新编英美概况许鲁之
Chapter 1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources
1.Choose the correct answer
1-8 CDBACBBB
2.fill in the blanks
1.Canada\Mexico\the Cuff of Mexico\Atlantic Ocean\the Pacific Ocean
2.The Atlantic seacoast west to the Appalachains\The Mississippi River Basin\The Rockies west to the Pacific
3.most densely\flat\fertile
4.productive\fruits\vegetables
5.Louisiana\Texas\Texas\Oklahoma\California\insufficient\40%
6.little\fresh\12%\richest\productive
Chapter 2 American Population
1.Choose the correct answer
1-8 CBDACDCB
2.fill in the blanks
1.third\250
2.1875\permanent residence\morality\race\national
origin\national
origin\skilled\relatives\270,000\700,000\675,000
3.indentured servants\slaves\1863
4.South\poverty line
5.industrious\intelligent\modle minority\twice
3.Question for discussion
1.Why is the US known as a "melting pot"?
Answer:The United States is known as a "melting pot",meaning that it is composed of immigrants from different nations all over the world.
3.Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbs?
Answer:The widespread use of automobiles and the construction of express highways made it possible for people to live farther away from their jobs.The telephone reduces the need for them to work or live in close proximity to one another.Besides these economic and techonological changes, important social factors were involved.Subruban areas offered more living space than cities,lower crime rates,less pollution,and superior schools.It is generally believed that they are a better place for rising children.
Indian Reservation
Answer:Ever since the discocery of the New World in 1492, the Indians have been cruelly treated. They were driven to barren desert regions, the so-called "Indian Reservations".
The reservations usually lack adequate health care facilities, educational opportunities,decent housing,and jobs.
Hispanics
Answer:They are the Spanish-speaking immigrants from Latin American countries. The majority traces their roots to Mexico, Pueto Rico,or Cuba.
Chapter3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World
1.Choose the correct answer
1-8 DABBBCDC
2.fill in the blanks
1.Portuguese\the Cape of Good Hope\Spain\Atlantic\the Cartbbean\West Indians
2.Amerigo Vespueci\America
3.the Virginia Coast\pilgrims\Mayflower Compact
4.appoined by the English King\under proprietors who themselves chose the governors\select governors under self-governing charters
5.fishing\shipbuilding\breadbasket\wheat\potatoes\plantation\ tobacco\cotton
3.Question for discussion
4.What was the social structure of the 13 colonies?
Answer:Society in the 13 colonies was like a pytamid.The top was made up of merchants and landlords.The base was made up of refugees from Europe, black slaves from Africa,
and native Indians.
5.Why did not the American Indians become slaves during the
colonies days?
Answer:They could not put up with slaves. If an Indian was enslaved, his fellow tribe menbers would fight to free him.So the colonialists soon gave up the attempt to use them
as slave labor.Instead they seized the land of the Indians
and drove them away or killed them.
Mayflower Compact
Answer:It is signed by the pilgrims, establishing a form of
local government in which the colonists agree to stick together,to abide by majority rule,to have the right to choose their leader and cooperate for the general good for the colony. The Compact sets the precedent for other colonies as they set up governments.This was the beginning
of the US democracy.
Thanks-giving day
Answer:In 1620,the puritans in the Mayflower came the Rocky coast of what is now Massachusetts.They suffered the first cold ter with the help and advice of the native Indians,the Pilgrim Fathers planted corn and other crops.They reaped a good harvest the following year, and in October,1621,to celebrate this good harvest, the Pilgrims held a feast which featured wild turkey.They called this their Thanks-giving Day.It falls on the 4th Thursday of November.。
各大学英语研究生入学考试方向-科目及参考
各大学英研方向，考试科目及参考书目中国人民大学外国语学院英语语言文2008年研究生入学专业目录研究方向：01英美文学 02英语语言学与英语教学03翻译理论与实践04英语国家文化03翻译理论与实践科目一政治 101 科目二 226二外俄语或227二外日语或228二外德语或229二外法语科目三基础英语 618 科目四翻译理论与实践 8221 《当代西方翻译理论探索》廖七一译林出版社 20002 《跨文化交际》金惠康中国对外翻译出版公司 20033 《英汉翻译手册》倜西、董乐山商务印书馆 20024 二外法语：《新大学法语》李志清高等教育出版社 20035 二外德语：《新求精德语》初级1、2；中级1 王晓明同济大学出版社 20036 二外日语：中日交流《标准日本语》初级上下、中级上人民教育出版社7 二外俄语：《大学俄语简明教程》张宝钤钱晓蕙高等教育出版社北京航空航天大学外语语言系英语语言文学2009年研究生入学专业目录研究方向： 01 英美文学 02 比较文学初试科目：①101政治②222俄语二外或223日语二外或224德语二外或225法语二外③721基础英语④822英美文学北京航空航天大学外语语言系英语语言文学2009年研究生入学参考书目822 英美文学《英国文学简史》河南人民出版社〔1993年4月〕刘炳善《英国文学选读》上海译文出版社〔1981年〕杨岂深《美国文学简史》南开大学出版社〔2004年3月第二版〕常耀信《美国文学选读》南开大学出版社(2002年9月) 常耀信721 基础英语不根据某一种教科书命题北京交通大学人文与社会科学学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学专业目录研究方向：01英美文学研究02翻译理论与实践03西方文论研究04 浪漫主义文学研究初试科目：①101政治②211德语〔二外〕或212俄语〔二外〕或213法语〔二外〕或214 日语〔二外〕③610语言学与英美文学④851专业综合考试复试备注：复试科目：笔试部分：高级词汇、文论评述、散文翻译、论文〔提供材料，写出一篇小论文〕口试部分：语言学、文学专业知识面试、〔二外〕听力和口语北京交通大学人文与社会科学学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学参考书目610语言学与英美文学《语言学教程》〔修订版〕北京大学出版社胡壮麟主编《美国文学简史》南开大学出版社常耀信《英国文学简读教程》清华大学出版社宫玉波851专业综合考试《英美文化基础教程》北京外研社朱永涛《实用翻译教程》高教出版社冯庆华北京理工大学外国语学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学专业目录研究方向： 01 英语文体学 02 英美文学 03 翻译理论与实践初试科目：①101政治②212俄语或213日语或214德语③616基础英语④854英语专业综合(语言学、英美文学、英美概况)复试备注：笔试科目北京理工大学外国语学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学参考书目616基础英语无参考书目854英语专业综合(语言学、英美文学、英美概况)《语言学教程》北京大学出版社胡壮麟《英国文学史及选读》1、2册外语教学与研究出版社吴伟仁《美国文学史及选读》1、2册外语教学与研究出版社吴伟仁《英语国家社会与文化入门》上、下册高等教育出版社朱永涛北京科技大学外国语学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学专业目录研究方向： 01英汉语言比照分析02心理语言学03应用语言学与外语教学04社会语言学05系统功能语言学06语用学07翻译理论与实践研究初试科目：①101政治理论②213日语(二外)或214俄语(二外)或215德语(二外)或216法语(二外)③618基础英语④874综合英语北京科技大学外国语学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学参考书目874综合英语《英语国家概况》(第二版) 外语教学研究出版社余志远主编;《美国文学简史》(第二版) 南开大学出版社常耀信主编;《语言学教程》(2001版) 北京大学出版社胡壮麟主编;《新编英国文学选读》(修订版) 北京大学出版社罗经国主编618基础英语《本课程为水平考试》不依据任何一教科书命题北京邮电大学语言学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学专业目录研究方向：01英美文学 02翻译初试科目：①101统考政治②212日语二外或213法语二外或214俄语二外③614英语语言基础④817英语语言学与文学基础北京邮电大学语言学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学参考书目212日语二外《中日交流标准日本语》〔初级1、2册，中级1、2册〕人民教育出版社中日合作编写213法语二外《大学法语简明教程》外语教学与研究出版社〔近年版〕薛建成《法语TEF考试冲刺教程》〔上、下〕外语教学与研究出版社2003年1月童佩智《研究生法语》〔第二外语〕下册北京大学出版社王庭荣614英语语言基础《高级英语》〔修订本〕外语教学与研究出版社〔第一版〕张汉熙，王立礼《Reader’817英语语言学与文学基础《语言学教程》〔修订版〕北京大学出版社2001年第一版胡壮麟《美国文学选读》高等教育出版社〔2001年〕陶洁《英国文学选读》高等教育出版社〔2001年〕王守仁对外经济贸易大学英语学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学专业目录研究方向： 01语言学 02英美文学 03英语国家研究初试科目：①101政治理论②272二外俄语或273二外法语或274二外德语或275二外日语或277二外西语③761基础英语④861综合英语对外经济贸易大学英语学院英语语言文学2008年研究生入学参考书目《高级英语》〔1-2册〕外语教学与研究出版社张汉熙《商务英语阅读》高等教育出版社2002 王关富《英语国家社会与文化入门》高等教育出版社1998 朱永涛《大学英汉翻译教程》〔第二版〕对外经济贸易大学出版社2004 王恩冕等《简明法语教程》〔上、下册〕商务印书馆1996 孙辉标准日本语〔初级上下册、中级上册〕人民教育出版社1990北京外国语大学英语学院英语语言文学2009年研究生入学专业目录研究方向：翻译理论与实践〔笔译〕1、Bassnett, Susan. 《翻译研究》Translation Studies. 上海外语教育出版社.2004.2、Gentzler, Edwin .《当代翻译理论〔第二版修订本〕》Contemporary Translation Theories (Revised Second Edition). 上海外语教育出版社.2004.北京第二外国语大学英语系英语语言文学2008年研究生入学专业目录研究方向：01英美社会文化 02理论语言学及应用语言学 03英美文学 04翻译理论与实践初试科目： 212日 213法 214德 215俄 216西〔任选〕611 基础英语 811 综合考试〔英1〕复试备注： 1. 611基础英语：语法、词汇30分、完形填空30分、阅读理解30分、段落翻译30分、命题作文30分。
新编英美概况(许鲁之)Chapter 3 word for PPT
Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization1American Indians and Great Discoveries☐From 40,000 to 10,000 B. C. a land bridge existed between Asia and Alaska.☐when the glaciers of the last Ice Age were at their peak which caused the level of the Bering Sea to lower more than 300 feet. It was across this land bridge, which may have measured more than 1000 miles wide, that the Asian hunters traveled in search of food.☐The first known inhabitants of modern-day United States territory are believed to have arrived over a period of several thousand years beginning sometime prior to 15,000 - 50,000 years ago from eastern Siberia by crossing Beringia into Alaska.☐Solid evidence of these cultures settling in what would become the US is dated to around 14,000 years ago.They might belong to the Mongoloid peoples.☐all land travel ended between 10,000 and 9000 B. C.☐They were divided into a great number of tribes who spoke different languges. By the 15th C there erer 15 to 20 million ingabitants in Americas.☐It is plausible that a Japanese of Chinese fishing craft, or even a Polynesian outrigger舷外支架canoe, may have drifted across the Pacific to the New World.☐There is some evidence that Irish or Welsh monks may have been the first non-Indian discoverers of the New World.☐between the years A.D. 450 and 500 Buddhist monks under the leadership of Hwui Shan traveled eastward from China to a land they called Fu-Sang.☐The origin of the California redwood or Monterey cypress(大果柏).☐They also tried to convert local Indians to Buddhism but failed and returned home.☐About A.D. 985 Eric the Red visited and colonized Greenland. About 1000 A.D. Leif Ericson, the son of Eric, driven by adventure and strong winds, sailed again the arrived at land in the West. Although the Norse indeed may have reached the east coast of the United States, they were forced to abandon their settlements.Factors Led to the European Discovery1.Renaissance and Reformation = the great spirit of adventure and enthusiasm whichswept Europe. The Renaissancesecularized the way people thought.2.The rise of Nation-Sates. By the 1400s France, England, and Spain were ruledby ambitious kings and queens. For one thing, Venice had built a monopoly on eh Mediterranean trade and kept others from sharing this wealth. Eastern goods were in great demand in Europe, and Venice, being the chief source of supply, could charge high prices in this trade. As England, France, Spain and Portugal emerged as nations, they want ed to break through Venice’s hold on the profitable trade and to get their fair share of it. Their ships could not compete in the Mediterranean so they sent out explorarers to sek other route to the East.3.Sailors deared to take long ocean voyages because of the improvements in navigationand naval architecture.4.Life on land was hard and uncertain.Christopher Columbus☐born in Genoa☐worked on Portuguese ships for nearly nine years.☐Columbus believed Europeans would arrive at the riches of the Orient--- referred to as the "Indies."☐The Portuguese king, relying on advisers who reported that the world was much larger than Columbus believed, rejected his plan.☐Columbus then approached Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain,☐The commission given to him made him "Admiral to the Ocean Sea" and "Viceroy and Governor总督" of any islands or countries --- excluding Japan and China --- that he might occupy or possess.☐He was also to receive 10 percent of all wealth. He even carried letters of introduction to the Chinese emperors, a Latin passport, and sailors who could speak and write Arabic.☐He crossed the Atlantic, and after six long weeks, his ship arrived at San Salvador in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492.☐Just before his death he revised his geography and said that the earth "had the form of a pear ... upon one pat of which is a prominence like a woman's nipple." Ferdinand MagellanIn 1499, Amerigo Vespucci, also under the Spanish flag, sailed west and reached the continent of South America. It was he who showed that the land they arrived was a whole new continent lay between Europe and Asia. Before long it was named after him, America. ☐Portuguese navigator, set out from Spain in 1519.☐They reached the Philippines where Magellan was killed by the natives. They finally went back to Spain after 3 years.☐They proved that India could be reached by sailing west.Spanish Exploration☐After Columbus the Spanish expanded from the Caribbean islands to the mainland. ☐In the Spanish realm exploration soon was followed by settlement. From Florida to California the Spanish Empire in the United States emerged.French Exploration☐Jacques Cartier made the first of his three expeditions to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in search of the Northwest Passage.☐He opened the St. Lawrence to eventual settlement and paved the way for future expansion down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, as well as westward to the Great Lakes.☐Samuel de Champlain pioneered the French empire.☐He made 11 trips of exploration to America.☐In 1608 he created a fort at Quebec, which soon became the permanent center of a French trapping and trading empire.English Exploration☐In 1497 John Cabot sailed west to try to discover the Northwest Passage.☐Drake was one of the most famous "seadogs," or pirates. On one trip in 1577 he traveled as far north in the Pacific and the present American-Canadian border and was then driven by weather to a bay just north of San Francisco, now referred to as Drake's Bay, where he left a plate as evidence of discovery.2Colonization of the New WorldThe ruling class of Europe fell upon this rich land greedily. Only fifty years after Columbus’s first voyage, the Spanish and Portuguses had overrun the vast land of what is now called Latin America.English Settlement☐during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the English in growing numbers concluded that the New World was their best opportunity.☐The Enclosure Movement of the 1500s. "Hark, hark, the dogs do bark, the beggars are coming to town."☐"Why man, all their cooking pans are pure gold."☐In 1578 Humphrey Gilbert acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth to settle "remote heathen and barbarous land.“☐Walter Raleigh sent out 117 men, women, and children to establish a colony on Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina.☐☐Jamestown: In 1607, Jamestown was founded on the lower reaches of the ChesapeakeBay on a low swampy island.☐Within the first 6 months the population of 104 was cut in half.☐“dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold” but no gold was to be found.☐Great famine: man ate his wife.New England Colonies☐The Pilgrim Fathers built their first settlement which was named Plymouth.☐They came in 1620 in a tiny ship called the “Mayflower”. There were 102 people. During the trip the Mayflower was blown off the course and they finally lnded, far to the north of Virginia, in what is now Massachusetts. The Pilprims decided to to set up their own government. They wrote a now famous agreement called the “Mayflower Compact”. In this Compact they agreed to stick together, to abide by majority rule, and to have a right to shoose their own leader. This was the beginning of the American democracy.☐During the first icy winter in the dwelling place called Plymouth, the Pilgrims suffered much hardship and aout half of them died. When spring came, the Indians began to help them. The Indians showed them how to hunt, jish, and plant. The Pilgrims had a fine harvest of corn in fall. They were thankful. They made a feast and invited the Indians who helped them. This was the first Thanksgiving in North America.☐Boston☐Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, After America won its independence, two other states were created in their proximity with the names of Maine and Vermont☐The Other colonies of New England also were established by Puritans.☐New Hampshire and Maine were settled by devout Puritans who began to move north from Massachusetts.☐Rhode Island and Connecticut were established by dissatisfied Puritans. Maryland☐Maryland was granted by Charles I to his friend Lord Baltimore as a refuge for English Catholics.Lord Baltimore acquired a charter from him for land in northern Virginia. The King's lack of geographic knowledge was revealed in the charter that granted Baltimore theentire Potomac river (both banks). This ignorant decision led to the oldest local dispute in American history. The charter given to Baltimore made him the proprietor, or controller, of the colony; he had almost absolute power, with only two limitations -- that two Indian arrows were to be given yearly to the King and that laws passed had to be approved by the people living there.The first Lord Baltimore died before actual settlement; it was the second Lord Baltimore that sent the vessels Ark and Dove to found Maryland in 1633.☐Pennsylvania☐founded by another group of English Puritans called Quakers, or the Society of Friends.☐In 1682 William Penn arrived in America on the ship Welcome and soon established one of the most liberal colonies, Pennsylvania, with its Quaker emphasis on religious and civil liberty.They believed in the idea of peace through brotherly love and wanted no formal pattern of worship. This was against the established rule of the Church of England. For this reason they suffered much persecution in England. Hundreds of Quakers were arrested, including William Penn, who spent two years in jail.William Pen was a Quaker. His father had been a close friend of Charles II and the king owed him much money. After his father's death, William Penn asked the king to give him some land in America and the king agreed.In 1682 William Penn arrived in America on on the ship Welcome and soon established one of the most liberal colonies, Pennsylvania, with its Quaker emphasis on religious and civil liberty.Penn then set up a colony on the land and called it Pennsylvania. Penn adopted a rather tolerant policy which welcomed any settlers who worshiped God. The result was the fast development of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, its capital town which was built according to Penn's careful plan, became one of the thriving centers of colonial America.His promotional literature brought such a diverse population from Europe that his settlement was known as "the melting pot,". Although the colony prospered, Penn himself did not, and he returned to England where he died in a debtor'sprison --- an institution that stimulated the founding of the last English colony, Georgia.☐New York, New Jersey and Delaware☐were not started by the English colonists. New York and New Jersey were first colonized by the Dutch, while Delaware was founded by the Swedish.But the English would never tolerate any intruder at their door. So they started a contest of strength and defeated their enemy. As a result, all these colonies were given to the English colonists.South Carolina and North Carolina☐were originally given by Charles II to eight of his close supporters.☐Georgia was the last of the thirteen English American colonies.☐A charter was obtained from King George II, and in 1733 Georgia, the criminal colony, was settled.In the 1700s England was becoming much more aware of the growing power in America of the Spanish Empire in the south and of the French Empire in the north. A barrier was needed between the colony of South Carolina and the Spanish settlement of Florida; such barrier also could satisfy a social need in England itself. A common practice at this time was to imprison a person for debt. These debtors' prisons were disease-ridden places where •Šstatistic jailers applied thumbscrews and strangled prisoners until blood flowed from their noses and ears. James Oglethorpe, a reformer and idealist, was moved deeply when one of his friends died in such a jail. He decided to organize a group of English •Šphilanthropists to form a colony in America that would serve as a barrier against the Spanish; the colony would be populated by prisoners.A charter was obtained from King George II, and in 1733 Georgia, the criminal colony, was settled. This Noble Experiment was both to noble and too restrictive. If you had lived in early Georgia you would have found no Catholics, no self-government, little private property, a price-wage freeze, no slavery, no hard liquor, mandatory military service, and a curfew. The goals of Oglethorpe and his friendswere high minded, but not too realistic . Gradually the restrictions were lessened, and the king took control of the colony.☐The Slave Trade☐triangular trade: because ship passage initially went from the colonies to the African coast and then to the West Indies or the South in shape of a triangle.☐The sixty-day voyage, or "middle passage," from Africa , which ended in the West Indies or the American mainland, was a living hell for the slaves and one of the cruelest aspects of colonial slavery.☐Mouth opener,☐suicide,☐revolt insurance,☐to keep the hands of the dead slaves to receive damages.☐There were instances where more than two-thirds of the slaves on a ship were dead by the time it arrive at the West Indies;☐the loss of half was not at all unusual.☐Some 50 million Africans died in transit. Ten million did survive to make it to Europe and to America.triangular trade: because ship passage initially went from the colonies to the African coast and then to the West Indies or the South in shape of a triangle. With rum, guns and gunpowder, utensils, textiles, and food, the trader left Boston, Salem, Providence. or Newport -- the leading slave ports of North America --- and arrived at a trading post in Africa. There he contacted the chief trader, who discussed price and arranged for an auction to be held.The sixty-day voyage, or "middle passage," from Africa , which ended in the West Indies or the American mainland, was a living hell for the slaves and one of the cruelest aspects of colonial slavery. The human cargo was packed aboard ship andchained together by twos, with hardly any room to stand, lie, or sit down. There between decks unbelievable atrocities occurred. One captain wrote, "The Negroes are so incident to the smallpox that few ships that carry them can escape without it."Mouth opener, suicide, revolt insurance, to keep the hands of the dead slaves to receive damages. There were instances where more than two-thirds of the slaves on a ship were dead by the time it arrive at the West Indies; the loss of half was not at all unusual. Some 50 million Africans died in transit. Ten million did survive to make it to Europe and to America. The trade system was a profit-making enterprise. Profits varied from 20 to 30 cents for every dollar invested.3Governmental and Social Structures of the 13 ColoniesThe 13 colonial governments presented a varied stucture.1.Royal colonies (8): the governments were appointed by the English King.2.Proprietary colonies业主殖民地, 特许殖民地(3): the governments wereunder proprietors who themselves chose the governors. (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware)3.Self-governing colonies(2): elected their governors under felf-governing charters.(Connecticut and Rhode Island)Due to geographical economic and social factors, the 13 colonies developed in different diretions. The New England colonies, where the soil was thin and poor, were difficult of farming. So the Yankee farmers in New England were forced to become jack-of-all-trades. So industry developed quickly here.The middle colonies known as the breadbasket had a more favorable climate and soil and thus became the most productive area for general farming. The southern colonies developed a olantation system, the the exploitation of slave labor. Tobacco, cotton, were major crops.。
来安方《新编英美概况》(最新修订版)配套题库【章节题库(含名
库（含名Байду номын сангаас
读书笔记模板
01 思维导图
03 目录分析 05 精彩摘录
目录
02 内容摘要 04 读书笔记 06 作者介绍
思维导图
本书关键字分析思维导图
真题
历史
章节
历年
新编
概况
政府
题库
修订版
模块 第章
英国
修订版
模块
英美
补充
概况
材料
修订版
内容摘要
本书是来安方《新编英美概况》（最新修订版）的配套题库，包括以下几个方面的内容：模块一是章节题库， 严格按照来安方《新编英美概况》（最新修订版）的章目编排，共8章（分为两部分，第一部分是英国文化，共4 章；第二部分是美国文化，共4章），精选与各章内容配套的习题进行详解；我们还从指定来安方主编的《新编英 美概况》（最新修订版）为考研参考书目的名校历年考研真题中，挑选有代表性的考研真题，并对所选考研真题 进行了详细的解答，所选试题基本涵盖了每章的考点和难点。模块二是模拟试题，根据各校历年考研真题的命题 规律，精选教材中的重要考点，精心编写了两套模拟试题，并进行了详细的解答。
目录分析
第一部分英国
第二部分美国
第1章土地和人民 第2章英国历史 第3章政治、政府及教育 第4章补充材料
第1章总括 第2章美国的历史 第3章政府形式和社会生活 第4章补充材料
来安方《新编 英美概况》
（最新修订版） 考研模拟试题 及详解（一）
来安方《新编 英美概况》 （最新修订版） 考研模拟试题 及详解（二）
读书笔记
这是《来安方《新编英美概况》（最新修订版）配套题库【章节题库（含名校考研真题）＋模拟试题】》的 读书笔记模板，可以替换为自己的心得。
许鲁之 - 聊城大学外国语学院 School of Foreign
许鲁之
男，1979年毕业于聊城师范学院，留校任教至今。
现为聊城大学外国语学院教授，硕士生导师，山东省外国语言学学会翻译专业委员会常务理事。
1981年9月至1982年2月在山东大学外语系参加高教部主办的英语教学法培训班学习；1986年7月至1987年7月在华东师范大学外语系进修；1997年8月至1998年9月在美国俄亥俄州立大学英语系作访问学者。
目前为本科生讲授“英美概况”和“英汉翻译”课；为研究生讲授“翻译概论”、“翻译理论与实践”、“当代西方翻译理论”、“英汉笔译实务”等。
2002年主讲的“英美概况”课被评为聊城大学校级重点建设课程，2009年该课程被评为聊城大学精品课程。
主持聊城大学科研立项一项，出版专著三部，参编教材两部，发表学术论文20余篇。
自编教材《新编英美概况》1994年获聊城大学优秀科研成果专著二等奖，2008年获山东省高校优秀教材二等奖。
2008年获聊城大学“师德标兵”称号。
2009年被评为聊城大学第三届教学名师。
新编英美概况许鲁之（第四版）Unit1-7课后习题简答题答案
Chapter 4 American Revolu on
2. What happened on the evening of March 5, 1770? A clash between American colonies and Bri sh soldiers took place in Boston.
①The people of the US are predominantly white. ②The second most numerous minority in the US were the black people whose forefathers came from
Africa.
from La n American countries.
⑤The Chinese American have proved to be industrious and intelligent.
2. What factors cause the Americans to move frequently within the United States?
3. Why do many Americans now migrate from ci es to suburbs?
①The widespread uses of automobiles and the construc on of express highways made it possible for
新编英美概况-许鲁之(第四版)课后习题选择填空
新编英美概况-许鲁之(第四版)课后习题选择填空1. 课程简介本文档是根据《新编英美概况-许鲁之(第四版)》编写的课后习题选择填空。
该课程是许鲁之教授在英美历史和文化方面的经典教材之一，通过本文档的学习和练习，读者可以更好地理解和掌握相关知识点。
2. 选择填空题2.1. 第一部分：英国概况1.哪一位国王被认为是英国“现代化建设的推动者”?– A. 亨利八世– B. 亨利七世– C. 伊丽莎白一世– D. 维多利亚女王2.英国哪个城市被称为“工业革命的摇篮”?– A. 伦敦– B. 曼彻斯特– C. 利物浦– D. 伯明翰3.英国的民主制度以哪个文件为基础?– A. 大宪章– B. 1689年权利法案– C. 《英国的民主传统》– D. 《英国的自由原则》4.英格兰哪位国王正式建立了英国教会?– A. 亨利八世– B. 威廉一世– C. 亨利七世– D. 爱德华六世5.英国是欧洲历史上第一个工业化国家，其工业革命始于哪个时期?– A. 16世纪– B. 17世纪– C. 18世纪– D. 19世纪2.2. 第二部分：美国概况1.第一次旅行到美洲的欧洲人是谁?– A. 克里斯多福·哥伦布– B. 弥尔顿·费尔南德斯·迪阿齐·巴尔博亚– C. 约翰·卡贝萨·德巴卡– D. 亨利·亨廷顿2.美国独立战争爆发于哪一年?– A. 1620– B. 1765– C. 1776– D. 17873.美国的第一部宪法是什么?– A. 《独立宣言》– B. 《权利法案》– C. 《美国宪法》– D. 《联邦党人文集》4.南北战争爆发于哪一年?– A. 1803– B. 1861– C. 1889– D. 19045.美国内战是因为什么原因?– A. 北方州主张废除奴隶制– B. 南方州主张扩大奴隶制– C. 为了争夺西部领土– D. 统一国家领土3. 结语通过上述习题选择填空的练习，读者可以更好地掌握《新编英美概况-许鲁之(第四版)》中关于英国和美国的重要知识点。
新编英美概况许鲁之课后答案
Chapter 11-8 CDBACBBB二．1.Canada Mexico the Cuff of Mexico Atlantic Ocean The Pacific Ocean2.The Atlantic seacoast west to the Appalachians The Mississippi River Basin The Rockies west to the Pacific3.flat fertile4.productive fruits vegetables5.Louisiana Texas Texas Oklahoma California insufficient 40%6.little fresh 12% richest productiveChapter21-8CBDACDCB二．1.third2. 1875 permanent residence morality race national origin skilled relatives 270,000 7000,000675,0003.indentured servants slaves 1863 South poverty line4.industrious intelligent model minoritytwice1-8DABBBCDC二1.Portuguese the Cape of God Hope Spain the Caribbean West Indians2.Amerigo West Indians3.the Virginia Coast pilgrims May flower Compact4.a.appointed by the English king b.under proprietors who themselves chose the governorsc.select governors under self-governing charters5.fishing shipbuilding breadbasket wheat potatoes plantation tobacco cottonChapter41-8BBCDDDBA二1.control complement2.France Currency Stamp3.seaport and Provincial town Stamp violent4.1774 peaceful give boycott5.1776 the first declaration of the rights of the individual6.7 1781 1783 Mississippi RiverGreat Lakes Florida slaves1-8DDDCBDC二．1.legislature executive judicial tax2.1787 55 Rhode Island George Washington3.opposed decentralized4.1788 John Adams Alexander Hamilton Tomas Jefferson5.Louisiana purchase 828000 doubled6. second war of Independence 3 unity patriotism semi-colonial independent（注：专业文档是经验性极强的领域，无法思考和涵盖全面，素材和资料部分来自网络，供参考。
门罗宣言
Name: KalyClass: Education 1Date: July 3rd, 2014The Origin and Essence of Monroe Doctrine---American’s Development of Expansionism Nowadays, America has become a superpower in the world, The Declaration of Independence in 1776 announced a new nation’s birth. However, with a pitiful history of only about 270 years, America stands firm in the family of nations. We cannot deny the fact that any new nation, at the beginning of its foundation will be under great pressure from the whole world. And America is no exception. Throughout the history of America, the Monroe Doctrine plays an important role in its progress. From isolationism to the expansionism, there are trace of the Monroe Doctrine. Even in the 21st century it also has the unique influence on America foreign policy.With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the governments whohave declared their independence and maintained it, and whoseindependence we have... Acknowledged, we could not view any interpositionfor the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner theirdestine by any European power in any other light than as the manifestationof an unfriendly disposition toward the United States.(Monroe Doctrine) From the doctrine, we can perceive that it expressed a spirit of solidarity with thenewly independent republics of Latin America. And at that specific time, those nations ,in turn recognized their political affinity with the United States by basing their new constitutions, in many instances, on the North American model.During the opening decades of the 19th century, Central and South America turned to revolution. And the American people took a deep interest in what seemed a repetition of their experience in breaking away from European rule. At the same time, the Latin American independence movements confirmed their own belief in self- government. And also at just this point, Russia, Prussia and Austria formed an association called the Holy Alliance to protect themselves against Latin America revolutions. All of these added to the background of Monroe Doctrine. So, President Monroe took the occasion of his annual message to Congress to pronounce what would become known as the Monroe Doctrine --- the refusal to tolerate any further extension of European domination in the Americans.Non-colonization, Non-intervention, America for Americans are the three basic principles of Monroe Doctrine. And the essence of the doctrine was America for Americans , which later became a cornerstone of the US foreign policy. However, with the development of the New World , the Monroe Doctrine needed a broader interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.Non-colonization, to some extent, does not mean anti-colonization. This principle was announced by America, when she did not have enough power to compete with the European countries, especially the Holy Alliance. We can draw a conclusion that the basic spirit of this principle is maintaining the current situation of the Americancolonies, not completely denying the colonialism.Non-intervention , it includes two aspects: Non-intervention and intervention. Non-intervention indicates non-intervention of America in European affairs and also European in American colonies. And intervention indicates the America to the affairs of American colonies. So, when we interpret the Non-intervention like this, it is not difficult to understand American’s expansi onism and power politics in the American colonies (Luo,rongqu P199).Also the last one, America for Americans is the foundation of the former two principles. Well, if we understand it as though the American continent is for all the people there, maybe that is not exactly true. If we say the American continent is just for American people, that will be better. So, the claims of the Monroe Doctrine, to some extent, is the initial theoretical preparation for American’s fighting for the supremacy in West Hemisphere.And when America entered the 21st century, the Secretary of State John Forbes Kerry announced that the era of Monroe Doctrine had ended. Maybe we should have a deep thinking about it: Can the Monroe Doctrine be truly ended? With the global system of fission and the spring up of regionalism, both America and other Latin America are trying to redefine their relationship. However, with the balance of power not changing, the Monroe Doctrine still plays a very crucial role in America.The Monroe Doctrine is a very important and famous foreign policy in the history of US diplomacy. And it also has a deep impact on the American foreign policy since published. Because it witnesses the country from a small union to the today’ssuperpower nation in the world. And it also witnesses American’s power and ambition. Although we can not exactly anticipate where it will lead America, the influence of it has been witnessed by people all around the world.Works citedGuan.Qi, trans. American A Narrative History 4. By Tindall, George Brown, and David Emory Shi. 2012.Luo, RongQo 罗荣渠. Meiguo LIshi Tonglun 美国历史通论(A General survey of American History). Beijing: Peking UP, 2009.Liu, Jun, trans. America The Last Best Hope. By William J. Bennett.Mao, LiQun 毛立群. Meilijian Wenming 美利坚文明(American Civilization). 2010. Xu, LiZhi 许鲁之. Xinbian Yingmei Gaikuang 新编英美概况(Understanding the US and the UK). 2012Zhang, Ke 张克. Meiguonexieshier 美国那些事儿(American History). Beijing.2010。
新编英美概况 许鲁之
Chapter 1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources1.Choose the correct answer1-8 CDBACBBB2.fill in the blanks1.Canada\Mexico\the Cuff of Mexico\Atlantic Ocean\the Pacific Ocean2.The Atlantic seacoast west to the Appalachains\The Mississippi River Basin\The Rockies west to the Pacific3.most densely\flat\fertile4.productive\fruits\vegetables5.Louisiana\Texas\Texas\Oklahoma\California\insufficient\40%6.little\fresh\12%\richest\productiveChapter 2 American Population1.Choose the correct answer1-8 CBDACDCB2.fill in the blanks1.third\2502.1875\permanent residence\morality\race\nationalorigin\nationalorigin\skilled\relatives\270,000\700,000\675,0003.indentured servants\slaves\18634.South\poverty line5.industrious\intelligent\modle minority\twice3.Question for discussion1.Why is the US known as a "melting pot"?Answer:The United States is known as a "melting pot",meaning that it is composed of immigrants from different nations all over the world.3.Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbs?Answer:The widespread use of automobiles and the construction of express highways made it possible for people to live farther away from their jobs.The telephone reduces the need for them to work or live in close proximity to one another.Besides these economic and techonological changes, important social factors were involved.Subruban areas offered more living space than cities,lower crime rates,less pollution,and superior schools.It is generally believed that they are a better place for rising children.Indian ReservationAnswer:Ever since the discocery of the New World in 1492, the Indians have been cruelly treated. They were driven to barren desert regions, the so-called "Indian Reservations".The reservations usually lack adequate health care facilities, educational opportunities,decent housing,and jobs.HispanicsAnswer:They are the Spanish-speaking immigrants from Latin American countries. The majority traces their roots to Mexico, Pueto Rico,or Cuba.Chapter3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World1.Choose the correct answer1-8 DABBBCDC2.fill in the blanks1.Portuguese\the Cape of Good Hope\Spain\Atlantic\the Cartbbean\West Indians2.Amerigo Vespueci\America3.the Virginia Coast\pilgrims\Mayflower Compact4.appoined by the English King\under proprietors who themselves chose the governors\select governors under self-governing charters5.fishing\shipbuilding\breadbasket\wheat\potatoes\plantation\ tobacco\cotton3.Question for discussion4.What was the social structure of the 13 colonies?Answer:Society in the 13 colonies was like a pytamid.The top was made up of merchants and landlords.The base was made up of refugees from Europe, black slaves from Africa,and native Indians.5.Why did not the American Indians become slaves during thecolonies days?Answer:They could not put up with slaves. If an Indian was enslaved, his fellow tribe menbers would fight to free him.So the colonialists soon gave up the attempt to use themas slave labor.Instead they seized the land of the Indiansand drove them away or killed them.Mayflower CompactAnswer:It is signed by the pilgrims, establishing a form oflocal government in which the colonists agree to stick together,to abide by majority rule,to have the right to choose their leader and cooperate for the general good for the colony. The Compact sets the precedent for other colonies as they set up governments.This was the beginningof the US democracy.Thanks-giving dayAnswer:In 1620,the puritans in the Mayflower came the Rocky coast of what is now Massachusetts.They suffered the first cold ter with the help and advice of the native Indians,the Pilgrim Fathers planted corn and other crops.They reaped a good harvest the following year, and in October,1621,to celebrate this good harvest, the Pilgrims held a feast which featured wild turkey.They called this their Thanks-giving Day.It falls on the 4th Thursday of November.。
新编英美概况 许鲁之(第四版)Unit1-7课后习题简答题答案
Unit 1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources1. How many states are there in the United States? And which two states are geographically separated from the others? (50, Alaska, Hawaii)2. What are the general characters of the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains.1) To the west of Atlantic coastal plain lie the Appalachian Mountains that begin in Canada and reach all the way to Georgia and Alabama. These are old mountains with rounded tops and wooded hills, usually not exceeding 800m in height. The highest point is only 2000m above the sea. Most of the mountain ridges are low enough to be easily crossed by modern highways. The Appalachians have much beautiful scenery and many tourist resorts. The Ohio and the Tennessee Rivers flow down the western slopes of the Appalachians to the great Mississippi River, deep in the heart of America.2) To the west of the Great Plains lie the Rocky Mountains, “the backbone of the continent”. These high mountains stretch all the way from Mexico to the Arctic and form what is known as Continental Divide, or Great Divide, the most important watershed on the continent. The Rockies are more than twice as high as the Appalachians and high enough to receive more rain than the surrounding plains and plateaus. Consequently, they are mostly forested. The striking and varied scenery of the Rockies has given rise to the establishment of many national parks here. The other natural wonders include roaming herds of buffalo, elk, deer, antelope and sheep, as well as the famous grizzly bear.Chapter 2 American Population1.Why is the United States known as a “melting pot”?It means that the US is composed of immigrants from different nations all over the world.①The people of the US are predominantly white.②The second most numerous minority in the US were the black people whose forefathers came fromAfrica.③American Indians were the original inhabitants on the continent.④There were about 50.5 million Hispanics in 2010 in the US. They are the Spanish-speaking immigrantsfrom Latin American countries.⑤The Chinese American have proved to be industrious and intelligent.2.What factors cause the Americans to move frequently within the United States?①The desire for economic betterment is generally the most important force inducing migration.②Geographic difference in economic opportunity, as reflected by such factors as differences inemployment opportunities and earning power for workers and differences in the availability and the price of land for farmers.③Noneconomic factors. Such as climate, racial attitudes, and family tires, influencing migration.3.Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbs?①The widespread uses of automobiles and the construction of express highways made it possible forpeople to live farther away from their jobs.②The telephone reduced the need for them to work or live in close proximity to one another.③Suburban areas offered more living space than cities, lower crime rates, less pollution, and superiorschools. It is generally believed that they are better place for raising children.Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World1. Discuss the pre-Columbian cultures in the Americas.1) The Aztecs of Mexico2) The Incas of Peru3) The Indians of North America4) Indian contributions to European culture: Foods, Drugs and Utilitarian objects2. Why did the discoveries of New World before Columbus not exert great influence in the world at that time?Because Europe was then poor and politically fragmented, It was beset by local wars and civil disorder and largely illiterate. In short, Europe was then incapable of responding to the Norse discoveries.3.Why did so many English people move to the New World in the 17th century?1) The New World was a great and rich land. In the New World there were all those resources necessary for agricultural and industrial development.2)During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1588-1603), the English in growing numbers realized that the New World was their best place to make their fortunes, and to worship and live according to their beliefs.3)Some of them might move to America to leave oppressive political institutions, to escape burdensome church duties, to acquire large landholdings or merely to change their general pattern of living. Of course, material gain was a common factor.4. What was the social structure of the 13 colonies?Society in the l3 colonies was like a pyramid.①The top was made up of merchants and landlords.②The base was made up of refugees from Europe, black slaves from Africa. And native Indians.5.Why did not the American Indians become slaves during the colonial days?As for Indians, they could not put up with slavery. If an Indian was enslaved, his fellow tribe members would fight to free him. So the colonialists soon gave up the attempt to use them as slave labor. Instead they seized the land of the Indians and drove them away or killed them.Chapter 4 American Revolution2. What happened on the evening of March 5, 1770?A clash between American colonies and British soldiers took place in Boston.①A group of unemployed laborer attacked a British sentry stationed at the Boston customhouse.②When the British soldiers dispatched to help the sentry arrived, they met a rapidly growing, angry crowd.③Someone gave the command for the soldiers to fire.④Three colonies were killed and several were wounded, two of whom later died.3. How did the colonies react to the Townshend Act?The colonies, however, still rejected the idea that the Parliament in Britain had the right to tax them without consent and reacted to these new duties by refusing to import any of the taxed goods.4. What were the main contents of the Declaration of Independence?①The Preamble, which explains why the Declaration was issued.②A statement of principles of government to which the American people were committed③A list of injustices suffered by the colonists.④A summary of efforts the colonies had made to avoid a break with the mother country.⑤The proclamation is that the “Colonies are Free and Independent States”5. What was the importance of the victory at Saratoga?The victory and Saratoga wa s a turning point of the war. It further heightened the spirit of the Americans, but more importantly it caused action abroad. It was after this battle that the French agreed to join the war against Britain. Later Spain and Holland joined France while most of the other European powers formed an Armed Neutrality to protect their commerce from Britain’s naval power.Chapter 5 the Confederation and the Constitution1. What is confederation?A confederation is a government in which the constituent governments, called states in the US, create a central government by constitutional compact but do not give it power to regulate the conduct ofindividuals.2. Compare the powers of the governments under the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution.3. What does the “check and balance” mean?It means that each branch of government-executive, legislative, or judicial-must exercise distinct powers and be selected in a distinct way, and that each branch must be able to “check and balance” the others if one branch grew too powerful and sought to dominate the others.4. What was the Bill of Rights?It guaranteed freedom of speech, religion, peaceful assembly, and the press; the right to bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search; and the right to the protection of certain legal procedures known as the due process of law.5. What were the chief causes of the War of 1812?①The British were not reconciled to the loss of their thirteen colonies. Using Canada as the base, they always challenged to battle with the young Republic.②This anger reaches its peak in 1807 when one British warship attached and boarded in American ship, killing and wounding 21men and impressing four sailors.③Jefferson persuaded Congress to pass an Embargo Act, which forbade all ships, except foreign ones without charge, to leave American ports.Chapter 6 American Expansion and the Civil War1. What was the importance of the Monroe Doctrine?The essence was” America for Americans”, which later became a cornerstone of the US foreign policy. As the New world developed in the years ahead this Doctrine became more meaningful and was strengthened by a broader interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.2. What were the basic causes of the Civil War?Two different social-economic systems existed side by side in the United States.In the South slavery was the foundation of the economic system while in the North industry and commerce were the main character of its economy. The swiftly growing industries in the North required the restriction of slavery as well as an expanding territory in order to provide capitalist production with raw materials, markets and abundant labor supply.The slave economy in the South was an obstacle to industrial growth and expansion. This economic antagonism led to increased conflicts between the North and the South.3. What was the doctrine of the “popular sovereignty”?This doctrine means that the inhabitants of the new territories can decide the question of slavery for themselves. In appearance, it seemed fair, but in actual practice, as far as slavery was concerned, the doctrine did not work.4. How do you comment on the American Civil War?The outcome of the war placed the northern capitalists in solid control of the federal government of the US capitalism. In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which freed all slaves throughout the United States.Chapter 7 Reconstruction and the Birth of US Imperialism1. What is the 10 percent plan?The plan provided that as soon as 10 percent of voters in any state had taken the oath of loyalty, they could form their own government and would be entitled to the recognition of their state by the president of the United States.2. Why was Andrew Johnson impeached by the House?In March 1867, Congress passed two Acts that took away two presidential prerogatives: the right to remove Cabinet members and the right to remove army officers under his command.To test the constitutionality of the Act, President Andrew Johnson removes Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretaryof War, from office in1869, who was the only remaining Radical in Johnson’s Cabinet.He thus walked into troubles with the radicals. Later the House voted to impeach the President.3. After the Reconstruction, how were the civil rights of the Blacks in the South?①Voters must be able to read and write;②Voting taxes were introduced;③The whites also took steps to segregate the blacks and two separate societies emerged in the South.4. Why did the US have a rapid industrial growth after the Civil War?①The vast industrial development began with the opening the West.②Speeding this process of western settlement were the railroads.③Science and technology were also greatly marching forward.④The basic industry of the nation, iron and steel, also developed rapidly after the Civil War.⑤The oil industry also developed rapidly.⑥During the latter part of the 19th industry, industrial expansion in America went ahead rapidly.⑦There was a clear indication of rapid concentration of capital.6. What was the “Open Door Policy”?The so-called “Open Door Policy”which demanded that all the imperialist powers should enjoy equal chance in China as freely as other aggressors.。