American Literature 美国文学汇总
modern American literature comes”.
2. Henry James
the first American writer to conceive his career in international term. the forerunner of the 20th century “stream-of-
2. Thomas Paine
Common Sense
his most famous political pamphlet the greatest of the Revolutionary pamphlets
The Age of Reason
I.
The Romantic Period (the end of
Country
The Revolutionary Period
1.
Benjamin Franklin
His place in literature owes much to his almanac and autobiography. Poor Richard’s Almanac The Autobiography of Benjamin Fra valley and the West became his
major theme. his language: vernacular, spoken, simple, direct Twain’s humor is remarkable. his real name: Samuel Langhorne Clemens The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
discussed sin and evil. Hawthorne’s view of man and human history originated in Puritanism. The Scarlet Letter Mosses from an Old Manse
7. Walt Whitman
Transcendentalism. Transcendentalism: --- the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.
the most popular American poet of the 19th century. Whitman’s poetic style: a. the poetic “I” b. free verse c. language: simple, rather crude, oral, rarely-used words Leaves of Grass (the single poem in his life) Song of Myself There was a Child Went Forth Cavalry Crossing a Ford
the first American poet to write the narrative poems
A Psalm of Life
10. Edgar Allan Poe
a poet and a writer
The narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque Tales The Bells
the 18th century---the civil war)
father of the American short stories “the American Goldsmith” one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation the first great prose stylist of American romanticism his penname: Jonathan Oldstyle Rip Van Winkle The Sketch Book A History of New York The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
The American Scholar
2 speeches made Emerson famous: The American Scholar and The Divinity School Address
5. Henry David Thoreau
a transcendentalist
8. Herman Melville
a great symbolist
a master of allegory and symbolism Moby-Dick the first American prose epic language: old-fashioned
9. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
4. Ralph Waldo Emerson
the chief spokesman of Transcendentalism New England Transcendentalism is agreed to be the summit of the Romantic period in the history of American literature. an essayist Nature In the essay, Emerson clearly expressed the main principles of his Transcendentalist pursuit and his love for nature. In it, Emerson’s famous metaphor of “a transparent eyeball” is employed to illustrate his philosophical discussion.
II.
1.
The Realistic Period (1865-1914)
Mark Twain
H. L. Mencken considered him as “the true father of our national literature”. a local colorist Local Colorist: --- who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on.
Walden Civil Disobedience
6. Nathaniel Hawthorne
a master of symbolism
his “black” vision of life and human beings In almost every book he wrote, Hawthorne
(1899-1961)
(1897-1962) (1885-1951) (1902-1968) (1919)
Colonial America
John Smith
the first American writer
A map of Virginia with a Description of the
1. Washington Irving
2. James Fenimore Cooper
the first important writer to be critical of USA
Precaution The Spy The Pioneers The Pilot
The Monikins
The American Democrat
3. William Cullen Bryant
the American earliest naturalist poet
“the American Wordsworth” Thanatopsis (his greatest poem) The Embargo (his first verse) The Flood of Year
Colonial America
John Smith
(1580-1631)
The Revolutionary Period
Benjamin Franklin Thomas Paine
(1706-1790) (1737-1809)
I.
1. 2. 3. 4.
The Romantic Period (the end of
(1783-1859) (1789-1851) (1794-1878) (1803-1882)
5.
6. 7. 8. 9.
(1817-1862)
(1804-1864) (1819-1892) (1819-1891) (1807-1882) (1809-1849)
10.
II.
1.
2.
The Realistic Period (1865-1914)
美国文学作家与作品汇总
Works:Part 1. The Literature of Colonial AmericaJohn Smith 1580-1631 1 first American writer A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony;A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country;The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer IslesRoger Williams 1603-16831 Begins the history of religioustoleration in AmericaA key into the Language of AmericaEdward Taylor 1612-16721 The best of the puritan poets No publishing of his work, most treat religious themes, many poems based directly on Psalms.Thomas Jefferson 1743-18261 The first American secretary ofstateDrafted the Declaration of IndependenceThomas Paine托马斯·潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise(his first pamphlet)税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代Agrarian Justice --last important treaties1 Great Commoner of Mankind2 The most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution3 natural gift for pamphleteering and rebellionPhilip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832Father of American Poetry The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地1 the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period2 “Poet of the American Revolution”3 herald American literary independenceAnne Bradstreet The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America, To My Dear and Loving Husband.1 One of the most interesting of the early of the poets.Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will, The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended, The Nature of True Virtue, Sinners in the Hand of a Angry GodBenjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard‟s Almanac穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；Autobiography自传1 aided Jefferson in writing the Declaration of Independence2. One of the first major writers.Part 2. Early RomanticismHenry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882 The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗establish his poetical reputation;V oices of the Night夜吟the first collection of poems;Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事---诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life 人生礼赞;The tide rises, the tide falls; The secret of the Sea./Paul Revere’s Ride保罗·里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚----叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇---反蓄奴组诗；Outre-Mer in loving imitation of The Sketch Book; Hyperion(romance) Dramatic work: Michael Angelo1 The most beloved American poet of his time2 the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poets’ Corner of Westminster AbbeyWilliam Cullen Bryant Thanatopsis(17 view of death), To a Waterfowl (the peak of his work)--the most perfect brief poem in the language-- Matthew Arnold1 one of the great editors of American journalism2 the first American to gain the stature of a major poetJames Fennimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集(5):The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者-- the nearest approach yet to an American epic--Allan Nevins1 the first American novelist began his literary career on a dareWashington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉; Rip Van Winkle.1 the first great prose stylist of American Romanticism2 the first great belletrist 纯文学作者3 the first modern short stories and the frist great American juvenileliterature4 the only American writer of his generation who could chide the Britishin an atmosphere of good humorPart 3. TranscendentalismRalf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:N ature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者-- “our intellectual Declaration of Independence”-- Oliver Wendell Holmes;Divinity; The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说; Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首开自由诗之先河1 responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England --the leader of the movement2 one of the most influential American thinkers, yet he had no elaborate , formal system of thought and he never attempted to create oneHenry David Threau亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862 Wadde华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府--no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government ;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers1 Emerson’s truest disciple 门徒2 self-reliance and independence of mind3 no sense of being confined by the narrow geographical limits of his lifePart 4. High RomanticsEdgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔·李-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头; Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔·阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen致海伦Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892 Leaves of Grass草叶集free verse, about man and nature:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌; I sit and look out; O Captain, My Captain.1 one of great innovators in American literatureEmily Dickinson埃米莉·迪金森1830-1886 I‟m nobody! Who are You? Success is counted sweetest. There‟s acertain slant of light. A bird came down the walk. The soul selects her own society. I died for beauty---but was scarce, …Twas just this time, last year, I died. Because I could not stop for death. Wild nights—wild nights! I heard a fly buzz—when I died-. If you were coming in the Fall. The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉·迪金森诗集-----“Tell all the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的1 ranked as one of America;s great poets2 a writer of great power and beautyOne could take a single household and an inactive life, and make enchanting poetry out of itThe range of her poetry suggests not her limited experiences but the power of her creativity and imaginationNathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像1 the largest brain with the largest heart-- Melville2 his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly in his short stories: Ethan Brand, Young Goodman Brown , Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment, The ambitious Guest, The great Stone Face--P171 一Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔1819-1891 Masterpiece: Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比·迪克/白鲸；Typee 泰比 a romanticized account of his stay among the Polynesians;Omoo 奥穆his adventures on Tahiti and other islands;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本his first voyage to England ;White Jacket白外衣his brief career in the navy;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利·巴德drew upon his naval experiences again1 a whaling ship, was my Yale College and my Harvard2 the man who lived among cannibals3 to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme--Moby Dick The ship Pequod-- a world in miniaturePart 5. RealismWilliam Dean Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯1837-1920 The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance现代婚姻; A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia 从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小说创作与小说阅读Henry James亨利·詹姆斯1843-1916 小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；The Bostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗first novel-- Watch and Ward--he prefered Roderick Hudson评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术1 help to transform the novel from its alliances with journalism and romantic story-telling into an art form of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest form of experience.Part 6. Local Colorism FictionMark Twain马克·吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）---美国文学的一大里程碑The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代written in collaboration with Dudley Warner;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉·达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人. How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结Part 6. NaturalismTheodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945 Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘the first of a long succession of books that marked his turn to writing as a full-time career ;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗1 Dreiser’s novels are direct projections of his inner life as well as careful transcriptions of his experiencesPart 8. Modern PoetryEzra Pound艾兹拉·庞德1885-1972 The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神;The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选;Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）;Literary Essays文学论;Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley; A Few Don’ts by Imagiste意像派戒条; Personage 面具;Polite Essays文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）Homage to Sextus Propertius is a masterpiece1 the early leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary reference as an imaginative instrumentWallace Stevens华莱Harmonium风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人;Notes士·史蒂文斯1879-1955 Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记(Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得·昆斯弹风琴;Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨);The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems诗集; The Emperor of Ice-cream;1 The vice-president of the Hartford Accident and Indemnity Company2 The National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize-Collected Poems诗集3 later poetry: the interrelation between the ideal and the real --the constant theme (“imagination and reality”)E. A. Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935 Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体小说--came to the attention of President Theodore Roosevelt ；The Town Down the River河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人;Avon’s Harvest沃冯的收成;Collected Poems诗集; Richard Cory; Miniver Cheevy--realistic attitudes1 one of the most productive of the new poets in the late years of the nineteenth century2 Pulitzer Prize in 1922, 1925 and 19283 simple--surface simplicity serves to conceal an intricacy and subtlety of thought4 like Robert Frost, noted for his use of a dry, sometimes biting , New England humorD. Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-1963 A Boy’s Wish少年心愿；North of Boston波士顿之北(Mending Wall 修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后);Mountain Interval山间（成熟阶段）(The Road Not taken没有选择的道路); West-running Brook西流的溪涧;A Further Range又一片牧场;A Witness Tree一株作证的树; Two Roads Diverged in the Woods; Mending Wall.1 receives honorary degrees from 44 colleges and universities2 4 Pulitzer Prizes3 reads the poetry at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy at 874 rejects the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new ”5 for all its apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of and indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed.Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯·艾略特1888-1965 Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）--first book;The Waste Land荒原masterpiece (The Burial of the Dead死者的葬礼;A Game of Chess弈棋;The Fire Sermon火诫;Death by Water水边之死;What the Thunder Said雷电之言);名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三beautiful in language, difficult in symbolism;Four Quarters四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案a drama of impressive spiritual power;Family Reunion大团圆;Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会--they created interest as experimental theater1 The Nobel Prize in 1948Harriet Beecher Stowe 1811-1896 Uncle Tom‟s Cabin(The Man That Was a Thing);A Key to Uncle Tom‟s Cabin; Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp--antislavery novelA society resting on slavery could not long surviveO. Henry (William Sidney Porter) The Four Million-best volume-indicates that he considered all the people of New York City worth writing about, no simply the upper “Four Hundred”.Best individual stories: A Retried Reformation;The Gift of the Magi;A Municipal Report;An Unfinished Story;A Lickpenny Lover;The Furnished Room;The Cop and the Anthem;The Trimmed Lamp;Heart of the West;Cabbages and Kings; etc1 two endings: an unexpected ending, a still better surprise2 local color: slang and colloquial expression make them hard to be understood by people outside of America3 the American literary circles set up O. Henry Award in 19184 one of the most prolific 多产的modern American short story writersF. Scott Fitzgerald 1896-1940 First novel: This Side of Paradise--portrayal of the casual dissipations of “flaming youth”--an immediate commercial successSecond novel: the Beautiful and Damned& a collection of short stories, Tales of the Jazz AgeSatirical play , the Vegetable (or from President to Postman)The Great Gatsby--critical success but a commercial disappointment Tender Is the Night --although it is a precise indictment of irresponsible social values of the 1930s, critics harshly accused him of ignoring the Depression while writing a frivolous novel about neurotic Americans who preferred Europe over their native landLast novel The Last Tycoon, remained unfinished1 one of the major American prose writers of twentieth centuryErnest Hemingway 1899-1961 First book: Three stories and Ten PoemsThe Sun Also Rises--became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called “a lost generation”Primary concern: individual’s “moment of truth”His lifelong preoccupation with stories of war : A Farewell to Arms, 1929(both to war and to love) and For Whom the Bell Tolls,1940(restate his view of love found and lost and describe the indomitable spirit of the common people )The bullfight: Death in the Afternoon 1932The hunt: The Green Hills of Africa 1935The Old Man and the Sea: the old fisherman Santiago1 Nobel Prize for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”2 Across the River and into the Trees: Richard Cantwell --miniatureJohn Steinbeck 1902-1968 Tortilla Flat1935 煎饼坪;Dubious Battle--most clearly “proletarian”novel of class struggle ；Of Mice and Men 1937 friendship of two itinerant workers who yearn for a permanent home they will never find; The Long Valley1938, the fate of the lowly whose instinctive responses to life led only to destruction; The Grapes of Wrath--his masterpiece,broken dreams of the migrants and the affirmation of the ability of the common people to endure and prevail.The Sea of Cortez 1941-- “what we have always wanted is an unchangeable, and we have found that only a compass point, a thought, and individual ideal, does not change.”1 Pulitzer Prize in 19402 Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962William Faulkner 1897-1962 Sanctuary 1931; best sellSartoris --the setting is Oxford--prototype 原型The Sound and the Fury1929A Rose for EmilyAs I Lay Dying 1930Light in August 1932Absalom, Absalom! 1936The Hamlet 1940+ The Town 1957+ The Mansion 1959--trilogy on the Snopes familyGo Down, Moses 1942Last novel:The ReiversResumed his career with Intruder in the DustRequiem for a Nun --a kind of sequel to Sanctuary1 Novel Prize for Literature 19492 began his literary career as a poet rather than a fiction writer3 create a cosmos of his own4 the dislocation of narrative time and use of stream-of-consciousness techniques5 the greatest writer of fiction that the United States has yet produced.。
American Literature 美国文学汇总
The American Scholar
2 speeches made Emerson famous: The American Scholar and The Divinity School Address
5. Henry David Thoreau
a transcendentalist
The Mississippi valley and the West became his
major theme. his language: vernacular, spoken, simple, direct Twain’s humor is remarkable. his real name: Samuel Langhorne Clemens The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
The Monikins
The American Democrat
3. William Cullen Bryant
the American earliest naturalist poet
“the American Wordsworth” Thanatopsis (his greatest poem) The Embargo (his first verse) The Flood of Year
Black Cat
This period is called “the American Renaissance”. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. the Puritan influence over American Romanticism The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England
美国文学主要作家作品表american literature
Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比·迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利·巴德
Walt Whitman 1819-1892
The Bostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；
The Golden Bowl金碗评论集：
French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;
Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼----乌托邦小说;
Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading小说创作与小说阅读
Henry James 1843-1916
小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；
HenryWadsworthLongfellow 1807-1882
The Song of Hiawatha;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems;Tales of a Wayside Inn：An April Day /A Psalm of Life /Paul Revere’s Ride;Evangeline;The Courtship of Miles Standish；Poems on Slavery
美国文学总结
美国文学总结Colonial 1607-1765 and Revolutionary 1765-18c末Period （17世纪-18世纪末）一、Colonial writers1. John Smith (约翰·史密斯) “ the first autho r” in American literatureA True Relation of Virginia 关于佛吉尼亚的真实叙述“ the first book” in American literature2. William Bradford the first governor of Plymouth 普利茅斯3. John Winthrop A Model of Christian Charity 基督教之爱清教徒主义作家Anne Bradstreet The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 最近在美洲出现的第十位缪斯Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defendedThe Nature of True Virtue二、启蒙时期和独立战争时期1. Benjamin Franklin 启蒙运动代表人物one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America Poor Richard’s Almanac ( 格言历书) 代表作：The Autobiography 早期美国梦的反映2. Roger Williams Puritanical dissenter 清教反对者3. Thomas Paine the Father of American Revolution美国独立之父The Common Sense the greatest of the Revolutionary pamphletsThe Age of Reason The Rights of Man支持了法国革命The American Crisis鼓励殖民地抵抗英国军队4.Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺the Father of American Poetry美国诗歌之父a poet of theAmerican Revolution革命诗人The Rising Glory of America美洲光辉的兴起The Wild Honey Suckle 野金银花The Indian Burying Ground印第安人的殡葬地首次创造the Noble Savage 高贵的野蛮人5.Thomas Jefferson 美第三任总统Agrarians 重农主义代表人物Declaration of Independence````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` ````````````````````````````````````````` American Romanticism (提倡个人主义) 美国的文艺复兴18世纪末---19世纪中后期一、早期浪漫主义1. Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文the Father of American Literature美国文学之父indigenous humour The Sketch Book marked the beginning标志美国浪漫主义的开始第一个赢得国际声誉包括：The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷传说Rip Van Winkle The Alhambra等7部A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty纽约外史诙谐杰作2. James Fennimore Cooper 费尼莫尔·库伯西进运动边疆小说Leatherstocking Tale皮袜子故事集5部曲about the frontier life of American settlers包括：The Pioneers拓荒者The Last of Mohicans最后的莫西干人（Natty Bumpoo班波）、The Prairie草原The Pathfinder探路者The Deerslayer杀鹿者The Spy 间谍The Pilot 领航者二、超验主义作家1. Ralph Waldo Emerson New England TranscendentalismNature论自然the manifesto of American Transcendentalism 超验主义宣言超验主义理论的圣经The American Scholar美国学者指出美学者应创造自己的文学风格，不应盲从Self-Reliance论自立2.Henry David Thoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗Walden瓦尔登湖超验主义作品Civil Disobedience论公民之不服从Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑human soul symbolism象征主义大师The Scarlet Letter红字代表作Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇The Marble Faun玉石雕像Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔Moby Dick白鲸Typee泰比Omoo欧穆诗人1. Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼the father of Free VerseLeaves of Grass草叶集(标志浪漫主义截止) American Epic美国史诗Democratic Bible共和圣经Song of Myself自我之歌O Captain！My Captain2.Emily Dickinson 迪金森美国女诗人Because I Could Not Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神I’m Nobody. Who Are You我是无名小卒,你是谁This Is My Letter to the World I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died埃德加·爱伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe 短篇小说大师first writer of detective story侦探小说The Raven乌鸦The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌The Poetic Principle诗歌原理The Philosophy of Composition 创作哲学Murders in the Rue Morgue莫各街谋杀案三、炉边诗人1. William Cullen Bryant 布莱恩特To a Waterfowl致水鸟Thanatopsis死亡随想The Yellow Violet黄色的堇香花2.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 朗佛罗native themesA Psalm of Life人生礼赞The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌Evangeline伊凡吉林````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` ````````````````````````````````````````` Realistic Period 现实主义时期19世纪中期----20世纪初诱因American industrialization 马克·吐温→The Gilded Age镀金年代Gold Rush淘金热Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特·比彻·斯托废奴主义者Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋一、现实主义作家1. William Dean Howells霍威尔斯The Rise of Silas Lapham塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹A Modern Instance一个现代的例证A Hazard of New Fortunes新财富的危害2. Henry James亨利·詹姆斯世态小说novel of mannersThe Potrait of a Lady贵妇人的肖像Daisy Miller黛西·米勒The Ambassadors大使The Wings of the Dove鸽翼The Golden Bowl金碗Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术二、乡土文学作家Local Literature1. Mark Twain马克·吐温(Samuel Longhorne Clemens) critic colloquial style localismThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利?费恩历险记现代美国文学起源The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆?索亚历险记Life on the Mississippi密西西比河上The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记The Gilded Age镀金时代The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿The;A Connecticut Yankee in Kin g Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人Roughing It苦行记2. Hamlin Garland哈姆林·加兰德Main Traveled Road大路条条三、自然主义作家Naturalism自然主义1. Stephen Crane斯蒂芬?克莱恩Magie: A Girl of the Streets 街头女郎梅姬The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章The Open Boat海上扁舟2. Frank Norris弗兰克·诺里斯The Octopus章鱼3. Theodore Dreise r西奥多·德莱塞An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘The Genius天才Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（The Financer金融家The Titan 巨人The Stoic斯多葛）4. Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊The Man Against the Sky 衬托着天空的人5. Jack London杰克·伦敦Marti Eden马丁·伊登The Son of the Wolf狼之子The Sea-wolf海狼The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤White Fang 白獠牙The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们The Iron Heel铁蹄What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么Love of Life热爱生命The Mexican墨西哥人Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下The Law of Life 生活的法则6. Upton Sinclair厄普顿·辛克莱尔The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）Oil石油Spring and Harvest春天与收获;O．Henry (William Sidney Porter) the father of the modern short story美国现代短篇小说之父The Cop and the Anthem警察与赞美诗The Gift of Magi麦琪的礼物The Last Leaf最后一片叶子````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` ````````````````````````````````````````` American Modernism 现代主义时期一、二战前诗歌1. Ezra Pound艾兹拉·庞德The father of modern American poetry美国现代诗歌创始人Imagism意象主义The father of Imagist poetry意象派诗歌之父Cathay华夏集(英译中国诗) The Cantos诗章In a Station of the Metro地铁站里 A Pact协约2. Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特New England poetA Boy’s Wish少年心愿North of Boston波士顿之北Mending Wall修墙Fire and Ice火与冰Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林边小驻After Apple-picking摘苹果之后The Road Not taken未选择的道路West-running Brook西流的溪流New Hampshire新罕布什尔3. Wallace Stevens华莱士·史蒂文斯Harmonium风琴The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人Sunday Morning星期天早晨The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦Collected Poems诗集二、二战前小说1. Francis Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德表现一战后年轻一代美国梦的破灭The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比The Side of Paradise人间天堂Tender is the Night夜色温柔The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和该死的Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们The Last Tycoon 最后的巨头The Crack-up崩溃2. Ernest Hemingway海明威(“迷惘的一代”的代表人物) 老人与海获Pulitzer Prize和Noble Prize The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起Farewell to Arms永别了,武器For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣In Our Time在我们的年代里The Torrents of Spring春潮Men Without Women没有女人的男人Death in the Afternoon死在午后3. Sinclair Lewis辛克莱·刘易斯(美国第一个获诺贝尔奖) Main Street大街Babbitt巴比特4. William Faulkner福克纳Soldiers’ Pay兵饷The Sound and the Fury喧嚣与骚动As I lay dying在我弥留之际Light in August八月之光Absalom, Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙The Hamlet村子Go Down, Moses去吧，摩西 A Rose for Emily给艾米丽小姐的玫瑰5. John Steinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄Tortilla Flat煎饼房In Dubious Battle胜负未定The Pearl珍珠Of Mice and Men 鼠和人The Moon is Down月亮下去了6. Sherwood Anderson舍伍德·安德森The Triumph of the Egg 鸡蛋的胜利三、二战前戏剧Eugene O’neil 尤金·奥尼尔Beyond the Horizon天边外The Iceman Cometh送冰的人来了The Long Days Journey Into Night长夜漫漫路迢迢The Hairy Ape毛猿Desire under the Elms榆树下的欲望Pearl S. Buck 赛珍珠The Good Earth大地四、二战后1945后The Beat Generation垮掉的一代Black Humor黑色幽默1. Ralph Ellison拉尔夫·埃里森Invisible Man隐形人2. Saul Bellow索尔·贝娄Dangling Man晃来晃去/挂起来的人Seize the Day勿失良机3. J D Salinger杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格The Cather in the Rye麦田守望者4. John Updike Rabbit Series 兔子系列5. Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒Catch-22第22条军规黑色幽默代表作6. Arthur Miller阿瑟·米勒剧作家The Death of a Salesman推销员之死7. Tennessee Williams 田纳西·威廉姆斯A Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车8. Allen Ginsberg 艾伦·金斯堡Howl嚎叫9. Edward Albee爱德华·阿尔比The Zoo Story动物园的故事Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf10. Jack Kerouac 杰克·克鲁亚克On the Road在路上11. William Styron 威廉·斯泰伦Sophie’s Choice苏菲的选择。
American Literature 美国文学第2课汇总
genre. ❖ 6. His use of the gothic looks forward to Poe.
Washington Irving
❖ Irving was born in a wealthy merchant family and was well educated. He visited several European countries and stayed there for many years. His writings about the New World aroused European interest.
Rip Van Winkle
The Legend of Sleepy
Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving
❖ Rip Van Winkle, however, was one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled dispositions, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound. If left to himself, he would have whistled life away in perfect contentment; but his wife kept continually dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family.
美国文学作家及作品汇总
6、WilliamCullenBryant威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特1794-1878
ThePoems1821> <1932诗选:ToaWaterfowl致水鸟-----英语中最完美的短诗> <Thanatopsis死亡随想---受墓园派影响> <TheWhitefootedDeer白蹄鹿> <AForestHymn森林赋> <TheFloodofYears似水流年
23、HenryJames享利·詹姆斯1843-1916
小说：DaisyMiller苔瑟·米乐> <ThePortraitofaLady贵妇人画像> <TheBostonians波士顿人> <TheRealThingandOtherTales真货色及其他故事> <TheWingsoftheDove鸽翼> <TheAmbassadors大使> <TheGoldenBowl金碗
10、HenryDavidThreau亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862
Wadden,orLifeintheWoods华腾湖或林中生活> <ResistancetoCivilGovernment> <CivilDisobedience抵制公民政府> <AWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRivers
美国文学史总结
Part I The Literature of Colonial America（殖民地时期的文学）Chapter 1→John Smith 约翰.史密斯1. A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Sincethe First Planting of That Colony 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》（1608）2. A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》（1612）3.The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles 《弗吉尼亚通史》（1624）Chapter 2→William Bradford （威廉.布拉德福德）→Of Plymouth Plantation 《普利茅斯开发史》（1826）→John Winthrop （约翰.温思罗普）→The History of New England from 1630 to 1649 《新英格兰史》（1856）Chapter 3→John Cotton （约翰.科登）→Roger Williams （罗杰.威廉姆斯）→ A Key into the Language of America 《开启美国语言的钥匙》/《美国新英格兰地区土著居民语言指南》Chapter 4→Anne Bradstreet（安妮.布雷兹特里特）（女性作家）→The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 《在美洲诞生的第十位缪斯》→Edward Taylor （爱德华.泰勒）（女性作家）→Psalms 《诗篇》Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution（理性和革命时期文学）Chapter 5→Benjamin Franklin （本杰明.富兰克林）1.Poor Richard ’s Almanac 《穷理查德年鉴》（1732-1758，1729年正式出版）2.The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》（Franklin & Jefferson 杰弗逊）3.The Autobiography 《自传》4.Collect Works 《作品选集》Chapter 6→Thomas Paine （托马斯.佩因）1.The Case of the Officers of the Excise 《收税官的案子》（1772）（his first pamphlet）mon Sense 《常识》（1776）3.The America Crisis 《美国危机》（1776-1883）（a series of sixteen pamphlets）（signed “CommonSense” ）4.Rights of Man 《人权》（I 1791年，II 1792年）5.The Age of Reason 《理性时代》6.Agrarian Justice 《土地公平》（his last important treatise 他最后一部重要著作）Chapter 7→Thomas Jefferson （托马斯.杰弗逊）The Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》（Benjamin Franklin & Jefferson 杰弗逊）（1776）Chapter 8→Philip Freneau （菲利普.弗瑞诺）1.The Power of Fancy 《想象的力量》（1770）2.The House of Night 《英国囚船》（1781）His earlier poems were collected in The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War这些早期作品后来于1786年一起被收录在《战争后期弗洛诺主要诗歌集》中。
美国文学史资料
American Literature in the colonial（殖民） and Revolutionary （革命）:Benjamin Franklin （本杰明富兰克林）1) "Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人理查德的年鉴（以笔名Richard Sunders)2) "annual collection of proverbs " 流行谚语集 (It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd（精明） humor, and first spread his reputation)3) The Way to Wealth (Father Abraham's Sermon) 致富之道(as the preface（前言） to Poor Richard Improved)4) The Autobiography 自传 (18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传)5) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题。
6) Established America's first circulating library, founded the college-University ofPennsylvania 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆,还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学7) first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical （电气） charges.8) Writer, printer, publisher, scientist, philanthropist（慈善家）, and diplomat（外交官）. He was the most famous and respected private （私人的）figure（人物）of his time.Fhilip Freneau（菲利普费瑞诺）The Rising Glory of America 蒸蒸日上的美洲;The British Prison Ship 英国囚船;To the Memory of the Brave Americans 纪念美国勇士----同类诗中最佳;The Wild Honeysuckle 野生的金银花The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地(1)poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者(2)perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period（后革命时期）.(3)has been called the "Father of American Poetry"(4)imaginative（富有想象力的） and melancholy（忧郁的）treatment of nature and human life, and sharp satire（讽刺）against the British tyranny（暴政）19 Century American LiteratureWashington Irving（华盛顿欧文）1. James Fenimore Cooper（詹姆斯芬尼莫库珀）2. Nathaniel Hawthorne（纳撒尼尔霍桑）3. Edgar Allan Poe （埃德加爱伦坡）4. Henry Daived Thoreau （亨利戴维梭罗）5. Herman Melville（赫尔曼麦尔维尔）6. Walt Whiteman（沃尔特惠特曼）The Rise of American Romanticism（浪漫主义）：One of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak（爆发） of the Civil War(1861 - 1865)（内战）It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The h Sketch Book（《见闻札记》）(1820) and ended with Whitman's Leaves f of Grass(1855)（《草叶集》）Romanticism 特点 : frequently shared certain general characteristics（特征）, moral（道德） enthusiasm（热情）, faith（信仰） in the value（价值） of individualism（个人主义） and intuitive（直觉的） perception（洞察力，）, and a presumption（假定） that he naturalworld was a source of corruption（腐败）.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
(完整版)美国文学史总结
ⅠColonial America(17th century)殖民主义时期文学1.In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America and he mistook the native people onthe new continent for Indians.Character of colonial literature:a.content: religious, politicalb.form: diary, journal, letters, travel books, sermons, history (personalliterature)c.Style: simple. direct, concised.out of humble originsEarly in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.The earliest settlers in America included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians and Portuguese.The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)2.Captain Town Smith, the first American writer3.Puritan Thoughts: hard work, thrift(节俭), piety(虔诚), sobriety(节制), 这些也成了早期美国作品主导思想.典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William, John Cotton was called “the Patriarch of New England(新英格兰教父)”清教徒采用的文学体裁：narratives(日记) and journals(游记)清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）Their voyage to the new land2）Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3）About dealing with Indians4）Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit4.Private literature: theological, moral, historical, political5.The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of realpoetry. Anne Bradstreet is one of the most interesting of the early poets, 英国最早移民到美国的诗人. The best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor.ⅡReason and Revolution(18th century)理性和革命时期文学1.The War for Independence (1776-1783) ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeoisdemocratic republic - the United States of America.2.Bourgeois Enlightenment3.Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac(穷人理查德的年鉴), an annual collection ofproverbs.The Autobiography, 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传⏹The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is a recordof self-examination and self-improvement. The Puritans, as a type, were very much given to self-analysis.⏹The Autobiography shows Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18th-centuryEnlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.⏹It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. The plainness of its style,the homeliness of imagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the obvious features we cannot mistake.⏹Tone: OptimismThe American dream began with the settlement of the American continent –the Promised Land – the Garden of Eden – optimistic about the future4.Thomas Paine: The American Crisis, 极大恢复士气5.Thomas Jefferson:The Declaration of Independence6.Philip Freneau, Father of American Poetry: The Indian Burring Ground(印第安人的坟地)The Wild Honey Suckle(野忍冬花)⏹The poem is an indication of the poet’s dedication to American subjectmatter and the natural scenes on the new continent.⏹Here in this poem Freneau deals with the themes of loveliness and thetransience of life.⏹This poem, well within the melancholy genre, consists of the poet’s pensivemusings on the flower’s story.⏹The first two stanzas picture the advantages of the flower’s country retreat.⏹The next two stanzas unite the theme of the seasons with the thought that allmust die. Death and decay, as well as creation, are so common, so much a part of the universal law.ⅢRomanticism(end of the 18th century——Civil War)浪漫主义文学1.Washington Irving, Father of American literature: Sketch Book(见闻札记, the firstmodern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature, a collection of essays, sketches, and tales)2.James Fenimore Cooper: The Leatherstocking Tales(皮袜子故事集, the AmericanNational Epic) contains of The Deerslayer(杀鹿者), The Last of the Mohicans(最后的莫希干人), The Pathfinder(探路人), The Pioneers(拓荒者), and The Prairie(大草原).3.Edgar Allan Poe: The Raven(乌鸦), Annabel Lee(安娜贝尔·李), The Fall of the House ofUsher(鄂榭府崩溃记)To Helen○Edgar Allan Poe wrote “To Helen” as a reflection on the beauty of Mrs. Jane Stith Stanard, of Richmond, Va., who died in 1824. She was the mother of one of Poe’s school classmates, Robert Stanard. When Robert invited Edgar, then 14, to his home (at 19th and East Grace Streets in Richmond) in 1823, Poe was greatly taken with the 27-year-old woman, who is said to have urged him to write poetry. He was later to write that she was his first real love.○ 1 stanza⏹Helen: An allusion to Helen of Troy in Greek mythology.⏹Nicean: Of or from Nicea (also spelled Nicaea), a city in ancient Bithynia (nowpart of present-day Turkey) near the site of the Trojan War.⏹Barks: small sailing vessels.⏹End rhyme: A, B, A,B, B.○ 2 stanza⏹wont: accustomed to⏹Naiad: Naiads were minor nature goddesses in Greek and Romanmythology. They inhabited and presided over rivers, lakes, streams, and fountains.⏹Naiad airs: Peaceful, gentle breezes or qualities⏹The glory that . . .Rome: These last two lines, beginning with the glorythat was, are among the most frequently quoted lines in world literature.⏹End rhyme: A, B, A, B, A.Half rhyme: Face and Greece○ 3 stanza⏹Psyche: In Greek and Roman mythology, Psyche was a beautifulprincess dear to the god of love, Eros (Cupid), who would visit her in a darkened room ina palace. One night she used an agate lamp to discover his identity. Later, at the urging ofEros, Zeus gave her the gift of immortality. Eros then married her.⏹End rhyme: A, B, B, A, B.⏹from the regions which are Holy Land: from ancient Greece and Rome;from the memory Poe had of Mrs. Stanard○Theme■Beauty, as Poe uses the word in the poem, appears to refer to the woman's soul as well as her body. On the one hand, he represents her as Helen of Troy–the quintessence of physical beauty–at the beginning of the poem. On the other, he represents her as Psyche–the quintessence of soulful beauty–at the end of the poem. In Greek, psyche means soul.4.Transcendentalism(超验主义):❖19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. In their religious quest, the Transcendentalists rejected the conventions of 18th-century thought; and what began in dissatisfaction with Unitarianism developed into a repudiation of the whole established order.❖Representative figures: some 30 men and a couple of women such as Emerson, Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, and Margaret Fuller, most of them teachers or clergymen, radicals against rigid rationalism of Unitarianism.❖Time: 1836-1855❖Essence: “Transcendentalism is idealism” in essence❖Major Features:A.Emphasis on spirit;B.The importance of the individual as the most important element ofsociety;C．N ature as symbolic of the Spirit or GodRalph Waldo Emerson, Father of American Essay, Essayist, poet, philosopher, orator, critic : Nature(the Bible and manifesto(宣言) of the New England Transcendentalism), Self-relianceHenry David Thoreau(The Prophet(提倡者) of Non-Violence Movement, he wasEmerson’s truest disciple, who put into practice many of Emerson’s theories): Walden5.Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter⑴女主角honest, calmly face fault 诚实，坦然的面对罪过。
美国文学史整理资料
Colonial Period殖民时期Background:Puritanism背景：清教主义1.features of Puritanism特征宿命论:上帝决定一切之前发生的事情(1).Predestination:God decided everything before things occurred.(2).Original sin:Human beings were born to be evil,and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.原罪论:人类生来就是邪恶,这原罪(3).Total depravity性恶说有限的赎罪:可以通过一代一代(4).Limited atonement:Only the“elect”can be saved.只有选举才能得救2.Influence影响(1).A group of good qualities–hard work,thrift,piety,sobriety(serious and thoughtful)influenced American literature.一群好的品质——努力工作、节俭、虔诚、节制(严重的和深思熟虑的)美国文学的影响。
(2).It led to the everlasting myth.All literature is based on a myth–garden of Eden.它导致了永恒的神话。
所有的文学是基于一个神话——伊甸园。
(3).Symbolism:the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.象征意义:美国清教徒的隐喻认知模式主要是在调用形成一个文学象征这是典型的美国人。