涨姿势英文路演、论文写作常用词汇与表达方式
涨姿势|英文路演、论文写作常用词汇与表达方式
泛瑞翻译
引用数据（图表、表格）：
常用的动词：show, present, illustrate, summarize, demonstrate, contain, provide, list, report, give, reveal, display, indicate, suggest, describe, …
as从句：As shown in …/ As can be seen in …/ As revealed by …
引用/简述他人的研究/观点：
XXX + Verb. + n./that … 其中Verb可以为：state, claim, argue, maintain, suggest, assert, hypothesize, conclude, describe, develop, propose, find, show, report, use, study, demonstrate, note, discuss, observe, explain, expand, publish, give, examine, analyze, focus, presume, speculate, assume, support, theorize, contend, recommend
其它：Based on …/ In the view of …/ According to …
表达可能性：
It is certain that …
It is almost certain that …
It is ver y probable/ highly likely that …
It is probable/likely that …
It is possible that …
It is unlikely that …
It is very/highly unlikely that …
用于表达可能性的另一种途径：
There is a definite possibility that …
There is a strong possibility that …
There is a good possibility that …
There is a slight possibility that …
There is little possibility that …
表示例外：
With the exception of …
Apart from …
Except for …
表示原因/缘由：
be due to
be attibuted to
be accounted for
be a consequence of
stem from
表示定义/命名：
be named
be called
be denoted by
be known as
be defined as
be referred to
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引出设问句（不能直接使用设问句）：
It is uncertain/unclear …
It has not been determined …
It is necessary to consider …
The question remains …
Current studies provide little information on …
We need to know/consider …
There is some question as to …
Another issue raised by this study is …
指出问题所在：
This system/process/idea has its problems.
There remains the issue of reliability.
This model has some serious liminations.
Few sol utions have been found to …
Little progress has been made in …
The problem remains as to how …
Researchers still have to find a way to …
引出解决方案：
Solutions to this problem are now widely discussed. One remedy is to …
One method to address this difficulty i s to …
There are two possible ways of handling this problem. The first … The second …
Several options are available to address this obstacle. However, the best one seems to be …
A radically different design/model is needed to overcome this limitation. Recently, researchers have made significant progress in overcoming this difficulty by …
引出中心话题：
Recently, there has been growing interest in …
The possibility of … has generated wide interest in …
The development of … is a classic problem in …
The development of … has led to the hope that …
The … has become a favorite topic for analysis …
Knowledge of … has great importance for …
The study of … has become an important aspect of …
A central issue in … is …
(The) … has been extensively studied in recent years.
M any investigators have recently turned to …
The relationship between … and … has been investigated by many researchers.
Many recent studies have focused on …
表达相似之处：
Similarly, …
Likewise, …
In the same fashion, …
As in X, in Y …
Like X, Y …
The same …
X is similar/comparable to Y
X resemble Y
X correspond to Y
表达不同之处或比较/对照：
In contrast, …
Unlike X, Y …
In contrast to …
On the other hand, …
…; however, …
…, but …
Whereas/While …, …
…, whereas/while …
X differ from Y
X is different from Y
X contrast with
评价他人的研究/论著：
正面：useful, important, interesting, clarity, accessibility, detailed, up-to-date, insightful, significant, comprehensive, practical, successful, remarkable, impressive, elegant, scholoarly, original, perceptive, rigorous, economical
负面：
inconsistent, restricted, misleading, thin, anecdotal, sloppy
总结：
Overall, …
In general, …
On the whole, …
In the main, …
With … exception(s), …
The overall results indicate …
The results indicate, overall, that …
指出本研究的局限：
It should be noted that this study has been primarily concerned with …
This analysis has concentrated on …
The findings of this study are restricted to …
This study has addressed only the question of …
The limination of this study are clear: …
We would like to point out that we have not …
指出研究结果的局限：
However, the findings do not imply …
The results of this study cannot be taken as evidence for …Unfortunately, we are unable to determine from this data …
The lack of … means that we cannot be certain …
指出本研究的意义：
Notwithstanding its limitation s, this study does suggest …
Despite its preliminary character, the research reported here would seem to indicate …
However exploratory, this study may offer some insight into …
英文科技论文写作常用句式
在这篇文章中，我们说明（介绍）了一种……方法 In this work ,we address the problem of +doing sth In this paper , we propose the ... 在这一章节，我们介绍…… In this section , we present ... We demonstrate out algorithm on two tasks : A被认为是B A can be regarded as B 为了这个目的，我们提出了A To this end ,we propose A. 在样本的……和……上都很有效 make effective use of both ...and ...among samples. 当应用到……中的时候When applied to... 通过将……和……结合起来，…… By combining ...and ... , .... A是B中的一个基本问题之一A is one of the fundamental problems in B 目的在于…… Its goal is to do ... We aim at doing... Our target is ... Our basic notion is to do... 为了达到……的目的To achieve ... To achieve this , 因为……，做什么是困难的 As .... , it is very difficult to do .... As..., ir is usually hard to ... Due to ... e.g.:As the variance of object shape and color within an object class can be large,it is very difficult to obtain class-specific features that can describe the object class accurately. 就这点而言，…… In this regard, ... 一方面来说，……，另一方面来说，……On the one hand , ... , on the other hand , ... 1
英语论文写作方法
一.关于本专业毕业论文地选题 二.英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大地方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和 翻译学.各个大方向中又可以选择小地方向，具体解释如下：.英语文学：选择英语文学地毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究. 在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中地某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法地运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究.但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典地作家或作品.有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生地兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象.在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在地深刻含义，不能流于肤浅地分析. 文学批评理论地选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识地学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论地知识结构.这个方向地选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语地阐释或某两种或以上地文学批评理论地比较. 比较文学研究就是将两个以上地作家或作品进行比较.这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别地（如“雪莱与拜伦地诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别地（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）.语言学：选择语言学地毕业论文选题可以在两个大地方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学. 普通语言学地研究就是对于英语语言地任何一个方面地研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面地研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）. 应用语言学包括教学法地研究和其它一些新兴地应用语言学分支地研究.师范专业或本身从事教师职业地学生选择教学法方向地较多.在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围地选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要地是要结合教学实践或实验.这个方向地好地选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习地影响” 等. .翻译学：翻译学地选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动. 对翻译理论地研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等.相比之下，对翻译活动地研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象地翻译、或一种修辞格地翻译地研究（如“汉语成语地英译”）.应该注意地是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子地罗列. 二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分. （一）前置．英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成. ．目录：由论文地中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页. ．中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文地内容不加注释和评论地简短陈述，宜以最简洁地语言介绍论文地概要、作者地突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整地短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在字左右关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息地单词或术语.为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文地中心词，以显著地字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要地左下方.各关键词之间用“分号”隔开.外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应. （二）主体部分主题部分包括引言（）、正文()、结论()、参考文献().主体部分必须由另页右页开始. ．引言：主要说明研究工作地目地、涉及范围、相关领域地前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面地概述、理论意义和实用价值等. ．正文：论文地正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅.一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证.要求论据充分，论点明确.行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读.正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项地序号编码
英语专业本科毕业论文写作规范
四川外国语大学成都学院外语专业本科毕业论文写作规范 本科毕业论文是实现本科培养目标的重要教学环节。毕业论文的写作是对学生综合素质的检验，它既是检测学生综合运用所学的基础理论、专业知识和基本技能进行科学研究、理论思考与实践设计能力的重要手段，也是对他们进行初步的科研训练，掌握基本的科研方法，培养学生观察问题、分析问题和解决问题能力的重要过程。本科毕业论文是学院教学档案的重要组成部分，为了进一步做好本科生毕业论文工作，加强本科毕业论文的规范管理，结合我院实际，特制定本写作规范。 一、毕业论文总要求 本科毕业论文要求学生在掌握本专业的基础理论、专门知识和基本技能的基础上，通过查阅相关资料，有条理、有逻辑地观察问题、分析问题和解决问题。论文要求观点鲜明、论据充分、论证有力、逻辑性强、条理清楚、文字正确通顺、格式规范。同时，论文鼓励学生进行思维与观念上的创新，培养学生的创新能力，鼓励学生发表新见解；论文应该科学合理地利用资料，严禁抄袭或剽窃他人的作品（具体要求见《四川外语学院成都学院本科生毕业论文撰写条例（暂行）》）。 二、毕业论文打印格式 （一）纸型：A4纸型，除封面外，全部双面打印。 （二）页码：页码从正文第二页开始打印（首页不显示），放在页面的底端，采用“页面底端居中”的格式。 （三）字体：用汉语撰写的论文统一采用“宋体”，用英语、法语、俄语、德语、西班牙语撰写的论文采用“时代新罗马（Times New Roman）” 字体，用日语撰写的论文采用“明朝体”。 （四）字号：论文正文的字号用“小四”，章节标题用“四号”加粗。（五）页边距：采用Windows XP默认页边距：上2.54厘米，下2.54厘米，左3.17厘米，右3.17厘米。 （六）装订线：左边1厘米。 （七）行数：每页44行。 （八）页眉页脚：页眉1.5厘米，页脚1.75厘米。 （九）行距：论文全文采用1.5倍行距。 （十）对齐方式：论文正文采用“两端对齐”的方式，标题或副标题采用“居中”的方式。 三、论文组成部分 本科生的毕业论文应该包括以下部分，字数在3000-4000之间： 第一部分：论文封面页（Cover Page） 第二部分：论文题目页（Title Page） 第三部分：论文目录页（Outline Page） 第四部分：论文正文（Body） 第五部分：论文尾注（Endnotes）
英文投稿的一点经验
英文投稿的一点经验【转载】 1. 首先一定要注意杂志的发表范围, 超出范围的千万别投,要不就是浪费时间;另外，每个杂志都有他们的具体格式要求，一定要按照他们的要求把论文写好，免得浪费时间，前些时候，我的一个同事向一个著名的英文杂志投稿，由于格式问题，人家过两个星期就退回来了，而且说了很多难听的话，说投稿前首先就应该看清楚他们的格式要求； 2. 论文写作一定要言简意赅,特别是摘要,引言和结论部分,特别是摘要和结论不能重复,发现有很多论文这两部分没有差别, 个人认为, 摘要是引人入胜的"药引子",要留悬念;而结论是你论文得出的有证据的东西,要简单明了(很多人写了一大堆,把推测的结果都写上,这种论文质量很差); 另外,很多人认为数据越多, 发表的可能性越大,但经过读一些论文, 发现很多人的论文很烂, 感觉就是数据的简单堆积,所以,论文的重点应该在观点上,保证一篇论文一个新观点,已经足够了. 3. 投稿时,一定要找和你做研究内容相近领域的专家作评阅人,最好是国外的,不是说国内的不好,但就怕有人和你(或你老板)有过节,而且国内的很多所谓专家水平一般,且小心眼; 4. cover letter要简单介绍你的工作的创新性,这样便于论文的快速发表, 当然也应该客气几句,让编辑感到心里舒服,主要是夸杂志好之类的话; 有人写coverletter，就是写上题目、然后说很荣幸投稿之类地话，也有人干脆把摘要全写上，这样个人认为不好，一定用两到三句话说明你论文“新”在哪，这个非常重要。 5. 前些时候看到论坛上很多人说不能写信催编辑,个人认为没关系,必要催信能够让人重视你的论文,一定要让人感到,你的论文在这发不了,好多地方在等着发呢(但很多牛杂志,可不吃这套哟，人家不缺稿，嘿嘿). 当然写信的时候要客气,说一些快速发表对于学术讨论和促进工作等方面的重要性之类的话; 6. 能写英文,就不投中文稿, 特别是不投中文杂志英文版, 好不容易憋了篇英文,还投到低水平的杂志,很不甘心; 最重要的是国内杂志要钱，而国外很多不要。自从国内某杂志告诉我他们之所以收我很高的版面费是为了他们的生
长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语
长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语 这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上： 差别 gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance. 存在，出现 occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数 the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法 approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率 Incidence, frequency, prevalence In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs. 发现，阐明，报道，证实 verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation
英文论文写作规范
英文论文写作规范 1.论文版面要求 1.1.页面设置 论文必须统一使用word排版（Word2003或Word2007）,并在上传论文时在文档命名中注明使用版本。纸张统一使用A4纸，页面设置信息：上2.54cm；下3.05cm；左2.54cm；右2.54cm。页面中不允许出现页眉页脚和脚注信息。 1.2. 标点 论文中所有标点符号后面必须空一格（即：A+标点+空格+B），括号前后也必须空一格（即：A+空格+左括号+括号内容+右括号+空格+B）。 1.3. 语言及整体格式 论文撰写语言为英文，文中不得出现中文、日文等其他语言文字（部分风景图可以存在非英文字，但必须对图片有解释内容）。论文字体设置为Times New Roman，行距设置为单倍行距，字符间距设置为标准（字符间距默认状态下为标准，一般不用特意修改）。 1.4. 正文 1.4.1. 标题 一、二、三级标题统一使用阿拉伯数字编号，标题单词的首字母大写，标题编号后加“.”。如：1. Introduction；2.1. Formatting paper；3.1.2. Main text。 1.4. 2. 图和表 a)文章中出现的表格的标题需居中并置于表格上方，而图的标题应居中放在图的下方；表和图不得随意分割；表及图的长宽不得超过页边距。 b)图、表应分别使用阿拉伯数字顺序编号，居中设置与正文间距统一设置为10磅。 c)图、表标题应设置为10号Helvetica字体，加粗；图、表编号设置为9号Helvetica 字体，不加粗；图、表标题仅首字母大写；表头设置为8号字体加粗；表格内容设置为常规8号字体。 1.4.3. 公式 论文公式应使用公式编辑器编辑，并统一编号（1）、（2）、（3）……，编号应在该栏中设置为右对齐。 1.5. 参考文献 参考文献的序号按照引用文献在论文中出现的先后顺序连续编号[1]、[2] ……（选中所有文献右击选择“编号”），不能遗漏或颠倒；每篇参考文献至少在正文中出现一次；同一参考文献使用相同编码（即第一次引用时的编码）。在论文中引用参考文献时，用上标的形式（选中编码右击鼠标，选择“字体”，在效果中选择“上标”）随后附上所引用文献在参考文献中的编号。文献不可以为尾注形式。
英语议论文写作常用句型中英文对照模版
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英文论文写作常用的句型
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英文科技论文写作与投稿
Distributed Diffusion-based Non-negative Least-Mean-Square Algorithm Over Adaptive Networks Xiaolong Deng ABSTRACT In wireless sensor networks, distributed estimation over networks has received a lot of attention due to its broad applicability. We formulate and study distributed estimation algorithm based on diffusion protocols to implement cooperation among individual adaptive nodes. In the networks, every node is equipped with local leaning abilities, and they can share their local estimation and information with their neighbors. When the nodes communicate with each other, they keep to peer-to-peer protocols. And due to the inherent physical characteristics of systems under investigation, non-negativity is one of the most interesting constraints that can usually be imposed on the parameters to estimate. In distributed diffusion-based least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm, we add non-negative characteristics of parameters to the algorithm so that we can get a distributed diffusion-base non-negative least-mean-square algorithm over adaptive networks. Index Terms—Adaptive networks, diffusion algorithm, distributed estimation. least mean square algorithms, nonnegative constraints. INTRODUCTION Consider a network of nodes observing temporal data arising from different spatial sources with possibly different statistical profiles. Each node in the network could function as an individual adaptive filter whose aim is to estimate the parameter of interest through local observations [1]–[3]. An adaptive network structure is obtained where the structure as a whole is able to respond in real-time to the temporal and spatial variations in the statistical profile of the data [4]–[6]. Different adaptation or learning rules at the nodes, allied with different cooperation protocols, give rise to adaptive networks of various complexities and potential. Our formulation is useful in several problems involving estimation and event detection from multiple nodes collecting space–time data [7]–[12]. In many real-life phenomena including biological and physiological ones, due to the inherent physical characteristics of systems under investigation, non-negativity is a desired constraint that can be imposed on the parameters to estimate in order to avoid physically absurd and uninterpretable results. Over the last 15 years, a variety of methods have been developed to tackle nonnegative least-square problems (NNLS)[13]. Active set techniques for NNLS use the fact that if the set of variables which activate constraints is known, then the solution of the constrained least-square problem can be obtained by solving an unconstrained one that only includes inactive variables. The active set algorithm of Lawson and Hanson [14] is a batch resolution technique for NNLS problems. It has become a standard among the most frequently used methods. In [15], Bro and De Jong introduced a modification of the latter, called fast NNLS, which takes advantage of the special characteristics of iterative algorithms involving repeated use of non-negativity constraints. Another class of tools is the class of projected gradient
英语学术论文写作常用句型
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
英文论文写作常用语句
Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. 4. In the earliest study of the ….., ……mainly concentrate on the study of…….. In practice, ……. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
英语论文格式及写作规范
英语论文格式及写作规范语言和内容是评判一篇英语论文质量高低的重要依据；但是,写作格式规范与否亦是一个不可忽略的衡量标准。因此,规范英语论文的格式,使之与国际学术惯例接轨,对我们从事英语教学,英语论文写作,促进国际学术交流都具有重要意义。由于英语论文写作规范随学科不同而各有所异,本文拟就人文类学科英语论文的主要组成部分,概述美国教育界、学术界通行的人文类英语论文写作规范,以供读者参考、仿效。 一、英语论文的标题 一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./Prof.C.Prager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为0.6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。 就学生而言,如果英语论文篇幅较短,亦可不做标题页(及提纲页),而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。第一行为作
者姓名,与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm,以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号(或名称)及日期；各行左边上下对齐,并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白(下同)。接下来便是论文标题及正文(日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印,不必留出更多空白)。 二、英语论文提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。 三、英语论文正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约 1.5cm。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必
英文论文写作例句
杨跃，实用科技英语翻译研究，西安：西安交通大学出版社，2008 所谓“通顺”，就是在确切理解和掌握原文的基础上，汉语译文必须规范化，用词造句应符合汉语表达习惯，力求通顺易懂。要摆脱原文形式的束缚，不要逐词死译，生搬硬套，选用符合汉语习惯的表达方式，把愿意清楚明白的再现出来。科技译文的通顺还要符合专业表达的习惯，采用规范的专业语言，只在形式上忠实于原文，还不算是好的译文。 在EST翻译中，陆殿杨提出一条原则:“Translate literally, if possible, or appear to f ree translation.”(能直译就尽量直译，不能直译就采取意译。) 译好科技英语需要具备的三个条件： 对英语要比较精通（Good command of English）; 汉语水平要比较高（Good command of Chinese）; 对有关的科技内容要比较熟悉，即知识水平（Familiarity with Knowledge of Science and Technology） 一般来说，从事科技翻译工作，最好是通晓外语的本行专家，由熟悉本行业的行家翻译出来的东西，远比精通外语的门外汉要强得多。 严复翻译的三字标准“信、达、雅”。求其信，已大难矣！故信矣，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。易曰修辞立诚，子曰词达而已，又曰言之无文，行之不远。三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模，故信达而外，求其尔雅。此不仅期以行远已耳，实则经理微言。用汉以前字法句法，以为达易；用近世利俗文字，以求达雅，往往意义就词，毫厘千里。审择于斯二者之间，夫固有所不得已也。（《天演论》译例言，1898） 林语堂：忠实、通顺、美 傅雷：神似 钱钟书：化境 对于“美（雅）”，尚有争议。但“忠实”和“通顺”已成公认标准。
英语论文写作格式及写作说明
《大学生英语能力训练》实践课程学期作业 题目： A Paper_ times new roman三号加粗，填写具体的英文题目 学院： __ __________ 专业：__ ____________ 姓名：__ ____________ 学号：__ _________ 联系方式：__ ___________ 任课教师：__ ____________ 2020年4月
Paper Title （字体Times New Roman三号加粗，与摘要空两行） Abstract (字体times new roman，小四，加粗) An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the article; it allows readers to survey the contents of an article quickly and, like a title, it enables persons interested in the document to retrieve it from abstracting and indexing databases. Most scholarly journals require an abstract. Consult the instructions to authors or web page of the journal to which you plan to submit your article for any journal-specific instructions. A well-prepared abstract can be the most important single paragraph in an article. Most people have their first contact with an article by seeing just the abstract, usually in comparison with several other abstracts, as they are doing a literature search. Readers frequently decide on the basis of the abstract whether to read the entire article. The abstract needs to be dense with information. By embedding key words in your abstract, you enhance the user’s ability to find it.Do not exceed the abstract word limit of the journal to which you are submitting your article. Word limits vary from journal to journal and typically range from 150 to 250 words. For information on how abstracts are used to retrieve articles, consult Record Structure for APA Databases (Sick, 2009). (正文：字体times new roman，小四，两端对齐，单倍行距) Keywords: low case, comma, paper template, abstract, keywords, introduction 1. Introduction The body of a paper opens with an introduction that presents the specific problem under study and describes the research strategy. Because the introduction is clearly identified by its position in the manuscript, it does not carry a heading labeling it the introduction. Before writing the introduction, consider the following questions (Beck & Sales, 2001, p. 100): 1)Why is this problem important? 2)How does the study relate to previous work in the area? If other aspects of this study have been reported previously, how does this report differ from, and build on, the earlier report? A good introduction answers these questions in just a few pages and, by summarizing the relevant arguments and the past evidence, gives the reader a firm sense of What was done and why (Beck & Sales, 2001, pp. 100-102). Your introduction should include: The background for your choice of theme A discussion of your research question or thesis statement What are the theoretical and practical implications of the study? 1.1 Background