chapter 5
英语文体学Chapter5PhonologicalOverregularity
Sense and Sensibility
5.1 Phonemic Patterning
❖5.1.1 Alliteration Function of Alliteration--A. to create a sense of humor or childlike
5.1 Phonemic Patterning
❖5.1.2 Rhyme — Types of Rhymes ❖2) Internal rhymes
Rhymes which occur within a verse line. E.g. Far from city’s strident jangle as I angle, smoke and dream.
5.1 Phonemic Patterning
❖5.1.1 Alliteration ❖The initial consonant cluster can be
formed by up to 3 consonants, and the final consonant cluster can be formed by up to 4 consonants. In the above example, the word ‘street’ has a largest initial consonant cluster. While in the word ‘sixths’ there is a largest final consonant cluster.
❖5.1.1 Alliteration ❖Two points about alliteration need to be
跨文化商务沟通 Chapter 5
5.2.2 Ethnocentrism
Parenting style and Interpersonal networking.
Ethnocentrism, which is, negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standard of one’s own culture.
5.2.1 Cultural Differences
• Picture 5
Picture 5 shows different interpersonal relationship Chinese tend to hold a circular social network, thus every dot in the network would have relation with the others, which makes the interpersonal network is pretty intricate. American’s interpersonal networking is relatively simple and straightforward.
5.2.1 Cultural Differences
• Picture 2
Picture 2 shows that Chinese and American display contrary social styles Chinese tend to socialize with each other in the same group Americans adore socializing with each other in isolated small groups
朗文 chapter 5 课文
1,Mary gets some pretty stones from her uncles. She likes them very much .“Look at these pretty stones ,mummy ”. She says .2,“I can show them to Stella on Saturday . That’s a good idea.”3,Stella is Mary’s friend. She visit Mary on Saturday .She sits down on the sofa.“The cushion is nice and soft . I like it.” She says.4,Mary shows Stella to stones . Stella feels the stones with her hands. The stones are smooth and hard . Stella smiles She likes them .5,“What would you like to do now ? You can listen to some music or a story.”Mary says . Stella says she can read Mary a story . Mary is surprised.6Stella takes out a book .it is in braille . The paper is smooth but the writing is rough .“Look at my book. I can read it .” Stella says . “Wow , you’re so clever !” Mary says .课文练习1,Mary ____ some pretty stones ____ her uncles. She likes ____ very much .“Look ____ these pretty _____ ,mummy ”. She says .2,“I can show ____ to Stella _____ Saturday . That’s a good _____.”3,Stella ___ Mary’s _______. She _____ Mary _____ Saturday .She sits down ____ the sofa.“The cushion is ____and ____ . I like ____.” She says.4,Mary shows Stella _____ stones . Stella ____ the stones _____ her ______. The stones are smooth and______. Stella _____. She likes ______.5,“What would you _____ to do now ? You can listen _____ some ____ or a _____.” Mary says . Stella says she can _____ Mary a _____ . Mary is _______ .6Stella _____ out a book . ____ is _____ braille . The paper is _____but the ____ is rough .“Look ____ my book. I can read _____ .” Stella says . “Wow ,_____ so clever !” Mary says .。
Chapter5第二节省词法
Chapter 5 英汉词法翻译技巧第二节省略法（omission）省略译法——是指出于译文语法和习惯表达法的需要，把原文中需要而译文中又不需要的单词、词组等在翻译过程中加以省略的翻译方法。
原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，是因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的。
换言之，省略是删去一些可有可无的，或者是那些如在译文中保留下来则会使语言表达累赘啰嗦或不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语，而不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。
省略法一般用于以下两种情况：一是从语法角度进行省略；二是从修辞角度进行省略。
一、从语法角度英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大，如：英语有冠词，汉语没有；英语重形合、连接词较多，汉语重意合、连接词较少；英语介词丰富，多达280多个，汉语介词较少，只有30来个；英语中经常使用代词，尤其是经常使用人称代词、关系代词等，汉语中代词则用得较少。
因此，英译汉时可在不损害准确传达原文内容的前提下根据具体情况将冠词、连接词、介词、代词等省略，使译文练达晓畅。
省略冠词1) A teacher should have patience in his work. （表类别）2)The horse is a useful animal.3)The moon was slowly rising above the sea. （独一无二）4)He left without saying a word.5)Robert said he was getting a dollar a mile. 每开一英里就赚一块钱6)The children are of an age.省略连接词7)He looked gloomy and troubled. （并列）忧愁不安8)Despite the privation, and the mounting toll of dead and wounded, however, morale remained intact, andpeople still smile in the street. 尽管供应不足，伤亡增加，然而士气并未受到影响。
chapter5(第一讲)
Writing Skills
3. Add a favorable comment on the goods ordered. Example: We feel confident that you will satisfy with the quality of our goods and our business service.
Writing Skills
Part 2 An order, especially a first order, should most
certainly be acknowledged by a letter, a fax or Email. The acceptance should include the following information.
Partial shipment is allowed; Transshipment is not allowed.
We will establish the relevant L/C before September 20 as requested. We would like you to effect the insurance for ll0% of the invoice value covering All Risks and War Risk.
We are confident that we must have a good business start and will extend our business successfully in future through our mutual effort.
We anticipate to hear from you soon. Thanks a lot for your kind cooperation.
Chapter 5 段落翻译
She had gone out„ 相连，使得上下文更加紧凑，衔接更为自然。
在一个春节前一天的下午，我到重庆郊外去看一位朋友。她住在那 个乡村的乡公所楼上。走上一段阴暗的反反的楼梯，进到一间有一
张方桌和几张竹凳、墙上装着一架电话的屋子，再进去就是我的朋
友的房间，和外间只隔一幅布帘。她不在家„
Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. 译文1：许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白 领工人的社会地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。 译文2：这在西方倒是人之常情，许多人常常宁愿牺牲比 较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位。 汉语习惯：原因在前，结果在后；条件在前，事实在后。
1. Learn from the past mistakes to avoid the future ones. 2. Behind, I see no ancestors; Ahead, I find no followers. 3. I think the worst problem is behind us. 4. I am getting ahead of the story. 5. They never met from the day forward. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 惩前毖后。 前无古人，后无来者。 我想最糟糕的情况已经过去了。 我讲到故事的后面去了。 从那天以后他们再也没见过面。
在四川，有一美妙去处。它背依岷山主峰雪宝顶，树木苍翠，花香袭人，鸟声 婉转，流水潺潺。名胜古迹荟萃，这就是松潘县的黄龙。 该段翻译展现了中国人典型的思维方式—归纳法，即先描述或叙述理由，后做 结论。 英美人的思维方式正好相反，他们往往采用演绎法，即开门见山摆出结论，然 后再推演，段落中的主题句便是这种思维方式的体现。
美国文学chapter_5
chapter5 研究策略
研究方法概述
定量研究方法
• 测量变量
• 潜变量和测量变量：在结构方程模型中 包括两种主要变量，即潜变量（Latent Variable）和可观测变量，有时也称为显 变量（Manifest Variable）。
• 潜变量是实际工作中无法直接测量到的变量， 包括比较抽象的概念和由于种种原因不能准 确测量的变量。 • 一个潜变量往往对应着多个显变量，可以看 做其对应显变量的抽象和概括，显变量则可 视为特定潜变量的反应指标。
研究策略的概念及种类
研究策略的种类
• 档案研究
• 将管理记录和文件作为数据的主要来源。 • 档案主要指近期和历史的档案，是对二手数 据的分析。 • 这些数据是因为它们是每日活动的产物而被 分析，而不是最初为了研究目的而作为数据 来搜集的。 • 档案研究会受到管理记录和文件的约束，如 数据的缺省，保密原因导致数据的获取等。
研究策略的选择
选择步骤
• 第四步：选择数据或资料收集方法。 • 数据采集方法的选择
• 原始数据的采集方法：问卷调查、实地走访、深度 访谈、标准化测验、观察表格、实验记录、日志等 其他记录原始数据的媒介； • 二手数据的采集方法：文献、数据库、统计年鉴、 行业报告等。
• 数据处理技术的选择
• 对于验证性研究而言，可以采用的数据分析技术很 多，常用的有回归分析、结构方程等； • 对应的实证研究工具有Spss、AMOS、Mplus、HLM
研究策略的选择
选择依据
• 在进行研究策略的选择时，可以结合定量和 定性方法及程序的方法来选择。
• 单一方法：使用一个数据搜集程序和对应的分 析程序。 • 多种方法：使用多个数据搜集程序和分析程序 来解答研究问题。多种方法的定量研究、多种 方法的定性研究。 • 混合方法：在一个研究设计中同时使用定量和 定性数据搜集方法及分析程序。包括混合方法 研究、混合模型研究。
研究生英语Chapter 5
手性轴
4
5.1.1 轴向手性化合物的命名
H C H3C A C C H CH3 H C HO2C B C Cl H3C C H H H CO2H
20
5.3 Compounds possessing helical chirality
Newman（1956年）将其拆分， [ α] D 24 –3640 (CHCl3)，它只有在熔 点（260 oC）以上才可能发生消旋。 六螺苯 P
21
R H C O C C CH CH2 R H C C C CH2CO2C, 37, 1343.
13
5.1.2 轴向手性化合物的合成
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 5754.
J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 2757.
(3) 联苯型化合物
如果在联苯的邻位即2, 2’, 6, 6’位置上引入体积相当大的取代 基，则两个苯环绕单键旋转就受到阻碍，以至它们不能处在 同一平面上，当苯环邻位上连接的两个体积较大的取代基不 相同时，分子就没有对称面和对称中心，就有手性。
OH OH PPh2 PPh2
BINOL
BINAP
3
5.1.1 轴向手性化合物的命名
H Cl C C C H Cl
镜面
Cl C C C H
H
a d b
丙二烯型
Cl
c
手性轴
手性轴
H
Cl
d
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Cl H
（a)
b (b)
chapter5-练习题
Fundamentals of Management, 8e (Robbins et al.)Chapter 5 Basic Organizational Structure and DesignI True or false1) Organizational design is the process in which managers change or develop an organization's structure.2) There are four basic elements in organizational structure.3) The original ideas about organizational design formulated by Fayol and Weber are now largely obsolete.4) When work specialization originally began to be implemented early in the twentieth century, employee productivity initially rose.5) Today, most managers see work specialization as a source of ever-increasing productivity.6) The advantage of work specialization is that it tends to result in high employee motivation and high productivity.7) Departmentalization is how jobs are grouped.8) Staff authority is the ability to direct the work of any employee who does not havea higher rank in the organization.9) Grouping jobs on the basis of major product areas is termed customer departmentalization.10) Line authority can be exerted only after a manager checks with his or her superior.11) Unity of command prevents an employee from trying to follow two conflicting commands at once.12) Power is a right that a manager has when he or she has a higher rank in an organization.13) When decisions tend to be made at lower levels in an organization, the organization is said to be centralized.14) Traditional organizations are structured in a pyramid, with the power and authority located in the pyramid's broad base.15) The two prevalent organization structure models in today's world are the organic organization and the inorganic organization.16) A mechanistic organization is bureaucratic and hierarchical.17) An organic organization tends to be flexible and have few formal rules.18) Innovators need the efficiency, stability, and tight controls of a mechanistic structure rather than an organic structure.19) The relationship between organizational size and structure tends to be linear.20) Joan Woodward attempted to view organizational structure from a technological perspective.21) Woodward concluded that mass production worked best with an organic organization structure.22) The stability of a mechanistic structure seems to work best in today's dynamic and uncertain business environment.23) The strength of a simple structure is that everything depends on a single person.24) A strength of a functional structure is that it avoids duplication.25) A weakness of the divisional structure is that duplication tends to occur.26) In a team structure, team members are not held responsible for their decisions.27) In a team structure, there is a clear line of managerial authority from top to bottom.28) Employees in an organization with a matrix design can have two bosses for the same job.29) A significant advantage of the matrix structure is the clear chain of command from top to bottom of the organization.30) When employees in a matrix structure finish a project, they go back to their functional department.31) When employees in a project structure finish a project, they go back to their original department.32) Vertical boundaries separate employees by their rank in an organization.33) Horizontal boundaries separate employees by the amount of power they have in an organization.34) A virtual organization relies on freelancers who have no permanent status or position in the organization.35) Managers want to eliminate boundaries in organizations primarily to increase stability and reduce flexibility.36) Horizontal boundaries separate employees by the specialization of their job.37) A virtual organization may disintegrate after it finishes its task.38) All learning organizations share a distinct structure.39) The biggest issue in workers working at home or off-site involves fairness.40) A learning organization puts an enormous amount of effort on making sure that all of its employees are enrolled in some kind of university level class.41) When you call JetBlue you are likely to speak to an agent in a large office in India.42) Contingent workers may make up to 40 percent of the workforce by the end of the decade.II. Choose the best answers43) Organizational design requires a manager to ________.A) organize groups within an organizationB) change the culture of an organizationC) change or develop the structure of an organizationD) change the logo of an organization44) All of the following are part of the process of organizational design EXCEPT ________.A) deciding how specialized jobs should beB) determining rules for employee behaviorC) determining the level at which decisions are madeD) determining goals for the organization45) Which of the following are NOT basic elements of organizational structure?A) work specialization, span of controlB) chain of command, line authorityC) centralization, decentralizationD) departmentalization, formalization46) Which of the following is synonymous with work specialization?A) division of laborB) job discriminationC) chain of commandD) job preference47) Which statement accurately defines work specialization?A) It is the degree to which tasks are grouped together.B) Individual employees specialize in doing part of an activity rather than the entire activity.C) Jobs are ranked relative only to their worth or value to the businesses.D) Work specialization clarifies who reports to whom.48) Early supporters of work specialization saw it as ________.A) a reliable way to increase productivityB) a good way to increase employee moraleC) a source of innovationD) an immoral way to coerce workers into greater productivity49) Early users of work specialization in the early twentieth century found that the practice ultimately resulted in ________.A) higher profits and better employee moraleB) bored workers with low moraleC) huge and permanent productivity gainsD) better communication among employees50) Today, managers favor this approach instead of work specialization.A) All tasks are performed by all employees.B) Partners switch jobs every half hour.C) Employees perform a broad range of tasks.D) Monotonous tasks are shared by all employees.51) Functional departmentalization groups jobs by ________.A) tasks they performB) territories they serveC) products or services they manufacture or produceD) type of customer they serve52) ________ departmentalization is based on territory or the physical location of employees or customers.A) FunctionalB) ProductC) GeographicD) Matrix53) A soap company that features a bath soap department, a laundry detergent department, and a dish soap department is using which of the following?A) process departmentalizationB) functional departmentalizationC) product departmentalizationD) customer departmentalization54) What kind of departmentalization would be in place in a government agency in which there are separate departments that provide services for employers, employed workers, unemployed workers, and the disabled?A) productB) geographicC) outcomeD) customer55) State motor vehicle offices usually use this kind of departmentalization.A) productB) functionalC) customerD) process56) The line of authority that extends from the upper levels of management to the lowest levels of the organization is termed the ________.A) chain of responsibilityB) unity of commandC) staff authorityD) chain of command57) The chain of command answers this question.A) Where do I go for help?B) How do I know when the task is complete?C) What are the rules?D) Who reports to whom?58) Authority gives an individual the right to do this.A) give ordersB) reprimand employeesC) command respectD) obey orders59) In the chain of command, each person above you ________.A) has special privilegesB) receives higher payC) has line authorityD) has no right to give you orders60) Staff managers have authority over ________.A) special support employees onlyB) line managersC) middle managersD) the person above them in the chain of command61) Line authority gives a manager the ability to direct the work of ________.A) any employee in the firmB) any subordinateC) any subordinate, after consulting with the next higher levelD) only subordinates one level down62) ________ prevents a single employee from getting conflicting orders from two different superiors.A) Line authorityB) Unity of commandC) Staff authorityD) Chain of command63) The importance of unity of command has diminished in today's workplace because of its tendency to be ________.A) inflexible and inefficientB) ethically questionableC) chauvinistic and dictatorialD) too decisive64) Which of the following statements is true?A) Power is a right.B) Authority is one's ability to influence decisions.C) Authority is a right.D) Both power and authority are rights.65) ________ is the obligation or expectation to perform a duty.A) ResponsibilityB) Unity of commandC) Chain of commandD) Span of control66) The personal secretary of a top manager may have ________.A) power but not authorityB) authority but not powerC) power and authorityD) line authority but not staff authority67) Which of the following statements is true?A) Power is a type of authority.B) Authority and power are identical.C) Authority is a type of power.D) Power is determined by horizontal position in an organization.68) As represented in a power cone, power is based on ________.A) vertical position onlyB) horizontal position onlyC) distance from the center onlyD) vertical position and distance from the center69) As represented in a hierarchical organization diagram, authority is based on ________.A) vertical position onlyB) horizontal position onlyC) distance from the center onlyD) horizontal and vertical position70) A construction site supervisor who sees an impending thunderstorm and tells workers to go home is demonstrating ________.A) line authorityB) staff delegationC) provisional accountabilityD) responsibility71) ________ is the power that rests on the leader's ability to punish or control.A) Reward powerB) Coercive powerC) Expert powerD) Referent power72) A bank manager who passes out bonuses at the end of the year is exercising this.A) reward powerB) coercive powerC) expert powerD) referent power73) Your firm's attorney has ________ power when giving legal advice.A) legitimateB) statusC) expertD) coercive74) ________ is the power that arises when a person is close to another person who has great power and authority.A) Expert powerB) Referent powerC) Reward powerD) Legitimate power75) When a top manager decides to hire an individual over the objections of her staff, she is exercising which kind of power?A) referentB) expertC) coerciveD) legitimate76) The traditional view holds that managers should not directly supervise more than ________ subordinates.A) three or fourB) five or sixC) seven or eightD) nine or ten77) Modern managers find that they can ________ if their employees are experienced, well-trained, and motivated.A) increase their span of controlB) decrease their span of controlC) eliminate their span of controlD) fluctuate their span of control78) A traditional "top down" organization is ________ organization.A) a largely centralizedB) a largely decentralizedC) an absolutely decentralizedD) an absolutely centralized79) ________ reflects the degree to which decision making is distributed through out the hierarchy rather than concentrated at the top.A) CentralizationB) Span of controlC) ConcentrationD) Decentralization80) In recent years, organizations have become more ________ to be responsive to a dynamic business environment.A) centralizedB) decentralizedC) structuredD) mechanistic81) In today's decentralized business world, ________ the most important strategic decisions.A) top managers still primarily makeB) middle managers makeC) lower-level managersD) nonmanagerial employees82) All of the following are characteristics of a highly formalized organization EXCEPT ________.A) explicit job descriptionsB) little discretion for employeesC) minimum number of rulesD) a standardized way of doing things83) Today's managers are moving away from formalization and trying to be this.A) more rigorousB) more flexibleC) more strictD) less permissive84) Today's managers expect employees to ________.A) ignore rules for the most partB) use discretion when it comes to following rulesC) faithfully follow rules even when it may harm the organizationD) make their own rules85) A(n) ________ organization has a high degree of specialization, formalization, and centralization.A) organicB) horizontalC) learningD) mechanistic86) Which of the following would likely be found in mechanistic organizations?A) wide span of controlB) empowered employeesC) decentralized responsibilityD) standardized jobs87) A(n) ________ organization is able to change rapidly as needs require.A) organicB) hierarchicalC) verticalD) mechanistic88) Which term best describes an organic organization?A) hierarchicalB) pyramid-shapedC) flexibleD) fixed89) Which word best characterizes a mechanistic organization?A) hierarchicalB) collaborativeC) adaptableD) informal90) Strategy, size, technology, and the degree of uncertainty in the environment together make up what are called ________.A) contingency variablesB) control factorsC) structure variablesD) probable factors91) Together, contingency variables determine the ________.A) success of an organizationB) culture of an organizationC) structure of an organizationD) size of an organization92) A company that is pursuing a cost leadership strategy would be most likely to have this kind of structure.A) mechanisticB) virtualC) teamD) matrix-project93) A company that is trying to be a leader in innovation within its industry would be most likely to have this kind of structure.A) mechanisticB) organicC) simpleD) functional94) Larger organizations tend to have ________ than smaller organizations.A) more specializationB) less departmentalizationC) less centralizationD) fewer rules and regulations95) As an organization grows to a size of over 2,000 employees, it finds it hard to avoid becoming more ________.A) mechanisticB) organicC) informalD) adaptable96) Joan Woodward conducted pioneering studies on how this affected the structure of companies.A) ethicsB) technologyC) valuesD) corporate culture97) Woodward found that if horizontal differentiation in an organization were low, this structure worked best.A) mechanisticB) traditionalC) inorganicD) organic98) Woodward concluded that a mechanistic structure worked best for a firm that used ________.A) unit productionB) mass productionC) process productionD) quality production99) In Woodward's study, this type of production combined high vertical differentiation and low horizontal differentiation.A) unit productionB) mass productionC) process productionD) technological production100) The greater the environmental uncertainty, the more an organization needs to become ________.A) organicB) mechanisticC) stableD) high-tech101) Global competition forces firms to ________.A) become lean, fast, and flexibleB) build up enormous cash reservesC) think locallyD) become more hierarchical102) Traditional organizational designs tend to be more mechanistic and include ________.A) simple, complex, and divisional structuresB) simple, functional, and dysfunctional structuresC) functional, divisional, and vertical structuresD) simple, functional, and divisional structures103) A simple structure is ________ like a mechanistic organization, but ________ like an organic organization.A) centralized; informalB) informal; decentralizedC) decentralized; formalD) centralized; formal104) What is a strength of a simple structure?A) Employees are grouped with others who have similar tasks.B) Power and authority are widely distributed.C) Accountability is clear.D) There are cost-saving advantages from specialization.105) What is a weakness of a simple structure?A) Duplication of activities and resources increases costs and reduces efficiency.B) Functional specialists become insulated and have little understanding of what other units are doing.C) Pursuit of functional goals can cause managers to lose sight of what is best for the overall organization.D) Reliance on a single person is risky.106) This is a key characteristic in an organization with a functional structure.A) adaptabilityB) departmentalizationC) flexibilityD) little specialization107) This is a weakness of a functional structure.A) favoring functional goals over organizational goalsB) favoring organizational goals over functional goalsC) failing to attain functional goalsD) overemphasizing organizational goals108) Avoiding redundancy is a strength of which structure?A) simpleB) divisionalC) functionalD) corporate109) In a ________ structure each business unit has complete autonomy to reach its goals.A) simpleB) functionalC) divisionalD) matrix110) A media company that has separate, autonomous companies for movies, TV, Internet, and print journalism is most likely a ________ structure.A) divisionalB) functionalC) simpleD) matrix111) Having separate payroll departments in each division of a divisional structure is an example of which of the following?A) efficiency, because payroll departments competeB) duplication, because a single payroll department could do the jobC) effectiveness, because separate payroll departments create jobsD) efficiency, because separate payroll departments can share methods of operation Answer: B112) As the number of employees in an organization grows, structure tends to become more ________.A) bureaucraticB) informalC) decentralizedD) relaxed113) Looking for ways to make their organization more flexible and innovative, today's managers may choose this kind of structure.A) simpleB) divisionalC) functionalD) team114) In a team structure, ________.A) there is a clear line of managerial authorityB) there is no clear line of managerial authorityC) authority comes from top managers onlyD) no one has the authority to make decisions115) In a team structure, team members ________.A) are subject to decisions made by their supervisorsB) can influence decisions made by top managersC) make decisions and are accountable for their decisionsD) make decisions only after first checking with management116) All of the following are necessary for successful team structure EXCEPT ________.A) well-trained team membersB) team members with cross-functional skillsC) team members with years of management experienceD) a fair and well-run team-based pay plan117) In a ________, employees are recruited from functional departments to work on a specific project for a limited time period.A) team structureB) divisional structureC) product structureD) matrix structure118) In a matrix structure, a group member will typically report to ________.A) a project manager onlyB) both a project manager and functional department headC) a functional department head onlyD) Group members are fully autonomous in a matrix structure, so they don't report to anyone.119) When a group member in a matrix structure finishes a project, he or she ________.A) returns to his or her functional departmentB) stays with the group to take on a new projectC) enters a pool of available employees from the entire organizationD) starts looking for a new job120) By giving employees two direct superiors, a matrix structure violates this key element of organizational design.A) unity of commandB) chain of commandC) span of managementD) decentralization121) A key difference between a team structure and a matrix structure is that a team structure ________ while a matrix structure does not.A) empowers group membersB) works on projectsC) has fairly permanent groups or teamsD) holds group members accountable122) In a project structure, when employees finish a project they ________.A) return to their departmentB) return to a different divisionC) move on to another projectD) return to their regular work123) In an orchestra, a horizontal boundary exists between which of the following?A) the string section and the horn sectionB) the string section and the conductorC) the conductor and the audienceD) the string section and the audience124) In an orchestra, a vertical boundary exists between which of the following?A) the string section and the horn sectionB) the string section and the conductorC) the horn section and the percussion sectionD) the percussion section and the string section125) Boundaryless organizations try to eliminate ________ within their organization.A) horizontal specialization and vertical hierarchyB) horizontal specialization onlyC) vertical hierarchy onlyD) vertical specialization only126) A virtual organization is essentially ________ who come together for a particular project.A) a group of employees from a single companyB) a group of free agentsC) a team of employees from different departments of a companyD) a group of top managers and CEOs127) How does a virtual organization save on costs?A) by hiring people who specialize in what they doB) by hiring fewer people than they need and making them work much longer hoursC) by eliminating all administrative dutiesD) by keeping only a small permanent staff for administrative purposes only128) A ________ subcontracts part of a project to outside suppliers.A) virtual organizationB) boundary organizationC) matrix structureD) network organization129) A building contractor follows the network organization model when he does which of the following?A) does the framing and tiling by himselfB) hires three workers to help with framingC) gives orders to workersD) farms out the plumbing to a plumbing firm130) A learning organization develops the capability to ________.A) add new training programs to keep employees up to dateB) accept the conventional wisdom of the industryC) continuously learn, adapt, and changeD) attract new employees who have special knowledge131) A learning organization requires employees to ________.A) encode information to prevent competitors from stealing ideasB) collaborate with competitorsC) make all ideas publicD) share information and collaborate with one another132) All of the following are characteristic of learning organizations EXCEPT ________.A) a strong sense of communityB) a collaborative environmentC) managers who serve as facilitatorsD) fear of making mistakes133) Organizational learning can't take place without ________.A) complete privacy for employeesB) a clear chain of commandC) a shared vision of the futureD) a stable structure or hierarchy134) In a learning organization, it is important that all employees _______.A) collaborateB) study each nightC) have a strong sense of leadershipD) share the same vision for the organization135) The jobs of assembly-line employees are to be changed to allow more tasks to be done by individual workers. This is a reduction in ________.A) work specializationB) departmentalizationC) chain of commandD) centralization136) Eric, who is trained as an engineer, is now in a group with production workers and marketing specialists from different departments designing a new product that the company plans to offer. This situation could be described as a(n) ________.A) alternative assignmentB) collective assignmentC) advanced assignmentD) project assignment137) Eric is offered a chance to help direct the efforts of some employees assigned to his work group. This is a chance for Eric to experience ________.A) functional structureB) divisional structureC) responsibilityD) authority138) Eric sees this new assignment as an increase in ________, or an obligation or expectation for him to perform at a new level.A) functional structureB) divisional structureC) responsibilityD) authority（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
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一价定律: 开放经济下的一价定律2010-源自-12PT = e P*T
10
购买力平价的基本形式
1. 绝对购买力平价 理论假设:可贸易商品一价定律成立, 理论假设:可贸易商品一价定律成立,货币中 性,物价指数中可贸易商品所占权重相等 不同国家可贸易商品物价水平以同一货币计量 时相等: 时相等: n n
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5.2 购买力平价说
背景了解 背景了解
A币 币 B币 币 B国物价水平 国物价水平 A国物价水平 国物价水平 商 品 单位货币的国内购买力
纸 币 本 位 制
的
价
价 价 价
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9
结论
如果不考虑交易成本等因素, 如果不考虑交易成本等因素,则同种可贸 易商品在不同区域市场上的价格是相等的 不同市场 价格间的关系 称为一价定律
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3. 利率平价说对远期外汇市场的分析 外汇市场的投机者(假定本国 本国金融市场 外汇市场的投机者(假定本国金融市场利率较高)
远期合约汇率与预期的未来即期汇率变动应该一致, 远期合约汇率与预期的未来即期汇率变动应该一致, 而在套补的套利活动影响下,远期合约汇率会下跌, 而在套补的套利活动影响下,远期合约汇率会下跌,可 能与实际的未来即期汇率的变动出现不一致,这时, 能与实际的未来即期汇率的变动出现不一致,这时,存 在投机机会: 在投机机会:
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20
英镑 12%
美元 10%
1 英镑 2 美元 1 英镑 1.85 美元 英镑= 英镑=
低利率货币 ( 1. 借 2 美元 ,本息 2(1+ 0.1 ),并卖出远期英镑 ),并卖出远期英镑 兑为英镑存一年, 亏 兑为英镑存一年,本息为 1+ 0.12 英镑 损 执行合约:1. 12 英镑 1. 85 美元 英镑 = 2. 072 美元 执行合约: 英镑* 美元/英镑 扣除成本得到套利结果: 扣除成本得到套利结果: 2. 072 - 2. 2 = -0. 128美元 美元 远期贬值货币 2. 借 1 英镑 ,本息 1+ 0.12 ,并卖出远期美元 兑为美元存一年, ( 盈 兑为美元存一年,本息 2(1+ 0.1 )美元 执行合约: 美元/ 美元/英镑 利 执行合约:2. 2 美元 1. 85 美元 英镑 = 1. 189 英镑 扣除成本得到套利结果: 扣除成本得到套利结果: 1. 189 - 1.12 = 0. 069英镑 英镑
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则,在本国投资一年,本利和:A(1+ia) 在本国投资一年,本利和: 在外国投资一年,本利和: 在外国投资一年,本利和: (1)以外币表示,A/e×(1+ib) )以外币表示, × (2)以本币表示,A/e×(1+ib)×f )以本币表示, ×(1+ib)× 套利活动终止时,在本国与在外国的投资收益 应相等,即 A(1+ia)= A/e×(1+ib)×f ×(1+ib)× (f-e)/e=ia-ib 故,ia>ib时,f>e,即远期外汇汇率升水 时 , ia<ib时,f<e,即远期外汇汇率贴水 时 , 升水或贴水率等于两地利差, 升水或贴水率等于两地利差,即(f-e)/e=ia-ib
4. 利率平价说的简单评价 A 研究角度:对于正确认识资金流动频繁的外 研究角度: 汇市场汇率形成机制非常重要 运用广泛 B 不是独立的汇率决定理论,只描述了汇率与 不是独立的汇率决定理论, 利率间相互影响相互作用的关系 补充 C 实践价值:利率变动及其对汇率的影响是迅 实践价值: 速的, 速的,为央行灵活调节汇率提供了有效途径
e = P/ P*( 为常数) ( ) 取对数, 取对数,再取变动率 △e= △P- △ P* ∴汇率的升值与贬值取决于两国通胀率的差异
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对购买力平价理论的分析
A 计量检验中存在技术上的困难 物价指数,商品分类, 物价指数,商品分类,相对购买力平价基年 B 短期看,汇率会暂时偏离购买力平价 短期看, 价格粘性,资本与金融账户 价格粘性, C 长期看,实际经济因素变动使名义汇率与购 长期看, 买力平价产生永久性偏离 贸易管制,消费偏好, 贸易管制,消费偏好,自然资源发现等
英国: 支付 英国:收入资金 镑
黄金输送点: 黄金输送点:汇率波动上下限 上 出 入 下
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法定平价
1. 共同特点:金币不再自由铸造,自由流通,只 共同特点:金币不再自由铸造,自由流通, 流通银行券 2. 二者区别 : 金块本位制:银行券不能自由兑黄金, 金块本位制:银行券不能自由兑黄金,必要时 不能自由兑黄金 可兑金块,银行券的价值与一定黄金保持等值 可兑金块,银行券的价值与一定黄金保持等值 金汇兑本位制:银行券在国内不能兑黄金 不能兑黄金, 金汇兑本位制:银行券在国内不能兑黄金,本 国货币只同另一实行金本位制国家的货币保持固 国货币只同另一实行金本位制国家的货币保持固 定比价
第五章 汇率决定理论(上) 汇率决定理论(
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
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汇率决定问题概述 购买力平价说 利率平价说 国际收支说
1
5.1 汇率决定问题概述
货币制度演变
一, 金 本 位 制
不同货币制度下汇率决定问题
1. 铸币平价 2. 黄金输送点 3. 法定平价
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对购买力平价理论的检验与评价
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5.3 利率平价说
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1. 套补的利率平价
一般情况下,高利率货币远期贴水, 一般情况下,高利率货币远期贴水,低 利率货币远期升水. 利率货币远期升水. 已知: 国年利率ia,外国年利率ib,即 已知:本国年利率ia,外国年利率ib,即 ia,外国年利率ib, 期汇率e,远期汇率f e,远期汇率 期汇率e,远期汇率f.汇率的标价方法为 直接标价法,投资额为A 直接标价法,投资额为A.
铸币平价
金币本位制主要特征
金铸币有一定重量与成色(法定含金量) 金铸币有一定重量与成色(法定含金量) 自由铸造,自由流通,自由输出入, 自由铸造,自由流通,自由输出入,无限清偿 辅币和银行券可按其票面值自由兑换金铸币
铸币平价: 铸币平价:两种金属铸币含金量之比
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各国以黄金作为统一币材与价值衡量标准 英国英镑与美国美元的 英国英镑与美国美元 铸币平价计算: 重 量 成 色 含金量 ￡1 123.27447格令 × 22/24 = 113.0016格令 123.27447格令 113.0016格令
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汇率不限波动幅度
7
购买力平价说的历史背景
16世纪中叶 世纪中叶 货币S增加 萨拉蒙卡学派(西班牙) 萨拉蒙卡学派(西班牙) 国内P上涨 本币贬值
1802 桑顿 (英) 提出购买力平价思想 李嘉图 英 1914,一战 金本位制崩溃 纸币本位制 物价 , 英 国际借贷说不能解释 1916 卡赛尔(瑞典)系统化,《外汇反常的离 卡赛尔(瑞典)系统化,《 ,《外汇反常的离 差现象》, 》,说明一战后货币汇率混乱情况下汇率的 差现象》,说明一战后货币汇率混乱情况下汇率的 决定因素, 向国际联盟提交备忘录, 决定因素,1920~21 向国际联盟提交备忘录,随后 出版《 年以后的货币与外汇》 出版《1914年以后的货币与外汇》 年以后的货币与外汇 第一个用价格指数表示汇率, 第一个用价格指数表示汇率,使汇率理论可操作
决定盈亏 两个因素
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利率 0.12 - 0.1 = 0.02
利差大时
汇率变化 幅度大时 21
1.85 / 2 –1 = 0.081 1 汇率 2 / 1.85 - 1 = 0.075
�
?物价
∑a i P i = e ∑a i Pi *
i=0 i=0
可变为: 可变为:
指数包 e = PT / PT* 括所有 商品 某一时点汇率的决定
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不同货币对可贸易 商品的购买力之比
11
2. 相对购买力平价与弱购买力平价 理论假设放松: 理论假设放松:交易成本使一价定律不能完全 成立, 成立,各国物价指数计算存在差异 相等, 以同一货币计量不同国家物价水平不完全相等, 而是存在一定的,较稳定的偏离: 而是存在一定的,较稳定的偏离:
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二,纸币流通下汇率的决定
1.二战后 二战后—1973年:黄金平价之比 二战后 年 两国货币单位所代表 所代表的金 黄金平价 :两国货币单位所代表的金 量 黄金美元本位制 双挂钩 1 美元兑 0.888671克纯金 克纯金 固定汇率制 2.1973年之后:购买力平价(两国货币 年之后:购买力平价( 年之后 代表的价值量) 代表的价值量) 货币不限含金量
开放经济下可贸易商品跨国流动对套利活动的影响: 开放经济下可贸易商品跨国流动对套利活动的影响: 交易成本增加, 交易成本增加,套利同时还应考虑汇率变化的影响 如果不考虑交易成本等因素, 如果不考虑交易成本等因素,则以同一货 结论 币衡量的同种可贸易商品在不同国家市场 上的价格应相等,即在直接标价法下: 上的价格应相等,即在直接标价法下:
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课堂作业: 课堂作业: 假定在欧洲货币市场上, 假定在欧洲货币市场上,英镑和美元 1 年期利率( 贷款) 年期利率(存,贷款)分别为 12% 与 10%, , 某公司 融资 进行套利交易.已知英镑兑美元 进行套利交易. 英镑= 美元, 的现汇汇率为 1 英镑 2 美元,一年期远期汇 英镑= 美元. 率为 1 英镑 1.85 美元. 请你为该公司进行试算,如果进行套利, 请你为该公司进行试算,如果进行套利, 结果如何,说明原因. 结果如何,说明原因.
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汇率 变化 与利差进行比较的是 升贴水率 幅度 = 升贴水/原汇率 ρ=i-i* 即:升贴水率 利差 i 升贴水率=利差 本国利率高于外国利率,则本币(本币资产) 本国利率高于外国利率,则本币(本币资产) 近期升值, 近期升值,而远期贬值 近期套利对本币(本币资产) 近期套利对本币(本币资产)的购买使本币升 变小 值汇价上浮,而套补套利同时会在远期市场 远期市场卖出本 值汇价上浮,而套补套利同时会在远期市场卖出本 使本币供给增多,远期市场本币贬值汇价下跌 变大 币,使本币供给增多,远期市场本币贬值汇价下跌 2. 非套补的利率平价 i E ρ=i-i* 即:预期的汇率远期变动率 = 利差 本国利率高于外国利率, 本国利率高于外国利率 本币未来的即期汇率将贬值