循环丌变式(Loop Invariant)是证明算法正确性的一个重要工具。

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