语言学重点题目整理
语言学刚要试题及答案

语言学刚要试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么?A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 哲学答案:A2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科?A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 修辞学D. 物理学答案:D3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么?A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案:C4. 语言的语音系统主要研究的是?A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的发音规律D. 语言的书写形式5. 语言的语法系统主要研究的是?A. 语言的发音规律B. 语言的书写形式C. 语言的词汇D. 语言的句法结构答案:D6. 语言的语义系统主要研究的是?A. 语言的发音规律B. 语言的句法结构C. 语言的意义D. 语言的书写形式答案:C7. 语言的语用系统主要研究的是?A. 语言的起源B. 语言的交际功能C. 语言的词汇D. 语言的句法结构答案:B8. 语言的演变主要受哪些因素的影响?A. 社会变迁B. 文化交流C. 科技发展D. 所有以上答案:D9. 语言的方言差异主要体现在哪些方面?B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有以上答案:D10. 语言的标准化通常包括哪些方面?A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有以上答案:D二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是研究人类________的科学。
答案:语言2. 语言的三大基本要素包括语音、________和语义。
答案:语法3. 语言的________是语言的最小意义单位。
答案:语素4. 语言学家通常将语言的演变分为内部演变和________。
答案:外部演变5. 语言的________系统主要研究语言的交际功能。
答案:语用6. 语言的________系统主要研究语言的意义。
答案:语义7. 语言的________系统主要研究语言的句法结构。
答案:语法8. 语言的________系统主要研究语言的发音规律。
答案:语音9. 语言学家将语言的方言差异归因于地理、社会和________等因素。
大学语言学试题

大学语言学试题一、简答题1.语言学的定义是什么?语言学是对语言现象进行系统研究的学科,包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学等各个方面的内容。
2.什么是语音学?语音学是研究语言音素及其组织规律的学科,它包括语音的产生、传播和接收三方面的内容。
3.什么是语法学?语法学是研究语言句法结构及其规律的学科,它研究句子的构成、成分的功能和句子之间的关系等内容。
4.什么是语义学?语义学是研究词义和句义及其组织规律的学科,它关注词的意义、句子的意义以及意义的表达方式等方面的内容。
5.什么是语用学?语用学是研究语言使用及其背后的意义的学科,它研究人们如何使用语言进行交际和表达意义,关注语境、语用原则等内容。
二、论述题1.语言学与语法学的区别和联系。
语言学是对语言现象进行全面研究的学科,涵盖了语音学、语法学、语义学和语用学等方面的内容。
而语法学是语言学的一个分支,主要研究语法现象及其规律。
语言学与语法学的联系在于语法学是语言学的重要组成部分,它提供了研究语言结构和规律的方法和理论基础。
同时,语法学的研究结果也为语言学的其他方面提供了重要的参考。
然而,语言学与语法学的区别在于语言学更加宏观和综合,它研究语言的各个方面,包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用等。
而语法学则是语言学中具体研究句法现象的一个分支,着重研究句子的构成、成分的功能和句子之间的关系。
2.语音学与音系学的关系。
语音学研究语音的产生、传播和接收,它是语言学的一个重要分支学科。
而音系学则是语音学中研究语言音素及其组织规律的一个分支领域。
语音学通过观察和记录语音现象,研究不同语音之间的差异和共性。
而音系学则在此基础上进一步研究语言中的音素及其分类、组织以及声音之间的相互关系。
简言之,语音学是对语音现象的整体研究,而音系学是语音学中对语音结构及其规律的具体研究。
三、分析题1.什么是语言的意义?语言的意义是指语言表达所传递的信息内容。
它涉及词汇意义、句子意义和话语意义等多个层次。
语言学考试题库及答案

语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么?A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的使用答案:B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的组成部分?A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 逻辑答案:D3. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分?A. 符号和意义B. 能指和所指C. 语音和语义D. 形式和内容答案:B二、填空题1. 语言是______的,它由______和______构成。
答案:符号系统;形式;内容2. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行交流的能力。
答案:交流3. 语言的______功能是指语言能够表达思想和情感的能力。
答案:表达三、简答题1. 简述语言和言语的区别。
答案:语言是指一种抽象的符号系统,它包括语音、语法、语义等规则和结构;言语则是指个人使用语言进行交流的具体行为。
2. 描述索绪尔的“能指”和“所指”概念。
答案:索绪尔认为语言符号由“能指”和“所指”两部分组成。
“能指”指的是语言符号的声音形式,而“所指”指的是符号所代表的概念或意义。
四、论述题1. 论述语言的任意性原则及其对语言学习和教学的影响。
答案:语言的任意性原则指的是语言符号的声音形式和它所代表的概念之间没有必然的联系。
这一原则对语言学习和教学有着深远的影响,因为它意味着学习者需要记忆每个符号的声音和意义之间的联系,而不能依赖于逻辑或直观的关联。
这对语言教学提出了挑战,要求教师设计有效的教学方法来帮助学生记忆和理解这些任意的联系。
2. 分析语言的交际功能及其在现代社会中的重要性。
答案:语言的交际功能是指语言作为交流工具,使人们能够传递信息、表达情感和进行社会互动。
在现代社会,随着全球化和信息技术的发展,语言的交际功能变得尤为重要。
有效的沟通能够促进国际合作、文化交流和商业交易,同时也有助于解决社会冲突和增进理解。
因此,掌握一门或多门语言对于个人和社会的发展至关重要。
语言学理论试题及答案

语言学理论试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么?A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的使用D. 语言的演变答案:B2. 下列哪项不是索绪尔提出的语言学基本概念?A. 语言符号B. 语言系统C. 语言功能D. 语言的任意性答案:C3. 乔姆斯基的生成语法理论主张语言能力是:A. 后天习得的B. 先天存在的C. 社会约定的D. 个人创造的答案:B4. 语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”的概念是由谁提出的?A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 哈里斯答案:B5. 语言的“同义异构”现象是指:A. 同一意义的不同表达方式B. 不同意义的相同表达方式C. 同一表达方式的不同意义D. 不同表达方式的相同意义答案:A6. 语言的“语境”指的是:A. 语言的内部结构B. 语言的外部环境C. 语言的使用者D. 语言的规则答案:B7. 语言的“语域”通常指的是:A. 语言的地域分布B. 语言的交际场合C. 语言的历史发展D. 语言的语法规则答案:B8. 语言的“语用学”研究的是:A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的用法D. 语言的演变答案:C9. 语言的“语料库”是指:A. 语言的数据库B. 语言的规则集C. 语言的样本集D. 语言的词汇表答案:C10. 语言的“方言”是指:A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言的相似形式C. 同一语言的相同形式D. 不同语言的相同变体答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学和______。
答案:语用学2. 语言的“能指”指的是语言符号的______部分,而“所指”指的是语言符号的______部分。
答案:形式;意义3. 语言的“同音词”是指发音相同但______不同的词。
答案:意义4. 语言的“词缀”是指可以附加在词根上的______或______。
答案:前缀;后缀5. 语言的“句法”研究的是词、短语和句子的______。
语言学试题及答案

语言学试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 语言学是研究什么的学科?A. 语言的历史发展B. 语言的内在结构和功能C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言的学习和教学2. 下列哪个不是语音学的研究对象?A. 音素B. 音节C. 语法D. 音位3. 语义学主要研究的是:A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的语法结构C. 语言的意义D. 语言的书写形式4. 转换生成语法是由哪位语言学家提出的?A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 萨皮尔5. 下列哪个词属于派生词?A. 快乐B. 快速C. 快乐地D. 快车6. 句法学研究的是:A. 句子的构成B. 词义的组合C. 语言的发音D. 语言的书写7. 社会语言学关注的是:A. 语言的变异与变化B. 语言与社会的关系C. 语言的起源和发展D. 语言的标准化8. 语言的功能主义理论是由下列哪位语言学家提出的?A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 韩礼德D. 布隆菲尔德9. 语言的同源词是指:A. 同一种语言中的不同词B. 不同语言中意义相同的词C. 来自同一词根的词D. 不同语言中发音相同的词10. 下列哪项不是语用学的研究内容?A. 语境B. 言语行为C. 语言的逻辑结构D. 语言的交际功能答案:1-5 B C C B D 6-10 A C B C C二、填空题(每题1分,共10分)1. 语言学的四个主要分支是语音学、语法学、语义学和________。
2. 索绪尔是________语言学的创始人。
3. 语言的任意性原则是指语言符号的_______和_______之间没有必然的联系。
4. 词类转换是指通过改变词的形式来改变其_______。
5. 语言的同化现象是指不同语言在交流中逐渐_______的现象。
6. 语言的方言是指同一语言内部由于_______、_______等因素而形成的不同变体。
7. 语言的借词是指一种语言从另一种语言中借用的_______或_______。
语言学概论复习重点题目(附答案)

Linguistics:I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets1. ( ) The study of language as a whole is often called __________ linguistics.A. particularB. generalC. ordinaryD. generative2. ( ) __________ can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.A. PhonesB. SoundsC. PhonemesD. Speech sounds3. ( ) The two clauses in a __________ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A. simpleB. completeC. complexD. coordinate4. ( ) The goal of __________ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among avariety of speech communities and indifferent social situations.A. psycholinguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. historical linguisticsD. general linguistics5. ( ) A __________ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highestposition.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle6. ( ) The open, back and long vowel is __________.A.[ɑ:]B.[ɔ:]C.[ə:]D.[u:]7. ( ) Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable extent __________.A. regular but not systematicB. irregular and systematicC. regular and systematicD. irregular but systematic8. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on the __________ investigation of language data.A. symbolicB. systemicC. systematicD. system9. ( ) __________ are sometimes called “semivowels”.A. vowelsB. fricativeC. glidesD. nasals10. ( ) __________ is a typical tone language.A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. American English11. ( ) A sentence is considered __________ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind ofnative speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical12. ( ) The number of the lexical items in the minor lexical categories is __________ and no new membersare allowed for.A. largeB. smallC. limitlessD. fixed13. ( ) Human beings are the only species that learns and acquires language__________ explicit instruction.A. withB. withoutC. withinD. through14. ( ) According to F. de Saussure, __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language15. ( ) Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the __________ properties of the stream of sounds which aspeaker issues.A. oralB. mentalC. physicalD. recorded16. ( ) __________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.A. PhonologyB. PhoneticsC. MorphologyD. Phonemics17. ( ) __________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.A. BroadB. DetailedC. WideD. Narrow18. ( ) The word “motel”is formed via word formation rule of __________.A. clippingB. blendingC. acronymD. coinage19. ( ) If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct”behavior, i.e., to tell people what theyshould say and what they should not say, it is said to be __________.A. productiveB. arbitraryC. prescriptiveD. creative20. ( ) __________, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second elementreceives secondary stress.A. OrthographicallyB. PhoneticallyC. SemanticallyD. Syntactically21. ( ) __________ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. LexicologyD. Coordination22. ( ) __________ is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.A. AbbreviationB. AcronymC. ClippingD. Blending23. ( ) Those that affect the syntactic category and the meaning of the root as well are __________.A. stemsB. affixesC. suffixesD. prefixes.24. ( ) __________ refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to theroots, stems, or words.A. DerivationB. CompoundingC. BlendingD. Back formation25. ( ) Since the phonetic contrast between /k/ in the word “kill”and /k/ in the word “coal”is not adistinctive one, the two /k/-s are only __________.A. phonemesB. phonesC. segmentsD. allophones26. ( ) When /p/ and /b/ occur in the same environments and distinguish meaning, they are in __________.A. minimal pairB. minimal setC. phonemic contrastD. complementary distribution27. ( ) __________ at the end of stems can modify the meaning of the original word and in many caseschange its part of speech.A. RootsB. PrefixesC. SuffixesD. Free morphemes28. ( ) As /k/ in the word “came”and /g/ in the word “game”are said to form a distinctive opposition inEnglish, they are __________.A. soundsB. phonemesC. allophonesD. varieties29. ( ) The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are __________ sounds.A. consonantalB. voicedC. vowelD. voiceless30. ( ) __________ are added to an existing form to create a word, which is a very common way to createnew words in English.A. Inflectional affixesB. Free morphemeC. Derivational affixesD. Stems31. ( ) __________ is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires anew, sometimes related meaning.A. Semantic narrowingB. Semantic broadeningC. Semantic borrowingD. Semantic shift32. ( ) __________ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication.A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. LexicologyD. Phonetics33. ( ) Stress in English is used to __________ semantically important words.A. signalB. stand outC. identifyD. single34. ( ) __________ refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.A. Sound assimilationB. Internal borrowingC. ElaborationD. Rule simplification35. ( ) A compound word consists of __________.A. two or more than two wordsB. two morphemesC. two root morphemesD. two or more morphemes36. ( ) Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords37. ( ) “alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above38. ( )The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. morphemicD. semanticII. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.1. English is an i__________ language.2. The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p__________.3. IPA stands for International Phonetic A__________.4. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s__________ features.5. C__________ is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.6. P__________ studies language in relation to the mind.7. Human capacity for language has a g______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.8. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d__________.9. P__________ is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language.10. F__________ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.11. B__________ is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.12. An English speaker and Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutuallyintelligible. This is a case of c__________ transmission.13. C__________ distribution means that the allophones of the same phoneme always occur in differentphonetic environments.14. Affixes like “im-”, “il-”, “un-”, “-tion”, “-or”, “-hood”, are called d______ affixes.15. The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one s__________ the other.16. Modern linguistics gives priority to the s__________ form of language.17. A bound r__________ can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.18. Language is p_____ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.19. P_________ occur at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end.20. Historical linguists are concerned with the historical d__________ of languages and the processes involvedin language change.21. Linguistics is generally defined as the s__________ study of language.22. D__________ means that language can be used to refer to things which present or not present, real orimagined matters in the past, present , or future, or in faraway places.23. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is l__________.24. Lying across the glottis are the v__________ cords, which are not really cords or strings as the nameindicates, but two membranes.25. S_________ is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies the social significance of language variation andlanguage use in different speech communities including regional, ethnic and social groups.26 I__________ affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number,degree, and case.27. A d__________ study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.28. In terms of morphemic analysis, c__________ can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes morethan two words to create new words.29. An acronym is a word created by combining the i__________ letters of a number of words.30 The description of a language as it changes through time is a d__________ study.31. The study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society is known as s__________.32. O__________, a compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen in between, or as twoseparate words.33. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they arecollectively known as i__________.34. The long vowels are all t__________ vowels and the short vowels are l__________ vowels.35. A s__________ community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or aparticular variety of language.36. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in thesame place in the strings, the two words are said to form a m__________ pair.37. Language is a system of a__________ vocal symbols used for human communication.38. Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a f__________ verb or averb phrase.39. Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k__________ of the rules of his language.40. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______________ .41. M_____________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules bywhich words are formed.42. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.43. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.44. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.45. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.46. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.47.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.48. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.49. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.1. ( ) Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, but sometimes prescriptive.2. ( ) Distinctive features are the same to any language.3. ( ) One of the clauses in a coordinate sentence is subordinate to the other.4. ( ) In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct object usuallyprecedes the verb.5. ( ) The most vigorous and on going change in the historical development of a language is the change in itsvocabulary.6. ( ) SLA stands for second language acquisition.7. ( ) The writing system of any language is always a later invention, used to record the speech.8. ( ) Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.9. ( ) The root of a word is the smallest meaningful unit of language.10. ( ) Historical linguistics studies language change.11. ( ) Language is a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.12. ( ) A synchronic study of language is a historical study.13. ( ) The structure of words is not governed by rules.14. ( ) Epenthesis is a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or a vowel sound to the middle of aword.15. ( ) Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.16 ( ) Phonology is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all thesounds that occur in the world's languages.17. ( ) Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress andsentence stress.18. ( ) WH movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.19. ( ) Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.20. ( ) Stress is a relative notion; only words with two or more syllables can be said to have word stress, andmonosyllabic words can not be said to have word stress.21. ( ) Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.22. ( ) Language change is different from the change in the grammar.23. ( ) An acronym is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.24. ( ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a native language.25. ( ) The ultimate objective of language is to create grammatically well formed sentences.26. ( ) Suffixes, in contrast with prefixes, are added to the end of stems.27. ( ) Sound assimilation refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.28. ( ) It is the property of arbitrariness that provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide rangeof things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.29. ( ) When language users use it to convey information, thoughts and feelings from one person to anotheror as an attempt to control each other's behavior, we think that language is now functioning as a means of intrapersonal communication.30. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.31. ( ) The location of one of the suprasegmental features in English —stress does distinguish meaning.32. ( ) Most English words are closed categories because the number of the lexical items in these categoriesis fixed and no new members are allowed for, so they are known as major lexical categories.33. ( ) Language as the most important tool for human communication is both an open system and a closedsystem as well. It is closed because its forms in terms of sentences are regular, stable and context free.It is open because of its being variable, and context sensitive.34. ( ) What any individual speaker says within the same speech community is known as idiolect.35. ( ) A coordinate sentence contains two clauses which hold unequal status, that is, with one subordinatingthe other.36. ( ) It seems that with the help of language people may “think”better, and here it is believed thatlanguage is exerting its function of interpersonal communication.37. ( ) General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicablein any linguistic study.38. ( ) Languages vary in the order of the subject, the verb and the object.39. ( ) The distinction between Saussure's langue and Chomsky's competence lies in that the former is amatter of social conventions while the latter emphasizes the property of the mind of each individual.40. ( ) Words are the smallest unit of language that can not be broken down into even smaller components.41. ( ) Blending is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.42. ( ) Phonetics deals with how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning.43. ( ) Linguistic performance is essentially a social phenomenon but not a context dependent behavior.44. ( ) There are actually many other communicative systems rather than human language that are also rulegoverned.45. ( ) Morphology is divided into three sub-branches: inflectional morphology, lexical morphology andderivational morphology.46. ( ) In some sense we may use the term diachronic linguistics instead of historical linguistics.47. ( ) The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.48. ( ) Both phonology and phonetics are studies of sound though they have different emphases.49. ( ) Generally speaking, the standard language is more effective in expressing ideas than any other dialectcoexisting with it.50. ( ) Major lexical categories are open categories.51. ( ) The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of gender markings only.52. ( ) In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spokenform for a number of reasons.53. ( ) Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.54. ( ) The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning ofa compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.55. ( ) Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English andAmerican English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.56. ( ) Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic worldof experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.57. ( ) Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.58. ( ) In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physicalworld of experience.IV. Explain the following terms briefly:1. Design feature: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.2. Synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.3. Diachronic: study of a language is carried through the course of its history.4. Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language use.5. Descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.6. Arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.7. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.8. Displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space, at the moment of communication.9. Creativity(创造性): one design feature of human language ,by creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its reccursiveness.10.C ompetence: competence means the language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.11. Performance: according to Chomsky, performance means the actual use of language in concrete situations.12. Langue: According to Saussure, langue refers to the linguistic competence of the speaker.13. Parole: According to Saussure, parole refers to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances).14. Consonant: Consonants are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.15.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speech sounds.16.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. 17.Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription; while, the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.18. P hone: the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. It’s a phonetic unit or segment.19. Phoneme: A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a phoneme. It’s a basic unit in phonological analysis. It is not any particular sound, but an abstract segment. In actual speech, a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone. (the sound type in the mind) The phoneme is the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit.20. Allophone: the phones which are versions of one phoneme are referred to as the allophones of that phoneme.21. Minimal pairs: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment, which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.22. V owel: are sound segments produced without such obstruction, so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.23. Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.24. Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. There are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it regressive assimilation; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is know as progressive assimilation.25. Phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages. What it studies includes the organs of speech, transcription, classification of speech sounds etc.26. Intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English, which has four basic types of intonation known as the four tones: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone.27. Suprasegmental: aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principle suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.28. Morpheme: The smallest meaningful components at the lowest level of a word are called morphemes, such as “man”, “-ly”, “teach” “-er”, “dark”, and “-en” in “manly”, “teacher” and “darken”. The meaning morphemes convey may be of two kinds: lexical meaning such as “man”, “-ly”, “teach”, “-er” and grammatical meaning such as “-e s”, “-ed”, and “-ing” in “teaches” “ played” and “raining”.29. Grammatical words: words expressing grammatical meanings, such conjunction, prepositions, articles and pronouns.30. Open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs.31. Affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).32. Root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.33. Compounds: Compounds are compound morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, such as classroom, blackboard, snow-white, etc.34. Bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to, e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”35. Blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words. 36. Loanword: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation, in some cases, to the phonological system of the new language that they enter.37. Syntax is the study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences.38. Constituent: a term used in structural analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit.39. Immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.40. Endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.41. Eexocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.42. Category: parts of speech and function, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject, predicate, etc.43. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.44. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de -contextualised.45. Reference:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience46. Synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.V. Questions:1. What are the major functions of language?Language function means the use of language to communicate, to think, etc. Language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic communion, recreational function and metalingual function.2. Describe the four design features of language with examples.3. State briefly how consonants are classified.Three parameters are involved in classifying a consonant/ Consonants are classified according to the following three parameters:①place of articulation: place in the mouth where obstruction occurs: bi-labial, labio-dental, alveolar, etc②manners of articulation: ways in which articulation can be accomplished: plosive, fricative, nasal, etc③state of vocal cords: if the vocal cords vibrate or not: voiced and voiceless consonants.3. How are simple vowels classified?There are four ways to classify simple vowels:① According to the height of tongue raising: high, middle, low②According to the position of the highest part of the tongue: front, central, back③According to the shape of the lips (the degree of lip-rounding): rounded, unrounded。
英语语言学重点及问题总汇

Basic Notions in English Linguistics Chapter 1 Introduction1.What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols for human communication.2.What are design features of language?Arbitrariness, duality, displacement, interchangeability, creativity, cultural transmission3.What is arbitrariness?There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.4.What is displacement?Language is free from barriers caused by separation of time and place.5.What is duality?Language is a system consisting of two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level (meanings) are composed of elements of the secondary level (sounds) and each level has its own principles of organization.6.What is creativity?Language users can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentences.7.What is cultural transmission?The details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.8.What are three general functions oflanguage proposed by Halliday?Ideational, interpersonal, textual9.What is linguistics?Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.10.What are main branches of linguistics?Phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics11.What is macro-linguistics?The study of language in relation to other disciplines, e.g. sociolinguistics 12.What is the distinction of prescriptiveand descriptive?Prescribe what people should say, describe what people actually use13.What is the distinction of competenceand performance?The ideal user’s knowledge of language rules and the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication 14.What is the distinction of synchronic anddiachronic?The study of language in time and through time15.What is the distinction of speech andwriting?Natural/primary and invented/secondary media of human language16.What is traditional grammar?The general approach traditionally formed to the study of languageChapter 2 Speech Sounds17.What are speech sounds?Meaningful sounds in human linguistic communication18.What is phonetics?It studies the production, transmission and perception of speech sounds. 19.What are three branches of phonetics?Articulatory, acoustic, auditory20.What are the three cavities in speechproduction?Oral, nasal, pharyngeal21.What is IPA short for?International Phonetic Alphabet22.What is the main principle of IPA?There should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound in all languages.23.What are broad and narrowtranscriptions?With letter-symbols (and diacritics) 24.Where does the distinction lie betweenthe production of vowels and consonants?The obstruction of airstream in the oral cavity25.Describe the consonant [ ].V oiced place manner26.Describe the vowel [ ].High front long rounded27.What is phonology?The study of sound system, pattern 28.What is a phoneme?An abstract phonological unit of distinctive value 29.What is allophony?The phenomenon of variation in the pronunciation of phonemes in different phonological contexts30.What is a minimal pair?A pair of sound sequences identical inevery way except for one sound segment occurring in the same place in the strings31.What is assimilation?A process by which one sound takes onsome or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound32.What are major suprasegmentalfeatures?Syllable, stress, tone, intonation33.What are the four Chinese tones?Level, rise, fall-rise, fall34.How do intonations convey meanings?Falling indicates a straight-forward statement, rising makes a question, and fall-rise indicates an implied message.Chapter 3 Lexicon35.What is a word?A minimum free linguistic unit36.How are words classified?Variability, meaning, part of speech, membership limit37.What is morphology?The study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed38.What is a morpheme?The minimal unit of meaning39.What are types of morphemes?Free/bound (derivational/inflectional,prefix, infix, suffix, bound root)40.What are the two major ways of wordformation?Derivation, compound41.New words are added to Englishvocabulary in many ways. What are they?Coinage/invention, blending, borrowing, back-formation, abbreviation, analogy 42.How does language change in terms ofmeaning?Meaning shift, broadening, narrowingChapter 4 Syntax43.What is syntax?The study of sentence structure and the rules by which sentences are formed 44.What are the four representativeapproaches to Syntax?Traditional, structural, TG, functional 45.What are the categories of noun?Number, case, gender46.What are the categories of verb?Tense, voice, mood47.What is a sentence?The minimum part of L that expresses a complete thought, traditionally48.What are grammatical units at differentlevels?Morpheme, phrase, clause, sentence 49.What are the grammatical elements of asentence?Subject, predicate (predicator, object, comp.)50.What are the seven basic sentencepatterns in English? SVO, SV, SVC, SV A, SVOC, SVOA, SVOOChapter 5 Semantics51.What is semantics?The study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular 52.What is the nominalist view of meaning?Words are just names for things.53.What is the conceptualist view ofmeaning?Language and the real world are linked through the mediation of concepts54.What is the contextualist view ofmeaning?Meaning can be derived from observable contexts55.What is the behaviorist view ofmeaning?Meaning consists in the relation between speech and physical entities and events 56.What are the two traditional types ofmeaning?Lexical and structural meaning57.What are the 7 kinds of meaning byLeech (1981)?Conceptual, Con, S, A, R, Col, Thematic 58.How are sense and reference related toeach other?Abstract property/concrete entity59.What are major sense relations betweenwords?Synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, etc 60.What are kinds of synonyms?Dialectal, collocational, stylistic, affective, semantic61.What are kinds of antonyms?Gradable, complementary, relational 62.What is polysemy?One word with one+ meaning63.What is homonymy?Different words identical in spelling or/and sound64.What is hyponymy?Between a more general word and a more specific word65.What is the componential analysis?The dissection of word meaning into its semantic components/features66.What are the deciding factors ofsentence meaning?Meaning of sentence components, word order, sentence structure, thematic organizationChapter 6 Pragmatics67.What is pragmatics?The study of meaning in context 68.What is context?The environment of language use 69.What are components of context?Linguistic, situational, socio-cultural 70.What is an utterance?A unit of speech actually uttered in com.71.How is utterance meaning different fromsentence meaning?Concrete, contextualized, variable / 72.What are the three kinds of speech actsby Austin (1962)?Locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary 73.What is a locutionary act?The act of conveying literal meaning 74.What is an illocutionary act?The act of expressing intention75.What is a perlocutionary act?The effect of an utterance76.What is the general CooperativePrinciple?Make your conversational contribution as required.77.What are the four maxims of the CP?Quality, quantity, relation, manner78.What is conversational implicature?A type of implied meaning, which isdeduced on the basis of the conventionalmeaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.79.What are characteristics of CI?Cal, Can, non-det, non-conventionality 80.What is the Politeness Principle?Maximize the belief of polite expression 81.What is Cognitive Principle ofRelevance?Human cognition tends to achieve the greatest possible cognitive effect using the smallest effort.82.What is Communicative Principle ofRelevance?Every utterance communicates a presumption of its own optimal relevance.Chapter 7 Language, Society and Culture83.What is socio-linguistics?The study of language and society84.How is language related to society? OPENSocial background/context and language use, social function of L, L change85.Provide some linguistic evidence ofsocial differences in language use.Region, class, ethnic group, age, gender, individual, register, 86.What are the two versions ofSapir-Whorf Hypothesis?Strong (determinism), weak (relativism) 87.How is language related to culture? OPENL is an indispensable carrier of culture.C finds a better representation via L use.88.Provide some linguistic evidence ofcultural differences in language use. Greeting, thanks, color words, privacy, etc。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus 角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user'sk of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in differentregional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题(2)一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中,选出一个正确答案,并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
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名词解释1、形态(词形变化)形态是指同一个词在造句时因其句法位置的差异而发生的不同变化,是表达语法意义的重要手段。
2、音位的条件变体是一定语言中各有一定的出现条件而同属于一个音位的几个音,条件变体中的各音素处于互补关系中。
3、克里奥耳语又叫混合语,是指因语言远征而产生的特殊语言形式。
当洋泾浜被社会采用为主要的交际工具,成为儿童一代的母语时,它就成为了克里奥耳语。
它和洋泾浜都是语言接触的一些特殊形式,其特点是被孩子们作为母语来学习使用。
4、互补关系是指在某一具体语言中,几个不同的音素各有自己的出现环境,它们从不在相同的语音环境中出现和互相替换。
5、对立关系是指在某一具体语言中不同的音素可以出现在相同的语音环境中,它们的差别能区别词的语音形式和意义。
判定对立的方法是替换。
6、音位变体是同一个音位的不同的变异形式,是音位在特定的语音环境中的具体体现或具体代表。
音位变体可分为条件变体和自由变体。
7、音位:音位是一个语音系统中具有区别词的语音形式作用的最小语音单位。
音位符号用“/ /”表示。
音位是从语言的社会属性划分出来的语音单位,总是属于特定的具体语言或方言。
8、组合的递归性同样的语法结构可以层层嵌套,同一条结构规则可以重复使用而不致造成结构上的混乱,这就是语法结构规则的递归性。
表现形式:套合、联合。
9、语法范畴语法范畴就是把同一性质的语法意义进一步综合和概括所形成的语法意义的类别。
分为性、数、格、体、时、人称、态,特点:⏹民族性⏹必须有语法形式表示⏹有共同的意义领域⏹同一语法范畴的各个项是相互对立的、排斥的。
⏹同一语法范畴中的各个项之间是相互制约的。
10、语法意义语法意义是指语法单位进入语法组合之后由语法结构所赋予的词汇意义之外的意义,语法意义最根本的特征是和语法形式的结合。
11、语法手段把具有共同特征的语法形式概括归纳而形成的类别,就叫做语法手段。
包括综合式(交替法(内部屈折)、重叠法、重音法、异根法),分析式(借助实词以外的形式或词与词的结合来表达一定的语法意义)12、词汇意义和词的语音形式结合在一起的,人们对现实现象的反映。
即由一定的语音形式承载的意义内容。
分为理性意义和色彩意义。
13、亲属语言(课本为准)从同一种语言分化出来的几种独立的语言。
在语音、词汇、语法上有一定的共同特点和对应关系。
语系、语族、语支都是根据语言的“亲属关系”建立的,叫亲属语言。
如汉语和藏语、壮语、苗语,它们同出一源,是亲属语言。
简答问答1、语言和言语的关系对立统一的关系区别1、概念的不同2、抽象和具体的对立3、有限和无限的对立4、一般和个别的对立联系语言存在于言语之中,言语是语言的存在形式,没有言语也就没有语言。
言语是运用语言的过程和结果,语言规则及语词均对言语形成制约,给予规范,语言规则及词语是言语活动的基础。
2、语言是人类社会最重要的交际工具(一)语言是交际工具,交际功能是其基本特征1、语言是适应人类的交际需要而产生的。
2、交际功能是语言的生命力所在。
3、人们运用语言作为工具互相交往,交流思想。
(二) 语言是社会的交际工具,是社会现象语言是社会现象,不是自然现象。
语言没有阶级性,但可有不同的风格变异。
(三)语言是最重要的交际工具1、非语言交际工具的作用2、非语言交际工具是语言的辅助工具(1)语言是不依赖于其他任何交际工具而独立存在的交际工具,非语言交际工具都是语言的辅助手段,是在语言的基础上形成的,是不独立的。
(2)非语言交际工具无论是在交际的深度和广度上,都无法与语言相比语言是人类社会最重要的交际工具。
文字是建立在语言基础之上的一种最重要的交际工具。
3、举例说明语言符号的特点(一)任意性:所谓任意性,是指语言符号的音义的结合是任意的。
就是说,音义之间没有必然的、本质的联系,它们之间的结合是不可论证的,完全是社会约定俗成的。
语言符号任意性的表现举例:①相同的事物在不同的语言中的语音形式不同②同一语音形式在不同的语言中所表达的意义不同在汉语中表达哀、挨、矮、爱等意义;在英语中表达我的意义。
在汉语中表示一、姨、椅、易等意义,俄语中表示和的意思。
语言符号是任意性和强制性的辩证统一。
(二)线条性:所谓线条性是指语言符号只能一个跟着一个依次出现,在时间的线条上绵延,不能在空间的面上铺开。
济-南-大-学总结:任意性指音与义的结合;线条性指符号与符号的组合4、语言符号的系统性的表现所谓系统,是指同类事物按一定的关系组成的整体。
语言符号系统,就是说语言符号中的要素并不是杂乱无章的堆积在一起,而是按照一定的秩序组织起来,形成一个有机的整体,系统中的各个要素之间存在着种种规律性的联系,并且彼此互相制约。
通常认为,语言符号系统由语音、语义、词汇、语法等诸要素构成。
一、语言的层级体系(组成规则)所谓语言的层级体系是指语言各要素的各个单位,在语言结构中并非处在同一平面上,而是分为不同的层和级,语言是由各个单位在不同的层和级构成的一个层级装置。
二、组合关系和聚合关系(一)组合关系符号和符号按照一定的规则组合起来的关系称为符号的组合关系。
组合关系又叫句段关系。
(二)聚合关系在语言链条的某一环节上能够互相替换的符号具有某种相同的作用,他们自然地聚集成群。
他们彼此的关系叫做聚合关系。
聚合关系又叫联想关系。
简单地说,语言符号的类聚(类别)关系就是聚合关系。
5、组合和聚合的关系组合和聚合是对立的,又是统一的。
区别主要有:1、组合关系是一种现实的、听得见的关系,而聚合关系只是通过联想而产生的。
2、组合关系是有顺序的,聚合关系是无顺序的。
3、组合关系是可数的,聚合关系是不可数的。
联系主要有:1、它们是不可分割的两种关系,互为存在的前提。
聚合关系为组合关系提供货源,聚合关系的形成,又靠组合提供框架。
它们无时不在地统一在一切语言交际活动中。
2、组合关系和聚合关系是语言符号系统的一对根本关系,是组成语言系统的一个纲。
在一种语言里,构成语言系统的各语言子要素系统同样也依靠组合、聚合来运转。
6、词义概括性及表现形式词义把客观事物的本质特点和事物与事物之间的区别特征概括抽象出来,反映客观现实的共同特征而舍弃个别特征。
概括性是词义最重要的特点。
词义概括性的表现一般性:词义反映的是同类事物的共同的、一般的特征。
模糊性:指词义的指称只有一个大致的范围,没有明确的界限全民性:指词义没有阶级性。
词义所反映的现实现象是一个社会集团的全体成员共同认知的,全民共同理解的。
7、语境对词义的影响1、语境表现出词语组合的选择性。
词义的组合通过词语的搭配来实现2、语境使词义具体化。
词义具有概括性的特点3、语境使词义增加临时义。
修车。
洗车。
陆地上有轮子的运输工具。
[+损坏][+脏]4、语境能使词的色彩义发生变化。
词汇意义可以分为理性义和色彩义酒、肉:有酒有肉/酒肉朋友5、语境使词义单一化。
多义词对语境具有依赖性黑煤窑累死人了。
黑煤窑累死人了,被依法取缔了。
8、语言发展演变的特点1、渐变性渐变性指语言的发展方式不是突变,而是逐渐发展变化的,具有相对稳定性。
渐变性规律是语言作为人类最重要的交际工具这一本质特征决定的。
稳固变化2、不平衡性不平衡性规律是指语言发展过程中,语言结构系统内部各组成要素的发展速度不平衡。
✹总体来看,词汇发展较快,语音、语法较慢。
✹在同一要素内部,发展也不平衡。
✹同一语言现象,在不同地区发展也不平衡。
9、语言融合的原因究竟哪一种语言能够代替其他语言而成为全社会的交际工具,这是由社会历史条件决定的。
在语言替换过程中,并不是政治上处于统治地位的民族语言成为胜利者,语言替换的结果是经济文化地位高的一方排挤替代经济文化地位低的一方。
客观条件:各族人民必须生活在同一地区,形成杂居的局面10、举例说明归纳音位应遵循的原则(例子略)1、对立关系:处于对立关系中的音素可以归纳为不同的音位。
对立关系是归纳音位的最重要的原则2、互补关系:处于互补关系的音素一般归并为一个音位3、音感差异(当地人):处于互补关系中的若干音素,如果语音上相差太远,也不能归并为一个音位。
所谓音感差异应以说某种语言的那个语言社团的人们的感觉为依据。
11、语流音变&常见的语流音变概念音位和音位组合的时候,或者由于受邻音的影响,或者由于说话时的快慢、高低、强弱的不同,可能发生不同的变化。
这种变化叫做语流音变。
常见的语流音变有同化、异化、弱化、脱落和增音等。
分类1、同化所谓同化,就是两个不同的音位,其中一个因受另一个的影响,变成跟它相同或相近的音位。
在两个音中,不起变化的音叫同化音;受影响而起变化的音叫被同化音。
根据同化音和被同化音的位置,可以分为顺同化和逆同化2、异化两个本来相同或相近的音位,其中一个由于某种原因变得跟它不同。
大体说来,同化是为了追求发音的顺口,异化是为了避免发音的拗口3、弱化语流中一个较强的音由于所处的地位或受邻音的影响而变成一个较弱的音。
汉语的轻声音节就是弱化音节4、脱落。
语流中有些较弱的或不重要的音在发音时丢失了,或者为了发音的方便而省去某些音,叫做脱落。
5、增音。
在语流里连续发音时,有时加进原来没有的音素,这叫增音。
12、世界语言的语法结构类型、特点及其代表语言(一)孤立语(词根语)1、词序严格2、虚词十分重要3、复合词多,派生词少(二)屈折语⏹有丰富的词形变化,词序相对不重要。
⏹一个变词语素可同时表示几种语法意义;一种语法意义可用不同的词形变化表示。
⏹词干和词尾结合紧密。
(三)粘着语⏹没有内部屈折。
⏹变词语素与语法意义一一对应。
⏹词干和词尾结合不紧密。
(四)复综语⏹突出特点: 分不出词和句子。