工商导论runyourownbusiness精选课后题
工商导论 - run your own business 6-0 课后题
Chapter 1 Setting Up a Business1.In which field will you set up your business?With the development of the science and technology, many traditional goods have been displaced by electrical apparatus. Almostly we do anything by using electricity, such as electric cookers, cellphones, computers and air conditioners. We strongly realize it when there’s something wrong with electricity. So I want to set up my business ,building a supermarket, in the field of electrical appliance and electronic goods.2.Will your business be a sole proprietorship, a partnership, or a corporation ?My business will be a sole proprietorship. The advantages of sole proprietorships are many fold. The following are their major appeals. First of all, it’s simple to establish. Just pay a small fee, get the necessary state and local licenses or permits.Secondly, it’s more freer in decision-making. As a sole proprietor ,I can make my own decisions on business policies and operations, such as the type of goods or services I want to offer at the price I feel appropriate. Thirdly, it’s easy to keep operational and financial secrecy. I don’t have to report to shareholders or board directors.Fourthly, it’s less tax burden. The tax rates for sole proprietors are often only half of those for corporations.Last but not least, it’s exclusive use of profits.if I work hard and make a small fortune, I can take all the profits and don’t have to share them with anyone else.Chapter 2 Marketing: An Overview1.How would your business offer advantages over competitive firms? The advantages of my business are many fold. The following are the major appeals.a.Guaranteed authentic goods of high quality and reasonable price. Theelectrical appliance and goods we offer are of high quality and reasonable price. Any second-hand goods or copycat cellphones cannot be found in my market.we sell guaranteed authentic good.b.Some promotional activities .We can offer some kinds of free giftswhen consumers buy my goods. If they consume a certain amount of money, they can register for membership cards.c.Better after-sale service. We will offer better after-sale service free ofcharge to ensure the satisfaction of my consumers.2.Does your business have factors which could make your revenue lower or expenses higher than what you expect?a.Low reputation of a new brand. My business as a new comer to thisfield lacks high reputation and brand effect, there are not many consumers at first.b.Some copycat electronic goods of cheeper price and poor quality inother competitive firms. These goods will attract consumers a lot at very low price at first,my business will be in a poor situation which makes my revenue lower .Chapter 3 Products and Pricing1.How is the products you plan to offer is different from those offered by your competitors?a. Guaranteed authentic goods of high quality and reasonable price. The electrical appliance and goods we offer are of high quality and reasonable price. Any second-hand goods or copycat cellphones cannot be found in my market.we sell guaranteed authentic good.b.Better after-sale service. We will offer better after-sale service free of charge to ensure the satisfaction of my consumers.2.How will the pricing of your products be determined compared with those of competitive products?First, marketing research .Collecting and analyzing the price of competitive products to identify consumers’purchasing power and buying abilities. Then decide the price that the customers can accept. Also we can set the price the same as those of competitive products, besides we will offer some little gifts free of charge to attract more customers.3.Could the unique features of your product be protected from competitors?The unique features of my products could be protected from competitors . The electrical appliance and goods we offer are of high quality and reasonable price. Any second-hand goods or copycat cellphones cannot be found in my market.we sell guaranteed authentic good. Also we will offer better after-sale service free of charge to ensure the satisfaction of my consumers. The unique features of my products could be protected from competitors .Chapter 4 Channels of Distribution1.How will your business distribute the products to the customers?a.Virtual stores. We’ll also represent my goods on the Internet bysetting up virtual stores. My consumers can make inquiries, check specifications, compare prices, place orders and make payment, all through the Internet, thus making my goods shopping much efficient than the traditional modes.b.Direct selling. Home appliances and electrical goods can be solddirectly, which involves selling to consumers in their homes or workplaces. This approach can fully demonstrate the features of the products and enable direct and one-to-one consultation to prospective buyers.c.Multilevel marketing. MLM has been popular around the would inselling a wide variety of products. Hundreds of downliners ,the commissions can be quite sizable.d.Supermarkets are large stores featuring low prices, self-service andfast moving merchandise such as groceries.2. Could your products be distributed more efficiently and at lower costs?My products could be distributed more efficiently and at lower costs. We’ll represent my goods on the Internet by setting up virtual stores. My consumers can make inquiries, check specifications, compare prices, place orders and make payment, all through the Internet, thus making my goods shopping much efficient than the traditional modes.And home appliances and electrical goods can be sold directly, which involves selling to consumers in their homes or workplaces. This approach can fully demonstrate the features of the products and enable direct and one-to-one consultation to prospective buyers.Also consumers can buy my goods in my supermarket.So my products could be distributed more efficiently and at lower costs.3.Whether the cost of distribution of your products will be affected substantially if price of utilities or transportation go up by a big margin. The cost of distribution of your products will be affected substantially if price of utilities or transportation go up by a big margin. The numerous functions the utilities or transportation perform, physical distribution accounts for almost 30% of the total costs of marketing, if price of utilities or transportation go up by a big margin, the cost of distribution of your products will be affected substantially .Chapter 5 Promotion1.Describe the promotional mix for your products.Advertising :product advertising and institutional advertising.a.Internet .We’ll represent my goods on the Internet by setting upvirtual stores. My consumers can make inquiries, check specifications, compare prices, place orders and make payment, all through the Internet, thus making my goods shopping much efficient than the traditional modes.b.Newspapers and television. Put my goods’information on thenewspapers .ADs in the newspapers can be clipped and saved,also they are low in cost and can be prepared and placed within minimum time. Televisions can reach a vast captive audience of all types with colorful and eye-catching.c.Outdoor sales promotion. Billboards,posters ,trade show publicity andelectric displays are the major forms of outdoor advertising.2.Estimate the amount of money that will be allocated for promotion during the first year.We will spend 30% of the money on advertisements on the newspapers Internet and televisions. Then 40% of the money will be payed for the sales-promotion, especially outdoor promotion, such as billboards,posters ,trade show publicity and electric displays, to increase customer awareness and the sales of a firm’s product or service. All of thesales promotion can reach a vast captive audience of all types with colorful and eye-catching.Chapter 6 Money and Banking1.I think plastic money is really money. Money is a key element in economic and business activities and has been the theme of many witty remarks. To us, money is nothing but the currency of a country. To economists, money is a subject for study and, for something to be money; it must at least have the following characteristics: portability, divisibility, stability, durability and acceptability.First of all, money must be light in weight and easy to carry. Second, it must be easily divisible into smaller parts with a fixed value for each unit.Third, money must be stable in value, and this is best understood in times of inflation.Fourth, money must be able to stand the wear and tear of repeated transactions during its life in circulation.Last, for money of a country to function at all, it must be made legal tender for that country by its government and be acceptable to the public. As plastic money has all the characteristics of money, though it’s not made of paper, it still can be caller really money.2.Easy to carry and convenient.Credit card has "VISA" or "MasterCard" logo, in a foreign countrycan be directly brush calorie of consumption, and a cash or cash will first exchange; In addition, by credit card booking the ticket and hotel, telephone or Internet shopping and rent a car and so on is also very convenient, and might not have the cash benefits -- because credit card in addition to direct the brush has a "preliminary license" function; And there is no no change in embarrassment.Safe, Clean and healthy.As we all know that cash flow is bigger and bigger, coin of bacteria is one can imagine, but in addition to their credit card is a few cashier touched - even if the credit card dirty, still can clean disinfection.Facilitate financialCredit card bill in the future we will receive a paper or electronic mail forms of consumption detailed bill, from the bill, we can clear their own in last month's consumption and expenditure.3. Blind consumptionBrush card not like cash that a piece of a money flower out, a brush, nothing feeling, a few Numbers, lead to blind consumption, spend money like waterStolen brushCredit card basically the default password is free credit card consumption, it can easily be lost or stolen in when others stolen brush, cause needless trouble or loss; But in fact the credit card is also by thepassword can apply for credit card consumption - this is about to see how you manage your credit card.Easy to lose. It is just a small card, and sometimes even if you lost it, you still can’t find the fact after a long time.4. With an increases market share, Hongya cannot only squeeze out the rivals, but also consolidate its own position.1. After increasing modes of payment, the customers of Hongya increased rapidly. Nowadays, people prefer to carry credit cards instead of much money. Since Hongya started accepting different modes of payment, customers believe that their level is high and they attract more purchasers. Especially Hongya accepts buying on credit for the regular customers. So they gained more market share.2. Yes. The new modes of payment have potential risks. They sold commodities on credit. It is possible for them not to collect the account payable from their customers. Some customers may not pay back the money when they are not satisfied with the service or quality of goods. When customers make open account. Hongya should know about their credit and also make them do some promises.3. I do not think it will be widely adopted in China. First of all, there are some areas which is not developed enough to use credit. There is not enough equipment and some people even do not have all kinds of cards.Chapter 7 Financing1.Without money , Ralph can not buy a much needed pick-up and his financial plan was destroyed. He can not improve the store’s delivery as planed.2.If the bank does not change its decision, Ralph can borrow from his friends or family members. He can also transfer his other expenditures. He can even buy the pock-up through a open account. Take his equipment as collateral to solve the problem.1.Setting up his own manufacturing facilities is more advantages. Now that their business has enlarged and they also have enough capital to set up their own manufacturing factory. They can do it by themselves. It not only makes profits but also produce commodities that meet their demands. No other people know more their garments of their own brands than themselves.2.U sing other investors’ funds as equity is more beneficial to Hongya. Hongya need not pay back the money and the investors also decrease the liabilities and risks of Hongya. If Hongya use bank loans as debts. It must pay back in the line of credit and also pay back the interests.3.There are two types of loans; secures and unsecured. Hongya can put up collateral to make secures loan. We know that Hongya has had amount assets. Hongya can also make revolving credit agreements. Another option is short term fund raising. This type of loan is at a lowinterest rate.Chapter 8 Accounting1.I think clients should be punished if they make late payment. But I do not believe the seller can do in this way. First of all, he earns money from his clients. If clients are not satisfied with his behavior. They will choose other partners. For his own sake, he can not do that. If he really takes this measure, there may be more clients not make the payment.In order to make a win-win condition, he should not take this measure. It depends. Clients with long-term relationship should not be punished for late payment by carelessness for the sake of the continual business trade in the future. But clients who make late payments for many times should be punished according to what have been stipulated in the contracts.2.It is a good way to encourage clients to make early payment. This can motivate clients to make payments as soon as possible, consequently, provides ample space for the company’s future development with collected capital.3.We can give some preferential policies to clients if they make early payment. For example, we can make a preferential price or give them commodities free of charge as a reward to encourage early payment. To ensure an early payment, strict and clear stipulation in the contract, such as the maturity date of LC and clauses on claims for breach of contract, is essential. In addition, maintaining good relationship with clients in dailylife can also facilitate a prompt payment.4Hongya Balance sheetASSETS(RMB) LIABILITIES AND OWNER’S EQUITY(RMB)Current assets Current liabilitiesCash 1,100,000 Accts ¬es payable 1,115,000Acct ¬es receivable 830,000 Accrued wages 378,000 Inventories 2,000,000 Income taxes due 1,387,710Total current assets 3,930,000 Total current liabilities 2,880,710 Fixed assets Long-term Liabilities 1,000,000 Furniture 6,420,000 Total long-term liabilities 1,000,000 Less: Accumu. Depreciation 6,050,000 Total liabilities 3,880,710 Facilities 6,050,000 Owner equity 11,709,280 Less: Accumu. Depreciation (1,210,000) StockTotal fixed assets 10,618,000Other Assets Total liabilitiesSundry 1,042,000 and owner’s equity 15,590,000 Total other assets 1,042,000Total assets 15,590,000Hongya Income StatementRevenueGross sales 48,265,600Less: Sales returns and allowances 2,413,300Net sales 45,852,300Cost of goods soldBeginning inventory 1,430,000Purchases 34,016,000Cost goods available for sale 35,446,000Less: Ending inventory 5,280,000Total cost of goods sold 30,166,000Gross profit 15,686,000ExpensesMarketing expenses 5,080,000(advertising, salaries for salesmen)General expenses 2,443,000(utilities, relit, etc)Total expenses 7,523,000Net income before taxes 8,163,000Less income taxes 1,387,710Net income 6,775,290(1) Average inventory=Beginning inventory + Ending inventory／2=1,430,000 + 5,280,000／2=3355000(2)Inventory turnover= cost of goods sold／Average inventory=30,166,000／3,355,000=10 turnsCurrent ratio = current assets／current liabilities=3,930,000／2,880,710=1.36timesQuick ratio= current assets-inventories／current liabilities=3,930,000-2,000,000／2,880,710=0.67 timesR1=负债liabilities／资产assets=3,880,710／11,709,280=0.33Gross profit margin= gross profits／net sales=15,686,000／45,852,300 =34.2%Net profit margin=net income／net sales=6,775,290／45,852,300=14.7% Return on owners’ investment=Net inco me／total owner’s equity=6,775,290／11,709,280=57.9%In other words, it takes Hongya 6.6 days (365/55) on average to collect its receivables.3. Judging from these figures, we may see that the inventory and accounts receivable turnovers are pretty high, indicating a good and smooth operation in the firm. Net profit margin is comparatively lower.Chapter 9 The Securities Market1.The appropriate investment goal for the six clients should bemaking certain amount profits with the least risk, for I can see from their cases that the original principal is of vital importance for theirnormal life, consequently, in my opinion, the optimal investment portfolio should be least risky.2.If I were Simon, the portfolio would be suggested asfollows,35-year-old divorced woman: Concerning the two teen sons who may need a lot of money in their growth, I suggest two types of securities in the portfolio—bonds and common stock with almost equal proportion.The couple: Bonds would be more appealing for they have fixed income and may not want to risk a lot, since this kind of investment provide very steady income and have the least risk.The 19-year-old university freshman: He has no other economical sources owing to the lack of parents and has to rely on this sum of money for a long period until he graduates and finds a job to support himself. So I suggest bonds and preferred stock in his portfolio, for both of them are of high safety and steady income.The single woman: She has not got married yet and thus have too less worries than the other five people.Chapter 10 Risk Management and Insurance1.The major types of risk faced by Global Info are natural disasters,such as earthquake, typhoon and storms. Besides, fire, theft, explosion and other artificial disasters are also big risk.2. Insurance can be purchased to protect the company from damage orloss of their property. To be more specific, fire insurance cover lossessuffered by fire and it can add a rider to the policy, extending the coverage for losses such as windstorms, explosion, riot and fire.3.It should have bought fire insurance and business interruptioninsurance. There may be a lot of electronic equipments in Global Info for online advice applications, thus it is susceptible to fire caused by such kind of facilities. The company should appropriate a certain portion of money to insure it against potential risks for the sake of avoidance of catastrophic losses.1.Risk means uncertainty about the future and is unavoidable to all businesses. The possibility of risk, however small it may seem, indeed exist and can’t be removed thoroughly. So from this sense we may see that the indispensability of insurance.However, due to the fact that the premium exceeded all the compensation and Hongya has always done a good job in disaster-prevention measures, the company can buy less insurance in the future, deducting unnecessary insurances and readjust the structure of insurance concerning the accidents in recent years, or it can buy more cost-saving insurance with its own reality considered.2. It can buy group life insurance, which covers all individuals in a business firm. In addition, it can also set up relative training sessions to the staff that will frequently go out on business, informing them of self-protective methods and strengthening their awareness of safety.Purchase general liability, which protects policyholders against financial risks involving personal, professional, product.。
syb课后参考答案
syb课后参考答案SYB课后参考答案SYB（Start Your Business）是一门致力于培养创业者的课程，旨在帮助学生从零开始建立自己的企业。
这门课程涵盖了从创意的生成到商业计划的制定以及实际执行等方面的内容。
通过SYB课程，学生可以学到如何从创意中寻找商机，如何制定可行的商业计划，以及如何将创意转化为实际的商业行动。
在SYB课程中，学生需要完成一系列的作业和项目，而课后参考答案则是帮助学生检查自己的答案是否正确的工具。
SYB课后参考答案的编写是一个相当重要的任务。
它不仅需要对课程内容有深入的理解，还需要具备良好的沟通能力和解释能力。
因为SYB课程的学生来自不同的背景，他们对创业的理解和经验也有所不同，所以编写参考答案时需要尽可能地清晰明了，确保学生能够理解和接受。
在编写SYB课后参考答案时，首先需要对每个问题进行仔细分析。
了解问题的背景和要求，明确问题的核心内容。
然后，根据问题的要求，提供详细的解答和解释。
在解答过程中，可以引用相关的理论知识和实际案例，帮助学生更好地理解和应用所学的知识。
除了提供答案和解释，SYB课后参考答案还可以提供一些额外的参考资料和学习资源，帮助学生进一步拓宽知识面。
这些资料可以是相关的书籍、文章、研究报告等，也可以是相关的网站、博客、社交媒体账号等。
通过提供这些额外的学习资源，可以帮助学生更好地理解和应用所学的知识，提高他们的创业能力和素养。
SYB课后参考答案的编写需要充分考虑学生的学习需求和学习进度。
因为学生在学习过程中可能会遇到各种问题和困惑，所以在编写参考答案时需要尽可能地全面和细致。
不仅要回答问题本身，还要解释问题的背景和原理，提供相关的案例和资料，帮助学生更好地理解和应用所学的知识。
最后，SYB课后参考答案的编写还需要与教师和学生进行密切的合作和沟通。
教师可以提供对参考答案的反馈和建议，帮助改进参考答案的质量和效果。
学生可以提出问题和疑惑，帮助参考答案更好地满足他们的学习需求。
工商导论
工商导论题型如下：一、Translating（共25题，每小题目1分，共25分）二、Scrambled Sentences（共9题，每小题目1分，共9分）三、Multiple Choices（共20题，每小题目1分，共20分）四、T or F（共20题，每小题目1分，共20分）五、Matching（共12题，每小题目1分，共12分）六、Questions and Answers（共2题，每小题目7分，共14分）♦♦ 1. The sole proprietorship is less popular than the other forms of business ownership. F ♦ 2. Many small firms prefer the proprietorship while large companies prefer the corporation. T♦ 3. In a sole proprietorship, death of the owner may force an end to the business.T♦ 4. Usually there are no provisions found in a partnership. F♦ 5. Franchising is a major part of retail merchandising The franchisor supplies important training, management know-how, and supervision to franchisees.T♦ 6. Owners of a corporation are personally liable for all the debts. F♦7. Limited partners are not allowed to exercise managerial authority. T♦8. It is difficult for a corporation to sell its stock in the ownership. F♦9. Regardless of the size of the corporation, the stockholders are the owners. T1. The rights and duties of a are regulated by a legal agreement entered into by the co-owners.a. sole proprietorshipb. partnershipc. corporationd. franchising2. The company that sells the franchise is the .a. franchiseeb. ownerc. employeed. franchisor3. will be voting on the proposed merger of the company next week.a. Employeeb. Shareholdersc. Mergersd. Staff4. The massive losses have prevented the company from declaring a this year.a. dividendb. profitc. shared. gain5. An asset is something a company possesses, which is not material but something else such as a good reputation.a. tangibleb. feasiblec. infeasibled. intangible6. Your employer's liability covers accidents that you have your way to work but not your way home.a. on, onb. in, inc. on, ind. in, on7. Those young people have considerable in marketing.a. expertb. experimentc. expertised. experienced8. As a separate legal entity, a corporation can sue and be sued in own name.a. theirb. thosec. itsd. his9. Some franchise agreements allow the franchisees very freedom to exercise their own ingenuity.a. fewb. littlec. littled. much♦ 1. The marketing process is the performance of business activities that directs the flow of goods or services from the producer to the consumer or user to satisfy their needs and wants. T♦ 2. The guiding principle of the marketing concept is that the basic objective of the firm is to make the maximum profit. F♦ 3. Utility refers to the power of a good or service to satisfy a human want. T♦ 4. Marketing strategy consists of (1) identifying the market segment, and (2) determining the market mix, which includes product, price, distribution, and promotion. T ♦ 5. The product life cycle consists of five stages: planning, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. F♦ 6. Firms employ different pricing strategies when marketing their products and services.T ♦7. Physical distribution fulfills two main objectives: (1) specialization of labor and (2) geographical location. T♦8. What people buy is not usually affected by where they live and work. F♦9. Collecting and analyzing data to identify a market for the goods or services is not very important in the process of marketing. F♦10. Market segmentation is to divide a market into segments according to customers' needs, wants and interest. T♦ 1. The company will balance the benefits the costs of medical insurance for all the employees.♦ a. by b. for c. against d. with♦ 2. To succeed in marketing, we must have a clear idea of .♦ a. what the customers need♦ b. what the customers want♦ c. what causes them to buy♦ d. all of the above♦ 3. We have got to be a bit more in the way that we approach this task.♦ a. systematic b. system♦ c. systematical d. systematically♦ 4. Sara came down from London for the meeting and Elizabeth flew in from Sydney, and when the meeting had finished, they returned to their homes.♦ a. respect b. respectively♦ c. respected d. respective♦ 5. Sentimentality seems to be a of all the writers of that period.♦ a. character b. characteristic♦ c. characteristical d. icharacteristically♦ 6. The aim of teaching reform is to transform exam-oriented education into education.♦ a. career-oriented b. market-oriented♦ c. quality-oriented d. study-oriented♦7. The contract that I must give a month's notice if I leave my job.♦ a. specifies b. specific♦ c. specified d. is specified♦8. The new tax policy would force these companies to energy-saving measures. ♦ a. make b. adopt♦ c. bring d. get♦9. The financial department will integrate all the department reports one annual statement.♦ a. to b. into c. on d. by♦10. Some people debate whether the majority of today's firms actually practice the concept.♦ a. marked b. marketed♦ c. marketing d. market♦ 1. Commercialization is the final step in the new-product development. T♦ 2. It is possible that brand names can become generic terms. T♦ 3. A change in price level typically causes a change in the amount of the product demand. T♦ 4. Markup must be high for products with a stock turnover and low for products with a low turnover. F♦ 5. A product with little distinctiveness should use a "skim the cream" policy. F♦♦ 6. A brand gives identity to a product. T♦7. A trademark gives a product legal protection from infringement by other companies. T ♦8. Magazines, milk, cigarettes, and a candy bar are all considered shopping goods. F♦9. It is not unusual for a firm to suffer a loss during the introductory stage of a product's life cycle. T♦10. A convenience good to one person can be a specialty good to another person. T2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved by Xiaoping Zhang. All rights reserved in hopes of building sales volume quickly.2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved F2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reservedby Xiaoping Zhang. All rights reserved 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reservedby Xiaoping Zhang. All rights reservedby Xiaoping Zhang. All rights reserved 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reservedby Xiaoping Zhang. All rights reservedby Xiaoping Zhang. All rights reserved 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reservedby Xiaoping Zhang. All rights reservedby Xiaoping Zhang. All rights reserved 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reservedby Xiaoping Zhang. All rights reserved 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved。
工商管理英语课后习题答案汇总
回答问题汇总(U1A-U6A)Are all corporations publicly held? Can you give some examples? 17Define“line function. 60For America, why is business both a means of livelihood and a focus of one’s life at the same time? 1How do you determine the value of a business? 71How do you determine who should be hired and who should not be hired? 46How do you make a decision among mutually exclusive projects? 76How does advertising differ from personal selling? 67How does the function of job analysis differ from that of human resource planning? 36How is base compensation system? 40How is NPV calculated? 74How might job analysis increase organizational effectiveness and efficiency? 35How should sales representatives view customers? 58How to do a job advertisement? 44How to make a good compensation system? 41Is profit maximization the primary goal of a business? Why? 70Is the supply and demand issue the only concern of pricing decisions? Why? 64Is there a best legal system? Give an example if you think there is, and explain why if you think there is not.13Usually who are involved in strategic decision making process? 27What are the “4Ps” in marketing activities? 62What are the advantages of Sole Proprietorship? 14What are the components of compensation? 39What are the differences between a limited partner and a general partner? 15What are the differences between civil law and criminal law? 12What are the differences between finance accounting? 9What are the factors that affect the optimal capital structure? 79What are the five eras of marketing identified by Perreault and McCarthy? 50What are the five eras of marketing identified by Perreault and McCarthy? 55What are the five key functions of business? 7What are the main responsibilities of a financial manager? 51What are the main responsibilities of a financial manager? 69What are the major factor affecting successful strategies? 20What are the six steps in strategic management? 19What are the stages of changing function of Human Resource Management? 32What are the steps in human resource planning? 37What are the theoretical frameworks of strategic management? 21What are the traditional activities in promotion? 65What are the two kinds of sales promotions? 68What are the two primary methods of financial forecasting? 72What does “place” mean in “4Ps”? 63What does common lay emphasize? 11What does validity mean? 48What is compensation? 38What is employee placement? 47What is Human Resource Management? 30What is job analysis? 33What is marketing`s function? 8What is meant by stakeholders? 5What is meant by the concept of “middlemen”? 56What is recruitment? 42What is risk? Can you identify some risks that businesses face? 80What is the base of recruitment? 43What is the condition for professionals to form a professional partnership? 16What is the core view of contingency theory? 25What is the difference between an independent project and a mutually exclusive project? 75What is the difference between the function of a line manager and that of a staff manager? 61What is the difference between training and development? 49What is the focus of IO theory? 22What is the influence of the Internet on strategic management? 54What is the most important capital in an organization? 31What is the reason that many markets are not as competitive as they should be? 28What resources can be used for sustained competitive advantage? 26What were the characteristics of the production era? 57What will a financial manager do if the value of liabilities and equity exceeds the value of assets? 52 What will a financial manager do if the value of liabilities and equity exceeds the value of assets? 73 What are two key trends that changed the context of strategic management? 29When does an initial public offering or a seasoned offering occur? 77When is personal selling of great importance? 66Where to advertise the job opening? 45Why are businesses not isolated entities? 4Why are strategies, resources and competencies are assumed to be fairly similar among competitors within a given industry? 23Why does resource-based theory focus primarily on individual firms rather than on the competitive environment? 24Why is control important for business? 3Why is debt financing bencficial? 53Why is debt financing beneficial? 78Why is strategy important? 18Why is the information systems function important? 10Why is the job analysis important? 34Why is the role of marketing in the company changing? 59Why must business sustain a profit? 2回答问题答案1、Individuals and groups pursue business for both monetary gain and for personal identificationand recognition.2、Business must sustain a profit for the livelihood of the business as well as the individuals whoare dependent upon the business for their livelihood.3、The control will provide for successful operation of the business.4、But impact and are impacted by other businesses.5、Stakeholders mean that somebody has rights in a business.6、×7、The five key functions are Management, Marketing, Accounting, Finance and InformationSystems.8、Marketing is responsible to see that the right product is available to the right customer, at theright time, in the right place, and at the right price.9、Finance is the process of acquiring, controlling, and planning the use of a business’ funds inorder to accomplish the goals and objective of the business effectively and efficiently. This is different from the accounting function which records the business transactions.10、The objective is to ensure that the right information is available to make the decision that needs tobe made now. Without accurate information, the success of the business is by random chance.Information systems enable companies to create competitive advantages and to excel in the marketplace.11、It emphasizes the principle of stare decisis, that is , the authority of prior decisions in resolvingcurrent cases.12、The role of court decisions is minimized.13、It is impossible to answer the question of which of these legal systems is the best. Most tend tofavor the system used in our own nation and culture. An evidence of a mature society, however, is its willingness to question and criticize its own system and attempt changes and improvements when possible.14、An individual simply owns and runs his own business.15、A limited partner has no right to participate in partnership management. Unlike a generalpartnership, a limited partnership must file its articles of partnership with the State. General partnerships can be formed without doing this, or any other formalities for that matter.16、As a condition for forming this type of organization, state laws typically require the partners toshow evidence of liability insurance to protect consumers.17、No, not all of them. Larger companies are often publicly held corporations, which trade its shareson the stock markets.18、Strategy refers to top management’s plans to develop and sustain competitive advantage so thatthe organization’s mission is fulfilled. Following this definition, it is assumed that an organization has a plan, its competitive advantage is understood, and that its members understand the reason for its existence.19、1) Analyze the opportunities and threats or constraints.2) Analyze the organization’s strengths and weaknesses in its internal environment.3) Reassess the organizatio n’s mission and its goals in light of the previous two steps.4) Formulate strategies.5) Implement the strategies.6) Engage in strategic control activities.20、1) Strategic managers thoroughly understand the competitive environment.2) The mission and goals of the organization are simple and consistent with the strategy.3) Strategic managers understand the organization’s resources and how they translate intostrengths and weaknesses.4) Plans for putting the strategy into action.5) Possible future changes in the proposed strategy.21、Industrial organization, Resource-based theory, Contingency theory22、The central tenet of industrial organization theory is the notion that a firm must adapt toinfluences in its industry to survive and prosper, and thus its financial performance is primarily determined by the success of the industry in which it competes.23、Because IO focuses on industry forces。
工商导论习题
CHAPTER 1 Understanding the U.S. Business EnvironmentMultiple Choice3. What are profits? Ba. total money taken in by a corporationb. difference between revenues and expensesc. increases in a corporation's stock priced. increases in income from year to yeare. none of the above5. Which of the following is NOT a factor of production? Da. laborb. capitalc. entrepreneursd. governmente. physical resources7. The funds needed to create and operate a business enterprise can be referred to as Ca. physical resources.b. the money supply.c. capital.d. information resources.e. none of the above.9. Tangible goods that organizations use in conducting their businesses can be referred to as Aa. physical resources.b. the money supply.c. capital.d. information resources.e. none of the above11. Which of the following is an example of information resources? Da. market forecastsb. specialized knowledge about satellite technologyc. economic datad. all of the abovee. none of the above13. In a market economy, the factors of production are allocated by Ca. state commerce departments.b. the federal government.c. producers and consumers.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.15. Which of the following is identified by the textbook as being a communist nation? Aa. Vietnamb. Sri Lankac. Indonesiad. Malaysiae. Iraq17. A market in which firms supply goods and services is called a(n) ______ Aa. output market.b. input market.c. supply market.d. selling market.e. open market.19. Ford Motor Company sells its cars and trucks in a(n) Aa. output market.b. input market.c. supply market.d. selling market.e. open market.21. A economy has characteristics of both planned and market economies. Aa. mixed marketb. privatizedc. capitalistd. hybride. dual23. In which economic system does the government own and operate selected major industries? Ba. communismb. socialismc. partialismd. free enterprisee. Hinduism25. The term "supply" as encountered in the textbook is best defined as Ea. giving something to someone who needs it.b. the number of items a firm may have in its inventory at a given time.c. the area of a firm in which it keeps its wholesale stock for future use.d. the act of delivering a wholesale item to a retail outlet.e. willingness and ability of producers to offer a good or service for sale.27. The law of demand maintains that buyers will purchase (demand) more of a product as its price Ba. rises.b. drops.c. stays the same.d. fits a person’s personal planning budget.e. none of the above.29. Under the law of demand, which situation sketched below will be accompanied by more purchasing of a product? Ba. the consumer's need for the productb. lowering the price of the productc. crashing the price of the product as an indication that it is of high qualityd. the so-called "popularity" of the producte. the knowledge that possessing such a product can add to a person's positive image31.A __________ shows how many of a given product will be demanded at different prices. Aa. demand curveb. supply curvec. price listd. price controle. none of the above33.When plotted on the same graph, the supply curve and the demand curve will normally CA. run parallel to one another.B. one curve point up, one curve point down.C. cross one another at some point.D. be far apart due to the "eruption factor" known for years in supply and demand.E. get closer together as demand increases, but never intersect.35. The point at which the supply curve and the demand curve intersect on the graph is referred to as the Ca. buyer-seller meeting point.b. "spot."c. market price.d. handshake. e. sale location.37. The price at which the quantity of goods demanded and the quantity of goods supplied are equal is referred to as Ca. "the going rate at the auction."b. the point-of-no-return price.c. the market price.d. the better price. e. the going price.39. A __________ occurs when the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded. Ea. demand deficitb. stoppagec. supply deficitd. shortagee. surplus41. When the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied, a __________ will result. Da. demand deficitb. stoppagec. equilibrium pointd. shortagee. surplus43. Of the following statements, which best captures the notion of private enterprise? Aa. Individuals pursue their own interests without government restriction.b. Certain business activities are to remain "private."c. Businesses can do anything they want, free of any legal restraints.d. Small businesses will do better than big businesses.e. None of the above.45. Which of the following is NOT one of the four elements required in private enterprise? Ba. private property rightsb. stability of cash flowc. freedom of choiced. profitse. competition47. In perfect competition, which of the following conditions must prevail? Da. All firms in a given industry must be small.b. The number of firms in the industry must be large.c. The products offered by the firms are so similar that buyers can't tell the difference.d. All of the above are true.e. None of the above are true.49. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of perfect competition? Ea. many firms in industryb. firms are smallc. great similarity among products offered by different firmsd. easy entry into the industrye. products from different firms are easily differentiated from one another51. In the United States, milk is produced on thousands of farms, with no producer dominating the market. Producers sell milk at the going price and are unable to influence this price. Millions of gallons of milk are purchased every day. The market for milk is best described as Ca. a monopoly.b. an oligopoly.c. perfect competition.d. monopolistic competition.e. passive competition.53. Of the following, which is a way in which monopolistic competition differs from perfect competition? Da. There are more sellers in a market characterized by monopolistic competition.b. It is easier for sellers to enter a market/industry characterized by monopolistic competition.c. In a perfectly competitive market, products are more dissimilar.d. In a market characterized by monopolistic competition, individual firms have some control over price.e. None of the above.55. __________ exists when an industry has only a handful of sellers, most of which are large. Ba. A monopolyb. An oligopolyc. Perfect competitiond. Monopolistic competitione. None of the above57.Which of the following is NOT true of an oligopoly? Ca. Competing firms have very similar prices for products.b. There are few sellers.c. Prices differ greatly among sellers.d. Entry into the industry is difficult.e. The actions of one firm will significantly affect the sales of other firms.59. In an oligopoly, when one firm reduces its prices, how do the other members of the oligopoly react? Ba. There is no reaction--usually.b. Others reduce theirs also--usually quite quickly.c. Others may reduce their prices, too, but only very, very gradually.d. Other companies are not even aware that a change in price has taken place.e. None of the above.61. Which of the following seems the most likely pricing approach for a monopoly? Aa. Charge customers whatever you please.b. Give customers a real bargain on price.c. Charge a price that will not cause consumer demand to drop.d. Undercut the prices of the competition.e. Concentrate on quality and service, and not on price.63.Economists refer to the pattern of short-term expansions and contractions in the economy as the Aa. business cycle.b. aggregate output.c. standard of living.d. consumer price index.e. national debt.65.The term __________ refers to the total quantity and quality of goods and services that people living in an economic system can purchase. Ca. business cycleb. aggregate outputc. standard of livingd. consumer price indexe. national debt67.A nation’s ___________ is the economic value of all of the products that a company exports minus the economic value of its imports. Ba. standard of livingb. balance of tradec. balance of paymentsd. national debte. none of the above69. The chief goal of an economic system is Aa. stability.b. growth.c. productivity.d. equality.e. freedom of choice.71. Which of the following statements about inflation is true? Da. The Consumer Price Index is a good way of measuring inflation.b. Inflation decreases the purchasing power of consumer dollars.c. Inflation increases the purchasing power of consumer dollars.d. Both a and b.e. None of the above.73.Low unemployment can result in Da. decreased prices for productsb. decreased purchasing power.c. increased profit margins.d. all of the above. e. none of the above.75. ____________ unemployment results from recession or depression. Ca. Seasonalb. Structuralc. Cyclicald. Frictionale. Linear77.A(n) __________ is a prolonged and deep recession. Ba. decadeb. depressionc. erad. expansione. cycle79. A nation controls the size of its money supply through _________ policy. Ba. fiscalb. monetaryc. militaryd. welfaree. CongressionalTrue/False85. The difference between a business's revenues and its expenses is called "sales ."F (profits) 87. A factor of production is a nation’s system for allocating resources among its citizen. F( an economic system)89. Land,labor, capital, and entrepreneurship are the four traditional factors of production. F(physical resources)91. A planned economy relies on a centralized government to control all or most of the factors of production and to make all or most production and allocation decisions. T93. In general, firms operate in either the input market or output market, but not both. F(BOTH) 95. Capitalism provides for the private ownership of the factors of production. T97. In a socialist economy, the government owns and operates selected major industries. T99. The point at which the supply curve and the demand curve intersect is the equilibrium price. T 101. One of the four elements that must be present in private enterprise is reasonable prices. F 103. As a rule, the products in perfect competition are very similar. T105. The market for clothing is best characterized as monopolistic competition. T107. In an oligopoly, the entry of new competitors is hard because large capital investment is needed. T109. Nearly every economic system has two broad goals: economic growth and economic stability.T111. Standard of living refers to the quantity of goods and services that people can purchase with the currency used in their economic system. T113. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) refers to the total value of goods and services produced by a national economy within a given period regardless of where the factors of production are located. T115. Real GDP can be computed by adjusting the nominal GDP for changes in the unemployment rate. F(currency values and price changes)117. A positive balance of trade results when a country imports more than it exports. F(less) 119. The term budget deficit refers to the total amount a nation owes its creditors.F( A debtor nation)121. Inflation results in increased purchasing power for the consumer. F (decreased)123. A jobless person is considered unemployed only if they are actively seeking work. T125. A recession is a prolonged period of depression.F(调换）127. The United States government manages the collection and spending of its revenues throughmonetary policy. F（fiscal policies）129.The purpose of monetary and fiscal policy is to smooth out fluctuations in output and unemployment and to stabilize prices. TShort Answer133.List and describe the five factors of production.Labor: human resources, includes the physical and intellectual contributions people make while engaged in economic production.Capital: the financial resources needed to operate an enterprise.Entrepreneurs: an individual who accepts the risks and opportunities entailed by creating and operating a new business.Physical resources: the tangible things that organizations use to conduct their business. Informational resources: the data and other information that enterprise would use145.How does inflation affect purchasing power?Inflation occurs when the amount of money injected into an economy outstrips the increase in actual output. When this happens, people will have more money to spend, but the quantity of products will still be the same. As they compete with one another to buy available products, prices go up. Before long, high prices will erase the increase in the amount of money injected into the economy. Therefore, purchasing power declines.CHAPTER 2 Conducting Business Ethically and ResponsiblyMultiple Choice5.Behavior that conforms to individual beliefs and social norms about what is right and good is referred to as Da.collusion.b.check kiting.c.social reaction.d.ethical behavior.e.GAAP.7.__________ refers to ethical or unethical behaviors by a manager or employee ofan organization. Ba.Social ethicsb.Business ethicsc.International customsd.Cartellinge.Collusion9.A(n) __________ occurs when an activity may benefit the individual to the detriment of his or her employer. Ca.agency disputeb.loss leaderc.conflict of interestd.ethical dilemmae.ethics code11._________ is the practice of responding to increased demand with overly steep prices. Da.Price gougingb.Price liningc.Maximizationd.Price fixinge.Collusion19.The most effective step that a company can take to promote ethical behavior is to Da.conduct frequent comprehensive audits of all financial information.b.have employees sign a code of conduct upon hiring.c.monitor employee behavior on an ongoing basis.d.demonstrate top management support of ethical standards.e.publicize efforts to become more ethical.anizational stakeholders can best be defined as Ba.individuals and businesses that own stock in a company.b.individuals and groups that are directly affected by the practices of an organization.c.the officers and key employees of an organization.ernment regulators who oversee an industry.petitors.29.The economic turmoil of the ____________ led to new laws that described an expanded role for businesses in protecting and enhancing the general welfare of society. Aa.Great Depressionb.Middle Agesc.Era of Social Activismd.Colonial Erae.Entrepreneurial Era35.The injection of harmful substances into the environment is called Ca.consumption.b.acid rain.c.pollution.d.collusion.e.check kiting.39.Much of the damage to forests and streams in the eastern United States and Canada has been attributed to acid rain originating in sulfur from manufacturing and power plants in Ba.Canada.b.the midwestern United States.c.Mexico.d.Europe. e.the rain forests of Brazil.43.Dangerous chemical and/or radioactive byproducts of manufacturing processes are called Da.green rain.b.phosphates.c.exajoules.d.toxic wastes.e.spreaders.49.The first formal declaration of consumer rights protection came in the early Aa.1960s.b.1800s.c.1920s.d.1940s.e.1990s.55.A company that provides its employees with equal opportunities for rewards and advancement without regard to race, sex, or other relevant factors is meeting its Ea.legal responsibility.b.social responsibility.c.affirmative responsibility.d.all of the above. e.both a and b.63.Which of the following occurs when someone uses confidential information to gain from the purchase or sale of stocks? Da.check kitingb.a margin purchasec.going "short"d.insider tradinge.a margin sale67.Firms that have adopted a(n) _____________ stance to social responsibility have little regard for ethical conduct and will generally go to great lengths to hide wrongdoing. Ba.accommodativeb.obstructionistc.proactived.defensivee.societal73.Firms adopting a(n) ___________ stance to social responsibility do not necessarily or proactively seek avenues for contributing, but participate after solicitation. Aa.accommodativeb.obstructionistc.proactived.defensivee.societal77.Which of the following is NOT a step mentioned by the authors of your textbook to foster acompany wide sense of social responsibility? Ca.Social responsibility must start at the top.b.A committee of top managers must develop a plan.ernmental initiatives dictate starting a plan.d.One executive is put in charge of the firm's agenda.e.The organization must conduct occasional social audits.79.A key to business success is to decide in advance how to respond to the issues that underlie all questions of ethical and Da.personnel complaints.pensatory damages.ernmental support.d.social responsibility.e.managerial perks.True/False83.Ethics are beliefs about what is right and wrong or good and bad. T85.Because ethics are based on both individual beliefs and social concepts, they do not vary from person to person. F87.What constitutes ethical and unethical behavior is determined partly by the individual and partly by culture. T89.Hiring a relative rather than a more qualified applicant is both illegal and unethical. F 91.Ethical standards relating to business practices are fairly consistent around the world. T 95.The ethical norm of caring evaluates whether the decis ion is consistent with people’s responsibilities to each other. T97.The number of companies adopting written codes of ethics has declined in the last 30 years. F 105.In response to the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, the government deregulated most business activity. F111.A company that does not act responsibly toward its customers will lose their trust and ultimately their business. T115.Price gouging occurs when a company sells products below cost. F117.Whistle-blowers can confidently report findings to higher-level managers who can be expected to take action. F119.Check kiting involves writing a check against money that has not yet arrived at the bank on which it is drawn. TShort Answer138.How can a firm demonstrate social responsibility to its customers?Social responsibility toward customers generally falls into two categories: providing quality Products and pricing products fairly.138.What are the four basic consumer rights first identified by President John F. Kennedy and now backed by numerous federal and state laws?1. Consumers have a right to safe products.2. Consumers have a right to be informed about all relevant aspects of a product.3. Consumers have a right to be heard.4. Consumers have a right t choose what they buy.143.Describe the four most common approaches to social responsibility.1. Obstructionist Stance .The few organizations that what might be called an obstructionist stance to social responsibility usually do as possible to solve social or environmental problems.2. Defensive Stance. The organization will do everything that is required of it legally but nothing more.3. Accommodative Stance .A firm that adopts an accommodative stance meets its legal and ethical requirements but will also go further in certain cases.4.Proactive Stance .The highest degree of social responsibility that a firm can exhibit is the proactivestance .Firms that adopt this approach take to heart the arguments in favor of social responsibility .They view themselves as citizens in a society and proactively seek opportunities to contribute .CHAPTER 3Understanding Entrepreneurship and Business OwnershipMultiple Choice3.A locally owned and operated restaurant is typically a(n) Da.monopoly.b.oligopoly.petitor.d.small business.e.corporation.9.Most of the products made by big manufacturers are sold to consumers by Crge retailers.rge wholesalers.c.small businesses.rge discount stores.e.middlemen.11. Which of the following industry groups is the fastest growing segment of small business enterprise? Da.manufacturingb.wholesalingc.retailingd.servicese.agriculture15.Because of the investment normally required in equipment, energy, and raw materials, a good deal of money is usually needed to start a(n) Aa.manufacturing business.b.retailing business.c.service business.d.agriculture business.e.wholesaling business.19.New businesses need a(n) _________ to estimate the required size of a plant, store, or office; to decide how much inventory to carry; and how many employees to hire. Aa.revenue forecastb.financial planc.objectived.cash budgete.credit report21.Which of the following are reasons provided by the authors of your textbook for buying an existing business rather than starting a new one from scratch? Ea.better odds of successb.proven ability to draw customersc.established working relationshipsd.an established track recorde.all of the above31.McDonald's, Taco Bell, and Subway are examples of a(n) Cernment entity.b.university sponsored business.c.franchise.working business.e.mom and pop operation.33.Under a franchise arrangement, the buyer is called the Aa.franchisee.b.franchiser.c.bank.d.parent company.e.wholesaler.37.Which of the following is the most significant recent trend dealing with new businesses? Ea.entrepreneurs who cross over from big businessb.increased opportunities for minoritiesc.increased opportunities for womend.new opportunities in global enterprisee.emergence of e-commerce43.Which of the following factors contribute to small business failure? Ea.managerial incompetence or inexperienceb.neglectc.weak control systemsd.insufficient capitale.all of the above45.Which of the following factors is NOT typically cited as a reason for small business success? Ea.hard work, drive, and dedicationb.market demand for products or services providedc.managerial competenced.lucke.strong control systems53.A sole proprietorship depends primarily on the resources of Da.the corporation.b.foreign investors.c.capital markets.d.a single individual.e.the partnership55.The most common type of partnership is a Ca.limited partnership .b.corporate partnership.c.general partnership.d.sole partnership.e. none of the above59.A(n) __________ invests money in a partnership, but is liable only to the extent of his/her investment. Ca.agentb.general partnerc.limited partnerd.officere.sole proprietor61.The organizational form defined as "an artificial being, invisible, intangible, and existingonly in contemplation of the law" is a(n) Ca.sole proprietorship.b.general partnership.c.corporation.d.limited partnership.e.unlimited sole proprietorship.63.Becaus e of _______________, the courts may seize and sell a corporation’s assets but cannot touch the personal property of investors. Aa.limited liabilityb.unlimited liabilityc.tender offerd.limit rulese.double taxation65.Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the corporate form oforganization? Da.continuityb.professional managementc.limited liabilityd.low startup coste.the ability to raise money67.The greatest potential drawback to corporate organization is Ca.a tender offer.b.startup costs.c.double taxation.d.limited liability.e.legal status.71.A(n) __________________ is organized to operate like a corporation but is taxed like a partnership. Ca.private corporationb.public corporationc.S-corporationd.sole proprietorshipe.professional corporation77.Top managers hired by the board of directors to run the corporation on a day-to-day basis are called Ca.corporate officers.b.first-line supervisors.c.staff members.d.stockholders.e.department heads.79.Which of the following guarantees holders fixed dividends? Dmon stockb.bondsc.mortgagesd.preferred stocke.none of the above83.A summary of the company's financial health communicated with stockholdersand potential investors is contained in the Ea.proxy.b.newspaper.pany magazinepany newsletter.e.annual report.89.A strategy in which a firm decides to take a part of its existing business operations and either sell it to another corporation or set it up as a new independent corporation is called a(n) Da.merger.b.takeover.c.acquisition.d.divestiture. e.hostile takeover.True/False95.Most of the products made by big manufacturers are sold to consumers by large corporations. F (P54.By small ones）97.People who assume the risk of business ownership with a primary goal of growth and expansion are called entrepreneurs. T101.Lending institutions are more likely to help finance the purchase of an existing business rather than the startup of a business from scratch. T103.Venture capital firms provide capital to small business in return for partial ownership. T 105.In a franchise, the franchisee is the seller or parent company.F(P59.Franchiser is the seller or parent company）107.Franchisees may be obligated to contribute a percentage of sales to parent corporations. T 111.The failure rate among small businesses has been increasing in recent years.T113.The most common form of business organization is the corporation. T115.A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person. T117.The most common type of partnership is the limited partnership.F(P65.The most common type is general partnership)119.Partnerships are legally required to file a copy of their partnership agreement with the court within one year of formation.F(P65.No laws require partners to file agreements with any agreement agency.)121.The biggest advantage of regular corporations is unlimited liability. F(page 88, moderate, The Corporate Entity) or (P67. Limited liability)125.Startup costs and double taxation are disadvantages of the corporate form of ownership.TShort Answer133.What is the distinction between entrepreneurship and small business?P56The key distinctions between small-business ownership and entrepreneurship are vision, aspiration, and strategy. Whereas the small business owner has no plans for dramatics growth, seeking only a secure and comfortable income, the entrepreneur is motivated to grow, expand, and build- that is , to risk.135.Discuss four sources of financing for starting up a small business. P581.Personal resources, not loans, are the most important source of money. Individuals starting new businesses will probably have to rely on personal resources. Including money from friends and relatives, personal resources account for over two-thirds of all money invested in new small businesses and one-half of that is used to purchase existing businesses.2.Getting form banks, independent investors, and government loans requires extra effort. At a minimum, banks and private investors will want to review business plans. Government loans have strict eligibility guidelines.3.Venture capital companies are groups of small investors seeking to make profits on companies with rapid growth potential. Most of these firms do not lend money. They invest it, supplying capital in return for partial ownership. They may also demand representation on boards of directions.4.Small-business investment companies (SBICs) also invest in companies with potential for rapid growth. They are federally licensed to borrow money from the SBA and to invest it or lend it to small businesses, and they are themselves investments for their shareholders.137.What are four reasons for small business failure? P631.Managerial incompetence or inexperience.2. Neglect.3. Weak control systems.4.Insufficient capital.CHAPTER 4 Understanding the Global Context of BusinessMultiple Choice3.As more and more firms engage in international business, the world economy isfast becoming a single interdependent system, a process called Da.exporting.b.importing.c.capital mobility.d.globalization.e.direct investment.7.Under _________, Canada, the United States, and Mexico will gradually eliminate tariffsand all other trade barriers. Ca.the EURO Agreementb.the Pan-American Agreementc.NAFTAd.CMAe.the GE Agreement。
工商导论第一章
《工商导论》（Fundamentals of Business）考核方式：考试考试题型：选择题；填空；连线搭配；英译汉；汉译英。
教学目的以英语为授课语言，全面、系统、概要地介绍市场经济体制下工商企业的运作，让学生对市场经济既现代工商企业的运作用一个总体印象，并熟悉同期业环境、经营管理、金融财务、法律保险等方面有关的英语词汇和用语，为下一步学习更微观、更具体的课程打下基础。
1．商务知识：了解在中国融入全球经济时，在工商管理方面所需的基本概念和相关的英语知识。
2．词汇：商务英语词汇具有比较强的专业性，要求学生在一学期的学习中有管理、营销、金融、财务、贸易、法律和保险等方面1000左右的专业词汇积累，以及商务常见的缩略语，机构名称等。
3．听力与口语：能够流利地在一般性的商务活动中进行交流，能流利地进行商务方面的口头陈述和报告，并能对相关案例做讨论，；4．写作：能看懂和起草商务单据、文件、信函和报告；5．阅读：能够阅读原版的经贸书刊。
Set up a business and be my own bossChapter One Setting up a Business建立企业Four major forms of business:1.sole proprietorship个体经营优点：易于建立；simple to establish;决策自由；freer in decision-making;易于保守经营和财务秘密；easy to keep operational and financial secrecy税收负担较少；less tax burden独自享有利润exclusive use of profits缺点：无限责任；unlimited liability有限的资金渠道；limited access to capital有限的管理技巧limited managerial expertise2.partnership合伙企业优点：更方便得到资金和信贷；improve access to capital and credit优质管理的可能性大大增加greater possibility for good management明确的法律框架；definite legal framework更好的发展前景better prospects for growth缺点：无限责任；unlimited liability内部矛盾；internal conflict持续性问题problem of continuity3.corporation 大型股份制公司优点：有限责任；limited liability易于发展壮大；easy to expand所有权与经营权分离；separated ownership and management持续的生命力continuous life缺点：双重税收；double taxation高组织成本；high organizing costs缺少秘密；lack of secrecy特许经营4.franchise特许经营优点：顾客即刻认可；instant customer recognition自主性；independence获得培训指导；receive training and guidance借贷更容易less difficulty getting bank loans缺点：减少风险但不保证成功；reduce risk ,they do not guarantee success要牺牲部分独立性sacrifice some independence。
工商导论runyourownbusiness精选课后题
C hapt er 1 Set ti ng U p a B usi n ess1.In which field will you set up your business?With the development of the science and technology, many traditional goods have been displaced by electrical apparatus. Almostly we do anything by using electricity, such as electric cookers, cellphones, computers and air conditioners.We strongly realize it when there's something wrong with electricity. So I want to set up my business ,building a supermarket, in the field of electrical appliance and electronic goods.2. Will your business be a sole proprietorship, a partnership, or a corporation ?My business will be a sole proprietorship. The advantages of sole proprietorships are many fold. The following are their major appeals.First of all, it 's simple to establish. Just pay a small fee, get the necessary state and local licenses or permits.Secondly, it's more freer in decision-making. As a sole proprietor ,I can make my own decisions on business policies and operations, such as the type of goods or services I want to offer at the price I feel appropriate.Thirdly, it 's easy to keep operational and financial secrecy. I do'nt have to report to shareholders or board directors.Fourthly, it 's less tax burden. The tax rates for sole proprietors are often only half of those for corporations.Last but not least, it's exclusive use of I work hard and make a small fortune, I can take all the profits and don't have to share them with anyone else.Chapter 2 Marketing: An Overview1.How would your business offer advantages over competitive firms?The advantages of my business are many fold. The following are the major appeals.a. Guaranteed authentic goods of high quality and reasonable price. Theelectrical appliance and goods we offer are of high quality and reasonable price. Any second-hand goods or copycat cellphones cannot be found in my sell guaranteed authentic good.b. Some promotional activities .We can offer some kinds of free gifts whenconsumers buy my goods. If they consume a certain amount of money, they can register for membership cards.c. Better after-sale service. We will offer better after-sale service free ofcharge to ensure the satisfaction of my consumers.2. Does your business have factors which could make your revenue lower or expenses higher than what you expect?a. Low reputation of a new brand. My business as a new comer to this fieldlacks high reputation and brand effect, there are not many consumers at first.b. Some copycat electronic goods of cheeper price and poor quality in othercompetitive firms. These goods will attract consumers a lot at very lowprice at first,my business will be in a poor situation which makes myrevenue lower .Chapter 3 Products and Pricing1. How is the products you plan to offer is different from those offered by your competitors?a. G uaranteed authentic goods of high quality and reasonable price. The electrical appliance and goods we offer are of high quality and reasonable price.Any second-hand goods or copycat cellphones cannot be found in my sell guaranteed authentic good.after-sale service. We will offer better after-sale service free of charge to ensure the satisfaction of my consumers.2. How will the pricing of your products be determined compared with those of competitive products?First, marketing research .Collecting and analyzing the price of competitive products to identify consumers'purchasing power and buying abilities. Then decide the price that the customers can accept.Also we can set the price the same as those of competitive products, besides we will offer some little gifts free of charge to attract more customers.3. Could the unique features of your product be protected from competitors?The unique features of my products could be protected from competitors .The electrical appliance and goods we offer are of high quality and reasonable price. Any second-hand goods or copycat cellphones cannot be found in mysell guaranteed authentic good. Also we will offer better after-sale service freeof charge to ensure the satisfaction of my consumers. The unique features of my products could be protected from competitors .Chapter 4 Channels of Distribution1.How will your business distribute the products to the customers?a. Virtual stores. We'll also represent my goods on the Internet by setting upvirtual stores. My consumers can make inquiries, check specifications,compare prices, place orders and make payment, all through the Internet, thus making my goods shopping much efficient than the traditional modes. b. Direct selling. Home appliances and electrical goods can be sold directly,which involves selling to consumers in their homes or workplaces. Thisapproach can fully demonstrate the features of the products and enabledirect and one-to-one consultation to prospective buyers.c. Multilevel marketing. MLM has been popular around the would in selling awide variety of products. Hundreds of downliners ,the commissions can be quite sizable.d. Supermarkets are large stores featuring low prices, self-service and fastmoving merchandise such as groceries.2. Could your products be distributed more efficiently and at lower costs?My products could be distributed more efficiently and at lower costs. We'll represent my goods on the Internet by setting up virtual stores. My consumers can make inquiries, check specifications, compare prices, place orders and makepayment, all through the Internet, thus making my goods shopping much efficient than the traditional modes.And home appliances and electrical goods can be sold directly, which involves selling to consumers in their homes or workplaces. This approach can fully demonstrate the features of the products and enable direct and one-to-one consultation to prospective buyers.Also consumers can buy my goods in my my products could be distributed more efficiently and at lower costs.3. Whether the cost of distribution of your products will be affected substantially if price of utilities or transportation go up by a big margin.The cost of distribution of your products will be affected substantially if price of utilities or transportation go up by a big margin. The numerous functions the utilities or transportation perform, physical distribution accounts for almost 30% of the total costs of marketing, if price of utilities or transportation go up by a big margin, the cost of distribution of your products will be affected substantially .Chapter 5 Promotion1. Describe the promotional mix for your products.Advertising :product advertising and institutional advertising.a. Internet .We'll represent my goods on the Internet by setting up virtualstores. My consumers can make inquiries, check specifications, compareprices, place orders and make payment, all through the Internet, thus makingmy goods shopping much efficient than the traditional modes.b. Newspapers and television. Put my good'sinformation on thenewspapers .ADs in the newspapers can be clipped and saved,also they arelow in cost and can be prepared and placed within minimum time.Televisions can reach a vast captive audience of all types with colorful andeye-catching.c. Outdoor sales promotion. Billboards,posters ,trade show publicity andelectric displays are the major forms of outdoor advertising.2. Estimate the amount of money that will be allocated for promotion during the first year.We will spend 30% of the money on advertisements on the newspapersInternet and televisions. Then 40% of the money will be payed for the sales-promotion, especially outdoor promotion, such as billboards,posters ,trade show publicity and electric displays, to increase customer awareness and the sales of a firm's product or service. All of the sales promotion can reach a vast captive audience of all types with colorful and eye-catching.Chapter 6 Money and Banking1.I think plastic money is really money. Money is a key element in economic and business activities and has been the theme of many witty remarks.To us, money is nothing but the currency of a country. To economists, money is a subject for study and, for something to be money; it must at least have thefollowing characteristics: portability, divisibility, stability, durability andacceptability.First of all, money must be light in weight and easy to carry.Second, it must be easily divisible into smaller parts with a fixed value for eachunit.Third, money must be stable in value, and this is best understood in times ofinflation.Fourth, money must be able to stand the wear and tear of repeatedtransactions during its life in circulation.Last, for money of a country to function at all, it must be made legal tender forthat country by its government and be acceptable to the public. As plasticmoney has all the characteristics of money, though it can be caller' s not made of pap really money.2. Easy to carry and convenient.Credit card has "VISA" or "MasterCard" logo, in a foreign country can bedirectly brush calorie of consumption, and a cash or cash will first exchange; Inaddition, by credit card booking the ticket and hotel, telephone or Internetshopping and rent a car and so on is also very convenient, and might not havethe cash benefits -- becausecredit card in addition to direct the brush has a"preliminary license" function; And there is no no change in embarrassment.Safe, Clean and healthy.As we all know that cash flow is bigger and bigger, coin of bacteria is one can imagine, but in addition to their credit card is a few cashier touched - even if the credit card dirty, still can clean disinfection.Facilitate financialCredit card bill in the future we will receive a paper or electronic mail forms of consumption detailed bill, from the bill, we can clear their own in last month's consumption and expenditure.3. Blind consumptionBrush card not like cash that a piece of a money flower out, a brush, nothing feeling, a few Numbers, lead to blind consumption, spend money like water Stolen brushCredit card basically the default password is free credit card consumption, it can easily be lost or stolen in when others stolen brush, cause needless trouble or loss; But in fact the credit card is also by the password can apply for credit card consumption - this is about to see how you manage your credit card.Easy to lose. It is just a small card, and sometimes even if you lost it, you still can ' t find the fact after a long time.4. With an increases market share, Hongya cannot only squeezeout the rivals, but also consolidate its own position.1. After increasing modes of payment, the customers of Hongya increased rapidly. Nowadays, people prefer to carry credit cards instead of much money.Since Hongya started accepting different modes of payment, customers believe that their level is high and they attract more purchasers. Especially Hongya accepts buying on credit for the regular customers. So they gained more market share.2. Yes. The new modes of payment have potential risks. They sold commodities on credit. It is possible for them not to collect the account payable from their customers. Some customers may not pay back the money when they are not satisfied with the service or quality of goods. When customers make open account. Hongya should know about their credit and also make them do some promises.3. I do not think it will be widely adopted in China. First of all, there are some areas which is not developed enough to use credit. There is not enough equipment and some people even do not have all kinds of cards.Chapter 7 Financingmoney , Ralph can not buy a much needed pick-up and his financial plan was destroyed. He can not improve the store' s delivery as planed.the bank does not change its decision, Ralph can borrow from his friends or family members. He can also transfer his other expenditures. He can even buy the pock-up through a open account. Take his equipment as collateral to solve the problem.up his own manufacturing facilities is more advantages.Now that their business has enlarged and they also have enough capital to set up their ownmanufacturing factory. They can do it by themselves. It not only makes profits but also produce commodities that meet their demands. No other people know more their garments of their own brands than themselves.other investors fu'nds as equity is more beneficial to Hongya. Hongya need not pay back the money and the investors also decrease the liabilities and risks of Hongya. If Hongya use bank loans as debts. It must pay back in the line of credit and also pay back the interests.are two types of loans; secures and unsecured. Hongya can put upcollateral to make secures loan. We know that Hongya has had amount assets.Hongya can also make revolving credit agreements.Another option is short term fund raising. This type of loan is at a low interest rate.Chapter 8 Accounting1.I think clients should be punished if they make late payment. But I do notbelieve the seller can do in this way. First of all, he earns money from his clients. If clients are not satisfied with his behavior. They will choose other partners. For his own sake, he can not do that. If he really takes this measure, there may be more clients not make the payment.In order to make a win-win condition, he should not take this measure. Itdepends. Clients with long-term relationship should not be punished for late payment by carelessnessfor the sake of the continual business trade in the future. But clients who make late payments for many times should be punished according to what have been stipulated in the contracts.is a good way to en courage clie nts to make early p ayme nt. This can motivatedie nts to make p ayme nts as soon as p ossible, con seque ntly, pro videsamplespace for the company ' s future development with collected capital.can give some p refere ntial p olicies to clie nts if they make early p ayme nt.Forexa mp le, we can make a p refere ntial p rice or give them commodities free ofcharge as a reward to en courageearly p ayme nt. To en sure an early p ayment, strict and clear sti pu latio n in the con tract, such as the maturity date of LCand clauses on claims for breach of con tract, is esse ntial. I n additi on,maintaining good relati on shi p with clie nts in daily life can also facilitate aprompt p ayme nt.Hon gya Bala nee sheetLIABILITIES AND OWNER ' EQUIT Y(RMB) Curre nt liabilities Less: Accumu. De preciation (1,210,000) StockASSETS(RMB)Current assetsCash 1,100,000 Accts &no tes p ayable 1,115,000Acct &no tes receivable 830,000 Accrued wages378,000 Inven tories 2,000,000 In come taxes due1,387,710 Total current assets 3,930,000 Total curre nt liabilities2,880,710 Fixed assets Lon g-term Liabilities1,000,000 Furniture 6,420,000 Total lo ng-term liabilities 1,000,000Less: Accumu. Dep reciatio n 6,050,000 Total liabilities 3,880,710Facilities6,050,000 Own er equity11,709,280+ 5,280,000/2=3355000 (2)1 nven tory turno ver 二 cost of goods sole / Average inven tory=30,166,000/ 3,355,000=10 turnsCurre nt ratio = curre nt asset /curre nt liabilities=3,930,000/2,880,710=Quick ratio= curre nt assets-i nven torie / curre nt liabilities=3,930,000-2,000,000/2,880,710= timesR1=负债 liabilities /资产 assets=3,880,71/11,709,280=Gross p rofit margi n= gross p rofits/ net sales=15,686,00/45,852,300 =%Net profit margi n=net in come / net sales=6,775,29/45,852,300=%Retu rn on owners ' inv estme nt=Net in /totel owner equiiy=6,775,290/11,709,280=%In other words, it takes Hongya days (365/55) on average to collect itsreceivables.3. Judgi ng from these figures, we may see that the inven tory and acco untsreceivable turnovers are pretty high, indicating a good and smooth operation in the firm. Net profit margin is comparatively lower.Chapter 9 The Securities Market1. The appropriate investment goal for the six clients should be makingTotal expen ses7,523,000 Net in come before taxes8,163,000 Less in come taxes1,387,710 Netin come 6,775,290(1) Average inven tory=Begi nning inven tory + Ending inven tory /2=1,430,000certain amount profits with the least risk, for I can see from their cases that theoriginal principal is of vital importance for their normal life, consequently, in myopinion, the optimal investment portfolio should be least risky.2. If I were Simon, the portfolio would be suggested asfollows,35-year-old divorced woman: Concerning the two teen sons who may need a lot of money in their growth, I suggest two types of securities in the portfolio —bonds and common stock with almost equal proportion.The couple: Bonds would be more appealing for they have fixedincome and may not want to risk a lot, since this kind of investment provide very steady income and have the least risk.The 19-year-old university freshman: He has no other economical sourcesowing to the lack of parents and has to rely on this sum of money for a long period until he graduates and finds a job to support himself. So I suggest bonds and preferred stock in his portfolio, for both of them are of high safety and steady single woman: She has not got married yet and thus have too less worries than the other five people.Chapter 10 Risk Management and Insurance.The major types of risk faced by Global Info are natural disasters, such as earthquake, typhoon and storms. Besides, fire, theft, explosion and other artificial disasters are also big risk.. Insurance can be purchased to protect the company from damage or loss of theirproperty. To be more specific, fire insurance cover losses suffered by fire and it can adda rider to the policy, extending the coverage for losses such as windstorms, explosion,riot and fire..It should have bought fire insurance and business interruption insurance.There may be a lot of electronic equipments in Global Info for online adviceapplications, thus it is susceptible to fire caused by such kind of facilities.The company should appropriate a certain portion of money to insure it againstpotential risks for the sake of avoidance of catastrophic losses.1. Risk means uncertainty about the future and is unavoidable to all businesses.The possibility of risk, how ever small it may seem, indeed exist and can removedt be thoroughly. So from this sense we may see that the indispensability of insurance.However, due to the fact that the premium exceeded all the compensation andHongya has always done a good job in disaster-prevention measures, the company canbuy less insurance in the future, deducting unnecessary insurances and readjust the structure of insurance concerning the accidents in recent years, or it can buy more cost-saving insurance with its own reality considered.2. It can buy group life insurance, which covers all individuals in a business firm. In addition, it can also set up relative training sessions to the staff that will frequently go outon business, informing them of self-protective methods and strengthening their awarenessof safety.Purchase general liability, which protects policyholders against financial risks involving personal, professional, product.。
《国际商务导论》课后思考题答案
《国际商务导论》课后思考题答案第1章导论1．什么是国际商务,国际商务包括哪些主要内容？参考答案：国际商务是一门研究为满足个人及组织需求而进行的跨国界交易的科学.一般而言,国际商务包括两层含义：一是指跨越国界的任何形式的商业性活动,包括几乎任何形式的经济资源——商品、劳务、技术、资本和信息等的国际转移；二是指国家、企业或个人以经济利益为目的而进行的商业性经济活动.2．国际商务有哪些特点？参考答案：1.国际商务是企业国际化战略的综合反映；2.国际商务是以进入和开拓国际市场为目标；3.国际商务复杂多变、风险更大.3．为何社会文化环境对国际商务运营如此重要？参考答案：社会文化环境是指企业国际经营所涉及国家或地区居民的语言文化、教育水平、宗教信仰、价值取向、风俗习惯以及社会组织结构等多方面内容的综合.不同国家的文化社会环境各有差异和特点,国际商务运营中需要尤其注意当地风俗、习惯、宗教信仰等.4．如何评估国际商务宏观环境？参考答案：一般情况下,不同行业、不同企业根据自身特点和经营需要,对国际商务宏观环境分析的具体内容存在差异,但一般都应对政治法律（political）、经济（economic）、社会文化（social）、技术（technological）这四大类影响企业国际商务活动的主要外部环境因素进行分析,即PEST分析法.5．企业进行国际商务运营的动因和条件？参考答案：寻求市场、寻求资源、寻求先进的技术和管理理念、寻求效率、寻找贸易支持条件.6．国际商务的形成与发展经历了哪些阶段？参考答案：国际商务的发展历程可以划分为以下三个阶段：贸易主导阶段、投资主导阶段、全球商务阶段（生产活动国际化不断增强、国际贸易对企业经营更加重要、国际商务活动的需求环境逐渐形成、无形贸易在国际商务活动中的重要性凸显、世界经济区域化、集团化）第2章国际贸易理论1. 单选题（1）主张一国应集中生产优势最大或劣势最小的产品的国际分工理论是（）A．绝对优势理论 B. 比较优势理论 C. 异质性企业贸易理论 D. 产业内贸易理论参考答案：B（2）提出各国应按照生产要素禀赋进行国际分工的经济学家是（）A．亚当·斯密 B. 里昂惕夫 C. 赫克歇尔和俄林 D. 大卫·李嘉图参考答案：C（3）主张各国按绝对有利的生产条件进行国际分工的理论是（）A．绝对优势理论 B. 比较优势理论 C. 产品生命周期理论 D. 产业内贸易理论参考答案：A（4）要素禀赋理论认为,国际贸易将会使各国生产要素价格的差别（）A．变大 B. 变小 C. 不变 D. 无法确定参考答案：B（5）一国拥有的资本要素充裕,就应专门生产并出口资本密集型产品,这一说法来自（）A．绝对优势理论 B. 比较优势理论 C. 要素禀赋理论 D. 产业内贸易理论参考答案：C2. 多选题（1）广义的要素禀赋理论包括（）A．罗伯津斯基理论 B. 要素价格均等化理论 C.H-O理论D. 产业内贸易理论参考答案：ABC（2）产业内贸易的商品必须具备的两个条件是（）A．消费上能够相互替代 B. 劳动密集型产品 C. 生产中需要相近或相似的生产要素投入 D. 资本密集型产品参考答案：AC（3）对里昂惕夫之谜的解释的理论有（）A．劳动熟练说 B. 自然资源说 C. 技术差距说 D. 人力资本说参考答案：ABD（4）英国生产一单位酒需要120人/年,生产一单位毛呢需要100人/年；葡萄牙生产一单位酒需要80人/年,生产一单位毛呢需要90人/年,根据比较优势理论,（）A．英国应该生产和出口酒 B. 英国应该生产和出口毛呢 C. 葡萄牙应该生产和出口酒D. 葡萄牙应该生产和出口毛呢参考答案：BC（5）动态的国际贸易的理论有（）A．要素禀赋理论 B. 产品生命周期理论 C. 技术差距理论 D. 异质性企业贸易理论参考答案：BC3. 简答题（1）绝对优势理论的基本观点是什么？参考答案：绝对优势理论的基本观点是各国应该集中生产并出口其具有劳动生产率和生产成本“绝对优势”的产品,进口其不具有“绝对优势”的产品.贸易的双方都会从贸易中获利.（2）比较优势理论的核心思想是什么？与绝对优势理论有什么区别？参考答案：李嘉图的比较优势理论认为贸易的基础是生产技术的相对差别.每个国家应该集中生产并出口其具有“比较优势”的产品,进口其具有“比较劣势”的产品.绝对优势理论比较是直接在二者中选出谁好谁劣,而比较优势理论则是“两利相权取其重,两弊相权取其轻.”；绝对优势理论只能说明各国分别在某一种或某几中产品的生产上,劳动生产率高于其他国家,分工得以形成,而比较优势理论还可以解释当一国在所有产品的生产上劳动生产率都高于他国时国际贸易得以成立的原因；绝对优势理论是同一产品一国对另一国的优势,是内生的,而比较优势理论是同一国一产品对另一种产品的优势,是外生性的.（3）要素禀赋理论的基本内容是什么？参考答案：要素禀赋理论认为国家贸易的基础是生产要素的禀赋和使用比例的相对差别,各国倾向于集中生产并出口那些密集使用本国充裕资源的产品,进口那些密集使用本国稀缺资源的产品.（4）基于局部均衡分析要素禀赋理论下贸易影响和贸易所得.参考答案：①贸易影响：没有贸易时出口国的国内市场均衡价格<国际市场价格<没有贸易时进口国的国内市场均衡价格.进口国外商品会导致国内同类产品价格下降,生产减少,消费增加.出口产品的价格上升,生产增加,国内消费减少.②贸易所得：对出口国而言,出口产品价格提高,使“消费者剩余”减少,但对生产者来说,出口则带来了很大利益：既增加了产量,又提高了价格,“生产者剩余”增加,出口使本国消费者受害而生产者得益.对进口国而言,从生产者的角度来讲,自由贸易并非一件好事,在廉价进口的冲击下,“生产者剩余”减少.但正是由于廉价外国产品的进口,使得“消费者剩余”增加,进口使本国消费者受益生产者受损.无论是对进口国还是对出口国而言,贸易使该国的整体福利增加.具体分析见本章第3节.（4）什么是里昂惕夫之谜？西方学者对此作了哪些解释？参考答案：里昂惕夫1947年运用投入一产出分析法考察美国对外易商品结构,拟对H-O 定理进行实践上的验证时,却发现美国出口的是劳动密集型产品,进口的却是资本密集型产品,而美国显然是一个资本雄厚而劳动相对不足的国家.这一结论与赫克歇尔、俄林的观点完全相反.西方学者提出了人力资本说、熟练劳动说、自然资源论、要素密集度逆转论、需求偏向论和贸易保护论六种解释.（5）什么是产业内贸易？其产生的原因是什么？参考答案：产业内贸易,是指同一产业部门具有相似的要素投入和消费替代性的产品通过外部或内部市场在不同国家或地区间的双向流动,简单地说,它是指一个国家或地区既进口又出口同一产业部门的现象,在某些研究中,又被称为双向贸易或重叠贸易.产业内贸易理论中所指的产业,必须具备两个条件：一是生产投入要素相近；二是产品在消费上可以相互替代.产生的原因主要有产品的同质性、规模经济和经济发展水平三方面.（6）简述产品生命周期理论的主要内容.参考答案：从创新国与模仿国的角度,将产品生命周期划分为五个阶段.第一阶段为新产品阶段.在这一阶段,由于新产品刚刚问世,仅在创新国生产和消费,所以既无出口也无进口.第二阶段为产品成长阶段.在这一阶段,创新国对新产品进行了改进,使产量迅速提高.此时,国外还不能生产这种产品,故创新国在国内外市场都拥有垄断地位.在这一阶段,将有一定量的新产品出口到国外,主要是其他一些发达国家.第三阶段为产品成熟阶段.新产品在创新国已经标准化,创新厂商开始授权外国厂商生产这种产品.第四阶段为其他发达国家参与新产品的出口市场竞争.模仿国不仅为本国消费者生产,而且出口产品,并且成为该产品的主要出口国.第五阶段为创新国成为该产品的进口国.由于外国的技术水平与创新国的技术水平逐渐接近,同时外国的工资水平仍低于创新国,因此该产品在其他一些发达国家生产和出口,而创新国逐渐成为该产品的净进口国.此外,由于技术日益陈旧,技术的转让费用越来越低,技术逐渐在发展中国家扩散,一些发展中国家开始引进该产品的技术进行生产和出口,最后发展中国家成为该产品的主要生产国和出口国.（7）国家竞争优势理论的主要内容.参考答案：迈克尔·波特的国家竞争优势理论认为,一国的国内经济环境对企业开发其自身的竞争能力有很大影响,其中影响最大、最直接的因素是以下四项因素：生产要素、需求要素、相关和支持产业以及企业战略和组织结构.第3章对外直接投资理论国际直接投资的基本理论有哪些？参考答案：国际直接投资的基本理论包括垄断优势理论、内部化理论、国际生产折衷理论、对外直接投资发展阶段理论和投资诱发要素组合理论.简述垄断优势理论的主要内容及其重要发展.参考答案：垄断优势理论认为,在完全竞争的市场条件下,国际贸易是跨国企业进入国际市场的唯一方式,并根据比较优势原则从事进出口活动；而市场不完全性的存在使得一些企业取得了垄断优势,这些垄断优势则成为企业对外直接投资的根本动力和决定因素.在二十世纪六、七十年代,众多西方经济学家在海默与金德尔伯格研究的基础上进一步对垄断优势理论进行了发展与完善,主要包括约翰逊“知识资产垄断优势理论”、凯夫斯“产品异质化垄断优势理论”、尼克博克“寡占反应垄断优势理论”和阿哈罗奈“生产技术垄断优势理论”.目前跨国公司内部贸易增长较快,请以内部化理论解释该现象.参考答案：内部化理论认为世界市场是不完全竞争的市场,跨国公司为了其自身的利益,为克服外部市场的某些失效以及某些产品的特殊性质或垄断势力的存在,导致企业市场交易成本的增加.而通过国际直接投资, 公司可以将本来应在外部市场交易的业务转变为在公司所属企业之间进行,并形成一个内部市场.从而通过外部市场内部化降低交易成本和交易风险. 国际生产折衷理论的主要内容有哪些？如何评价？参考答案：国际生产折衷理论的核心为“三优势模式”（O.I.L.Paradigm）,即跨国公司经营决策是由所有权优势、内部化优势和区位优势三组变量决定的.一国企业是否应从事国际生产和对外直接投资,应当全面研究和评价它是否具备所有权优势、内部化优势和区位优势,三类优势是相互结合、缺一不可的,任何一类优势都不能单独用来解释国际生产和对外直接投资的倾向,只有同时具备这三类优势才能进行对外直接投资.若只拥有所有权优势而无力将其内部化,同时也不能利用国外的区位优势,则最好采用许可证合同的方式转让技术；若公司具备所有权优势且能够将其内部化,但仍然不具备区位优势,则其最优选择为国内生产然后出口；若公司同时具备所有权优势、内部化优势和区位优势,则企业应当选择对外直接投资.邓宁的国际生产折衷理论融合了自海默以来的多家国际直接投资理论学派,具有高度的概括性和综合性,用以评价在对外直接投资的起因和发展方面影响重大的一系列因素,较为全面准确地解释了跨国公司的国际生产活动,成为国际直接投资理论中影响最大、最为深远的理论框架,被称为对外直接投资的“通论”.对外直接投资发展阶段理论与国际生产折衷理论的区别在哪里？参考答案：国际生产折衷理论的研究对象是发达国家的跨国公司,而对外直接投资发展阶段理论则是形成了一个对发达国家和发展中国家普遍适用的国际直接投资理论框架；国际生产折衷理论认为一个国家的对外直接投资倾向只取决于其所拥有的所有权优势、内部化优势以及区位优势,而对外直接投资发展阶段理论则认为对外直接投资的一部分是国家特定优势或企业特定优势的函数,另一部分是该国经济发展阶段的函数.简述投资诱发要素组合理论的基本内容.参考答案：投资诱发要素组合理论认为,任何形式的对外直接投资都是在投资直接诱发要素和间接诱发要素的组合作用下而发生的.所谓直接诱发要素,主要是指各类生产要素,包括劳动力、资本、资源、技术、管理及信息知识等.间接诱发要素是指除直接诱发要素以外的其他诱发对外直接投资的因素,主要包括三个方面：(1)投资国政府诱发和影响对外直接投资的因素.(2)东道国诱发和影响对外直接投资的因素.(3)全球性诱发和影响对外直接投资的因素.发达国家对外直接投资主要是直接诱发要素在起作用,这与他们拥有某种要素优势有关,如资本、技术、管理等.而发展中国家则相反,由于他们相对于发达国家缺乏明显的直接诱发要素优势,对外直接投资很大程度上受间接诱发要素影响.间接诱发要素对当代国际直接投资起着越来越重要的作用.第4章国际收支与汇率理论1．什么是一价定律？它有什么假设？使用范围是什么？参考答案：一价定律可表述为,当贸易是开放的且交易费用为零时,同样的货物无论在何地销售,其价格都必然相同.即：表示商品的国内价格,表示的是商品的国外价格,为两国间的汇率.一价定律的成立需要满足严格的限制条件,例如没有额外交易成本的假设.同时,一价定律并不适用于世界上所有的商品和服务,因为某些商品和服务（例如理发等）是非贸易品,各国的消费习惯、经济发展阶段与产业结构的差异也会扭曲一价定律.2、购买力平价理论的贡献有哪些？有哪些缺陷？能否真实反映一国的经济发展水平？参考答案：购买力平价理论提出了纸币制度下决定汇率的基础,可以判断一国货币币值是否被高估或低估,为制定正确的汇率政策提供依据.同时,它还可以作为换算工具,用来比较各国的主要国民经济指标,避免按照市场汇率转换而产生的偏差.购买力平价理论的缺陷在于,各国国内都存在一些不进入国际贸易领域、不参与国际交易的商品和劳务,无法衡量其价格水平；它要求不同市场上的同类、同质商品的价格通过国际贸易趋向相等,这一条件存在的前提国家间的自由贸易和交易成本为零,但在国际贸易的实践中,存在着种种人为障碍（如关税壁垒、进口配额、进口许可证制、外汇管制以及市场上存在的垄断力量等）和自然障碍（如贸易本身所涉及的运输成本和保险费用等）,因此,贸易商品的价格是不可能完全趋向相等的.该理论并不能真实反映一国的经济水平.因为在购买力平价理论的框架中,消费者偏好的变化、生产技术的进步、资本货物或生产资料的积累、市场结构的改变以及国民收入的增长等实际因素对汇率的影响被简化,该理论仅仅在货币性经济变量之上进行分析,将实际性经济变量以及人们的预期心理因素排斥在外.政府实施的管制及其他干预措施、市场参与者的预期心理出现的频繁变化等因素,也都会阻碍货币汇率对通货膨胀率差异作出充分的调整,从而使得购买力平价难以成立.3、利率平价方程说明了什么？如何理解现实中对利率平价的偏离？参考答案：利率平价方程表明：如果国内利率高于国外利率,远期外汇将升水；反之则贴水,而且升（贴）水率等于利率差异.现实中对利率平价的偏离情况为投资者提供了机会,根据利率平价对现实偏离的方向进行分析,既可以让风险爱好者赖以牟利,也可以为风险规避者提供避险的依据.4．西方发达国家的学者们根据购买力平价计算的结果,认为中国经济发展水平目前已经位居世界前列,并据此对中国以发展中国家的身份加入世界贸易组织的要求设置种种障碍.试根据购买力平价的缺陷谈谈你的看法.参考答案：参照第二题.购买力平价说本身就存在许多缺陷,因此给予此理论的论述可以作为特定假设下的参考,而用于政策制定则难免有失偏颇.5．如果分别代表本国和外国利率水平,分别代表以间接标价法表示的即期汇率与远期汇率,而且远期期限与利率期限相同.试推导利率平价条件并解释它为什么会成立？参考答案：如果用本币投资于本国金融市场,则1单位本国货币到期可增值为.如果这一单位本币用于投资于外国金融市场,则这一投资行为分为三个步骤：(1)先在外汇市场上兑换为外币,在间接标价法下,可得单位的外币；(2)再投资于外国金融市场,一年后可得外币：个单位；(3)存款到期后,将外国货币在外汇市场上按照远期汇率换成本国货币,可得本币：个单位.如果,则众多的投资者都会将资金投入外国金融市场,这导致外汇市场上即期购入外国货币以及远期卖出外国货币行为增多,从而使本币即期贬值(增大),远期升值(减小),投资于外国金融市场的收益率下降,反之亦然.只有当这两种投资方式的收益率完全相同时,市场才处于平衡状态.所以,当投资者采取持有远期合约的抛补方式交易时,市场会最终使利率与汇率之间形成下列关系：.记即期汇率与远期汇率之间的升(贴)水率为,整理得间接表示法下的利率平价公式：,其经济含义是：汇率的远期升贴水率等于两国货币利率水平之差.6、假定美国与瑞士的利率分别为,即期汇率为1美元等于1.1314瑞士法郎,试计算瑞士法郎三个月的远期汇率.参考答案：第5章国际贸易与世界市场1.什么是区域经济一体化? 它有哪些形式?参考答案：区域经济一体化是指位于某一地理区域内的各个国家通过相互合作,削减或消除国与国之间的商品、劳务和资本的流通壁垒的过程被.区域经济一体化可以划分为以下几种形式,其中每一种经济一体化形式都包含了比它更低层次的一体化形式的所有特点.主要包括特惠贸易安排、自由贸易区、关税同盟、共同市场、经济同盟和完全的经济一体化.2.试分析自由贸易区与关税同盟的区别.参考答案：自由贸易区通常指签订有自由贸易协定的国家所组成的经济贸易集团,成员国相互取消关税和数量限定,使区域内各成员国的商品可以自由流动,但各成员国仍保留独立的对非成员国的关税和其他贸易壁垒,以及保持其内外经济政策的独立性.其重要特征是在该一体化组织参与者之间取消了商品贸易的障碍,成员国内的厂商可以将商品自由的输入和输出,真正实现了商品的自由贸易,但是它严格地将这种贸易待遇限制在参与国或成员国之间.自由贸易区的另一个重要特征是成员国之间没有共同对外关税.而关税同盟是指成员国根据缔结的协定,将各自的关税合并为一个统一的关税,成员国之间取消关税和进口数量限制,对从同盟以外的国家进口的货物实行统一的关税和进口数量限制.关税同盟规定成员国之间共同、统一的对外关税,实际上是将关税的制定权让渡给经济一体化组织.它不像自由贸易区那样,只是相互之间取消关税,而不作权利让渡.因此,关税同盟对成员国的约束力比自由贸易区大.3.简述WTO的基本原则.参考答案：世界贸易组织建立的协定是国际贸易制度运行和各成员国贸易政策制定的法律基础,它继承了关贸总协定的主要原则,比关贸总协定约束的范围更加广泛,它是一个真正意义上的国际贸易体系. 在世界贸易组织建立的协定中,明确指出了五个基本原则,即非歧视原则、通过谈判逐渐推行贸易自由化原则、可预见原则、促进公平竞争原则和鼓励发展与改革原则.非歧视原则,即贯彻最惠国待遇和国民待遇原则,非歧视原则在关贸总协定中作了明确的规定.贸易自由化原则是指通过减少贸易障碍来促进贸易的扩大.这些贸易障碍不仅是指进口关税,还包括各种数量限制、政府的某些限制进口的规定以及汇率政策等方面的限制措施.可预见性原则是指各成员国在其贸易政策或规定执行以前,要对成员国公开并通知世界贸易组织.鼓励公平竞争的原则是指世界贸易要在公开、公正和不受干预的情况下开展,因而该体系反对倾销、补贴及政府的歧视性采购等.鼓励发展与改革原则是指对发展中成员国的经济发展和改革采取鼓励原则.4.关贸总协定通过八轮谈判成功地降低了各成员国货物贸易中的关税和非关税壁垒,为什么还要成立WTO？参考答案：关贸总协定的制定使得国际贸易能够在一个比较自由的贸易环境下展开.但关贸总协定在设立时,主要是针对货物贸易及其相关产业部门的贸易问题而设定的规则协议,这就制约着缔约国之间贸易范围的发展扩大,如服务贸易和知识产权等贸易问题.1986年9 月,关贸总协定在乌拉圭启动第八轮谈判(又称乌拉圭回合),谈判议题中涉及了服务贸易和与贸易有关的知识产权等非货物贸易问题.这些重大议题的谈判成果很难在关税与贸易总协定的框架内付诸实施,使得创立一个正式的国际贸易组织的必要性日益突出.5.分析北美自由贸易区成立的原因.参考答案：促使北美自由贸易区成立的原因主要有三个方面.第一,美、加、墨三国具有实行经济一体化的可能性.三国地理位置紧紧相连,语言文字、价值观念和风俗习惯等都具有相似性.三国的经济互补性加强且依存度很高.第二,是来自欧洲经济一体化的压力.20世纪80年代以来,世界经济一体化成为世界经济的一个突出现象.为了适应激烈的竞争,更多的国家组成新的区域经济一体化组织或者加入到原有的一体化组织当中.欧洲一体化的扩大和深化使美国倍感压力.美国清楚地认识到,统一大市场将使自己面临一系列的难题.单靠自己的力量,不足以应付来自欧共体和其他区域经济体的挑战,建立以美国为首的区域经济一体化组织,以整体力量与其他一体化组织对抗,才可以保持在世界经济中的主导地位.第三,符合北美各成员国发展经济的需要.建立北美自由贸易区,实行美、加、墨三国经济一体化,对美国而言,既可以扩大商品出。
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C h a p t e r1S e t t i n g U p a B u s i n e s s1.In which field will you set up your business?With the development of the science and technology, many traditional goods have been displaced by electrical apparatus. Almostly we do anything by using electricity, such as electric cookers, cellphones, computers and air conditioners. We strongly realize it when there’s something wrong with electricity. So I want to set up my business ,building a supermarket, in the field of electrical appliance and electronic goods.2.Will your business be a sole proprietorship, a partnership, or a corporation ? My business will be a sole proprietorship. The advantages of sole proprietorships are many fold. The following are their major appeals.First of all, it’s simple to establish. Just pay a small fee, get the necessary state and local licenses or permits.Secondly, it’s more freer in decision-making. As a sole proprietor ,I can make my own decisions on business policies and operations, such as the type of goods or services I want to offer at the price I feel appropriate.Thirdly, it’s easy to keep operational and financial secrecy. I don’t have to report to shareholders or board directors.Fourthly, it’s less tax burden. The tax rates for sole proprietors are often only half of those for corporations.Last but not least, it’s exclusive use of I work hard and make a small fortune, I can take all the profits and don’t have to share them with anyone else.Chapter 2 Marketing: An Overview1.How would your business offer advantages over competitive firms?The advantages of my business are many fold. The following are the major appeals.a.Guaranteed authentic goods of high quality and reasonable price. Theelectrical appliance and goods we offer are of high quality and reasonable price. Any second-hand goods or copycat cellphones cannot be found in my sell guaranteed authentic good.b.Some promotional activities .We can offer some kinds of free gifts whenconsumers buy my goods. If they consume a certain amount of money, they can register for membership cards.c.Better after-sale service. We will offer better after-sale service free ofcharge to ensure the satisfaction of my consumers.2.Does your business have factors which could make your revenue lower or expenses higher than what you expect?a.Low reputation of a new brand. My business as a new comer to this fieldlacks high reputation and brand effect, there are not many consumers atfirst.b.Some copycat electronic goods of cheeper price and poor quality in othercompetitive firms. These goods will attract consumers a lot at very lowprice at first,my business will be in a poor situation which makes myrevenue lower .Chapter 3 Products and Pricing1.How is the products you plan to offer is different from those offered by your competitors?a. Guaranteed authentic goods of high quality and reasonable price. The electrical appliance and goods we offer are of high quality and reasonable price. Any second-hand goods or copycat cellphones cannot be found in my sell guaranteed authentic good.after-sale service. We will offer better after-sale service free of charge to ensure the satisfaction of my consumers.2.How will the pricing of your products be determined compared with those of competitive products?First, marketing research .Collecting and analyzing the price of competitive products to identify consumers’ purchasing power and buying abilities. Then decide the price that the customers can accept.Also we can set the price the same as those of competitive products, besides we will offer some little gifts free of charge to attract more customers.3.Could the unique features of your product be protected from competitors?The unique features of my products could be protected from competitors . The electrical appliance and goods we offer are of high quality and reasonable price. Any second-hand goods or copycat cellphones cannot be found in mysell guaranteed authentic good. Also we will offer better after-sale service free of charge to ensure the satisfaction of my consumers. The unique features of my products could be protected from competitors .Chapter 4 Channels of Distribution1.How will your business distribute the products to the customers?a.Virtual stores. We’ll also represent my goods on the Internet by setting upvirtual stores. My consumers can make inquiries, check specifications,compare prices, place orders and make payment, all through the Internet, thus making my goods shopping much efficient than the traditional modes.b.Direct selling. Home appliances and electrical goods can be sold directly,which involves selling to consumers in their homes or workplaces. Thisapproach can fully demonstrate the features of the products and enabledirect and one-to-one consultation to prospective buyers.c.Multilevel marketing. MLM has been popular around the would in selling awide variety of products. Hundreds of downliners ,the commissions can be quite sizable.d.Supermarkets are large stores featuring low prices, self-service and fastmoving merchandise such as groceries.2. Could your products be distributed more efficiently and at lower costs?My products could be distributed more efficiently and at lower costs. We’ll represent my goods on the Internet by setting up virtual stores. My consumers can make inquiries, check specifications, compare prices, place orders and makepayment, all through the Internet, thus making my goods shopping much efficient than the traditional modes.And home appliances and electrical goods can be sold directly, which involves selling to consumers in their homes or workplaces. This approach can fully demonstrate the features of the products and enable direct and one-to-one consultation to prospective buyers.Also consumers can buy my goods in my my products could be distributed more efficiently and at lower costs.3.Whether the cost of distribution of your products will be affected substantially if price of utilities or transportation go up by a big margin.The cost of distribution of your products will be affected substantially if price of utilities or transportation go up by a big margin. The numerous functions the utilities or transportation perform, physical distribution accounts for almost 30% of the total costs of marketing, if price of utilities or transportation go up by a big margin, the cost of distribution of your products will be affected substantially .Chapter 5 Promotion1.Describe the promotional mix for your products.Advertising :product advertising and institutional advertising.a.Internet .We’ll represent my goods on the Internet by setting up virtualstores. My consumers can make inquiries, check specifications, compareprices, place orders and make payment, all through the Internet, thus making my goods shopping much efficient than the traditional modes.b.Newspapers and television. Put my goods’ information on thenewspapers .ADs in the newspapers can be clipped and saved,also they are low in cost and can be prepared and placed within minimum time.Televisions can reach a vast captive audience of all types with colorful and eye-catching.c.Outdoor sales promotion. Billboards,posters ,trade show publicity andelectric displays are the major forms of outdoor advertising.2.Estimate the amount of money that will be allocated for promotion during the first year.We will spend 30% of the money on advertisements on the newspapers Internet and televisions. Then 40% of the money will be payed for thesales-promotion, especially outdoor promotion, such as billboards,posters ,trade show publicity and electric displays, to increase customer awareness and the sales of a firm’s product or service. All of the sales promotion can reach a vast captive audience of all types with colorful and eye-catching.Chapter 6 Money and Banking1.I think plastic money is really money. Money is a key element in economic and business activities and has been the theme of many witty remarks. To us, money is nothing but the currency of a country. To economists, money is a subject for study and, for something to be money; it must at least have thefollowing characteristics: portability, divisibility, stability, durability and acceptability.First of all, money must be light in weight and easy to carry.Second, it must be easily divisible into smaller parts with a fixed value for each unit.Third, money must be stable in value, and this is best understood in times of inflation.Fourth, money must be able to stand the wear and tear of repeated transactions during its life in circulation.Last, for money of a country to function at all, it must be made legal tender for that country by its government and be acceptable to the public. As plastic money has all the characteristics of money, though it’s not made of paper, it still can be caller really money.2.Easy to carry and convenient.Credit card has "VISA" or "MasterCard" logo, in a foreign country can be directly brush calorie of consumption, and a cash or cash will first exchange; In addition, by credit card booking the ticket and hotel, telephone or Internet shopping and rent a car and so on is also very convenient, and might not have the cash benefits -- because credit card in addition to direct the brush has a "preliminary license" function; And there is no no change in embarrassment.Safe, Clean and healthy.As we all know that cash flow is bigger and bigger, coin of bacteria is one can imagine, but in addition to their credit card is a few cashier touched - even if the credit card dirty, still can clean disinfection.Facilitate financialCredit card bill in the future we will receive a paper or electronic mail forms of consumption detailed bill, from the bill, we can clear their own in last month's consumption and expenditure.3. Blind consumptionBrush card not like cash that a piece of a money flower out, a brush, nothing feeling, a few Numbers, lead to blind consumption, spend money like waterStolen brushCredit card basically the default password is free credit card consumption, it can easily be lost or stolen in when others stolen brush, cause needless trouble or loss; But in fact the credit card is also by the password can apply for credit card consumption - this is about to see how you manage your credit card.Easy to lose. It is just a small card, and sometimes even if you lost it, you still can’t find the fact after a long time.4. With an increases market share, Hongya cannot only squeeze out the rivals, but also consolidate its own position.1. After increasing modes of payment, the customers of Hongya increased rapidly. Nowadays, people prefer to carry credit cards instead of much money.Since Hongya started accepting different modes of payment, customers believe that their level is high and they attract more purchasers. Especially Hongya accepts buying on credit for the regular customers. So they gained more market share.2. Yes. The new modes of payment have potential risks. They sold commodities on credit. It is possible for them not to collect the account payable from their customers. Some customers may not pay back the money when they are not satisfied with the service or quality of goods. When customers make open account. Hongya should know about their credit and also make them do some promises.3. I do not think it will be widely adopted in China. First of all, there are some areas which is not developed enough to use credit. There is not enough equipment and some people even do not have all kinds of cards.Chapter 7 Financingmoney , Ralph can not buy a much needed pick-up and his financial plan was destroyed. He can not improve the store’s delivery as planed.the bank does not change its decision, Ralph can borrow from his friends or family members. He can also transfer his other expenditures. He can even buy the pock-up through a open account. Take his equipment as collateral to solve the problem.up his own manufacturing facilities is more advantages. Now that their business has enlarged and they also have enough capital to set up their ownmanufacturing factory. They can do it by themselves. It not only makes profits but also produce commodities that meet their demands. No other people know more their garments of their own brands than themselves.other investors’ funds as equity is more beneficial to Hongya. Hongya need not pay back the money and the investors also decrease the liabilities and risks of Hongya. If Hongya use bank loans as debts. It must pay back in the line of credit and also pay back the interests.are two types of loans; secures and unsecured. Hongya can put up collateral to make secures loan. We know that Hongya has had amount assets. Hongya can also make revolving credit agreements. Another option is short term fund raising. This type of loan is at a low interest rate.Chapter 8 Accounting1.I think clients should be punished if they make late payment. But I do not believe the seller can do in this way. First of all, he earns money from his clients. If clients are not satisfied with his behavior. They will choose other partners. For his own sake, he can not do that. If he really takes this measure, there may be more clients not make the payment.In order to make a win-win condition, he should not take this measure. It depends. Clients with long-term relationship should not be punished for late payment by carelessness for the sake of the continual business trade in the future. But clients who make late payments for many times should be punished according to what have been stipulated in the contracts.is a good way to encourage clients to make early payment. This can motivate clients to make payments as soon as possible, consequently, provides amplespace for the company’s future development with collected capital.can give some preferential policies to clients if they make early payment. For example, we can make a preferential price or give them commodities free ofcharge as a reward to encourage early payment. To ensure an early payment,strict and clear stipulation in the contract, such as the maturity date of LC andclauses on claims for breach of contract, is essential. In addition, maintaininggood relationship with clients in daily life can also facilitate a prompt payment.4Hongya Balance sheetASSETS(RMB) LIABILITIES AND OWNER’S EQUITY(RMB)Current assets Current liabilitiesCash 1,100,000 Accts ¬es payable 1,115,000Acct ¬es receivable 830,000 Accrued wages 378,000Inventories 2,000,000 Income taxes due 1,387,710Total current assets 3,930,000 Total current liabilities 2,880,710Fixed assets Long-term Liabilities 1,000,000Furniture 6,420,000 Total long-term liabilities 1,000,000Less: Accumu. Depreciation 6,050,000 Total liabilities 3,880,710Facilities 6,050,000 Owner equity 11,709,280Less: Accumu. Depreciation (1,210,000) StockTotal fixed assets 10,618,000Other Assets Total liabilitiesSundry 1,042,000 and owner’s equity 15,590,000 Total other assets 1,042,000Total assets 15,590,000(1) Average inventory=Beginning inventory + Ending inventory／2=1,430,000 + 5,280,000／2=3355000(2)Inventory turnover= cost of goods sold／Average inventory=30,166,000／3,355,000=10 turnsCurrent ratio = current assets／current liabilities=3,930,000／2,880,710= Quick ratio= current assets-inventories／currentliabilities=3,930,000-2,000,000／2,880,710= timesR1=负债liabilities／资产assets=3,880,710／11,709,280=Gross profit margin= gross profits／net sales=15,686,000／45,852,300 =% Net profit margin=net income／net sales=6,775,290／45,852,300=%Return on owners’ investment=Net income／total owner’s equity=6,775,290／11,709,280=%In other words, it takes Hongya days (365/55) on average to collect its receivables.3. Judging from these figures, we may see that the inventory and accountsreceivable turnovers are pretty high, indicating a good and smooth operation in the firm. Net profit margin is comparatively lower.Chapter 9 The Securities Market1.The appropriate investment goal for the six clients should be makingcertain amount profits with the least risk, for I can see from their cases that the original principal is of vital importance for their normal life, consequently, in my opinion, the optimal investment portfolio should be least risky.2.If I were Simon, the portfolio would be suggested asfollows,35-year-old divorced woman: Concerning the two teen sons who may need a lot of money in their growth, I suggest two types of securities in the portfolio—bonds and common stock with almost equal proportion.The couple: Bonds would be more appealing for they have fixed income and may not want to risk a lot, since this kind of investment provide very steady income and have the least risk.The 19-year-old university freshman: He has no other economical sources owing to the lack of parents and has to rely on this sum of moneyfor a long period until he graduates and finds a job to support himself. So I suggest bonds and preferred stock in his portfolio, for both of them are of high safety and steady single woman: She has not got married yet and thus have too less worries than the other five people.Chapter 10 Risk Management and Insurance1.The major types of risk faced by Global Info are natural disasters, such asearthquake, typhoon and storms. Besides, fire, theft, explosion and other artificial disasters are also big risk.2. Insurance can be purchased to protect the company from damage or loss oftheir property. To be more specific, fire insurance cover losses suffered by fire and it can add a rider to the policy, extending the coverage for losses such as windstorms, explosion, riot and fire.3.It should have bought fire insurance and business interruption insurance.There may be a lot of electronic equipments in Global Info for online advice applications, thus it is susceptible to fire caused by such kind of facilities.The company should appropriate a certain portion of money to insure it against potential risks for the sake of avoidance of catastrophic losses.1.Risk means uncertainty about the future and is unavoidable to all businesses. The possibility of risk, how ever small it may seem, indeed exist and can’t be removed thoroughly. So from this sense we may see that the indispensability of insurance.However, due to the fact that the premium exceeded all the compensation and Hongya has always done a good job in disaster-prevention measures, the company can buy less insurance in the future, deducting unnecessary insurances and readjust the structure of insurance concerning the accidents in recent years, or it can buy more cost-saving insurance with its own reality considered.2. It can buy group life insurance, which covers all individuals in a businessfirm. In addition, it can also set up relative training sessions to the staff that will frequently go out on business, informing them of self-protective methods and strengthening their awareness of safety.Purchase general liability, which protects policyholders against financial risks involving personal, professional, product.。