Burda Wyplosz Macroeconomics 4th edn
2024-注射用维泊妥珠单抗课件
疗效最佳CR率）
*此处非数据的
本页面中提及的唯一均指截至2024年7月
头对头一
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有效性1/2 一线DLBCL二十年目前唯一实现PFS 突破的优效方案 ， 亚洲亚组2年PFS 风险 下降36%，伴高危因素人群获益趋势更佳 ， CSCO、 NCCN指南1级推荐
n DLBCL达到2年PFS 患者的 5年OS接近健康人群2n DLBCL患者存活到2年而没 有复发，则极有可能经历 接近正常的预期寿命3
2年PFS是治愈*机会衡量指标
83.9 %75.5%
国内外权威 指南推荐
提升 Δ12.4%
提升 Δ10.1%
提升 Δ25.1%
HR= 0.6 HR= 0.4
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2年PFS率
HR= 0.64
HR= 0.7
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维泊妥珠单抗最新版说明书3用法用量 (2024.05.29获CDE批准)
2024 CSCO淋巴瘤指南10及淋巴瘤免疫治疗中国专家共识11：维泊妥珠单抗给药不超过6个周期，且不重复用药
国内外真实世界研究维泊妥珠单抗给药≤6个周期
1.N EnglJ Med 2022;386:351-363.DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa211530.2.J Clin Oncol. 2020 Jan 10;38(2):155-165. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.00172.3.注射用维泊妥珠单抗说明书.2024年5月29日.4.基于天津健康医疗大数据超级平台和北京大学肿瘤医院数据库的非干预、回顾性真实世界数据分析，纳入自2023年3月上市后2024年5月使用维泊妥珠单抗进行治疗且随访时长超过60天的DLBCL患者共186例。5. Blood (2023) 142(Supplement 1): 3107.6.ACCP RW DOT of pola among US DLBCL patieints.7. Ann Hematol. 2023 Jan;102(1):133-140.8. Blood Adv. 2022 May 10;6(9):2920-2926.9. Hemasphere. 2022 Dec; 6(12): e798.10. 2024 CSCO淋巴瘤诊疗指南.11.淋巴瘤免疫治疗中国专家共识（2024年版）.
抗环斑病毒番木瓜的开发技术及转基因对基因组影响研究进展
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福建农林大学学报（ 自然科学版）
第 45 卷
区． 到了 70 年代， 普纳种植的番木瓜占夏威夷番木瓜产业的 95% ， 但在 90 年代初期， 番木瓜环斑病毒在 普纳地区大爆发， 一度威胁夏威夷番木瓜产业， 甚至对世界番木瓜产业都有严重的影响． 在物理和化学防
［6 ］ 治措施效果不佳与抗性品种缺乏的双重困难下 ， 抗环斑病转基因番木瓜应运而生 ． 本文综述了抗环斑 病毒（ PＲSV） 番木瓜的研究进展以及基因转化对番木瓜基因组结构和功能的影响 ， 并展望了将来转基因
［15 ， 16 ］ ． 因此， 泰国等亚洲国家的番木瓜环斑病毒株系不具有抗性 不同国家开始选用当地优势病毒株系的 基因和部分序列进行番木瓜转基因研究 ， 旨在获得具有良好当地适应性的转基因品系． 在我国， 中国热带
［ 5 ］ 每 100g 木瓜可以供给成人日常所需维生素 C 的 1． 3 倍， 维生素 A 的 0． 33 倍 ． 适量食用可防止维生素 A 缺乏 所引起的夜盲症， 木瓜蛋白酶具有抗癌作用， 广泛应用于医药、 食品、 美容、 日化品等行业．
番木瓜环斑病毒（ Papaya Ｒingspot Virus，PＲSV） 属于马铃薯 Y 病毒， 单分体正链 ＲNA 病毒， 主要通过 几种非持久性传毒的蚜虫进行传播 ． 在上世纪 50 年代至 60 年代初期， 夏威夷瓦胡岛上 PＲSV 病毒一度猖 獗， 严重影响当地的番木瓜种植， 迫使番木瓜产业迁移到了气候适宜， 且没有 PＲSV 的夏威夷大岛普纳地
cae） 同属十字花目（ Brassicales） ． 我们所熟知的模式植物拟南芥 （ Arabidopsis thaliana ） 便属于十字花科， 番 ［4 ］ 木瓜和拟南芥拥有共同的祖先（ 7． 2 千万年前） ， 因此拟南芥已知的基因组可用作番木瓜基因组研究的 重要参考模型， 用于直系同源基因研究、 共线性区域研究等． 番木瓜营养和药用价值丰富， 富含维生素 A、 维 生素 B、 维生素 C、 叶酸、 钾、 铁、 钙和纤维等营养成分， 在苹果、 橘子、 西瓜等 38 种常见水果中营养价值排行第一，
波妥珠单抗维多丁(Polatuzumab vedotin, Pola) +奥比妥单抗和来那度胺治疗复发性滤泡性淋巴瘤
Study design<br />Open-label, single-arm, phase Ib/II study in patients with R/R FL<br />
Presented By Catherine Magid Diefenbach at 2019 ASCO Annual Meeting
Presented By Catherine Magid Diefenbach at 2019 ASCO Annual Meeting
Efficacy summary<br />Interim analysis efficacy evaluable population (n=18)
Presented By Catherine Magid Diefenbach at 2019 ASCO Annual Meeting
Presented By Catherine Magid Diefenbach at 2019 ASCO Annual Meeting
Antitumor effects of Pola-G and Len-G
Presented By Catherine Magid Diefenbach at 2019 ASCO Annual Meeting
Presented By Catherine Magid Diefenbach at 2019 ASCO Annual Meeting
Acknowledgments
Presented By Catherine Magid Diefenbach at 2019 ASCO Annual Meeting
Safety summary<br />All grade AEs (≥10%)
伯克霍尔德氏菌在植物病害生物防治中的研究进展
伯克霍尔德氏菌在植物病害生物防治中的研究进展马白鸽，魏喜红，孟祥佳，孙正祥*（长江大学农学院，湖北省农林病虫害预警与调控工程技术研究中心，湖北荆州434025）摘要：伯克霍尔德氏菌（Burkholderia ）是一类革兰氏阴性细菌，随着与植物相关的伯克霍尔德氏菌的研究不断增加，越来越多的结果表明，该属细菌可作为一类重要的生防有益微生物。
本文综述了伯克霍尔德氏菌的分类和生理生化特征；在植物病害生物防治上的应用及作用机制，主要包括嗜铁素产生及生存空间竞争，拮抗作用中抗生素产生，诱导植物产生抗病性等；还综述了伯克霍尔德氏菌的固氮、解磷、植物激素产生等促生长特性。
本论文为伯克霍尔德氏菌的生防机制研究和应用开发提供了理论依据。
关键词：伯克霍尔德氏菌；生物防治；机制；诱导抗病性；促生中图分类号：S182文献标志码：AAdvancements in Study on Burkholderia for PlantDisease BiocontrolMA Baige,WEI Xihong,MENG Xiangjia,SUN Zhengxiang *(Engineering Technology Research Center for Pest Early Warning and Control in Agriculture and Forestry,College ofAgriculture,Yangtze University,Jingzhou,Hubei 434025,China)Abstract:Burkholderia is a group of Gram-negative bacteria.As plant-related research on Burkholderia incrementally came out,more and more evidence indicated that this bacterial genus could serve as an important beneficial microorganism in biocontrol.This paper provides an overview of the classification and physiological and biochemical characteristics of Burkholderia ;application and mechanisms of Burkholderia in plant disease biocontrol,including siderophore production and spatial competition for survival,antibiotic production in antagonistic action,and induction of plant disease resistance;moreover,it reviewed the growth-promoting traits of Burkholderia ,such as nitro ‐gen fixation,phosphate solubilization,and production of plant hormones.This paper contributes a theoretical foundation to the research and application development of Burkholderia biocontrol mechanisms.基金项目：中国烟草总公司重大科技项目（110202201023LS-07）；大学生创新创业训练计划项目（Yz2022193）。
多重微珠免疫法 英文缩写
多重微珠免疫法英文缩写英文回答：Multiplex bead immunoassay (MBIA) is a high-throughput technique used for the simultaneous quantification of multiple analytes in a single sample. It is based on the principle of flow cytometry, where beads coated with specific antibodies are incubated with the sample. The beads are then washed and analyzed using a flow cytometer, which measures the fluorescence intensity of each bead. The fluorescence intensity is proportional to the amount of analyte bound to the bead.MBIA has several advantages over traditional immunoassays. First, it is highly multiplexed, allowing for the simultaneous quantification of up to 100 analytes in a single sample. Second, it is sensitive, with a lower limit of detection in the picomolar range. Third, it is fast and efficient, with results available in less than an hour.MBIA is used in a wide variety of applications, including:Clinical diagnostics.Drug discovery.Food safety testing.Environmental monitoring.中文回答：多重微珠免疫法（MBIA）是一种高通量技术，用于在单个样品中同时定量分析多种分析物。
痰湿壅盛型高血压大鼠模型的建立
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[19]阮小芬,沈智杰,薛金贵,等.速效救心丸干预ACS血管重建术后病人的随机㊁双盲㊁安慰剂对照临床研究[J].中西医结合心脑血管病杂志,2019,17(9):1286-1290.[20]王肖龙,刘永明,朱谷晶,等.速效救心丸对急性冠脉综合征患者早期经皮冠状动脉介入效果的影响[J].中国中西医结合杂志,2012,32(11):1483-1487.[21]RUAN X F,LI Y J,JU C W,et al.Exosomes from Suxiao Jiuxinpill-treated cardiac mesenchymal stem cells decrease H3K27demethylase UTX expression in mouse cardiomyocytes in vitro[J].Acta Pharmacologica Sinica,2018,39(4):579-586. [22]YAO W F,HAN X,GE M,et al.N6-methyladenosine(m6A)methylation inischemia-reperfusion injury[J].Cell Death&Disease,2020,11(6):478.[23]FU Y,DOMINISSINI D,RECHAVI G,et al.Gene expressionregulation mediated through reversible m6A RNA methylation[J].Nature Reviews Genetics,2014,15(5):293-306. [24]SCHWARTZ S,MUMBACH M R,JOVANOVIC M,et al.Perturbationof m6A writers reveals two distinct classes of mRNA methylation atinternal and5'sites[J].Cell Reports,2014,8(1):284-296. 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Keywords hypertension;phlegm-damp accumulation;animal models;diet induction;blood lipids;experimental study基金项目国家自然科学基金项目(No.81872972)作者单位 1.北京中医药大学(北京100029);2.中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院(北京100730)通讯作者王灵芝,E-mail:***************.cn;徐钟慧,E-mail:*******************引用信息朱甫臻,尹艳燕,梁劲杰,等.痰湿壅盛型高血压大鼠模型的建立[J].中西医结合心脑血管病杂志,2023,21(24):4519-4523.高血压是一种以主动脉收缩压升高为主要特征的常见慢性病[1],严重危害着人类健康㊂2019年世界卫生组织统计,全世界约14亿例高血压病人,控制率仅为14%[2]㊂在我国,大中型城市如北京㊁上海等地高血压发病率约为35.9%和29.1%[3],给我国带来沉重的医疗负担㊂高血压病在中医学上归属于 眩晕 头痛 范畴,按照证候分为痰湿壅盛型㊁肝火亢盛型㊁阴虚阳亢型和阴阳两虚型[4]㊂其中,痰湿壅盛型占比最高,约为17.96%[5]㊂痰湿壅盛型高血压的主要临床表现为头重如裹㊁胸脘痞闷㊁纳呆恶心㊁呕吐痰涎㊁身重困倦㊁少食多寐㊁苔腻㊁脉滑等症状㊂‘景岳全书“提到: 脾为生痰之源 [6],其病机主要为脾运化不利,故生痰浊㊂‘金匮要略“记载: 心下有痰饮,胸胁支满,目眩,苓桂尤甘汤主之 ㊂张仲景提出对痰饮 当以温药和之 ,对饮停中焦之证,应用苓桂术甘汤法健脾温阳利水㊂‘丹溪心法㊃头眩“中云: 头眩,痰挟气虚并火,治痰为主,挟补气药及降火药,无痰则不作眩 ,主张清化痰热㊁补充正气㊂动物模型在研究人类疾病的发病机制㊁发展规律及药物研发中发挥着重要作用㊂目前,常用高血压动物模型主要有:1)自发性高血压动物模型,即自发性高血压大鼠(spontaneous hypertension rats,SHR),由日本京都医学院利用有明显高血压症状的Wistar Kyoto雄性大鼠与带有轻微高血压症状雌性大鼠连续交配培育而成,成年后血压高达200 mmHg以上,高血压自发率为100%㊂2)药物诱导法,常用药物包括醋酸去氧皮质酮(deoxycorticosterone acetate,DOCA)㊁亚硝基左旋精氨酸甲酯(nitro L arginine methyl ester,L-NAME)和血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)㊂20世纪70年代,DOCA-盐模型首次用于高血压研究,皮下注射DOCA同时配合高盐饮食,饮用盐水可促进动物高血压的发展[7]㊂Leo等[8]采用L-NAME饲喂Wistar大鼠诱导高血压模型;Cao等[9]采用AngⅡ灌注C57BL6小鼠诱导高血压㊂3)手术诱导法,主要包括一肾一夹[10]㊁两肾一夹[11]㊁两肾两夹法[12]等㊂近年来,痰湿壅盛型高血压动物模型的建立逐渐引起人们关注,该模型的建立常采用陈腾蛟等[13]研究方法,即饲喂Wistar大鼠高脂饲料,该方法存在着造模周期时间长㊁成功率较低等不足,且造模评价指标为血压升高和行为学变化㊂该中医证型的临床特点是低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)降低[14],应进一步完善造模评价指标,以提高造模效率㊂本研究采用不同方法建立快速㊁稳定的痰湿壅盛型高血压大鼠模型,为该病的作用机制和药物研发提供合理的研究基础㊂1材料与方法1.1实验动物Wistar大鼠5只,无特定病原体(SPF)级,雄性,体质量120~150g;购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司,动物合格证号:SCXK(京)2021-0006㊂SHR 共20只,SPF级,雄性,体质量75~105g,由北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司提供,动物合格证号为SCXK(京)2021-0006㊂所有动物均饲养于北京中医药大学动物房㊂1.2实验饲料动物饲料:普通大鼠维持饲料㊁高脂饲料1(蛋黄粉10%,蔗糖10%,猪油15%,胆固醇1.2%,胆酸钠0.2%,适量的酪蛋白㊁磷酸氢钙㊁石粉等);高脂饲料2(蛋白质24%,碳水化合物41%,猪油24%,酪蛋白㊁糊精㊁蔗糖㊁纤维素㊁豆油㊁多矿㊁多维㊁胆碱);高脂饲料3(蔗糖20%,猪油15%,胆固醇1.2%,胆酸钠0.2%,适量的酪蛋白,磷酸氢钙,石粉)㊂所有饲料均由北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司提供㊂1.3实验方法1.3.1动物分组及造模SPF级SHR(20只)和Wistar大鼠(5只),适应性喂养1周后,将SHR随机分为SHR对照组㊁模型Ⅰ组㊁模型Ⅱ组和模型Ⅲ组,每组5只;将Wistar大鼠作为正常对照组㊂其间,SHR对照组及正常对照组喂食普通饲料,模型Ⅰ组㊁模型Ⅱ组和模型Ⅲ组分别饲喂高脂饲料1㊁高脂饲料2和高脂饲料3,连续饲喂8周㊂1.3.2观察指标建模期间,每日观察记录大鼠毛色㊁活动程度㊁二便及饮食㊁进水等情况,每周测量体质量㊂血压:采用尾袖法测定大鼠血压[15],无创血压仪型号:BP2000(美国Visitech systems公司);血压测定台37ħ预热5 min,将大鼠放入固定器内适应3~5min,测量安静状态下尾动脉血压,连续测量20次,取平均值,每2周测量1次㊂血脂:眼眶取血,置于无抗凝剂离心管内,室温放置1h,1000ˑg(重力加速度)离心15min,取上清备用㊂采用全自动生化仪(型号:AU480,美国Beckman Coulter公司)测定大鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)㊁三酰甘油(TG)㊁HDL-C㊁LDL-C水平㊂实验结束后,冰上分离大鼠心㊁肝㊁脾㊁肺㊁肾,并称重,按照如下公式计算:脏器指数(%)=脏器质量大鼠体质量ˑ100%1.3.3造模评价标准造模评价标准参照相关文献[13],痰湿型高血压病人常患有高脂血症[14],故将血脂纳入评价标准:1)身型肥胖㊁嗜睡懒动㊁胃纳呆滞㊁不思饮水㊁大便不成形㊁肛门不洁;2)收缩压ȡ140mmHg和(或)舒张压ȡ90mmHg;3)血脂水平变化符合4种高脂血症中的1种,高胆固醇血症,血清TC水平上升;高三酰甘油血症,血清TG水平升高;混合型高脂血症,血清TC㊁TG 水平均增高;低高密度脂蛋白血症,血清HDL-C水平降低㊂1.3.4心脏结构变化大鼠麻醉后,使用超高分辨小动物超声影像系统VevoTM2100(加拿大Visual Sonics公司)测量左室收缩末期内径(left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole,LVIDs)㊁左室舒张末期内径(left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole,LVIDd)㊁左室收缩末期后壁厚度(left ventricular posterior wall at end-systole,LVPWs)㊁左室舒张末期后壁厚度(left ventricular posterior wall at end-diastole,LVPWd)㊁左室收缩末期前壁厚度(left ventricular anterior wall at end-systole,LVAWs)㊁左室舒张末期前壁厚度(left ventricular anterior wall at end-diastole,LVAWd)㊁左心室平均质量(LV Mass AW)㊁左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)㊁左室短轴缩短率(left ventricular fraction shortening,LVFS)㊂1.4统计学处理采用SPSS19.0分析软件进行数据处理,符合正态分布的定量资料以均数ʃ标准差(xʃs)表示,两组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析ANOVA法㊂采用GraphPad Prism8进行绘图㊂以P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义㊂2结果2.1不同模型大鼠形态学指标造模期间,正常对照组和SHR对照组大鼠毛发洁白㊁柔顺有光泽,精神状态良好,活动度正常,大便黏软有形,肛周洁净㊂各模型组大鼠在造模期间均呈痰湿证表现,包括体质量增加㊁嗜睡萎靡㊁活动度下降㊁饮食饮水减少㊁便溏㊁肛周不洁等㊂从第4周开始,各模型组动物体质量均高于SHR对照组(P<0.05)㊂详见图1㊂2.2不同模型大鼠收缩压变化造模期间,正常对照组收缩压基本维持在131.8~ 150.2mmHg,SHR各组收缩压维持在167.8mmHg以上,且呈现缓慢上升趋势㊂详见图2㊂图1不同模型大鼠体质量变化图2不同模型大鼠收缩压变化2.3不同模型大鼠血脂含量变化模型Ⅰ组LDL-C从第4周开始较SHR对照组升高(P<0.05),HDL-C第8周较SHR对照组降低(P< 0.05);模型Ⅱ组第8周TC和TG均显著增高(P< 0.05),模型Ⅲ组第8周HDL-C水平较SHR对照组显著降低(P<0.05),第4周LDL-C水平较SHR对照组显著升高(P<0.05)㊂详见图3㊂根据临床报道,模型Ⅰ组更符合临床症状[14]㊂2.4不同模型大鼠心脏结构变化为确立痰湿壅盛型高血压大鼠模型,进一步对模型Ⅰ组进行心脏结构分析㊂相较于正常对照组大鼠, SHR对照组大鼠和模型Ⅰ组LVAWs㊁LV Mass AW㊁LVPWd增加(P<0.05),LVIDd降低(P<0.05),模型Ⅰ组LVIDs较SHR对照组降低㊂详见图4㊁表1㊂表明痰湿壅盛型高血压大鼠已出现心脏向心性肥大,提示心脏结构变化可作为痰湿壅盛型高血压模型的评价指标㊂2.5不同模型大鼠脏器指数比较与正常对照组比较,SHR对照组和模型Ⅰ组心脏指数均升高;模型Ⅰ组肝脏指数较SHR对照组升高(P<0.05)㊂提示该饲喂方式对肝脏结构具有一定影响㊂详见表2㊂图3不同模型大鼠血脂含量变化(A为TC;B为TG;C为HDL-C;D为LDL-C㊂与正常对照组同时间比较,*P<0.05;与SHR对照组同时间比较,#P<0.05)图4不同模型大鼠心脏超声结构(短轴)表1不同模型大鼠心脏结构变化(xʃs)组别只数LVAWd(mm)LVAWs(mm)LVIDd(mm)LVIDs(mm)正常对照组5 2.37ʃ0.43 3.43ʃ0.29 6.36ʃ0.62 2.06ʃ0.32 SHR对照组5 2.27ʃ0.18 4.17ʃ0.18① 5.45ʃ0.25① 1.72ʃ0.21模型Ⅰ组5 2.35ʃ0.29 4.11ʃ0.23① 5.07ʃ0.45① 1.04ʃ0.14①②组别LVPWd(mm)LVPWs(mm)LVEF(%)LVFS(%)LV Mass AW(mg)正常对照组 2.51ʃ0.24 4.25ʃ0.1390.79ʃ0.2461.09ʃ0.14975.58ʃ109.71 SHR对照组 4.52ʃ0.28① 6.49ʃ0.37①95.29ʃ0.2872.45ʃ0.371255.49ʃ92.79①模型Ⅰ组 3.20ʃ0.36①② 4.83ʃ0.37②98.11ʃ0.4479.53ʃ1.701126.30ʃ107.27①注:与正常对照组比较,①P<0.05;与SHR对照组比较,②P<0.05㊂表2不同模型大鼠脏器指数比较(xʃs)单位:%组别只数心肝脾肺肾正常对照组50.29ʃ0.04 2.71ʃ0.180.17ʃ0.060.37ʃ0.070.35ʃ0.05 SHR对照组50.39ʃ0.02① 2.82ʃ0.130.15ʃ0.010.41ʃ0.050.36ʃ0.03模型Ⅰ组50.36ʃ0.02① 3.40ʃ0.11①②0.13ʃ0.010.36ʃ0.010.32ʃ0.02注:与正常对照组比较,①P<0.05;与SHR对照组比较,②P<0.05㊂3讨论高血压发病机制复杂多样,包括系统性代谢紊乱㊁肾脏代谢[16]㊁肥胖症[17]㊁糖尿病[18]㊁内皮功能失调[19]㊁氧化应激及炎症[20]等㊂基于中医体质学,高血压的影响因素包括平和质㊁气虚质㊁阳虚质㊁阴虚质㊁痰湿质㊁湿热质㊁血瘀质㊁气郁质㊁特禀质,其中痰湿质㊁阴虚质和气虚质为主要影响因素㊂痰湿质是由气血津液运化失司,淤积形成痰,以浊重黏滞为主要特征的一种体质[21]㊂痰湿既是高血压的病理产物,又是其致病因素,在高血压发生过程中发挥重要作用,是高血压的常见证型之一[22]㊂中医学认为血脂异常是 痰浊 重要的生理生化指标和物质基础㊂高脂血症是一种由脂质代谢异常引起的代谢性疾病,通常以TG㊁TC㊁LDL-C增加和/或HDL-C 降低进行判断㊂有研究表明,肾脏中脂质堆积阻碍肾素分泌,导致血压异常[23]㊂肥胖是高血压发生的重要因素,中医学认为 肥人多痰湿 ,肥胖㊁超重等因素可增加高血压发生的风险[24],长期高脂饮食导致SD大鼠内脏脂肪增加㊁平均动脉压升高,发生内皮功能障碍[25]㊂本研究结果表明,高脂饮食使SHR体质量显著增加,且SHR血压增加快且稳定,收缩压维持在167.8 mmHg以上,达到造模中血压标准;Wistar大鼠与SHR脂肪代谢方面存在着一定差异,SHR的HDL-C 水平低于Wistar大鼠(P<0.05),符合痰湿壅盛型高血压的模型要求,表明以SHR建立痰湿壅盛型高血压大鼠模型省时高效㊂目前常用高脂饮食诱导法建立痰湿壅盛型高血压大鼠模型,其中高脂配方中的脂肪主要来源为猪油[26-27],来源单一,存在一定的局限性;应用高脂高糖配方可诱导痰湿型高血压模型[28-29]㊂本研究采用3种不同的高脂饲料,其中高脂饲料2为经典肥胖高脂饲料配方,高脂饲料3为常用高脂高糖饲料配方,高脂饲料1中添加了10%蛋黄粉,导致SHR的HDL-C㊁LDL-C 水平升高,符合临床痰湿壅盛型的特点㊂说明丰富的脂肪种类诱导的动物模型更符合临床痰湿型,今后可进一步将HDL-C及LDL-C水平纳入建模评判标准㊂综上所述,本研究采用高脂饲料1(蛋黄粉10%㊁蔗糖10%㊁猪油15%㊁胆固醇1.2%㊁胆酸钠0.2%,适量的酪蛋白㊁磷酸氢钙㊁石粉等)饲喂SHR建立了快速稳定的痰湿壅盛型高血压大鼠模型,可为今后相关疾病的作用机制解析和药物研发提供可靠的实验基础㊂参考文献:[1]JAHANDIDEH F,WU J P.Perspectives on the potential benefitsof antihypertensive peptides towards metabolic syndrome[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2020,21(6):2192. [2]World Health Organization.Guideline for the pharmacologicaltreatment of hypertension in adults[EB/OL].(2021-08-24)[2022-10-21].https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240033986.[3]中国高血压管理指南编写组,中国高血压联盟,中国心脏病学会,等.中国高血压防治指南(2018年修订版)[J].中国心血管杂志,2019,24(1):24-56.[4]中药新药治疗高血压病的临床研究指导原则(摘编之一)[J].中医药临床杂志,2007,19(2):118-119.[5]周明超,王清海.脉胀病辨证分型规律的文献研究[J].中华中医药杂志,2017,32(8):3511-3514.[6]柳亚平,潘桂娟.‘景岳全书“痰证诊治研讨[J].中华中医药杂志,2007,22(7):427-429.[7]BASTING T,LAZARTIGUES E.DOCA-salt hypertension:anupdate[J].Current Hypertension Reports,2017,19(4):32. [8]LEO M D,KANDASAMY K,SUBRAMANI J,et al.Involvement ofinducible nitric oxide synthase and dimethyl argininedimethylaminohydrolase in Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester(L-NAME)-induced hypertension[J].Cardiovascular Pathology,2015,24(1):49-55.[9]CAO X,LUO T,LUO X,et al.Resveratrol prevents AngⅡ-inducedhypertension via AMPK activation and RhoA/ROCK suppressionin mice[J].Hypertension Research,2014,37(9):803-810. [10]原卫清,王颢,吕卓人. 一肾一夹 高血压大鼠动脉平滑肌细胞钠泵α亚单位的基因表达[J].高血压杂志,2001,9(2):140-142. [11]傅辰生,刘春凤,徐少伟,等.罗格列酮对两肾一夹高血压大鼠的降压作用[J].复旦学报(医学版),2006,33(6):807-809;818. [12]周四桂,高洁,符佳佳,等.两肾两夹高血压与自发性高血压大鼠左心室肥厚的比较[J].蛇志,2008,20(2):94-98.[13]陈腾蛟,徐男.自发性高血压痰湿壅盛型大鼠动物模型的构建和分析评价[J].药学研究,2015,34(9):503-506.[14]杨红,金艳蓉,杨海燕.高血压病血脂异常与辨证分型的关系[J].疑难病杂志,2002,1(4):221-222.[15]CHEN W H,LIU T H,LIANG Q E,et al.miR-1283contributes toendoplasmic reticulum stress in the development of hypertensionthrough the activating transcription factor-4(ATF4)/C/EBP-homologous protein(CHOP)signaling pathway[J].MedicalScience Monitor,2021,27:e930552.[16]TIAN Z M,LIANG M Y.Renal metabolism and hypertension[J].Nature Communications,2021,12:963.[17]SERAVALLE G,GRASSI G.Obesity and hypertension[J].Pharmacological Research,2017,122:1-7.[18]CHEUNG B M Y,LI C.Diabetes and hypertension:is there acommon metabolic pathway?[J].Current AtherosclerosisReports,2012,14(2):160-166.[19]KONUKOGLU D,UZUN H.Endothelial dysfunction andhypertension[M]//Advances in Experimental Medicine andBiology.Cham:Springer International Publishing,2016:511-540.[20]DINH Q N,DRUMMOND G R,SOBEY C G,et al.Roles ofinflammation,oxidative stress,and vascular dysfunction inhypertension[J].Bio Med Research International,2014,2014:406960.[21]王琦,叶加农,朱燕波,等.中医痰湿体质的判定标准研究[J].中华中医药杂志,2006,21(2):73-75.[22]丛德毓.痰湿质与高血压病形成的相关性研究[J].长春中医药大学学报,2012,28(1):74.[23]GAI Z B,WANG T Q,VISENTIN M,et al.Lipid accumulation andchronic kidney disease[J].Nutrients,2019,11(4):722. [24]中华医学会心血管病学分会高血压学组.肥胖相关性高血压管理的中国专家共识[J].中华心血管病杂志,2016,44(3):212-219. [25]DA SILVA A A,KUO J J,TALLAM L S,et al.Role of endothelin-1in blood pressure regulation in a rat model of visceral obesityand hypertension[J].Hypertension,2004,43(2):383-387. [26]贾磊,杨雨民,周芸慧,等.半夏白术天麻汤对痰湿壅盛型高血压大鼠血清TC㊁TG㊁LDL-C㊁HDL-C含量的影响[J].中西医结合心血管病电子杂志,2019,7(10):7-8;10.[27]徐男,时海燕,王淑玲,等.基于正交试验配合多药效指标综合评价半夏白术天麻汤治疗痰湿壅盛型高血压的有效组分配伍[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2018,24(21):7-13.[28]何茂,许万枫,苏洁,等.复方野菊花提取物对高脂高糖饮酒致肝旺痰阻型高血压大鼠的作用研究[J].中药新药与临床药理,2019,30(2):156-161.[29]王娇,欧阳丽娟,陈慧.葛根和盐泽泻不同配伍比例对长期高糖高脂饮食致高血压大鼠的影响[J].临床合理用药杂志,2022,15(6):9-12.(收稿日期:2023-01-19)(本文编辑薛妮)。
Exchange Rate Dynamics Redux(Obstfeld Rogoff 1995)
626
JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY
of Blanchard and Kiyotaki (1987) and Ball and Romer (1989) in an analytically tractable, dynamic, two-country framework. Section II sets out an infinite-horizon monetary model of a monopolistically competitive world economy. We show how to solve for the long-run and short-run equilibria of a log-linearized version of the model. In Section III we analyze positive and normative aspects of monetary and fiscal policy. Section IV catalogs a number of possible extensions of the model, and Section V presents conclusions. Various elements of our approach can be found in earlier work by several authors. Each component of Mussa's (1984) aggregative model is inspired by individual maximization, but the model as a whole lacks an integrative foundation. McKibbin and Sachs (1991) and Stockman and Ohanian (1993) develop numerical sticky-price models that incorporate intertemporal maximization but lack foundations on the supply side. The model of Calvo and V6gh (1993) assumes sticky prices and demand-determined output but presents no rationale for the latter assumption. Also, its small-country setting prevents analysis of international transmission issues. Romer (1993) models a world of two interacting monopolistically competitive economies, but his analysis is static and its microfoundations are not fully specified. Dixon (1993) surveys other static open-economy models based on imperfect competition. Perhaps the closest precursor to our study is the paper by Svensson and van Wijnbergen (1989); but its assumption of perfectly pooled international risks, aside from uneasily matching its pricing and rationing assumptions, precludes discussion of the international wealth redistributions that are central to our analysis.'
屠呦呦英文介绍
• Tu started her malaria research in China when the Cultural Revolution was in progress. In early 1969, Tu was appointed as the head of the project, named Project 523 research group at her institute. She and her colleagues experimented with 380 extracts in 2,000 candidate recipes before they finally succeeded.
• Effective combination of TCM and WM. There are enormous treasure in TCM, so it can play a more important role in modern medicine. In addition, a simple application of Western medical standards to TCM won't work, Chinese medicine development needs more open inclusive of Chinese and Western to make breakthroughs.
• Improving the innovation mechanism. China should focus on cultivating good academic research environment and scientific research mechanism to encourage more scientists. China spends more than 1 billion yuan ($156 million) annually on TCM-related research, and that investment should be further strengthened.
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68-76% 39-45%
Central Europe Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland Czech Republic, Romania, Slovakia
Table 2.08(a)
Current account balance
1. Exports of goods 2. Imports of goods 3. Merchandise trade
balance =(1)-(2) 4. Exports of services 5. Imports of services 6. Net royalties 7. Net investment income 8. Invisible balance
Consumption (C)
59 57 56
63 58 55
57 60 66
EUR Area**
57
* 1970–1998 **1999–2001
© Oxford University Press, 2005. All rights reserved.
Investment (I)
24 23 21
18 21 30
Source: Eurostat
Burda & Wyplosz
MACROECONOMICS 4/e
Figure 2.01
% change from previous year
Inflation in Italy, 1985-2001
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
GDP Deflator
24. Overall balance =(13) +(22)
12. Unilateral transfers =(10)+(11)
13. Current account balance (CA) = (3) +(8)+(12)
Burda & Wyplosz
MACROECONOMICS 4/e
Table 2.08(b)
Financial account balance
Burda & Wyplosz
MACROECONOMICS 4/e
Figure 2.03
From expenditure, to income, to personal disposable income
X-Z
Depreciation
G
Indirect
taxes
I
GDP
C
NDP
National income
© Oxford University Press, 2005. All rights reserved.
Source: See text, p. 28.
Burda & Wyplosz
MACROECONOMICS 4/e
Table 2.04
Various estimates of German GDP for 1999
5.3
2.5
1998
4.7
2.9
1999
5.1
2.7
2000
6.4
3.4
2001
3.3
1.6
2002
3.4
1.5
© Oxford University Press, 2005. All rights reserved.
4.7 7.9 3.0 0.7 2.0 1.6 3.4 2.8 1.8 2.4 3.0 1.7 1.9
20-28% 9-16%
28-43% 20-27%
24-30% 13-23% 8-10%
© Oxford University Press, 2005. All rights reserved.
Source: Schneider and Enste (2000)
Burda & Wyplosz
MACROECONOMICS 4/e
2.0
Consumer Prices
1.0
0.0 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
© Oxford University Press, 2005. All rights reserved.
Source: IMF
Burda & Wyplosz
MACROECONOMICS 4/e
22. Financial account balance (FA) =(18)+(21)
25. Balance on official intervention account (net sales of foreign exchange) = (OFF)
23. Error and omissions
T-G
X-Z = CA
-3.4
-4.8
-7.1
2.8
-2.0
0.9
0.0
4.7
1.8
2.9
-3.2
2.1
-3.6
2.5
-2.5
-0.5
-1.1
2.1
-0.1
-2.6
1.1
4.1
-1.3
-0.8
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 2003/01
Burda & Wyplosz
MACROECONOMICS 4/e
40-60% 25-35%
Former Soviet Union Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine Baltic States, Russia
70% 38-50%
13%
OECD Belgium, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal All others Austria, Japan, USA, Switzerland
Personal income
Personal disposable
income
© Oxford University Press, 2005. All rights reserved.
Burda & Wyplosz
MACROECONOMICS 4/e
Table 2.07
The accounting identity in 2002 (% of GDP)
19. Short-term inward capital flows
20. Short-term outward capital flows
21. Short-term financial account balance =(19)-(20)
22. Financial account balance (FA) = (18)+(21)
S-I
USA
-1.4
Japan
9.9
European Union
2.9
Belgium
4.7
Denmark
1.1
France
5.3
Germany
6.1
Italy
2.0
Netherlands
3.2
Spain
-2.5
Sweden
3.0
UK
0.5
© Oxford University Press, 2005. All rights reserved.
Table 2.02
Size of the underground economy: estimates
(% of GDP)
Africa Nigeria, Egypt Tunisia, Morocco
Latin America Mexico, Peru Chile, Brazil, Venezuela
Burda & Wyplosz
MACROECONOMICS
4th edn
Chapter 2
Macroeconomic Accounts
© Oxford University Press, 2005. All rights reserved.
Burda & Wyplosz
MACROECONOMICS 4/e
14. Gross inward direct investment
15. Gross outward direct investment
16. Gross inward portfolio investment
17. Gross outward portfolio investment
18. Long-term financial account balance =(14)-(15)+(16)-(17)
20 24 16
22
Government purchases (G)
19 20 23
20 19 14
20 14 19
20
Source: IMF
Burda & Wyplosz
MACROECONOMICS 4/e
Table 2.06
GDP and household disposable income, 2003
(€ bn)
GDP
Household disposable income
(billions national currency )
Level
% of GDP
Germany France Sweden
2,170.8
1,253.5
57.7