Grammar in context
0811grammar in context
Q & A: Preliminaries
• • • • • • • • What do you think of when you think of grammar? forms rules sentence memorizing red ink drills/ exercises boring
Q & A: Preliminaries
Teaching grammar in context: Principle
• integrating form with meaning/ function for use in context • 1. form integrated with underlying meaning/ function/ reason • 2. illustrated in context, taught for use in context
Suggested Readings
• Hudson, R. & Walmsley, J. The English Patient: English grammar and teaching in the twentieth century,” Journal of Linguistics (2005)41: 593-622. • Hugh, G. Grammar in Context. London: Collins ELT, 1989. • Nassaji, H. & S. Fotos. “Current developments in research on the teaching of grammar,” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics (2004) 24: 126-145. • Shrum, J. & E. W. Glisan. Teacher’s Handbook: Contextualized Language Instruction. Boston: Heinle. 2010.
初二学科总结英语阅读理解20题
初二学科总结英语阅读理解20题1<背景文章>English grammar is an essential part of learning English in junior high school. It helps us understand and use the language correctly. In grade eight, we have learned many important grammar points.One of the key grammar points is tenses. We have learned the present simple tense, the present continuous tense, the past simple tense, and the future tense. These tenses help us describe actions happening at different times. For example, "I play basketball every day." uses the present simple tense to show a regular action. "I am playing basketball now." is in the present continuous tense, indicating an action happening at the moment.Another important aspect is the use of prepositions. Prepositions help us show relationships between different elements in a sentence. For example, "in the box", "on the table", and "under the bed" use different prepositions to show the location of an object.Learning grammar can be challenging, but there are some effective methods. One way is to read a lot of English books and articles. This helps us get familiar with different grammar structures in context. Another method is to practice writing sentences and short paragraphs. This allows us to apply what we have learned and get feedback from teachers orclassmates.In conclusion, grammar is crucial for mastering English. By understanding and applying grammar rules correctly, we can communicate more effectively and express our ideas clearly.1. We have learned several tenses in grade eight. Which of the following is NOT one of them?A. Present perfect tenseB. Present simple tenseC. Present continuous tenseD. Past simple tense答案：A。
Grammar in context
Register of academic text
Word choice
Use one-part verbs rather than multi-word verbs
put off get up ask for set up postpone rise request establish children much/many satisfactory I’d us i.e. me look forward to put up with deal with find outver
Register (语体/特定语言)
Language variation in context
• Different linguistic features of spoken and written language
• Different linguistic features in different areas of life (recipes, newspaper headlines, poems, lectures, etc.)
• We argue that NATO’s strategy was poorly designed and carelessly implemented. Jane Kay has argued that NATO’s strategy was poorly designed and carelessly implemented. • You can see that NATO’s strategy was poorly designed and carelessly implemented. Many scholars believe that NATO’s strategy was poorly designed and carelessly implemented.
Context-free Grammars
0
1
theory of computation
3-12
Parsing
Given x L(G), produce a parse tree for x. (Used to ‘interpret’ x. Compilers parse, rather than merely recognize, so they can assign semantics to expressions in the source language.)
the new rule S S1 | S2|… |Sk. [example: {0n1n|n≥0}
∪{1n0n|n≥0}]
2. Convert any DFA into an equivalent CFG, if L is RL
Ri aRj, if (qi, a)=qj Ri , if qi is an accept state R0 is the start variable 3. Using R uRv to handle such strings with two substings that are “linked” (features: one substring need an unbounded amount of information, another to verify the match in some sense )
Context-free Grammars
上下文无关文法
theory of computation
3-1
outline
Context-free grammars (CFG) Context-free languages (CFL) Chomsky Normal Form of CFG (CNF) RL CFL
2023新高考一卷英语语法填空解析
2023新高考一卷英语语法填空解析全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12023 New College Entrance Examination One Volume English Grammar Fill in the Blanks AnalysisIn the 2023 New College Entrance Examination, the English test one blank question plays a crucial role in assessing students' grammar ability. Not only does it test the candidates' understanding of grammar rules, but also their flexibility in using language. Let's take a look at some common types of grammar fill in the blanks questions and how to tackle them effectively.1. Verb Forms:One common type of fill in the blanks question requires students to choose the correct forms of verbs. This can be tricky because of the various tenses and verb forms in English. To tackle this type of question, it is essential to identify the subject of the sentence and the tense required. Remember to pay attention to the context of the sentence to determine the correct form of the verb.Example:She (go) _______ to the cinema last night.Answer: She went to the cinema last night.2. Articles:Another common type of fill in the blanks question involves choosing the correct articles (a, an, the). Remember that "a" and "an" are indefinite articles used to introduce new nouns, while "the" is a definite article used to refer to specific nouns. To tackle this type of question, pay attention to the context and the specific noun being referred to.Example:She is _______ intelligent girl.Answer: She is an intelligent girl.3. Prepositions:Prepositions are another area that often appears in fill in the blanks questions. Prepositions are words that show the relationship between two words in a sentence. Pay attention to the context and the words preceding and following the blank to determine the correct preposition.Example:I am interested ____________ learning French.Answer: I am interested in learning French.4. Relative Pronouns:Relative pronouns such as who, which, that, where, etc., are also commonly tested in fill in the blanks questions. These pronouns are used to connect clauses in a sentence. Again, pay attention to the context and the type of clause being introduced to choose the correct relative pronoun.Example:The book _________ you recommended was excellent.Answer: The book that you recommended was excellent.5. Modals:Modal verbs such as can, could, will, would, should, etc., are often tested in fill in the blanks questions. These verbs express possibility, ability, necessity, or permission. Pay attention to the context and the meaning conveyed to choose the correct modal verb.Example:He _______ swim when he was five.Answer: He could swim when he was five.In conclusion, mastering grammar fill in the blanks questions in the 2023 New College Entrance Examination requires a solid understanding of grammar rules and the ability to apply them in different contexts. Practice is essential to familiarize yourself with common types of questions and improve your accuracy. Remember to pay attention to the subject, tense, context, and meaning to choose the correct answer. With practice and perseverance, you can excel in the English test and achieve your desired score.篇2Title: Analysis of Grammar Fill-in-the-blank in 2023 New College Entrance ExaminationIntroductionThe 2023 New College Entrance Examination has brought many changes, one of which is the addition of grammarfill-in-the-blank questions in the English section. This new format aims to test students' understanding of English grammar rules and their ability to apply them in context. In this article, we will analyze the grammar fill-in-the-blank questions and provide strategies to help students excel in this section.Analysis of Grammar Fill-in-the-blank QuestionsThe grammar fill-in-the-blank questions in the 2023 New College Entrance Examination require students to choose the correct grammatical form of a word to complete a sentence. These questions often cover a wide range of grammar topics, including verb tense, subject-verb agreement, articles, prepositions, and pronouns. Students need to have a solid understanding of these grammar rules to answer the questions correctly.One common type of grammar fill-in-the-blank question is the verb tense question. In these questions, students need to determine the correct tense of a verb based on the context of the sentence. For example, a question may ask students to fill in the blank with the past simple tense of a verb. Students need to pay attention to the time frame indicated in the sentence to choose the correct tense.Subject-verb agreement is another grammar topic frequently tested in fill-in-the-blank questions. Students need to make sure that the subject and verb in a sentence agree in number. For example, if the subject is singular, the verb should also be singular. Students should be careful to match the subjectand verb correctly to avoid making mistakes in this type of question.Articles and prepositions are also common areas tested in grammar fill-in-the-blank questions. Students need to choose the correct article (a, an, the) or preposition to complete the sentence. These questions often require students to pay attention to the context and meaning of the sentence to select the appropriate article or preposition.Strategies to Excel in Grammar Fill-in-the-blank QuestionsTo excel in grammar fill-in-the-blank questions in the 2023 New College Entrance Examination, students can adopt the following strategies:1. Review Grammar Rules: To answer grammarfill-in-the-blank questions correctly, students need to have a solid understanding of English grammar rules. They should review common grammar topics such as verb tenses,subject-verb agreement, articles, prepositions, and pronouns to prepare for these questions.2. Pay Attention to Context: Students should pay attention to the context of the sentence to choose the correct word for the blank. Understanding the meaning of the sentence can helpstudents determine the appropriate grammatical form of the word to fill in the blank.3. Eliminate Wrong Choices: If students are unsure about the correct answer, they can eliminate wrong choices to increase their chances of selecting the correct answer. By narrowing down the options, students can make an educated guess and improve their chances of getting the question right.4. Practice with Mock Tests: Students can practice grammar fill-in-the-blank questions with mock tests to familiarize themselves with the format and types of questions they may encounter in the actual exam. Regular practice can help students improve their grammar skills and confidence in answering these questions.ConclusionIn conclusion, the grammar fill-in-the-blank questions in the 2023 New College Entrance Examination test students' knowledge of English grammar rules and their ability to apply them in context. By understanding common grammar topics and adopting effective strategies, students can excel in this section and enhance their overall performance in the English exam. Practice, review, and attention to detail are key to masteringgrammar fill-in-the-blank questions and achieving success in the 2023 New College Entrance Examination.篇32023 New College Entrance Examination (一卷) English Grammar Cloze Test AnalysisIn the 2023 New College Entrance Examination, the English Grammar Cloze Test is designed to assess students' understanding and application of grammar rules in context. This section is crucial as it tests students' ability to identify and correct errors in sentence structure, verb tense, pronoun usage, and other grammatical concepts.The Cloze Test typically consists of a passage with several blanks where students must choose the correct answer from a set of options. Let's take a closer look at some common types of grammar errors that students may encounter in the Cloze Test, along with strategies for solving them.1. Subject-Verb AgreementOne common error that students may encounter is subject-verb agreement, where the subject and verb do not agree in number. For example, the sentence "The dog [run] in the park" should be corrected to "The dog runs in the park" tomaintain subject-verb agreement. To solve this type of error, students should pay attention to the number of the subject and ensure that the verb matches it.2. Pronoun UsageAnother common error in the Cloze Test is incorrect pronoun usage. For example, the sentence "Mary and me went to the store" should be corrected to "Mary and I went to the store" to use the correct pronoun. To avoid pronoun errors, students should identify the antecedent of the pronoun and ensure that it agrees in number and gender.3. Verb TenseVerb tense errors are also common in the Cloze Test, where the verb does not match the tense of the sentence. For example, the sentence "He [go] to the store yesterday" should be corrected to "He went to the store yesterday" to match the past tense. To correct verb tense errors, students should pay attention to the context of the sentence and choose the correct tense accordingly.4. Parallel StructureParallel structure errors may also appear in the Cloze Test, where the elements in a series do not have the samegrammatical form. For example, the sentence "She likes swimming, to dance, and hiking" should be corrected to "She likes swimming, dancing, and hiking" to maintain parallel structure. To correct parallel structure errors, students should ensure that the elements in the series are consistent in form.5. Article UsageArticle errors, such as using the wrong indefinite or definite article, may also be found in the Cloze Test. For example, the sentence "I want an apple" should be corrected to "I want the apple" if the speaker is referring to a specific apple. To correct article errors, students should pay attention to the specificity of the noun and choose the correct article accordingly.In conclusion, the English Grammar Cloze Test in the 2023 New College Entrance Examination assesses students' ability to apply grammar rules in context. By understanding common types of grammar errors and practicing strategies for solving them, students can improve their performance in this section. It is essential for students to pay attention to subject-verb agreement, pronoun usage, verb tense, parallel structure, and article usage to succeed in the Cloze Test. With sufficient practice and preparation, students can confidently tackle the Grammar Cloze Test and achieve success in the examination.。
in-context learning举例
in-context learning举例In-context learning refers to the educational approach where students learn through real-life scenarios or situations. This enables learners to understand and apply knowledge in practical and meaningful contexts. Here are a few examples of in-context learning:1. Language learning: Instead of memorizing vocabulary and grammatical rules through rote learning, students can learn a language by immersing themselves in conversational settings. This could involve engaging in role plays, conducting interviews, or participating in group discussions, allowing them to put their language skills to use in authentic situations.2. Science experiments: Rather than simply reading about scientific concepts in textbooks, students can actively engage in hands-on experiments to better understand the principles. By conducting experiments and analyzing the results, students can experience the scientific method firsthand and enhance their understanding of scientific concepts.3. Project-based learning: In this approach, students work on long-term projects that are connected to real-world problems or issues. For instance, students may research and design solutions to address a community's environmental challenges, allowing them to apply their knowledge in an authentic context and develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.4. Internships or apprenticeships: In certain fields, students can gain practical experience through internships or apprenticeships,where they work alongside professionals in a real work environment. This allows them to understand the application of theoretical knowledge in a practical and professional setting, gaining valuable skills and insights.5. Simulations or gamified learning: Through simulations or game-based learning, students can engage in virtual scenarios that replicate real-life situations. For example, business students may participate in a virtual business simulation, where they make decisions related to marketing, finance, and operations, observing the consequences of their choices in a realistic setting.Overall, in-context learning offers a more meaningful and practical learning experience, enabling students to apply their knowledge and skills in real-life situations and preparing them for success in the real world.。
学术英语课后答案 unit1
学术英语理工教师手册Unit 1 Choosing a TopicI Teaching ObjectivesIn this unit , you will learn how to:1.choose a particular topic for your research2.formulate a research question3.write a working title for your research essay4.enhance your language skills related with reading and listening materials presented in this unit II. Teaching Procedures1.Deciding on a topicTask 1Answers may vary.Task 21 No, because they all seem like a subject rather than a topic, a subject which cannot be addressed even by a whole book, let alone by a1500-wordessay.2Each of them can be broken down into various and more specific aspects. For example, cancer can be classified into breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer and so on. Breast cancer can have such specific topics for research as causes for breast cancer, effects of breast cancer and prevention or diagnosis of breast cancer.3 Actually the topics of each field are endless. Take breast cancer for example, we can have the topics like:Why Women Suffer from Breast Cancer More Than Men?A New Way to Find Breast TumorsSome Risks of Getting Breast Cancer in Daily LifeBreast Cancer and Its Direct Biological ImpactBreast Cancer—the Symptoms & DiagnosisBreastfeeding and Breast CancerTask 31 Text 1 illustrates how hackers or unauthorized users use one way or another to get inside a computer, while Text2 describes the various electronic threats a computer may face.2 Both focus on the vulnerability of a computer.3 Text 1 analyzes the ways of computer hackers, while Text 2 describes security problems of a computer.4 Text 1: The way hackers “get inside” a computerText 2: Electronic threats a computer facesYes, I think they are interesting, important, manageable and adequate.Task 41Lecture1:Ten Commandments of Computer EthicsLecture 2:How to Deal with Computer HackersLecture 3:How I Begin to Develop Computer Applications2Answersmay vary.Task 5Answers may vary.2 Formulating a research questionTask 1Text 3Research question 1: How many types of cloud services are there and what are they? Research question 2: What is green computing?Research question 3: What are advantages of the cloud computing?Text 4Research question 1: What is the Web 3.0?Research question 2: What are advantages and disadvantages of the cloud computing? Research question 3: What security benefits can the cloud computing provide?Task 22 Topic2: Threats of Artificial IntelligenceResearch questions:1) What are the threats of artificial intelligence?2) How can human beings control those threats?3) What are the difficulties to control those threats?3 Topic3: The Potentials of NanotechnologyResearch questions:1) What are its potentials in medicine?2) What are its potentials in space exploration?3) What are its potentials in communications?4 Topic4: Global Warming and Its EffectsResearch questions:1) How does it affect the pattern of climates?2) How does it affect economic activities?3) How does it affect human behavior?Task 3Answers may vary.3 Writing a working titleTask 1Answers may vary.Task 21 Lecture 4 is about the security problems of cloud computing, while Lecture 5 is about the definition and nature of cloud computing, hence it is more elementary than Lecture 4.2 The four all focus on cloud computing. Although Lecture 4 and Text 4 address the same topic, the former is less optimistic while the latter has more confidence in the security of cloud computing. Text3 illustrates the various advantages of cloud computing.3 Lecture 4: Cloud Computing SecurityLecture 5: What Is Cloud Computing?Task 3Answers may vary.4 Enhancing your academic languageReading: Text 11.Match the words with their definitions.1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above.ranging from（从……到）arise from some misunderstandings（来自于对……误解）leaves a lot of problems unsolved（留下很多问题没有得到解决）opens a path for（打开了通道）requires a different frame of mind（需要有新的思想）4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese.1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。
grammar in context 欧标
grammar in context 欧标全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Grammar in context是指语法在真实语境中的运用。
在语言学习中，语法是其中一项重要的内容，它是语言的基础规则，可以帮助我们建立正确的语言结构，使我们能够更准确地表达自己的想法和感情。
而将语法放在实际语境中进行学习，即grammar in context，可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用语法规则。
欧洲标准语法是欧洲各国共同遵循的语法规范。
它是通过欧洲多语种的比较研究，得出了一套可以适用于绝大多数欧洲语言的语法规则，并成为欧洲各国语言教学的参考标准。
欧洲语法标准体现了语言的一致性和普适性，是非常有价值的语法学习资源。
在进行grammar in context时，我们可以结合欧洲标准语法，更好地理解和应用语法规则。
在语法学习中，将语法放在实际语境中进行学习可以更好地帮助我们掌握语法规则。
很多时候，我们在学习语法知识时会感到枯燥乏味，很难理解和记忆。
而将语法规则放在实际语境中进行学习，我们不仅可以更好地理解语法规则的用法，还可以更好地运用到实际生活中。
举例来说，我们学习过英语中的条件句。
在语法书中，我们可以看到定义和规则的解释，但是可能很难理解它的实际用法。
而如果我们将条件句放在具体的语境中进行学习，比如通过阅读一篇文章或者对话，我们就能更好地理解条件句的用法和作用。
通过这种方式学习，我们可以更快地掌握语法知识，也更容易运用到实际生活中。
第二篇示例：Grammar in context 是指在语境中学习语法知识。
欧洲标准（European standards）也被简称为“欧标”（Eurocode），是欧盟与欧洲自由贸易关税联盟国家共同制定的结构物设计规范。
本文将探讨如何将语法与欧标联系起来，以提高英语学习者的语法水平。
在传统的语法教学中，学习者通常是通过学习规则、句型和语法术语来掌握语法知识。
这种单纯的理论学习往往难以应用到实际语境中。
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Register (语体/特定语言)
Language variation in context
• Different linguistic features of spoken and written language
• Different linguistic features in different areas of life (recipes, newspaper headlines, poems, lectures, etc.)
• Avoid colloquialism (口语) and slang
kids a lot of/lots of fantastic/cool don’t I you it’ll we OK all right/acceptable heaps many/a great deal wanna want to etc. e.g.
The President’s assistant checked out the incident and got back to her the next day.
The President’s assistant investigated the incident and reported to her the next day.
The following is an email of a student to his/her friend. Translate it into Chinese.
Whattup with the assignment? I’m not even done reading, and it’s due in 24 hours. Fay’s gonna kill me if I screw this one up. E me and let me know where you’re at. I’m gonna hit the library. Wanna meet later?
Register of academic text
Word choice
Use one-part verbs rather than multi-word verbs
put off get up ask for set up postpone rise request establish children much/many satisfactory I’d us i.e. me look forward to put up with deal with find out anticipate tolerate handle discover
• Avoid abbreviations/contractions • Avoid a personal style
• I believe NATO’s strategy was poorly designed and carelessly implemented.
NATO’s strategy was poorly designed and carelessly implemented.
• We argue that NATO’s strategy was poorly designed and carelessly implemented. Jane Kay has argued that NATO’s strategy was poorly designed and carelessly implemented. • You can see that NATO’s strategy was poorly designed and carelessly implemented. Many scholars believe that NATO’s strategy was poorly designed and carelessly implemented.
Gramropriate?
Following the clean-up, algae (海藻) levels in the river were pretty good compared to before. Following the clean-up, algae levels in the river were much improved. Hillary totally flipped (失去理智) after the Speaker of the House ragged (责骂；批评) her in the press. First Lady Hillary Clinton became incensed (激怒的) after the Speaker of the House criticized her in the press.
• Different linguistic features in different occupations (medicine, law, business, etc.)
• Different levels of formality in talking & writing to different people