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Strengths优势All these private sector banks hold strong position on CRM part, they have professional, dedicated and well-trained employees.所以这些私人银行在客户管理部分都持支持态度，他们拥有专业的、细致的、训练有素的员工。

Private sector banks offer a wide range of banking and financial products and financial services to corporate and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels such as ATMs, Internet-banking, mobile-banking, etc. 私有银行通过许多传递通道（如自动取款机、网上银行、手机银行等）提供大范围的银行和金融产品、金融服务进行合作并向客户零售。

The area could be Investment management banking, life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management, retail loans such as home loans, personal loans, educational loans, car loans, consumer durable loans, credit cards, etc. 涉及的领域包括投资管理银行、生命和非生命保险、风险投资与资产管理、零售贷款（如家庭贷款、个人贷款、教育贷款、汽车贷款、耐用消费品贷款、信用卡等）。

Private sector banks focus on customization of products that are designed to meet the specific needs of customers. 私人银行主要致力于为一些特殊需求的客户进行设计和产品定制。

外文翻译中英对照版

VOLUME 30 ISSUE 2 October 2008Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing EngineeringCopyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved.2008 151 Research paper 2008年十月期2卷30材料与制造工程成果期刊版权所有：国际OCSCO 世界出版社。

一切权利保有。

2008 ？？151研究论文1. Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding method developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991 [1]. The weld is formed by the excessive deformation of the material at temperatures below its melting point, thus the method is a solid state joining technique. There is no melting of the material, so FSW has several advantages over the commonly used fusion welding techniques [2-10].1.导言摩擦搅拌焊接（FSW）是焊接学？会于1991年研发的一种新型固态焊接方法。

这种焊接？是由材料在低于其熔点的温度上过量变形形成，因此此技术是一种固态连接技术。

材料不熔化，所以FSW 相比常用的熔化焊接技术有若干优势。

例如，在焊接区无多孔性或破裂，工件（尤其薄板上）没有严重扭曲，并且在连接过程中不需要填料、保护气及昂贵的焊接准备there is no significant distortion of the workpieces (particularly in thin plates), and there is no need for filler materials, shielding gases and costly weld preparation during this joining process. FSW被认为是对若干材料例如铝合金、镁合金、黄铜、钛合金及钢最显著且最有潜在用途的焊接技术FSW is considered to be the most remarkable and potentially useful welding technique for several materials, such as Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, brasses, Ti-alloys, and steels [1-16]. 然而，在FSW过程中，用不合适的焊接参数能引起连接处失效，并且使FSW连接处的力学性能恶化。

毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】

因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定，为统一起见,特做以下要求：1、每篇字数为1500字左右，共两篇；2、每篇由两部分组成:译文+原文.3 附件中是一篇范本，具体字号、字体已标注。

外文翻译（包含原文)(宋体四号加粗）外文翻译一（宋体四号加粗）作者：(宋体小四号加粗）Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team，Korean Film Council（小四号）出处：(宋体小四号加粗)Korean Cinema from Origins to Renaissance(P358～P340) 韩国电影的发展及前景（标题：宋体四号加粗）1996～现在数量上的增长(正文:宋体小四）在过去的十年间，韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。

上个世纪60年代，韩国电影迅速崛起，然而很快便陷入停滞状态,直到90年代以后，韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。

在这个时期，韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长，但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。

1996年，韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。

但是到了1998年，市场占有量增长到35。

8%，到2001年更是达到了50%。

虽然从1996年开始，韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中，但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。

虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录，但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。

当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时，2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA》和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录.2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。

姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。

从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》，康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。

外文文献翻译(图片版)

本科毕业论文外文参考文献译文及原文学院经济与贸易学院专业经济学（贸易方向）年级班别2007级 1 班学号3207004154学生姓名欧阳倩指导教师童雪晖2010 年 6 月 3 日目录1 外文文献译文（一）中国银行业的改革和盈利能力（第1、2、4部分） (1)2 外文文献原文（一）CHINA’S BANKING REFORM AND PROFITABILITY（Part 1、2、4） (9)1概述世界银行（1997年）曾声称，中国的金融业是其经济的软肋。

当一国的经济增长的可持续性岌岌可危的时候，金融业的改革一直被认为是提高资金使用效率和消费型经济增长重新走向平衡的必要（Lardy，1998年，Prasad，2007年）。

事实上，不久前，中国的国有银行被视为“技术上破产”，它们的生存需要依靠充裕的国家流动资金。

但是，在银行改革开展以来，最近，强劲的盈利能力已恢复到国有商业银行的水平。

但自从中国的国有银行在不久之前已经走上了改革的道路，它可能过早宣布银行业的改革尚未取得完全的胜利。

此外，其坚实的财务表现虽然强劲，但不可持续增长。

随着经济增长在2008年全球经济衰退得带动下已经开始软化，银行预计将在一个比以前更加困难的经济形势下探索。

本文的目的不是要评价银行业改革对银行业绩的影响，这在一个完整的信贷周期后更好解决。

相反，我们的目标是通过审查改革的进展和银行改革战略，并分析其近期改革后的强劲的财务表现，但是这不能完全从迄今所进行的改革努力分离。

本文有三个部分。

在第二节中，我们回顾了中国的大型国有银行改革的战略，以及其执行情况，这是中国银行业改革的主要目标。

第三节中分析了2007年的财务表现集中在那些在市场上拥有浮动股份的四大国有商业银行：中国工商银行（工商银行），中国建设银行（建行），对中国银行（中银）和交通银行（交通银行）。

引人注目的是中国农业银行，它仍然处于重组上市过程中得适当时候的后期。

第四节总结一个对银行绩效评估。

环境工程外文翻译外文原文

12Oxidation DitchNazih K.Shammas and Lawrence K.WangC ONTENTSI NTRODUCTIONP ROCESS D ESCRIPTIONA PPLICABILITYA DVANTAGES AND D ISADVANTAGESD ESIGN C RITERIAP ERFORMANCEP ACKAGE O XIDATION D ITCH P LANTSO PERATION AND M AINTENANCED ESIGN C ONSIDERATIONSC OSTSD ESIGNE XAMPLEN OMENCLATURER EFERENCESA PPENDIXAbstract An oxidation ditch is a modiﬁed activated sludge biological treatment process that uses long solids retention times(SRTs)to remove biodegradable organics.The typical oxidation ditch is equipped with aeration rotors or brushes that provide aeration and circula-tion.The wastewater moves through the ditch at1to2ft/s.The ditch may be designed for continuous or intermittent operation.Because of this feature,this process may be adaptable to theﬂuctuations inﬂows and loadings associated with recreation area wastewater production. Several manufacturers have developed modiﬁcations to the oxidation ditch design to remove nutrients in conditions cycled or phased between the anoxic and aerobic states.This chapter covers all aspects of the process including process description,applicability, design criteria,performance,package oxidation ditch plants,operation and maintenance, design parameters and procedure,costs and a worked out design example.From:Handbook of Environmental Engineering,Volume8:Biological Treatment ProcessesEdited by:L.K.Wang et al.c The Humana Press,Totowa,NJ513514N.K.Shammas and L.K.Wang Key Words Oxidation ditch r wastewater treatment r rotors r BOD r nutrients removal r design procedure r costs.1.INTRODUCTIONThe oxidation ditch,developed in the Netherlands,is a variation of the extended aeration process that has been used in small towns,isolated communities,and institutions in Europe and the United States.The typical oxidation ditch(Figure12.1)is equipped with aeration rotors or brushes that provide aeration and circulation.The wastewater moves through the ditch at1to2ft/s.The ditch may be designed for continuous or intermittent operation. Because of this feature,this process may be adaptable to theﬂuctuations inﬂows and loadings associated with recreation area wastewater production(1).2.PROCESS DESCRIPTIONAn oxidation ditch is a modiﬁed activated sludge biological treatment process that uses long solids retention times(SRTs)to remove biodegradable organics.Oxidation ditches are typically complete mix systems,but they can be modiﬁed to approach plugﬂow conditions. Typical oxidation ditch treatment systems consist of a single or multichannel conﬁguration within a ring or oval basin.As a result,oxidation ditches are called“racetrack type”reactors (2).Horizontally or vertically mounted aerators provide circulation,oxygen transfer,and aeration in the ditch.The cross-sectional area of the ditch is commonly4ft to6ft deep,with 45◦sloping sidewalls.Oxidation ditch systems with depths of10ft or more with vertical sidewalls and vertical shaft aerators may also be used.Ditches may be constructed of various materials,including concrete,gunite,asphalt,or impervious membranes.Concrete is the most common.L-and horseshoe-shaped conﬁgurations have been constructed to maximize land usage(3).Preliminary treatment,such as bar screens and grit removal,normally precedes the oxida-tion ditch.Primary settling before an oxidation ditch is sometimes practiced,but is not typicalefﬂuentin this design.Tertiaryﬁlters may be required after clariﬁcation,depending on theSettlingTankFig.12.1.Typical oxidation ditchﬂow diagram(1).Ditch 515requirements.Disinfection isrequired and reaeration may be necessary before ﬁnal discharge.Flow to the oxidation ditch is aerated and mixed with return sludge from a secondary clariﬁer.A typical process ﬂow diagram for an activated sludge plant using an oxidation ditch is shown in Figure 12.1.Surface aerators,such as brush rotors,disc aerators,draft tube aerators,or ﬁne bubble diffusers are used to circulate the mixed liquor.The mixing process entrains oxygen into the mixed liquor to foster microbial growth and the motive velocity ensures contact of microorganisms with the incoming wastewater.The aeration sharply increases the dissolved oxygen (DO)concentration but decreases as biomass uptake oxygen as the mixed liquor travels through the ditch.Solids are maintained in suspension as the mixed liquor circulates around the ditch.If design SRTs are selected for nitriﬁcation,a high degree of nitriﬁcation will occur.Oxidation ditch efﬂuent is usually settled in a separate secondary clariﬁer.An anaerobic tank may be added before the ditch to enhance biological phosphorus removal.An oxidation ditch may also be operated to achieve denitriﬁcation.One of the common design modiﬁcations for enhanced nitrogen removal is known as the Modiﬁed Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE)process (2,4–8).In this process,illustrated in Figure 12.2,an anoxic tank is added upstream of the ditch along with mixed liquor recirculation from the aerobic zone to the tank to achieve higher levels of denitriﬁcation.In the aerobic basin,autotrophic bacteria (nitriﬁers)convert ammonia-nitrogen to nitrite-nitrogen and then to nitrate-nitrogen.In the anoxic zone,heterotrophic bacteria convert nitrate-nitrogen to nitrogen gas which is released to the atmosphere.Some mixed liquor from the aerobic basin is recirculated to the anoxic zone to provide the mixed liquor with a high-concentration of nitrate-nitrogen to the anoxic zone.Several manufacturers have developed modiﬁcations to the oxidation ditch design to remove nutrients in conditions cycled or phased between the anoxic and aerobic states.Although the mechanics of operation differ by manufacturer,in general,the process consists of two separate aeration basins,the ﬁrst anoxic and the second aerobic.Wastewater and return activated sludge (RAS)are introduced into the ﬁrst reactor which operates under anoxic conditions.Mixed liquor then ﬂows into the second reactor operating under aerobicSludge Mixed Liquor RecirculationFig.12.2.The modiﬁed Ludzack-Ettinger process (2).516N.K.Shammas and L.K.Wang conditions.The process is then reversed and the second reactor begins to operate under anoxic conditions(2).Another proposed conﬁguration(9)is to obtain nitriﬁcation in the region just downstream of the brush aerators which is aerobic.As the liquor travels downstream and the oxygen is consumed,an anaerobic zone is formed.By routing a small portion of the raw sewage inﬂuent (as a carbon source)to this zone,denitriﬁcation occurs.The mixed liquor then contacts another brush aerator so that the organic nitrogen produced by the denitrifying bacteria is oxidized. The number of anaerobic zones and aerators required is a design parameter that depends on the capacity and loading of the plant.3.APPLICABILITYThe oxidation ditch process is a fully demonstrated secondary wastewater treatment technology,applicable in any situation where activated sludge treatment(conventional or extended aeration)is appropriate(10).Oxidation ditches are applicable in plants that require nitriﬁcation because the basins can be sized using an appropriate SRT to achieve nitri-ﬁcation at the mixed liquor minimum temperature(11).This technology is very effec-tive in small installations(wastewaterﬂows between0.1and10MGD),small communi-ties,and isolated institutions,because it requires more land than conventional treatment plants(2,3).The oxidation process as mentioned previously,originated in the Netherlands,with the ﬁrst full scale plant installed in V oorschoten,Holland,in1954.By the end of the century more than9200municipal oxidation ditch installations were operational in the United States (12).Nitriﬁcation to less than1mg/L ammonia-nitrogen consistently occurs when ditches are designed and operated for nitrogen removal.Today,a complete biological treatment system can be provided with a single oxidation ditch system.The oxidation ditch structure can be constructed with only a single aerator and an intrachannel clariﬁer.By incorporating denitriﬁcation within a channel of the oxidation ditch,alternating oxic/anoxic conditions can be created which will effectively reduce nitrogen concentrations to the desired low levels to meet the efﬂuent discharge regulations(13).Double or triple concentric ditch arrangement allows for variation in dissolved oxygen levels resulting in conditions that are favorable for the biomass to remove nitrogen and phosphorus(14).4.ADV ANTAGES AND DISADV ANTAGESThe main advantage of the oxidation ditch is the ability to achieve removal performance objectives with low operational requirements and operation and maintenance costs.Some speciﬁc advantages of oxidation ditches include(2):(a)An added measure of reliability and performance over other biological processes owing to aconstant water level and continuous discharge which lowers the weir overﬂow rate and eliminates the periodic efﬂuent surge common to other biological processes,such as SBRs.(b)Long hydraulic retention time and complete mixing minimize the impact of a shock load orhydraulic surge.Oxidation Ditch517 (c)Produces less sludge than other biological treatment processes owing to extended biologicalactivity during the activated sludge process.(d)Energy efﬁcient operations result in reduced energy costs compared with other biologicaltreatment processes.The disadvantages include:(a)Efﬂuent suspended solids concentrations are relatively high compared to other modiﬁcations ofthe activated sludge process.(b)Requires a larger land area than other activated sludge treatment options.This can prove costly,limiting the feasibility of oxidation ditches in urban,suburban,or other areas where land acquisition costs are relatively high.5.DESIGN CRITERIAOxidation ditches are commonly constructed using reinforced concrete,although gunite, asphalt,butyl rubber,and clay have also been used.Impervious materials are usually used to prevent erosion.The ditches are usually4to6ft deep with45degrees or vertical sidewalls(3).Screened wastewater enters the ditch,is aerated,and circulates at about0.25to0.35m/s (0.8to1.2ft/s)to maintain the solids in suspension(15).The RAS recycle ratio is from75 to150%,and the mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)concentration ranges from1500 to5000mg/L(15).The oxygen transfer efﬁciency of oxidation ditches ranges from2.5to 3.5lb/hp-h(2,16).The design criteria are affected by the inﬂuent wastewater parameters and the required efﬂuent characteristics,including the decision or requirement to achieve nitriﬁcation,deni-triﬁcation,and/or biological phosphorus removal.Speciﬁc design parameters for oxidation ditches include(2).5.1.Solids Retention Time(SRT)Oxidation ditch volume is sized based on the required SRT to meet efﬂuent quality require-ments.The SRT is selected as a function of nitriﬁcation requirements and the minimum mixed liquor temperature.Design SRT values vary from4to48or more days(2,3).Typical SRTs required for nitriﬁcation range from12to24days.5.2.BOD LoadingBOD loading rates vary from less than160mg/L/d(10lb/1000ft3/d)to more than 800mg/L/d(50lb/1000ft3/d)(2,3).A BOD loading rate of240mg/L/d(15lb/1000ft3/d) is commonly used as a design loading rate.However,the BOD loading rate is not typically used to determine whether or not nitriﬁcation occurs.5.3.Hydraulic Retention TimeAlthough rarely used as a basis for oxidation ditch design,hydraulic retention times(HRTs) within the oxidation ditch range from6to30hours for most municipal wastewater treatment plants(2,3).518N.K.Shammas and L.K.Wang6.PERFORMANCEAs fully demonstrated secondary treatment processes,oxidation ditch processes are readily adaptable for nitriﬁcation and denitriﬁcation.As part of an evaluation of oxidation ditches for nutrient removal(17),performance data were collected from17oxidation ditch plants. The average designﬂow for these plants varied between378and45,425m3/d(0.1to12 MGD).The average performance of these plants indicates that oxidation ditches achieveBOD,suspended solids,and ammonia nitrogen removal of greater than90%.Likewise, US EPA reported nitrogen removals of greater than90%from several oxidation ditch processes(2).It should be kept in mind that to be able to achieve such high nitrogen removals,it is imperative to have continuous plant supervision and skilled operation.This is essential for assuring full control of the dissolved oxygen(DO)proﬁle in the oxidation ditch system. Several modeling techniques have been proposed to help for DO control and to perform real time predictions of performance(18,19).The following sections discuss the performance of two recently designed oxidation ditch facilities.6.1.Casa Grande Water Reclamation FacilityThe City of Casa Grande,Arizona,Water Reclamation Facility began operation in February 1996.The system was designed to treat a wastewaterﬂow of15,142m3/d(4.0MGD)and uses an anoxic zone preceding the aerobic zone of each train to provide denitriﬁcation.With inﬂuent design parameters of270mg/L BOD,300mg/L TSS,and45mg/L TKN,the plant has consistently achieved efﬂuent objectives of10mg/L BOD,15mg/L TSS,1.0mg/L ammonia, and5.0mg/L nitrate-nitrogen.Table12.1summarizes the plant’s performance between July 1997and July1999(20).6.2.Edgartown,Massachusetts WWTPThe Edgartown,Massachusetts WWTP,located on the island of Martha’s Vineyard,is designed to treat757m3/d(0.20MGD)in the winter months and2,839m3/d(0.75MGD) in the summer.Two oxidation basins are installed and the plant has achieved performance objectives since opening.Table12.2summarizes average monthly inﬂuent,efﬂuent and percent removal data(21).Table12.1Performance of Casa Grande,AZ WWTP aParameter BOD TSS Total NInﬂuent,average monthly value,mg/L22620735Efﬂuent,average monthly value,mg/L952Removal,%969794a Data adapted from ref.20.Oxidation Ditch519Table 12.2Performance of Edgartown,MA WWTP aParameterBOD TSS Total N Inﬂuent,average monthly value,mg/L23820227Efﬂuent,average monthly value,mg/L352Removal,%999792a Data adapted from ref.21.7.PACKAGE OXIDATION DITCH PLANTSPackage plants are premanufactured treatment facilities used to treat wastewater in small communities.Package plants are usually designed by manufacturers to treat ﬂows as low as 0.002MGD to as high as 0.5MGD (22,23).7.1.DescriptionPackage oxidation ditches are typically manufactured in sizes that treat wastewater ﬂow rates between 0.01and 0.5MGD.As seen in Figure 12.3,raw wastewater is ﬁrst screened before entering the oxidation ditch.Depending on the system size and manufacturer type,a grit chamber may be required.Once inside the ditch,the wastewater is aerated with mechanical surface or submersible aerators (depending on manufacturer design)that pro-pel the mixed liquor around the channel at velocities high enough to prevent solids depo-sition.The aerator ensures that there is sufﬁcient oxygen in the ﬂuid for the microbes and adequate mixing to ensure constant contact between the organisms and the food supply (24).Treated sewage moves to the settling tank or ﬁnal clariﬁer,where the biosolids and water separate.Wastewater then moves to other treatment processes while sludge is removed.Part of it is returned to the ditch as RAS,while the rest is removed from the process as the waste activated sludge (WAS).WAS is wasted either continuously or daily and must be stabilized before disposal or beneﬁcialreuse.Disinfection Clarification Screening/Grinding Oxidation Ditch Fig.12.3.Package oxidation ditch plant (22).520N.K.Shammas and L.K.Wang7.2.ApplicabilityIn general,package treatment plants are applicable for areas with a limited number of people and small wastewaterﬂows.They are most often used in remote locations such as trailer parks,highway rest areas,and rural areas.Oxidation ditches are suitable for facilities that require nutrient removal,have limitations owing to the nature of the site,or want a biological system that saves energy with limited use of chemicals unless required for further treatment.Oxidation ditch technology can be used to treat any type of wastewater that is responsive to aerobic degradation.In addition,systems can be designed for denitriﬁcation and phosphorous removal.Types of industries using oxidation ditches include:food processing,meat and poultry packing,breweries,pharmaceutical,milk processing,petrochemical,and numerous other types.Oxidation ditches are particularly useful for schools,small industries,housing developments,and small communities.Ultimately,this technology is most applicable for places that have a large amount of land available(22).7.3.Advantages and DisadvantagesSome advantages of package oxidation ditch plants are listed below(22):(a)Systems are well-suited for treating typical domestic waste,have moderate energy requirements,and work effectively under most types of weather.(b)Oxidation ditches provide an inexpensive wastewater treatment option with both low operationand maintenance costs and operational needs.(c)Systems can be used with or without clariﬁers,which affectsﬂexibility and cost.(d)Systems consistently provide high quality efﬂuent in terms of TSS,BOD,and ammonia levels.(e)Oxidation ditches have a relatively low sludge yield,require a moderate amount of operator skill,and are capable of handling shock and hydraulic loadings.The disadvantages include:(a)Oxidation ditches can be noisy owing to mixer/aeration equipment,and tend to produce odorswhen not operated correctly.(b)Biological treatment is unable to treat highly toxic waste streams.(c)Systems have a relatively large footprint.(d)Systems have lessﬂexibility should regulations for efﬂuent requirements change.7.4.Design CriteriaKey components of a typical oxidation ditch include a screening device,an inﬂuent dis-tributor(with some systems),a basin or channel,aeration devices(mechanical aerators,jet mixers,or diffusers,depending on the manufacturer),a settling tank orﬁnal clariﬁer(with some systems),and an RAS system(with some systems).These components are often built to share a common wall to reduce costs and save space.Concrete tanks are typically used when installing package plant oxidation ditches.This results in lower maintenance costs as concrete tanks do not require periodic repainting or sand blasting.Fabricated steel or a combination of steel and concrete can also be used for construction,depending on site conditions(24).Oxidation Ditch521 Table12.3Design criteria for package oxidation ditch plants(22)Parameter Design valueBOD loading(F/M),lb BOD5/lb MLVSS0.05–0.30Average oxygen requirement(@20◦C),lb/lb BOD5applied2–3Peak Oxygen requirement(@20◦C),lb/lb BOD5applied 1.5–2.0MLSS,mg/L3000–6000Detention time,h18–36V olumetric loading,lb BOD5/1,000ft35–30Table12.4Package oxidation ditch plants performance(22)Typical Efﬂuent Quality Ocoee WWTPWith2◦Clariﬁer With Filter%Removal Efﬂuent CBOD,mg/L0.105>97 4.8TSS,mg/L0.105>970.32TP,mg/L21NA NAN-NO3,mg/L NA NA>950.25 2◦=Secondary,NA=Not applicable.Table12.3lists typical design parameters for package oxidation ditch plants.The volume of the oxidation ditch is determined based on inﬂuent wastewater characteristics,efﬂuent discharge requirements,HRT,SRT,temperature,mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS),and pH.It may be necessary to include other site speciﬁc parameters to design the oxidation ditch as well.Some oxidation ditches do not initially require clariﬁers,but can later be upgraded and expanded by adding clariﬁers,changing the type of process used,or adding additional ditches(25).7.5.PerformanceAlthough the manufacturer’s design may vary,most oxidation ditches typically achieve the efﬂuent limitations listed in Table12.4.Denitrifying oxidation ditches are capable of extremely high efﬁciencies.With modiﬁcations,some oxidation ditches can achieve TN removal to5mg/L.The3MGD oxidation ditch in Stonybrook,New York regularly maintains 97%nitrogen removal efﬁciency(9).Currently,the wastewater treatment plant in Ocoee,Florida accepts an averageﬂow of 1.1to1.2MGD.The city chose to use an oxidation ditch because it was an easy tech-nology for the plant staff to understand and implement.The facility is also designed for denitriﬁcation without the use of chemical additives.Nitrate levels consistently test at0.8to 1.0mg/L with limits of12mg/L(26).Table12.4indicates how well the Ocoee oxidation ditch performs.522N.K.Shammas and L.K.Wang Table12.5Costs for package oxidation ditch plants∗(22)Flow range,MGD Budget price,USD Budget cost,USD/gal0.00–0.0396,000 6.390.03–0.06109,100 2.420.06–1.10116,3000.211.10–1.70126,5000.101.70–2.50138,1000.07∗Dollars values adjusted form original1999(Cost Index=460.16)to2008(Cost Index=552.16);(Appendix A.extracted from US Army Corps of EngineersRef.27).7.6.CostsTable12.5lists budget cost estimates for various sizes of oxidation ditches(22).Operation and maintenance costs for oxidation ditches are signiﬁcantly lower than other secondary treatment processes.In comparison to other treatment technologies,energy requirements are low,operator attention is minimal,and chemical addition is not required.8.OPERATION AND MAINTENANCEOxidation ditches require relatively little maintenance compared to other secondary treat-ment processes.No chemicals are required in most applications,but metal salts can be added to enhance phosphorus removal.8.1.Residuals GeneratedPrimary sludge is produced if primary clariﬁers precede the oxidation ditch.Sludge produc-tion for the oxidation ditch process ranges from0.2to0.85kg TSS/kg(0.2to0.85lb TSS/lb) BOD applied(28).Typical sludge production is0.65kg TSS/kg of BOD(0.65lb TSS/lb of BOD).This is less than conventional activated sludge facilities because of long SRTs.8.2.Operating ParametersThe oxygen coefﬁcient for BOD removal varies with temperature and SRT.Typical oxygen requirements range from1.1to1.5kg of O2per kg of BOD removed(1.1to1.5lb of O2per lb of BOD removed)and4.57kg O2/kg TKN oxidized(4.57lb O2/lb TKN oxidized)(17). Oxygen transfer efﬁciency ranges from2.5to3.5lb/hp-h(16).9.DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS9.1.Input DataThe following data forﬂows and inﬂuent and efﬂuent characteristics shall be provided(1): (a)Wastewaterﬂow(average and peak).In case of high variability,a statistical distribution shouldbe provided.(b)Wastewater strength1.BOD5(soluble and total),mg/L2.COD and/or TOC(maximum and minimum),mg/L3.Suspended solids,mg/L4.V olatile suspended solids,mg/L5.Nonbiodegradable fraction of VSS,mg/L(c)Other characteristics1.pH2.Acidity and/or alkalinity,mg/L3.Nitrogen,mg/L(NH3or Kjeldahl)4.Phosphorus(total and soluble),mg/L5.Oils and greases,mg/L6.Heavy metals,mg/L7.Toxic or special characteristics(e.g.,phenols),mg/L8.Temperature,◦F or◦C(d)Efﬂuent quality requirements1.BOD5,mg/L2.SS,mg/LN,mg/L4.P,mg/L9.2.Design Parameters(a)Eckenfelder reaction rate constants and coefﬁcientsk=0.0007to0.002L/mg/h1.a=0.732.a =0.523.b=0.075/d4.b =0.15/d5.a o=0.77a=0.566.f=0.1407.f =0.53(b)F/M=0.03−0.1(c)V olumetric loading=10to40(d)t=18to36h(e)t s=20to30d(f)MLSS=4000to8000mg/L(mean=6000mg/L)(g)MLVSS=2800to5600mg/L(h)Q r/Q=0.5to1.0(i)lb O2/lb BOD r≥1.5(j)lb solids/lb BOD r≤0.2.(k)θ=1.0to1.03(l)Efﬁciency≥90%9.3.Design ProcedureThe following is a guide line that summarizes the design procedure(Eckenfelder Method) for an oxidation ditch(1,29–35)(a)Assume the following design parameters when known.1.Fraction of BOD synthesized(a)2.Fraction of BOD oxidized for energy(a )3.Endogenous respiration rate(b and b )4.Fraction of BOD5synthesized to degradable solids(a o)5.Nonbiodegradable fraction of VSS in inﬂuent(f)6.Mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)7.Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids(MLVSS)8.Temperature correction coefﬁcient(θ)9.Degradable fraction of the MLVSS(x )10.Food-to-microorganism ratio(F/M)11.Efﬂuent soluble BOD5(S e)(b)Adjust the BOD removal rate constant for temperaturek T=k20θ(T−20)(1)wherek T=rate constant for desired temperaturek20=rate constant at20◦Cθ=temperature correction coefﬁcientT=temperature,◦C(c)Determine the size of the aeration tankV=a o(S o−S e)Q avg/X V f b(2)whereV=aeration tank volume,MGa o=fraction of BOD5synthesized to degradable solidsS o=inﬂuent BOD5,mg/LS e=efﬂuent soluble BOD5,mg/LQ avg=Average wasteﬂow,MGDX V=MLVSS,mg/Lf =degradable fraction of the MLVSSb=endogenous respiration rate,1/d(d)Calculate the detention timet=(V/Q)24(3)wheret=detention time,hV=volume,MGQ=ﬂow,MGD(e)Assume the organic loading and calculate detention timet=(24S o)/X V(F/M)(4) wheret=detention time,hS o=inﬂuent BOD5,mg/LX V=volatile solids in raw sludge,mg/LF/M=organic loading(food-to-microorganism ratio)and select the larger of two detention times from d or e above(f)Determine the oxygen requirements allowing60%for nitriﬁcation during summerO2=[a S r Q avg+b X V V+0.6(4.57)(TKN)(Q avg)](8.34)(5)whereO2=oxygen required,lb/da =fraction of BOD oxidized for energyS r=BOD5removed,mg/LQ avg=average wasteﬂow,MGDb =endogenous respiration rate,1/dX V=MLVSS,mg/LV=aeration tank volume,MG4.57=parts oxygen required per part TKNTKN=total Kjeldahl nitrogen,mg/L(g)calculate oxygen requirement per lb BOD r(it should be≥1.5)lbO2/lb BOD r=O2/Q avg S r(8.34)(6)whereO2=oxygen required,lb/dQ avg=average wastewaterﬂow,MGDS r=BOD5removed,mg/L(h)Calculate sludge productionX V=8.34[a(S r)(Q)−(b)(X V)(V)−Q(SS)eff+Q(VSS)f +Q(SS−VSS)](7)whereX V volatile sludge produced,lb/da=fraction of BOD synthesizedS r=BOD5removed,mg/LQ=average wastewaterﬂow,MGDb=endogenous respiration rate,1/dX V=volatile solids in raw sludge,mg/LV=aeration tank volume,MG(SS)eff=efﬂuent suspended solids,mg/LVSS=volatile suspended solids in inﬂuent,mg/Lf =degradable fraction of the MLVSSSS=suspended solids in inﬂuent,mg/L(i)Calculate solids produced per pound of BOD removed(it should be≥1.5)lb solids/lb BOD r= X V/Q(S o−S e)8.34(8)whereX V=volatile sludge produced,lb/dQ=wasteﬂow,MGDS o=inﬂuent BOD5,mg/LS e=efﬂuent soluble BOD5,mg/L(j)Calculate the solids retention timet s=X a V(8.34)/ X V(9)wheret s=solids retention time,dX a=MLSS,mg/LV=volume of aeration tank,MGX V=volatile sludge produced,lb/d(k)Determine the efﬂuent soluble BOD5S e/S o=1/1+k X V t(10)whereS e=soluble efﬂuent BOD,mg/LS o=inﬂuent BOD5,mg/Lk=rate constant,L/mg/hX V=MLVSS,mg/Lt=aeration time,h(l)Calculate sludge recycle ratioQ r/Q avg=X a/X u−X a(11)whereQ r=volume of recycled sludge,MGDQ avg=averageﬂow,MGDX a=MLSS,mg/LX u=suspended solids concentration in returned sludge,mg/L(m)Calculate the nutrient requirements for nitrogen and PhosphorusN=0.123 X V(12)P=0.026 X V(13)where∆X V=sludge produced,lb/d9.4.Output Data(a)Aeration Tank(1)1.Reaction rate constant,L/mg/h2.Sludge produced per BOD removed3.Endogenous respiration rate(b,b )4.O2used per BOD removed5.Inﬂuent nonbiodegradable VSS6.Efﬂuent degradable VSS7.lb BOD/lb MLSS-d(F/M)8.Mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS),mg/L9.Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids(MLVSS),mg/L10.Aeration time,h11.V olume of aeration tank,MG12.Oxygen required,lb/d13.Sludge produced,lb/d14.Nitrogen requirement,lb/d15.Phosphorus requirement,lb/d16.Sludge recycle ratio17.Solids retention time,d(b)Mechanical Aeration System1.Standard transfer efﬁciency,lb O2/hp-h2.Operating transfer efﬁciency,lb O2/hp-h3.Horsepower required,hp(c)Diffused Aeration System1.Standard transfer efﬁciency,%2.Operating efﬁciency,%3.Required airﬂow,cfm/1000ft310.COSTSThe basin volume and footprint required for oxidation ditch plants have traditionally been very large compared with other secondary treatment rger footprints result in higher capital costs,especially in urbanized locations where available land is very expensive. Vertical reactors,in which processﬂow travels downward through the reactor,are generally more expensive than traditional horizontal reactors.However,because they require less land than more conventional horizontal reactors,they can signiﬁcantly reduce overall capital costs where land costs are high.The cost of an oxidation ditch plant varies depending on treatment capacity size,design efﬂuent limitations,land cost,local construction costs,and other site speciﬁc factors.Con-struction capital costs for ten plants were evaluated by US EPA in1991(17),with construction costs,in2008Dollars,ranging from USD0.73to4.46/L/d(USD2.76to16.87/gpd)treated. The cost values have been adjusted from the original1991(Cost Index392.35)to2008(Cost Index552.16)using the Utilities Cost index(Appendix A.Ref.27).Recent information obtained from manufacturers on facilities ranging3,785to25,740m3/d (1.0MGD to6.8MGD)indicates that construction capital costs(adjusted from original1999 to2008Dollars)of oxidation ditch plants range from USD0.80to1.32/L/d(USD3.00to 4.80/gpd).For example,the Blue Heron Water Reclamation Facility in Titusville,Florida(36) a15,142m3/d(4.0MGD)oxidation ditch and sludge handling facility which began operation in1996,was constructed for about USD0.96/L/d(USD3.60/gpd).The facility features a multi-stage biological nutrient removal process and a sophisticated Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System(SCADA)control system.。

(完整版)冲压类外文翻译、中英文翻译冲压模具设计

"sheet-metal forming". Sheet-metal forming ( also called stamping or pressing )is
is hard to imagine the scope and cost of these facilities without visiting an
Minimum bend radii vary for different metals, generally, different annealed metals
be bent to a radius equal to the thickness of the metal without cracking or
modes can be illustrated by considering the deformation of small sheet elements
Sheet forming a simple cup
the blank flange as it is being drawn horizontally through
Minimum bend radius for various materials at room temperature
Condition
Hard
0 6T
0 4T
0 2T
5T 13T
0.5T 6T
0.5T 4T
0.7T 3T
2.6T 4T
——thickness of material
one punch to prevent its buckling under pressure from the ram of the press.

计算机外文翻译（完整）

计算机外⽂翻译（完整）毕业设计(论⽂)外⽂资料翻译专业：计算机科学与技术姓名：王成明学号：06120186外⽂出处：The History of the Internet附件： 1.外⽂原⽂ 2.外⽂资料翻译译⽂；附件1：外⽂原⽂The History of the InternetThe Beginning - ARPAnetThe Internet started as a project by the US government. The object of the project was to create a means of communications between long distance points, in the event of a nation wide emergency or, more specifically, nuclear war. The project was called ARPAnet, and it is what the Internet started as. Funded specifically for military communication, the engineers responsible for ARPANet had no idea of the possibilities of an "Internet."By definition, an 'Internet' is four or more computers connected by a network.ARPAnet achieved its network by using a protocol called TCP/IP. The basics around this protocol was that if information sent over a network failed to get through on one route, it would find another route to work with, as well as establishing a means for one computer to "talk" to another computer, regardless of whether it was a PC or a Macintosh.By the 80's ARPAnet, just years away from becoming the more well known Internet, had 200 computers. The Defense Department, satisfied with ARPAnets results, decided to fully adopt it into service, and connected many military computers and resources into the network. ARPAnet then had 562 computers on its network. By the year 1984, it had over 1000 computers on its network.In 1986 ARPAnet (supposedly) shut down, but only the organization shut down, and the existing networks still existed between the more than 1000 computers. It shut down due to a failied link up with NSF, who wanted to connect its 5 countywide super computers into ARPAnet.With the funding of NSF, new high speed lines were successfully installed at line speeds of 56k (a normal modem nowadays) through telephone lines in 1988. By that time, there were 28,174 computers on the (by then decided) Internet. In 1989 there were 80,000 computers on it. By 1989, there were290,000.Another network was built to support the incredible number of people joining. It was constructed in 1992.Today - The InternetToday, the Internet has become one of the most important technological advancements in the history of humanity. Everyone wants to get 'on line' to experience the wealth of information of the Internet. Millions of people now use the Internet, and it's predicted that by the year 2003 every single person on the planet will have Internet access. The Internet has truly become a way of life in our time and era, and is evolving so quickly its hard to determine where it will go next, as computer and network technology improve every day.HOW IT WORKS:It's a standard thing. People using the Internet. Shopping, playing games,conversing in virtual Internet environments.The Internet is not a 'thing' itself. The Internet cannot just "crash." It functions the same way as the telephone system, only there is no Internet company that runs the Internet.The Internet is a collection of millioins of computers that are all connected to each other, or have the means to connect to each other. The Internet is just like an office network, only it has millions of computers connected to it.The main thing about how the Internet works is communication. How does a computer in Houston know how to access data on a computer in Tokyo to view a webpage?Internet communication, communication among computers connected to the Internet, is based on a language. This language is called TCP/IP. TCP/IP establishes a language for a computer to access and transmit data over the Internet system.But TCP/IP assumes that there is a physical connecetion between onecomputer and another. This is not usually the case. There would have to be a network wire that went to every computer connected to the Internet, but that would make the Internet impossible to access.The physical connection that is requireed is established by way of modems,phonelines, and other modem cable connections (like cable modems or DSL). Modems on computers read and transmit data over established lines,which could be phonelines or data lines. The actual hard core connections are established among computers called routers.A router is a computer that serves as a traffic controller for information.To explain this better, let's look at how a standard computer might viewa webpage.1. The user's computer dials into an Internet Service Provider (ISP). The ISP might in turn be connected to another ISP, or a straight connection into the Internet backbone.2. The user launches a web browser like Netscape or Internet Explorer and types in an internet location to go to.3. Here's where the tricky part comes in. First, the computer sends data about it's data request to a router. A router is a very high speed powerful computer running special software. The collection of routers in the world make what is called a "backbone," on which all the data on the Internet is transferred. The backbone presently operates at a speed of several gigabytes per-second. Such a speed compared to a normal modem is like comparing the heat of the sun to the heat of an ice-cube.Routers handle data that is going back and forth. A router puts small chunks of data into packages called packets, which function similarly to envelopes. So, when the request for the webpage goes through, it uses TCP/IP protocols to tell the router what to do with the data, where it's going, and overall where the user wants to go.4. The router sends these packets to other routers, eventually leadingto the target computer. It's like whisper down the lane (only the information remains intact).5. When the information reaches the target web server, the webserver then begins to send the web page back. A webserver is the computer where the webpage is stored that is running a program that handles requests for the webpage and sends the webpage to whoever wants to see it.6. The webpage is put in packets, sent through routers, and arrive at the users computer where the user can view the webpage once it is assembled.The packets which contain the data also contain special information that lets routers and other computers know how to reassemble the data in the right order.With millions of web pages, and millions of users, using the Internet is not always easy for a beginning user, especially for someone who is not entirely comfortale with using computers. Below you can find tips tricks and help on how to use main services of the Internet.Before you access webpages, you must have a web browser to actually be able to view the webpages. Most Internet Access Providers provide you with a web browser in the software they usually give to customers; you. The fact that you are viewing this page means that you have a web browser. The top two use browsers are Netscape Communicator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. Netscape can be found at /doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html and MSIE can be found at /doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html /ie.The fact that you're reading this right now means that you have a web browser.Next you must be familiar with actually using webpages. A webpage is a collection of hyperlinks, images, text, forms, menus, and multimedia. To "navigate" a webpage, simply click the links it provides or follow it's own instructions (like if it has a form you need to use, it will probably instruct you how to use it). Basically, everything about a webpage is made to be self-explanetory. That is the nature of a webpage, to be easily navigatable."Oh no! a 404 error! 'Cannot find web page?'" is a common remark made by new web-users.Sometimes websites have errors. But an error on a website is not the user's fault, of course.A 404 error means that the page you tried to go to does not exist. This could be because the site is still being constructed and the page hasn't been created yet, or because the site author made a typo in the page. There's nothing much to do about a 404 error except for e-mailing the site administrator (of the page you wanted to go to) an telling him/her about the error.A Javascript error is the result of a programming error in the Javascript code of a website. Not all websites utilize Javascript, but many do. Javascript is different from Java, and most browsers now support Javascript. If you are using an old version of a web browser (Netscape 3.0 for example), you might get Javascript errors because sites utilize Javascript versions that your browser does not support. So, you can try getting a newer version of your web browser.E-mail stands for Electronic Mail, and that's what it is. E-mail enables people to send letters, and even files and pictures to each other.To use e-mail, you must have an e-mail client, which is just like a personal post office, since it retrieves and stores e-mail. Secondly, you must have an e-mail account. Most Internet Service Providers provide free e-mail account(s) for free. Some services offer free e-mail, like Hotmail, and Geocities.After configuring your e-mail client with your POP3 and SMTP server address (your e-mail provider will give you that information), you are ready to receive mail.An attachment is a file sent in a letter. If someone sends you an attachment and you don't know who it is, don't run the file, ever. It could be a virus or some other kind of nasty programs. You can't get a virus justby reading e-mail, you'll have to physically execute some form of program for a virus to strike.A signature is a feature of many e-mail programs. A signature is added to the end of every e-mail you send out. You can put a text graphic, your business information, anything you want.Imagine that a computer on the Internet is an island in the sea. The sea is filled with millions of islands. This is the Internet. Imagine an island communicates with other island by sending ships to other islands and receiving ships. The island has ports to accept and send out ships.A computer on the Internet has access nodes called ports. A port is just a symbolic object that allows the computer to operate on a network (or the Internet). This method is similar to the island/ocean symbolism above.Telnet refers to accessing ports on a server directly with a text connection. Almost every kind of Internet function, like accessing web pages,"chatting," and e-mailing is done over a Telnet connection.Telnetting requires a Telnet client. A telnet program comes with the Windows system, so Windows users can access telnet by typing in "telnet" (without the "'s) in the run dialog. Linux has it built into the command line; telnet. A popular telnet program for Macintosh is NCSA telnet.Any server software (web page daemon, chat daemon) can be accessed via telnet, although they are not usually meant to be accessed in such a manner. For instance, it is possible to connect directly to a mail server and check your mail by interfacing with the e-mail server software, but it's easier to use an e-mail client (of course).There are millions of WebPages that come from all over the world, yet how will you know what the address of a page you want is?Search engines save the day. A search engine is a very large website that allows you to search it's own database of websites. For instance, if you wanted to find a website on dogs, you'd search for "dog" or "dogs" or "dog information." Here are a few search-engines.1. Altavista (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed2. Yahoo (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed Collection3. Excite (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed4. Lycos (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Web spider & Indexed5. Metasearch (/doc/bedc387343323968011c9268.html ) - Multiple searchA web spider is a program used by search engines that goes from page to page, following any link it can possibly find. This means that a search engine can literally map out as much of the Internet as it's own time and speed allows for.An indexed collection uses hand-added links. For instance, on Yahoo's site. You can click on Computers & the Internet. Then you can click on Hardware. Then you can click on Modems, etc., and along the way through sections, there are sites available which relate to what section you're in.Metasearch searches many search engines at the same time, finding the top choices from about 10 search engines, making searching a lot more effective.Once you are able to use search engines, you can effectively find the pages you want.With the arrival of networking and multi user systems, security has always been on the mind of system developers and system operators. Since the dawn of AT&T and its phone network, hackers have been known by many, hackers who find ways all the time of breaking into systems. It used to not be that big of a problem, since networking was limited to big corporate companies or government computers who could afford the necessary computer security.The biggest problem now-a-days is personal information. Why should you be careful while making purchases via a website? Let's look at how the internet works, quickly.The user is transferring credit card information to a webpage. Looks safe, right? Not necessarily. As the user submits the information, it is being streamed through a series of computers that make up the Internet backbone.The information is in little chunks, in packages called packets. Here's the problem: While the information is being transferred through this big backbone, what is preventing a "hacker" from intercepting this data stream at one of the backbone points?Big-brother is not watching you if you access a web site, but users should be aware of potential threats while transmitting private information. There are methods of enforcing security, like password protection, an most importantly, encryption.Encryption means scrambling data into a code that can only be unscrambled on the "other end." Browser's like Netscape Communicator and Internet Explorer feature encryption support for making on-line transfers. Some encryptions work better than others. The most advanced encryption system is called DES (Data Encryption Standard), and it was adopted by the US Defense Department because it was deemed so difficult to 'crack' that they considered it a security risk if it would fall into another countries hands.A DES uses a single key of information to unlock an entire document. The problem is, there are 75 trillion possible keys to use, so it is a highly difficult system to break. One document was cracked and decoded, but it was a combined effort of14,000 computers networked over the Internet that took a while to do it, so most hackers don't have that many resources available.附件2：外⽂资料翻译译⽂Internet的历史起源——ARPAnetInternet是被美国政府作为⼀项⼯程进⾏开发的。

(完整版)高级英语mark_twain—mirror_of_america翻译

Mark Twain-the Mirror of AmericaMost Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as ad-venturous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well –one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.在大多数美国人的心目中，马克?吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克?费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆?索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。

的确，这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。

但我发现还有另一个不同的马克?吐温——一个由于深受人生悲剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克?吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。

Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of water -- a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world.印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克?吐温原名塞缪尔?朗赫恩?克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。

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外文文献原稿和译文原稿logistics distribution center location factors:(1) the goods distribution and quantity. This is the distribution center and distribution of the object, such as goods source and the future of distribution, history and current and future forecast and development, etc. Distribution center should as far as possible and producer form in the area and distribution short optimization. The quantity of goods is along with the growth of the size distribution and constant growth. Goods higher growth rate, the more demand distribution center location is reasonable and reducing conveying process unnecessary waste.(2) transportation conditions. The location of logistics distribution center should be close to the transportation hub, and to form the logistics distribution center in the process of a proper nodes. In the conditional, distribution center should be as close to the railway station, port and highway.(3) land conditions. Logistics distribution center covers an area of land in increasingly expensive problem today is more and more important. Is the use of the existing land or land again? Land price? Whether to conform to the requirements of the plan for the government, and so on, in the construction distribution center have considered.(4) commodities flow. Enterprise production of consumer goods as the population shift and change, should according to enterprise's better distribution system positioning. Meanwhile, industrial products market will transfer change, in order to determine the raw materials and semi-finished products of commodities such as change of flow in the location of logistics distribution center should be considered when the flow of the specific conditions of the relevant goods.(5) other factors. Such as labor, transportation and service convenience degree, investment restrictions, etc.How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center．At present，most of the research on logistics cost concentrates off theoretical analysis of direct factors of logistics cost, and solves the problem of over-high logistics Cost mainly by direct channel solution．This research stresses on the view of how to loeate distribution center, analyzes the influence of locating distribution center on logistics cost．and finds one kind of simple and easy location method by carrying on the location analysis of distribution center through computer modeling and the application of Exeel．So the location of agricultural product logistics distribution center can be achieved scientifically and reasonably, which will attain the goal of reducing logistics cost, and have a decision．making support function to the logisties facilities and planning of agricultural product．The agricultural product logistics distribution center deals with dozens and even hundreds of clients every day, and transactions are made in high-frequency. If the distribution center is far away from other distribution points，the moving and transporting of materials and the collecting of operational data is inconvenient and costly. costly．The modernization of agricultural product logistics s distribution center is a complex engineering system，not only involves logistics technology, information technology, but also logistics management ideas and its methods，in particular the specifying of strategic location and business model is essential for the constructing of distribution center. How to reduce logistics cost，enhance the adaptive capacity and strain capacity of distribution center is a key research question of agricultural product logistics distribution center. The so—called logistics costs refers to the expenditure summation of manpower, material and financial resources in the moving process of the goods．such as loading and unloading，conveying，transport，storage，circulating，processing, information processing and other segments. In a word。

the logistics cost is the cost of completing all logisties activities．And the responsibility of reducing 109isties cost not only relies on the logistics section，but also on the establishment of”business strategy”to a great extent．In chain operation．to lower total logistics cost of distribution center is a strong support of chain supermarket’s”profit”. The logistics cost in chain operation occupies a large proportion of the cost of the entirecirculation．The chain supermarket company’s logistics cost in developed countries such as The United States．Japan and Europe usually accounts for 4-6％of the sales．The logistics cost of cold storage distribution (including frozen，chilled) is 2．5 times the logistics cost of normal temperature distribution．If the special attention is not paid to the accounting of logistics cost of distribution center, it would like to bring the serious consequence to the enterprise．The best location of agricultural product logistics distribution center should be located nearby “River Garden” through above computer modeling analysis; it is the minimum transport cost from each of 5 points to the location. There are many uncertain factors difficult to be measured in actual applications, which can be solved by adjusting transport rat Ri. This location can basically meet the demand. he key of the model’s application is the accurate substitution of the maps, and it is not difficult to figure out．In actual logistics practice，possibly involving tens or even hundreds of distribution points，the use of computer methods will be very valuable。