《呼啸山庄》和《简爱》中仆人的作用和特点
《呼啸山庄》和《简爱》中仆人的作用和特点Abstract(English) (i)Abstract(Chinese) (ii)Chapter 1 Introduction (1)Chapter 2 The Roles of Servants (8)Chapter 3 The Characteristics of Servants (27)Chapter 4 Emily and Charlotte’s Presentation of Servants (46)Chapter 5 Conclusion (51)Bibliography (53i)AbstractIn 1847,with the publication of Wuthering Heights,Agnes Grey and Jane Eyre,threeBronte sisters caused great curiosity of the readers and critics,especially Emily Bronte,the authoress of Wuthering Heights,and Charlotte Bronte,the authoress of Jane Eyre.Jane’sstruggle for independence and her romantic love with Rochester and the passionate and controversial love between Catherine and Heathcliff have been reviewed for more than 100 years.Many critics have made tremendous contributions to criticism of the sources of the novels,their narrative styles and creating motivations as well as the analysis of the protagonists.This thesis,however,focuses on the roles and characteristics of servants inthese two novels.Even though servants are minor characters,it doesn’t follow that theyplay no roles and have no characteristic and therefore can be neglected.Although twonovels tell quite different stories,readers can easily find some interesting and controversial images of the servants who are inseparable from the development of the protagonists andthe whole stories.When they are confronted with the changeable fate of the protagonists, especially when there is the lacking of the image of the mother,they participate in theactions,even intending to influence the protagonists’judgment and showing their inborn conscience;some become totally callous and help to exacerbate the tragedy of the protagonists.But employed,dependent and fundamentally confined in a low socialposition in patriarchal society in which men are supreme,they cannot understand theexterior and interior struggle of protagonists,nor can they have independent thinking,despite the fact that some of them are somewhat literate and strongly religious.Byexposing the conscience and callousness demonstrated by the servants in two novels,thethesis intends to dig out the social and psychological state of the servants in the early 19th century,finding that they are still enslaved in the patriarchal society.It is clear that Emilygives the reader richer and more vivid description of the servants,and pays more attentionto these people than Charlotte.ii摘要1847年，随着《简爱》、《呼啸山庄》、《阿格尼斯·格雷》的出版，勃朗特三姐妹引起了读者和评论界的极大兴趣，尤其是《简爱》的作者夏洛特?勃朗特和《呼啸山庄》的作者艾米莉?勃朗特。
一百多年里，简对个人独立的不懈追求和她与罗切斯特先生之间浪漫而又波折的爱情故事，凯瑟琳和希刺克利夫之间狂热而又颇引人争议的爱情故事一直为人们所津津乐道。
但是长期以来评论家们更多关注的是故事的主人公而忽略了次要人物。
本文着眼于两部小说中的仆人形象，对《简爱》中的女仆贝丝和非而菲克斯太太、《呼啸山庄》里的耐莉和男仆约瑟夫进行了详细的分析。
他们虽处于隶属地位，但他们具有各自的性格特征，并在小说中扮演一定的角色。
他们不但亲眼目睹而且参加到了主人公跌宕起伏的命运当中，并试图施加影响以改变他们的命运。
通过对他们的分析，试图找出19世纪早期仆人的共同特征和生活状态，在他们身上既可以看到人性光芒的闪烁，良心的展现，同时也发现了人性的麻木、酸腐、冷酷、虚伪，但总的来说他们怎么也无法摆脱他们所隶属的父权社会对他们思想的深深烙印，没有多少自己独立的思想和自我。
同时，通过分析也发现艾米莉?勃朗特给了这些人物更为细致的描述。
Chapter 1 IntroductionGrown up and educated in the early 19thcentury in Haworth,an industrial town whichis straddling in the main route between Yorkshire and Lancashire,three Bronte sisters, Charlotte,Emily and Anne,drew much concern with the publication of their works,JaneEyre,Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey in the same year.Over centuries,the protagonists in their novels,the Bronte’s living context and theirspectacular lives have been analyzed and explored by numerous ardent readers of theirnovels and critics.The thesis focuses on the roles and characteristics of servants in Wuthering Heightsand Jane Eyre.Although those servants are minor characters,it does not follow that theydon’t play a role and have no distinct characteristics.In my opinion,it is worthwhile toattach importance to their roles and characteristics.The fact can’t be ignored that in bothnovels the servants play a key role in the development of the changeable fate ofprotagonists and the plot with the image of mother lacking.It is known that after givingbirth to six children,Maria,Elizabeth,charlotte,Branwell,Emily and Anne,Mrs.Bronte,Maria Branwell,died when Charlotte was only six years old,and Emily only 3 years old.After their mother died of stomach cancer in 1821,the four eldest girls suffered from protracted hunger,illness,and cold at the harsh Clergy Daughters’School at the CowanBridge in Lancashire,model for the Lowood School of Jane Eyre.In fact,their two older sisters,Maria and Elizabeth,died at the school before Charlotte and Emily were withdrawnand brought home in 1825.Under such severe reality,they must have been hungry forwarmth,comfort and encouragement from people living with them.With the responsibilityof caring for six growing children,Patrick Bronte got the help from Elizabeth Branwell, Charlotte’s aunt,and also he employed some servants to help him while he could throwhimself into religion,politics and his innovations.It is recorded that in April 1820 Patrick brought his wife,Maria,his six children,Maria,Elizabeth,Charlotte,Branwell,Emily and Anne as well as two maidservants to thenow famous parsonage in Haworth.Although his salary of around?170 was too small toenable them to acquire any savings and any luxuries,he could afford the wages for some servants1.At that time in Haworth the Bronte family was among the list of gentlemen’shapter 1 Introductionfamily.According to Juliet Barker,in the kitchen of parsonage in Haworth the children wouldgather round the fire to pass the long,dark winter evenings with their imaginary games andto listen to the tales of their much-loved servant,Tabby Aykroyd,who stayed with thefamily for thirty years2.Their servant,Sarah Garrs recollected that in evening sessions Patrick gathered hischildren around him“for re citation and talk,giving them oral lessons in history,biographyor travel”3.As the only clergyman covering the entire chapel at that period,Patrick Bronte waskept immensely busy.On average he baptized 290 children and carried out 111 burials ayear4.With the mother lost at their early age and the father who was highly busy,theBronte children needed the care and warmth from the image of mother.We have everyreason to believe that they got maternal love and counseling from Elizabeth Branwell,their aunt,who came to live with the Brontes after the mother died and Tabby Aykroyd,aservant who lived with them for 30 years.The prototypes of Bessie,Mrs.Fairfax and NellyDean were their aunt,Tabby Aykroyd and other maidservants.The influence those figureshad on the Bronte children was well presented in their novels.Since Charlotte had two experiences of being governess in 1839 and 1841,the creation of Bessie and Mrs.Fairfaxmight have been inspired by the servants in her employer’s houses.While Emily had no experience of being governess,the presentation of Nelly Dean was probably mostly fromher own family and account of her sisters.They had experiences of being children without the mother’s care,so they naturallyturned to old servant and their aunt to seek comfort and emit their inner plight.Due to long experience of living with the family and great knowledge of the family,especially of the master,Patrick Bronte,the servants tended to exert their influence on those children,whichhelped the Bronte sisters to create the images of Nelly Dean in Wuthering Heights and Mrs. Fairfax,Bessie in Jane Eyre.That is to say they experienced the life of living with servants personally.In their ownlife they were strongly influenced by servants since they had lost mother,and meanwhiletheir father was so busy.It is because servants,especially female servants,played anhapter 1 Introduction3important role in their real life that in their created works,servants also played a vital role. Among the servants characterized in these two novels,only Nelly Dean caused greatattention at a given period,especially in 1950s and 1960s.John Fraser gave a humaneanalysis to Nelly Dean,declaring that Nelly did all the things in the name of action5However,James Hafley argued that Nelly Dean is'The Villain in Wuthering Heights'.Sheis both ambitious and resentful of her lack of status within the family,and uses herprivileged access to people's emotional weaknesses to manipulate events so that she is left effective mistress of Thrushcross Grange6.More attention was given to the narratingfunction Nelly played in Wuthering Heights,the critics think that her narration is notreliable.Through analyzing Nelly Dean,Joseph in Wuthering Heights and Mrs.Fairfax,Bessiein Jane Eyre,the thesis is intended to show that they play an important role in thedevelopment of the story,without their interference there would be another story.Their characteristics are stereotyped but complexed.Some are kind and conscious enough to give valuable comfort to the protagonists in trouble and isolation,exerting the profoundinfluence on protagonists to provide a shelter for them.Others are not totally callous and merciless,giving up the social bias to treat the protagonists cordially as they faithfullymaintain the social rules that they think to be conventional in light of norms of thepatriarchal society.Still others unconsciously lost their humane emotion and like a devilliving in the choking and isolated environment.1.1 Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte and their creationsLiving a seclusive life with her three sisters and one brother,Charlotte and Emily read voraciously and rambled on the moors.Together,the four remaining Bronte children (Charlotte,Emily,Anne,and Branwell)vividly detailed imaginary worlds in story form,recording them in miniature volumes written in minute script.The three sisters,whenadults,drew on their early literary efforts and published a book of poems together underthe pen names Currer,Ellis,and Acton Bell,neutral appellations,since the female authorswere tended be looked on with prejudice.The fact that their book of poems sold only twocopies disappointed them and they were determined to support themselves as writers,thehapter 1 Introduction4young women began to work on novels thereaft er.Unfortunately Charlotte’s first matureeffort,The Professor,was rejected by numerous publishers,but the firm Smith,Elder&Co.urged her to try a three-volume novel with more action and excitement.The result was the immediately successful Jane Eyre,a novel that treats the struggle for independence,self-respect and social recognition of a woman in mid-nineteenth century Britain.In thesame year Emily published her novel Wuthering Heights,which tells a love story takingplace in two old isolated families.Anne published Agnes Grey.The astonishing story of their family has been often told,but we should rememberfrom it the long apprenticeship in fantasy with their brother and sisters,the consumingmental passion of Angria,the imagined world Charlotte created in the writings of herchildhood and youth.She enacted dialectic of fantasy and reason,or release and repression.Her importance in the history of the novel is that they provide a bridge from Richardsonand the Romantics to modern psychological literature,to the experiments of James and Lawrence’s transcendentalism.Wuthering Heights is the most purely romantic novel but,its energies are held in a dynamic balance by sophisticated technique.Its symbolism is established on a considered,symmetrical structure,its language is pellucid,and the double insulation of those phlegmatic reporters,Lockwood and Nelly Dean,ensures amatter-of-fact rather than a baleful account of its wonders.Together with Jane Eyre andVillette it accomplishes a late but complete accommodation of the romantic impulse to the formal demands of the novel.Though the main actions of their psychodramas take place inthe isolation of the moor,or the claustrophobic enclosure of house or mansion,thetopography and dating are real7.To our grief,they two all died very young,Charlotte diedon 31 March,1855,in the early stage of pregnancy,aged 38,Emily died of consumptionon 19 December,1848,aged 30.In her life,Charlotte created Jane Eyre,Professor,Shirleyand Villette,Emily left us only Wuthering Heights and some pieces of poems.1.2 The condition of the working people in the early 19thcenturyIn order to get knowledge of servants’social status and their living condition,it isnecessary to review the condition of the working-class which servants belonged to.Bydoing this,the thesis is intended to explore the psychology of servants who escaped fromhapter 1 Introduction5the poorly ventilated wool working shops.Behind them,there was the harsh reality withlittle dignity,poor sanitation and high mortality,before them,they witnessed the leisurelyand luxurious life of the upper-class and getting-on middle-class.There must have beensome strong conflicts on the bottom of their heart and even inner twist.Their innerconflicts and twist must be represented i n their attitude to masters and account of masters’stories.With the Industrial Revolution,during the early nineteenth century very large proportions of the population hovered dangerously near some absolute subsistence level,and were frequently below the borderline which,by any standards,delineated thepossibility of minimum health and moderate comfort.The effect of industrialization on working-class living standards was uneven preciselybecause the pattern of working-class skills and incomes was uneven,Thus,relativelyskilled workers—printers,carpenters,building craftsmen,fine spinners,engineeringworkers,toolmakers,some iron workers,etc.—formed an economic‘aristocracy of labor’.Their real incomes undoubtedly tended to rise,and by the end of the period the more prosperous among them enjoyed living standards and even lifestyles which were associatedwith the respectable lower middle class.Of them,a modern social historian has written:These were the workers who ate meat,vegetables,fruit and dairy products,lived in the bestand newest cottages and filled them with furniture and knick-knacks,bought books and newspapers,supported mechanics’institutes and friendly societies,and paid the heavy subscriptions to the craft unions8.Nor was it only these sorts of skills that received bettercompensation as the industrial society emerged.Many factory workers and miners,traditionally associated with the mainstream of industrial development,were among thebetter paid of the labor force and also among the group which saw a rise in the purchasingpower of their wages.Compared with skilled workers and the better-placed employees of factories andmines,men and women with skills or occupational commitments unwanted byindustrialism or susceptible to the competition of the machine were much less fortunate. Agricultural laborers were under great pressure,as were casual laborers in towns.But the outstanding,and most heartbreaking,example of such casualties was undoubtedly thehand-loom weavers employed mostly in their own homes.The fierce competition of thehapter 1 Introduction6power loom,the ease with which non-mechanized weaving could be learned,and thereluctance of handloom workers to leave their jobs resulted in a remorseless squeeze onwages9.Rural working-class girls might receive some part of a basic elementary education (grammar,geography,and arithmetic)and then return to work as farmhands,mine laborers,or various kinds of servants.In England in 1851,“over 10 percent of the female populationwere working as maids,washerwomen,and charwomen”10.Urban working-class girls,with or without education of any kind,generally labored at exhausting,menial,and often dangerous factory jobs in trades such as textile production,nailmaking,and match-making. Merryn William said it is worth remembering that,except where factories offeredalternative work,the majority of working-class women(13 percent of all women in 1851)were servants of some sort for at least a few years of their lives.Novelists could hardlyhelp mentioning servants,as no middle-class family was without them,but they are usuallythere only to open doors and bring tea11.Although they were great in number,servantswere invisible in eyes of their masters.The wages of servants seem small.The labor of a man was cheaper than that of ahorse.In London,where there were at least 10,000 female servants always looking for‘a place’,from?6 to?10 was a typical yearly wage for a maid-of-all-work,including roomand board.An upper housemaid was paid?12 to?20 a year with allowances,though alady’s maid was paid only?12to?15,probably because she had extra pay in the way ofcast-off clothing.A cook could earn from?14 to?20 a year,and a private chef,butler,steward,and housekeeper were higher,usually starting around?40 or?50 a year12.The thesis is intended to analyze the roles and characteristics of servants in chapter 2and 3 respectively,and further explores charlotte and Emily’s presentations of servants.Notes on Chapter 1:1.Baker,Juliet.The Haworth Context,in Glen,Heather,ed.,The Cambridge Companion to:The Brontes.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004:272.Ibid.283.Ibid.304.Ibid.185.Fraser,John.The Name of Action:Nelly Dean and Wuthering Heights,Nineteenth-Century Fiction.hapter 1 Introduction7Los Angeles:California University Press,V ol.20,No.3,Dec.,1965:223-2366.Hafley,James.The Villain in Wuthering Heights,Nineteenth-Century Fiction.Los Angeles: California University Press,V ol.13,No.3,Dec.,1958:199-2157.Hemstedt,Geoffrey.The novel,in Lerner,Laurence,ed.,The Victorians:the Context of English Literature.New York:Holmes&Meier Publishers,Inc.1978:12-138.Altic,Richard.Victorian People and Ideas.New York:Norton,1973:529.Supple,Barry.Material development:the Condition of England 1830-1860,in Lerner,Laurence,ed., The Victorians:the Context of English Literature.New York:Holmes&Meier Publishers,Inc.1978: 60-6110.Altic,Richard.Victorian People and Ideas.New York:Norton,1973:5211.Williams,Merryn.Women in the English Novel 1800-1900.London:Macmillan Press.1990:1212.Brown,Julia Prewitt.A Reader’guide to the Nineteenth-Century English Novel.New York: Macmillan Publishing Company,1985:11-12r 2 The Roles of Servants8Chapter 2 The Roles of Servants2.1 Women’s social context in early nineteenth-century BritainThree of four servants the thesis focuses on are female and the protagonists withwhom they have more interactions are also female,therefore,it is necessary to get the knowledge of women in nineteenth century.In early nineteenth century,supply of female servants was in surplus.After receiving a basic education,they came to be servantsearning less money,doing tedious routine work,trying to be obedient,loyal and winningthe trust from the masters.Since servants received the education and training which met the needs of the mastersin patriarchal society,most of them were not quite aware of the plight of the womenincluding the upper-class women.At that time,the law and the social environment werenot favorable to women.In nineteenth-century in Britain the lives of married women did not offer more options.Women in all social classes were denied legal identities separate from their husbands:Once married,a wife could not sue or make a contract on her own nor could theymake a will without her husband’s consent.If he wished to confine her against her will,asMr.Rochester does his wife at Thornfield Hall,until 1891 he was well within his rights indoing so.He could“correct”her if he wished,too,a right which was supposed to meanonly verbal chastisement but in practice often meant physical punishment1.That’s why Mrs.Fairfax thinks highly of her master in spite of the fact that he locks his wife in an attic andthe mirthless laugh is often heard.Not only did married women have limited legal protection,they also had highlyrestricted legal rights to their children and property.In case of divorce,custody of thechildren automatically reverted to the husband;In Wuthering Heights after the death of Isabella,young Linton is naturally handed over to Heathcliff although Edgar was amagistrate and unwilling to betray his sister’s will.The situation improved somewhatwith the passage of the Infants’Custody Act of 1839,which allowed a mother to petitionfor custody of children under the age of seven.Finally,prior to the Married Women’sProperty Act of 1882,any property that a woman owned automatically became herhusband’s upon marriage.G.M.Trevelyan wryly notes the irony in this last feature ofr 2 The Roles of Servants9early nineteenth-century law:“The law was in curious contrast to the words of themarriage service,when the man was made to say‘with all my worldly goods I theeendow.’It was really the other way around”2.As of the early nineteenth century,British women had few options for social oreconomic independence open to them,and the restrictions against which Jane struggleswould have been widespread among women in real life.The call for a meaningfuleducation for girls and women issued by Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rightsof Women in 1798 went largely unheeded for the first half of the nineteenth century.While affluent girls were trained in ornamental idleness,lower-middle andworking-class girls,if educated at all,were trained in propriety and deference to theirsocial superiors.“Charity schools”for“respectable”girls in reduced circumstances,suchas the Lowood School in Jane Eyre,churned out modest,well-mannered graduates whowould become governesses or schoolmistresses3.2.2 Nelly Dean in Wuthering HeightsNelly Dean cannot be ignored when we read Wuthering Heights,she is not only anoutsider of a big family invisibly observing the masters’secret and a narrator of the storyhaving happened in the Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange,but also an important participatant in the story,she witnessed the oneness and separation of Catherine andHeathcliff,the marriage between Catherine and Edgar Linton,the temporarily miserable marriage between Catherine II and Linton Heathcliff and finally the happy marriage of Catherine II and Hareton.In addition,she is ambitious,repeatedly influencing her mistressand masters to divert the course of the fate of masters.Strictly speaking,she nursed two children,Hareton and second Catherine whose mothers all died shortly after giving thebirth.In the end of the story,the third generation of the two families,Catherine II andHareton unified happily.As the foster-mother of the two,Nelly succeeded in reverting the development of the story into the conventional.But Catherine I ended up in tragedywithout getting what she wanted,because she never accepted what Nelly asserted whichwas also what the patriarchal society demanded.Her story might be arbitrary,because sheis the only witness of the story,each character is judged by her moral standards complyingr 2 The Roles of Servants10with the norms of patriarchal society of the time.Sandra M.Gilbert and Susan Gubar commented that as Milton’s cook,in fact,NellyDean is patriarchy’s paradigmatic housekeeper,the man’s woman who has traditionallybeen hired to keep me n’s houses in order by straightening out their parlors,their daughters,and their stories.“My heart invariably cleaved to the master’s,in preference to Catherine’sside”4,she herself declares,and she expresses her preference by acting throughout thenovel as a censorious agent of patriarchy5.Her position in the family is very special,neither the older Mrs.Linton nor Mrs.Earnshaw plays much part in the story.And without a mother figure,Nelly Dean naturallyruled in the kitchen,which was connected with an everyday,productive life6.Lisa Stemlieb considers that“as a character[Nelly]has experienced this story withjudgment and lack of emotion;as a narrator she is able to convey the intensity of feelingthat motivates nearly all her acquaintance”7.No matter who is her master,Nelly Dean is a loyal servant strictly performing herduties to keep the master’s house in order and stick to the patriarchal principles.EmilyBronte demonstrates that the power of the patriarch,which is backbone of Nelly.Althoughat the beginning,Edgar is not strong enough in body to combat with Heathcliff and also inmind to resist the charm of Catherine,but Edgar’s power,begins with words,for heaven is populated by“spirits Masculine,”and as above,so below.Edgar does not need a str ong, conventionally masculine body,because his mastery is contained in books,wills,testaments,leases,titles,rent rolls,documents,languages,all the paraphernalia by which patriarchal culture is transmitted from one generation to the next8.But with thede velopment of the story,Edgar’s power became weaker and weaker,because his propertywould be inherited by his nephew when he was dead since he had no son.During theprocess from his possession to dispossession,he yielded to Heathcliff whom he called“plough boy”.Only when his daughter married Linton,could she lead a decent life andown Thrushcross.Edgar is truly patriarchal representative despite his apparent effeminacy,so before themarriage of Edgar and Catherine,Nelly naturally switches to Edgar.From the beginning,inher eyes,compared to Heathcliff and Catherine,Edgar is a real gentleman with both classr 2 The Roles of Servants11and property and as an legitimate heir of the Thrushcross Grange.There is a sharp contrast between Catherine and Edgar,although they were born to the upper-class’s family,as a daughter,Catherine has no right to inherit the property,by nature she is closely linked witha good marriage to sustain the rich life,that is to say,she must depend on a man who is legitimate heir to lead the life which she has been used to.Catherine has no what Edgarwill possess,in patriarchal society,she was inborn to be inferior to Edgar and must dependon Edgar.When she was very young,Catherine lost parents,exactly an orphan withoutright to attain property and who can not receive the parental love.Although Nelly Dean issonly nine years older than her,to some degree,Nelly Dean takes the place to be a motherto moralize her actions so that she grows up complying with the social conventions.When Heathcliff becomes possessed of property,Nelly aimed at his property for the sake of hermiss’happiness.In the end of the novel,with the death of Heathcliff and possession ofHareton,Nelly finishes her last duty to fulfill her late master’s will,promoting andwitnessing the happy marriage between Catherine II and Hareton.She is always accompanying the masters in possession.Cathy II and Hareton marry happily and becomethe owners of the two mansions.Elliott B.Gose,Jr.said that only Hareton and Cathy IIhave a hope of recapturing what they were deprived of.Not only do they have a fire toshare,they have a mother to guide them.Their new start will be in the house with NellyDean,who considers them“in a measure,my children”9.In Wuthering Heights,when Catherine I and Hindley were young,Nelly wasreasonably the companion to them,she is the foster-sister to Hindey,the heir of Wuthering Heights.When Frances,the wife of Hindley and the only idol Hindley cared greatly,diedafter giving birth to Hareton,naturally the duty of nursing Hareton fell into her hands.Asan only young heir with the mother lost,Hareton cannot get the normal parental love from Hindley who is addicted to drinking and gambling,hates him and tortures him,love andcare education from the foster-mother,Nelly,is valuable.As a foster-mother,Nelly is notsimple servant in the manor,but a mother role who can interfere with the fostered child’sfate.。
《呼啸山庄》人物分析
《呼啸山庄》人物分析《呼啸山庄》是英国女作家艾米莉·勃朗特的唯一一部小说，首次出版于1847年，被认为是19世纪英国文学的代表作之一。
这部小说中的人物分析充满了复杂性和深度，尤其是主人公希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳的形象。
希斯克利夫是一个弃儿，被山庄老主人收养后，却受到了山庄新主人林顿的侮辱。
希斯克利夫在小说中是一个很特别的人物，他的性格和行为都非常鲜明。
他很坚强，能够忍受各种不公正的待遇，同时也有着温柔和充满爱的心。
他的爱情经历也是小说中最为重要的部分之一。
希斯克利夫对凯瑟琳的感情是真挚的，然而，凯瑟琳却嫁给了林顿，这给希斯克利夫带来了无尽的痛苦和折磨。
最终，希斯克利夫通过自己的努力获得了财富和地位，并开始了他的报复计划。
他的复仇行动是小说中最为震撼的部分之一，他把自己的愤怒和仇恨全部倾泻出来，让那些伤害过他的人受到了应有的惩罚。
虽然他的复仇行动看起来有些残忍和无情，但是这也是他表达自己内心愤怒的方式。
凯瑟琳是小说中的女主角，她是一个非常美丽、聪明、善良的女孩。
然而，她也充满了痛苦和矛盾。
她深深地爱着希斯克利夫，但是却无法和他在一起，最终还嫁给了林顿。
凯瑟琳的行为也许有些自私和冲动，但是她也是被社会和家庭所迫。
她的内心也充满了挣扎和痛苦，她的爱情和婚姻都充满了矛盾和不幸。
凯瑟琳的死也给小说带来了强烈的冲击，让人们感受到了爱情和生命的脆弱和短暂。
除了希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳之外，小说中还有许多其他的人物也非常重要。
例如，林顿和他的孩子们，他们虽然是小说中的反派角色，但是他们的形象也非常鲜明。
林顿是一个虚伪、自私的人，他的孩子们也受到了他的影响。
他们的行为和言语都充满了对权力和财富的追求，这也是小说中反映社会现实的一个重要方面。
此外，小说中还有一些次要人物，例如伊莎贝拉·林顿、约瑟夫等，他们的形象也非常鲜明。
他们每个人都有自己的性格和特点，都是小说中不可或缺的一部分。
总之，《呼啸山庄》中的人物形象非常丰富，每个角色都有自己独特的性格和特点。
对比解读《呼啸山庄》与《简爱》中的女性形象
对比解读《呼啸山庄》与《简爱》中的女性形象《简爱》和《呼啸山庄》是两姐妹的代表作，这两部作品在一定程度上具有一定的相似性，都是表现女性的自尊与自强以及对真善美的追求，在当时的社会具有一定的先进性，然而勃朗特姐妹在叙事风格以及艺术手法上还是截然不同的，不仅在人物性格上，而且在人物命运的安排上都有着明显的差别，代表着不同的女性观点。
一、人物命运的不同《简·爱》是一部带有自传体色彩的小说。
在英国维多利亚初期，一位性格倔强、具有反叛思想的女性简·爱，从小生活贫苦，父母双亡，不得不寄住在舅舅家，唯一疼爱的舅舅却也离开了她，之后，每天受尽了舅母和表哥的虐待和欺辱，少年时代被送到罗伍德寄宿制学校，本想着可以离开家，离开舅母的虐待，但是在学校里却也受到了折磨。
终于折磨的日子到头了，她长大了，被应聘到桑菲尔德庄园做家庭教师，自强自立，不卑不亢，好的生活终于慢慢浮现。
慢慢地，她与庄园主罗彻斯特产生了爱情，本以为会好好地生活，但是在那个充满不公的时代，她和罗的爱情真是一波三折，充满了戏剧性。
相爱的人总会有好结果的，终于，她和罗走在了一起，这时候的罗被烧致残，简也并没有放弃，选择了平等的爱情，维护了自由的平等。
简·爱和每一个人都一样，走的是一条艰辛的路，没有任何人引导，没有光明，只有自己在黑暗中前行。
路是走出来的，艰难的道路，处处碰壁，艰苦的生活并没有让简·爱气馁，虽然内心也是自卑的，但是她知道只有努力走下去才能改变自己，改变现状，她相信光明的一天会到来[1]。
《呼啸山庄》的主人公凯瑟琳是个骄傲、内心充满狂热的女性。
在当时吉卜赛儿希斯克利夫被山庄老主人收养，老主人死了之后，他受尽主人儿子的欺负，这时候，凯瑟琳却不一样，而是欣赏、关心他，在所有人都对他不理不睬的时候，凯瑟琳给了他关爱，以致于他对凯瑟琳产生了浓厚的爱情。
不是有爱情就会在一起的，英国初期，世俗的等级观念彻底摧毁了他对她的爱，当然，他也是个不卑不亢的少年，他决定走出去，提高自己的地位，来点燃希望。
简爱与呼啸山庄异同
《简爱》与《呼啸山庄》异同山房万卷一、爱情观结局不同之处：1.如果说《简爱》中的爱情是文明的，是单纯的，那么《呼啸山庄》里的爱情就是原野的，是纠结的。
2.《简爱》和《呼啸山庄》里主人公的爱情结局也大不相同简爱得到了一笔遗产后去找罗切斯特先生，可以说他们实现了一种“平等”，最后简爱和她的爱人幸福的生活在一起，他们的结局是圆满的，是快乐的。
《呼啸山庄》就是一个野蛮缺乏文明的世界，可以说艾米莉笔下希斯克利夫的爱情是疯狂的，甚至是扭曲的。
整部小说的基调基本是冷色调的，气氛寒冷而忧郁。
男主人因爱生恨，报复一切他所谓的仇人，希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳都互相爱着对方，但又相互折磨对方。
小说的最后男主人公在悔恨中结束了自己的生命，结局是让人悲痛的，压抑的。
二、人物性格不同之处：1.简·爱和凯瑟琳所处的社会地位不同，追求爱情的方式不同，命运的结局也不同，然而她们对所处时代有着相同的叛逆精神，对爱情有着相同的真诚与执着，对自己的命运有着同样渴望的自我支配意识2.简爱是一个独立自主，坚强，追求平等，不屈于世俗的压力并且积极进取的女性。
简爱独立自主，追求自由和平等的个性，她坚持自己的爱情观，不被外界因素影响而改变。
凯瑟琳屈从了世俗而违背了自己的意愿，她不像简爱，从一开始就知道自己想要什么，不需要任何人或物去提升自己，而是通过自己的努力实现平等，并且简爱所追求的独立自主和经济独立是凯瑟琳没有的，这也是凯瑟琳悲剧命运的重要原因。
三、叙述角度的不同简爱从头至尾使用的是第一人称叙述，讲述了“我”从一个寄人篱下的孤女，离开学校后，在桑菲尔德庄园做家庭教师与男主人罗切斯特相爱，最终成为独立自强的女性的故事；呼啸山庄是第三人称叙述，旁观者讲述主人公的故事，为读者展现了一段两个家族间两代人惊心动魄、荡气回肠的爱情与复仇的故事。
1.叙事顺序不同在时间顺序上，简爱采用的是顺序讲述，而呼啸山庄的主体部分采用倒叙，只有开头的三章和结尾的四章即洛克伍德先生的所见是顺叙，倒叙它增加了故事的悬念性。
浅析《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》中的女性意识
浅析《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》中的女性意识
《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》是英国著名作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的两部代表作，这两部小说描绘了不同年代、不同背景下的女性形象。
在这两部小说中，作者通过对女性意识的描绘，展现了女性在当时社会中的地位和生存状况。
《简·爱》中的女性意识主要体现在主人公简的身上。
简是一个出身贫寒的女孩，但却有着强烈的求知欲和自我意识。
她渴望得到教育和独立，追求自我的价值和尊严。
在一个男权主义的社会中，她不愿意接受一味地被人支配和摆布的命运，而是选择了寻找自我的道路。
她勇敢地逃离了自己被压抑的生活，去追求自由和完整的自我。
当她遇到罗切斯特先生时，她首先被他深厚的灵魂所吸引，而非他的社会地位和财富。
最后她也表达了自己对罗切斯特先生的爱和对自己命运的掌控。
这些都体现了她深刻的自我意识和对自主权的追求。
相比之下，《呼啸山庄》中的女性意识则更加被动和受限。
作品中描绘了几位女性，其中最重要的是凯瑟琳和伊莎贝拉。
凯瑟琳是一个美丽、聪明而又叛逆的女孩，但她的生活被父亲和兄长的权威所限制，导致她不得不接受婚姻，以满足她所期望的社会地位和财富。
她的婚姻生活也无法给予她所追求的自由和灵性的发展，最终导致她的悲剧结束。
伊莎贝拉则是一个相当无助的女性，在遇到希思克利夫和希斯克利夫两个男人后，她也无法独立地选择自己的人生，而是沉溺于自己的情感中。
尽管她曾经试图摆脱希斯克利夫对她的控制，但结果证明她仍被两个男人所绑架了。
浅论中西戏剧中的“心腹仆人”形象
浅论中西戏剧中的“心腹仆人”形象【摘要】中西戏剧中的“心腹仆人”形象在中西戏剧中起源于不同的文化背景和戏剧传统，其特点包括忠诚、幽默、机智等。
随着戏剧的发展，这一形象在中西戏剧中不断演变，承担着各种不同的角色和功能。
心腹仆人在戏剧中扮演着桥梁、媒介和调节者的角色，为主角和故事发展起到关键作用。
对心腹仆人形象的反思也日益增多，许多人开始质疑其在戏剧中的固定定位和角色刻板印象。
中西戏剧中的心腹仆人形象在戏剧史上具有重要的意义，同时也需要在未来的创作中进行创新和拓展，以符合当代观众的审美需求和情感体验。
【关键词】中西戏剧，心腹仆人，形象，起源，特点，演变，作用，反思，重要性，未来1. 引言1.1 背景介绍通过对中西戏剧中“心腹仆人”形象的深入探讨和比较分析，不仅可以帮助我们更加全面地了解中西方戏剧传统的差异和联系，还可以揭示人类在不同历史背景下对于仆从、忠诚、权力关系等议题的思考和反思。
对于中西戏剧中的“心腹仆人”形象进行研究具有重要的理论和文化意义，有助于深化我们对戏剧艺术的理解和欣赏，也有助于拓展戏剧研究的视野和深度。
1.2 研究意义浅论中西戏剧中的“心腹仆人”形象“心腹仆人”是中西戏剧中一个具有特殊象征意义的角色形象，其在戏剧中扮演着重要的角色。
研究“心腹仆人”的形象，可以深入了解中西戏剧文化中对于权力、身份、社会地位等方面的探讨。
通过对“心腹仆人”形象的研究，可以揭示戏剧作品中隐藏的社会时代背景和价值观念，帮助我们更好地理解戏剧作品的内涵和意义。
研究“心腹仆人”形象还可以从文化交流的角度出发，探讨中西文化间的相似与差异，加深跨文化交流与交融。
通过对“心腹仆人”形象的深入研究，可以不仅仅加深我们对于中西戏剧文化的理解，同时也有助于我们对于人物形象、戏剧结构、情节发展等方面的认识。
本文旨在探讨中西戏剧中的“心腹仆人”形象，旨在对该角色形象进行深入剖析，以期为读者提供一些新的思考视角和研究观点。
2. 正文2.1 中西戏剧中心腹仆人形象的起源中西戏剧中心腹仆人形象的起源可以追溯至古希腊戏剧。
《女性主义视角下的《简爱》与《呼啸山庄》》
女性主义视角下的《简爱》与《呼啸山庄》概述在文学作品中，女性主义视角对于揭示女性的权利和地位起着重要的作用。
《简爱》和《呼啸山庄》这两部经典小说都是以女性视角为中心展开叙事，探索了女性在当时社会中所面临的挑战和困境。
本文将从不同方面来分析和比较这两部小说中的女性形象，并探讨它们如何反映了当时女性主义运动的核心理念。
一、背景与时代环境的考察首先，我们需要了解19世纪英国是一个什么样的社会背景，并了解当时对于女性地位的认知和限制。
只有充分了解这些背景信息，我们才能更好地理解小说中女性形象所面临的挑战和选择。
二、《简爱》中的女性形象1. 简·爱简·爱是这部小说的主人公，她是一个坚强、独立并追求自由与平等的女性形象。
我们可以从她与罗切斯特先生之间互动以及她的内心 monologue 中看到她对于女性地位和权利的追求。
2. 罗切斯特夫人罗切斯特夫人是一个典型的受压抑而又复杂的女性形象。
她成为了《简爱》中社会期望下的“完美”妻子，但她内心深处却存在着自己独立而真实的欲望和情感。
3. 其他次要角色除了主要角色，《简爱》还塑造了一些重要但次要的女性形象。
比如简爱的堂姐莉亚、学校同事们以及弟弟雷德伯恩夫人，他们都在各自表达自己对于女性地位和自由意志之重要性。
三、《呼啸山庄》中的女性形象1. 凯瑟琳·厄尔肖凯瑟琳是一个鲜明且颠覆传统的角色。
她勇敢、冲动并坚定地追求爱情与幸福，不甘于被传统观念束缚。
2. 黛安娜·厄尔肖黛安娜是凯瑟琳好友也是理性、聪明的女性形象。
她通过自己的言行和决定，展示了女性在当时社会中所能追求到的更高自由与独立。
3. 其他次要角色除了主要角色，还有一些次要但重要的女性形象，比如约瑟芬和恩森家庭的女佣们等，通过她们我们可以进一步理解那个时代封建等级下女性所受到的限制和压迫。
四、比较与分析1. 女性地位分析两部小说中不同女性形象对于自身权利和地位问题的认知和争取方式，探讨其所处环境对于她们选择的影响。
从《简爱》和《呼啸山庄》看勃朗特姐妹的女性观-最新资料
从《简爱》和《呼啸山庄》看勃朗特姐妹的女性观一、引言《简爱》和《呼啸山庄》分别是夏洛蒂. 勃朗特和艾米丽. 勃朗特两姐妹的经典之作。
在这两部作品中，姐妹俩都倾注了自己的思想与感情。
《简爱》是一部带有很强自传体色彩的小说，以英国维多利亚初期的社会为背景，讲述了一位性格倔强，具有强烈独立反叛精神的女性──简爱。
简从小父母双亡，寄居在舅舅家，舅舅死后，受尽舅母百般虐待和表哥家常便饭式的欺辱。
少年时代被送到洛伍德寄宿学校，在那里也饱受折磨。
长大后她应聘到桑菲尔德庄园做家庭女教师，独立自强，不卑不亢，并与庄园主罗彻斯特先生产生爱情。
而她和罗的爱情也是一波三折，充满了戏剧性。
当两位主人公终于走到一起时，罗被烧伤致残，而简却毅然走向他，选择了平等的爱情，维护了独立的人格。
《呼啸山庄》是艾米丽创作的唯一一部小说，小说描写吉卜赛弃儿希斯克利夫被山庄老主人收养，但在老主人死后，他受尽主任儿子侮辱，唯独庄园小姐凯瑟琳关心、爱护、欣赏他。
少年的希克厉对凯瑟琳产生了强烈的爱情，但是世俗的等级观念毁灭了他的爱。
绝望的他外出致富，回来后演出了一幕幕疯狂的复仇故事。
在这部小说中，希斯克利夫与凯瑟琳的爱情始终吸引着读者的视线，他们激烈而狂热的爱情超越了世俗的情感，这是一部“男女主人公为爱而生，为爱而死的执着坚定，至死不渝的爱情悲剧。
”[1]二、勃朗特姐妹的生长环境夏洛蒂和艾米丽出生在英国约克郡一山区小镇──桑顿的一个穷牧师家庭。
她们自幼丧母，童年凄凉没有欢乐，但是她们的父亲学识渊博，他亲自教她们读书，指导她们看书读报，这些都给了她们很大的影响。
她们常年居住在哈汉斯的荒原，生活远离了文化中心，缺少一般的社会交际，成年后她们又携伴去布鲁塞尔求学。
为了生活，姐妹俩都外出做过家庭教师，屈辱的生活激起了她们强烈的愤怒之情，也为她们后来的创作提供的素材与情感的源泉。
尽管有着形同的生活华景，她们的际遇却截然不同。
夏洛蒂的《简爱》很快取得成功，而艾米丽的《呼啸山庄》首次面试便遭到了冷淡，在艾米丽死后两年，才有人高度评价了这部小说。
呼啸山庄的各人物特点
人物特点《呼啸山庄》是英国批判现实主义作家艾米莉·勃朗特的著作。
艾米莉·勃朗特是《简·爱》作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特的同胞姐妹。
艾米莉与她的姐姐一样，用女性特有的敏感，细腻的笔触，创造了一群鲜活的人物，描绘了他们的内心世界，歌颂了人类最崇高的爱情与人性。
尽管这部书写于一百多年前，但至今读来，仍然会为书中人物的命运担忧，仍会为书中精彩的描写而拍案叫绝。
此书无论在写作手法上，还是在故事编排上，都有其独到之处。
一个并未见过多大世面的青年妇女，能写出这样一部巨著，只有天才才能做到。
而艾米莉·勃朗特的确有非凡的天才。
以下这篇文章将对这部小说中主要人物的人性特点进行分析，通过对小说中几个主要人物各个不同侧面的分析，笔者认为，虽然艾米莉·勃朗特的描写晦涩、灰暗，但作者的目的是向世人呼唤人性。
这部书是以一个被人收养的弃孩——希克历与其所爱的女子——卡瑟琳为主线的一本小说。
通过希克历在受到养父之子的虐待及爱人他嫁的双重打击之后，开始了一系列丧失人性的报复的故事而展开的。
小说中的人物仅管各自都有各自痛苦的命运，尽管人性都有不同程度的扭曲，但就象是“几株萎靡不振，倾斜得厉害的枞树，那一排瘦削的都向一边倒的荆棘（它们好象伸出手来，乞求阳光的布施）。
（the angle of a few poorlygrown trees at the end of the house,and a row of thorn bushesall stretch ing their branche s one way,as if begging the warmthof the sun) ”他们的心中依然充满了对自由、阳光的渴求，充满了人性之光。
人之所以是万物之尊，是因为人经过漫长的演化、完善，获得了可贵的人性，但呼啸山庄的这一群似乎与人类隔绝的孤独者，人性也堕落到了最低点，上帝之手也无能为力。
《呼啸山庄》中的人物分析
《呼啸山庄》中的人物分析作者：唐鹏来源：《卷宗》2013年第07期摘要：艾米丽.勃朗特的《呼啸山庄》一直被认为是英国文学史上“最奇特的小说”。
它没有夏洛蒂.勃朗特《简爱》的古典优雅，没有温文尔雅的贵族气派，没有浪漫温馨的庄园气息，没有绅士和淑女的美妙的爱恋，取而代之的是狂风肆虐的荒凉原野，狂风大作的暴雨夜，因压迫和被抛弃导致的仇恨和报复，是性格的扭曲变态，是人性的撕裂。
但是在这些粗暴的外表下面一颗颗脆弱的心和爱恨纠缠却让我们不得不为之纠结。
关键词：希斯克里夫；凯瑟琳《呼啸山庄》讲的是一个爱情与复仇的故事。
故事的男女主角分别是希斯克里夫和凯瑟琳，希斯克里夫是山庄主人恩萧捡回来的一个弃儿，地位低下。
山庄主人的儿子辛德雷蔑视并虐待希斯克利夫，而辛德雷的妹妹凯瑟琳却爱上了希斯克里夫。
同时，希斯克里夫也非常喜欢这位调皮而善良的小姐。
但是后来，凯瑟琳却答应了来自画眉山庄的绅士林顿的求爱并嫁给了他。
希斯克里夫愤而出走。
三年后，希斯克里夫发财归来，并展开了自己的复仇计划。
最终，凯瑟琳在病痛与悔恨中去世。
希斯克里夫也最终在思念中抑郁而亡。
通过小说的描写我们可以看出，希斯克里夫与凯瑟琳的爱情悲剧既是社会悲剧，也是命运悲剧。
在《呼啸山庄》中，最重要的人物就是希斯克里夫。
他那平喷薄的热情和鲜明的爱恨意识，再加上他疯狂的报复深深吸引了读者。
他的名字是由两个英文单词“heath” （陡峭的）和“cliff” （悬崖）组成，而单这个名字便给读者一种残忍和冷酷的感觉。
希斯克里夫是一个被呼啸山庄主人恩萧养大的孤儿。
当他刚到呼啸山庄时，他是一个穿着破旧衣服、缺乏教育的吉普赛似的孩子。
恩萧去世后，恩萧的儿子辛德雷讨厌希斯克里夫，并不断地侮辱他，把他当仆人和奴隶对待。
希斯克里夫遭受着不公平的折磨。
但与此同时，生活又养成了他不服管束的、坚强的悲惨性格。
他看起来是悲惨的、遭受折磨的孩子，但他又是不可战胜的。
他能忍受辛德雷的毒打而不眨一下眼睛，不掉一滴眼泪。
呼啸山庄的各人物特点
人物特点《呼啸山庄》是英国批判现实主义作家艾米莉·勃朗特的著作。
艾米莉·勃朗特是《简·爱》作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特的同胞姐妹。
艾米莉与她的姐姐一样，用女性特有的敏感，细腻的笔触，创造了一群鲜活的人物，描绘了他们的内心世界，歌颂了人类最崇高的爱情与人性。
尽管这部书写于一百多年前，但至今读来，仍然会为书中人物的命运担忧，仍会为书中精彩的描写而拍案叫绝。
此书无论在写作手法上，还是在故事编排上，都有其独到之处。
一个并未见过多大世面的青年妇女，能写出这样一部巨著，只有天才才能做到。
而艾米莉·勃朗特的确有非凡的天才。
以下这篇文章将对这部小说中主要人物的人性特点进行分析，通过对小说中几个主要人物各个不同侧面的分析，笔者认为，虽然艾米莉·勃朗特的描写晦涩、灰暗，但作者的目的是向世人呼唤人性。
这部书是以一个被人收养的弃孩——希克历与其所爱的女子——卡瑟琳为主线的一本小说。
通过希克历在受到养父之子的虐待及爱人他嫁的双重打击之后，开始了一系列丧失人性的报复的故事而展开的。
小说中的人物仅管各自都有各自痛苦的命运，尽管人性都有不同程度的扭曲，但就象是“几株萎靡不振，倾斜得厉害的枞树，那一排瘦削的都向一边倒的荆棘（它们好象伸出手来，乞求阳光的布施）。
（the angle of a few poorly grown trees at the end of the house,and a row of thorn bushes all stretching their branches one way, as if begging the warmth of the sun) ”他们的心中依然充满了对自由、阳光的渴求，充满了人性之光。
人之所以是万物之尊，是因为人经过漫长的演化、完善，获得了可贵的人性，但呼啸山庄的这一群似乎与人类隔绝的孤独者，人性也堕落到了最低点，上帝之手也无能为力。