听力第30篇和第14篇
听说教程1Unit14Advertising听力原文答案注释
Unit 14 AdvertisingPart ACommunicative Function Agreement or Disagreement1. a. Agree b. Disagree2. a. Agree b. Disagree3. a. Agree b. Disagree4. a. Agree b. Disagree5. a. Agree b. Disagree6. a. Agree b. Disagree7. a. Agree b. Disagree8. a. Agree b. DisagreeScript1. --Do you think we should put an ad in the newspaper to sell our apartment?--Sure, why not?2. --Campus Daily isn't very interesting this week.--You can say that again.3. --I hear putting an ad in a newspaper costs a lot of money.--It depends.4. --In my opinion watching so many TV ads is a waste of time.--I couldn't agree with you less.5. --You don't care for commercials on TV, do you?--I'll say I don't.6. --Didn't you think the movie we saw last night was fascinating?--I wouldn't say that.7. --There'll be a football match between England and France on Channel 10 tonight.--Are you absolutely sure?8. --The design of the movie ads appeals to me very much.--You said it.NotesWe can express disagreement either directly or indirectly. You disagree directly when you are sure of the fact or when you think your opinion is more reasonable. Otherwise indirect disagreement often sounds more polite. "Are you absolutely sure?" and "I wonder if there's a mistake" are examples of showing disagreement indirectly.Listening StrategyDistinguishing Signal WordsWords like "but", "although" and "however" give a signal that the speaker (or writer) is going to say something different from what has been said. On the other hand, words like "and", "besides" and "also" only add something similar to what has been said. The ability to recognize these signal words while listening is a great help in understanding a text correctly.Listen to the short conversations and choose the right answers to the questions you hear.1. a. Yes b. No2. a. Yes b. No3. a. Yes b. No4. a. Yes b. No5. a. Yes b. No6. a. Yes b. No7. a. Yes b. No8. a. Yes b. NoScript1. --How do you like our campus, John?--Well, it's very large but it's not clean enough.Q: Does John have a favorable opinion of the campus?2. --How do you like your English teacher, Li Ming?--She's very strict and her classes are always well-organized. Besides, she often givesup her free time for her students.Q: Does Li Ming like her English teacher?3. --How did you enjoy your vacation, Jack?--Although it was short, I visited many museums and art galleries.Q: Did Jack enjoy his vacation?4. --Michael, everybody says Professor Fall is a boring teacher. What do you think?--Everyone falls asleep in his class. And he's hard to talk to.Q: Is Professor Fall popular among his students?5. --What's your impression of New York, Barbara?--I really like the stores and the museums appeal to me, too.Q: Does Barbara like New York very much?6. --Do you like living on campus?--I think so. But sometimes the dorm is so noisy that I can't get anything done.Q: Does the woman have a completely favorable opinion of living on campus? 7. --Do you think you will major in medicine, Mary?--I think being a doctor means a lot of study and then working all sorts of hours.Q: Does Mary want to major in medicine?8. --How do you like living with your roommates?--Well, sometimes it's hard to share a room with others but you get along with yourroommates by compromising.Q: Does the woman get along with her roommates?Part BListening TasksScriptPlacing an Ad(Ring …Ring … Sound of phone being picked up)John: Hello, Campus Daily, advertising department. This is John speaking.Maggie: Hi. I'm calling to place a couple of ads.J ohn: Sure. Under what classification?Maggie: Well, I'd like one in the "Roommates Wanted" section.J ohn: All right. And how would you like your ad to read?Maggie: It should read "Female roommate wanted for pleasant, sunny two-bedroom apartment on Fifth Avenue, three blocks from campus. Share rent and utilities. AvailableSeptember first. Call between 5 and 9 p.m. and ask for Maggie."John: Fine. And what about your other ad?Maggie: That one I'd like under "Merchandise for Sale", and I'd like it to read "Matching blue sofa and easy chair for sale, excellent condition, $350 or best offer. Call between 5 and9 p.m. and ask for Maggie." Did you get all that?J ohn: Uh, huh. You'll want your phone number on these, right?Maggie: Oh sure. Thanks for reminding me. It's 555-6792.John: And how long do you want these ads to run?Maggie: For a week, I guess. How much would that be?John: Let's see—it's $8 a week per line. Your two ads will both take up three lines, so that's $24 per ad.Maggie: All right.Language and Culture Notes1.Background information University and college students often run their own newspapers to keep the university community informed of what happens on campus. They cover major school events, notices issued by the school authorities, sports and entertainment news, and articles written by students to air different viewpoints. A special column called "classifieds", or "classified ads", is devoted to advertisements for jobs, accommodation news, sale of used things -- books, furniture, cars, etc.—under such headings as "Help Wanted", "Services", "Furniture for Sale", "Roommates Wanted", "Miscellaneous". To place an ad, one can call the advertising department of the paper to arrange it and pay a small fee. For example, a student-run paper at an American university in New York charges the following advertising rates: 8 dollars for the first 20 words, 25 cents for each individual word and 50 cents for a box.2. Campus Daily Name of a school newspaper3. How would you like your ad to read?What words would you like to put in your advertisement?4. Roommates Wanted A type of classified advertisement. You place your ad in this column in order to find others to share your apartment.5. utilities Supplies of water, gas, electricity and sometimes, telephone.6. Available September first. The earliest date for the roommate to move in will be September 1st.7. Matching blue sofa and easy chair The sofa and easy chair are of the same design and color8. ... or best offer Or highest price offered by a potential buyer9.it's $8 a week per line It costs $8 for one line to run /appear a week in the paper.Exercise 1: Listening for general understandingListen to the recording once and choose the right answers to the questions you hear.1. Who are the two speakers in the telephone conversation?a. A newspaperman and a reader.b. An advertising agent and a client.c. A real estate agent and a tenant.d. A shop assistant and a customer.2. What is Maggie doing in the conversation?a. She is applying to work for a newspaper.b. She is trying to sell her apartment through a local newspaper.c. She is running the ads column of a campus newspaper.d. She is having two ads run in a school newspaper.3. What can you infer about Maggie?a. She will graduate soon.b. She feels lonely living in an apartment all by herself.c. She will move out of a two-bedroom apartment.d. She might be unable to afford a two-bedroom apartment alone.Exercise 2: Listening for detailsListen to the recording once again and fill in the blanks with the missing information.Part CAdditional ListeningA Passage Different Kinds of AdvertisingListen to the passage and fill in the blanks with the missing information.ScriptDifferent Kinds of AdvertisingAdvertising is an important part of marketing. V ery few companies are able to sell a product without advertising. It is possible, but very unlikely. There are many different kinds of advertising. The simplest is called promotion. Promotion is using brochures or pamphlets to advertise. Theses can be handed to people on the street or they can be mailed. If they are mailed, it is called direct mail advertising. After direct mail advertising, there are: newspaper advertising, radio advertising, magazine advertising and television advertising. Newspaper advertising is the cheapest kind, while television is the most expensive.Television ads are generally used by large companies selling a product to a large market segment. Television advertising can be very successful because it reaches such a large audience. Small companies may find television advertising too expensive, so they often use newspapers to advertise. However, large companies also like newspapers because of their wide circulation.Part DTest Your ListeningA Compound DictationListen to the passage three times and supply the missing information.Advertising is an important part of the free enterprise 1) system. This is because different businesses are 2) competing for the same market. For this reason, they buy advertising 3) space in newspapers or magazines and advertising time on radio or TV. They each hope that advertisements will increase 4) demand for their products.In order to do well in the market, advertisers need to decide on a target; in other words, who are possible 5) buyers for their product? For example, what is the age and sex of their target group? How much education do they have? What are their political 6) beliefs and values? How much money do they make? Some companies such as McDonald’s target various groups, so they have many different ads—one for 7) teenagers, one for families and several in different languages.8) After advertisers decide on who, they need to determine where. What is a good place for their advertisement? Sellers of toys often advertise during children’s TV programs on Saturday morning. Sellers of expensive clothing advertise in V ogue and other fashion magazines.9) Advertisers also need to think about people’s motivation—their reasons for buying something. What makes people buy one product but not another? There are many possible reasons: health, profit, love, entertainment, etc. A study of advertising can also be a study of psychology. 10) When we think about the products that people buy, we learn about their needs, wants, fears, and values.。
2025年中考语文总复习文言文阅读4寓言故事(传说)类第30篇穿井得一人
• C.疾耕则家富/家富1 则2 市3 得4 良犬/于是猎兽之获/
• 2.参考表格中的方法提示，解释下列加点词语
。加(点3分词语)
方法提示
解释(填写文字)
君宜致力于
·
耕作
查阅词典。宜：①合适；② 应该；③似乎，大概[《古 (1)宜：_应__该___ 代汉语词典》(第2版)]
什么这么说？”那人不回答。猎人自己思考，该不会是需要努力耕
作获得了钱之后买好狗吧？于是他就回家奋力耕田。奋力耕田家里
就富了，家里富了就(有钱)买来好狗，有了好狗打猎的收获，就常
常超过别人。不只是打猎如此，许多事情也都是这样。
• 1.下列对选文中画波浪线部分的断句，正C 确的 一项是( )(3分)
• A.疾耕则家富/家富则市得/良犬于是猎兽之获/ 常过人矣
文言文阅读 四、寓言故事(传说) 类
第30篇 穿井得一人
• [2024长沙期末改编]穿井得一人(类文练 习)
• 齐人有好猎者，旷日持久，而不得兽。入 则羞其家室，出则愧对其知友州里。惟所以不 得之故，则狗恶· 也。欲得良狗，则家贫无以。
· 人曰：“君宜致力于耕作。”猎者· 曰：“何为 ？”人不对。猎者自思，得无①欲致力于耕作 有获而后市良犬乎？于是退而疾耕②。疾耕则
注释家：富①家得无富：则表市推测得，良该犬不会于。是②猎疾耕兽：之奋获力耕常田过。人矣。
•
齐国有个爱好打猎的人，花费了很长时间，却没有猎到野兽。(
他觉得)回家愧对自己的家人，在外愧对自己的好友乡邻。(他)思考
打不到猎物的原因，是狗不好。他想得到一条好狗，但家里太贫穷
无法办到。有人对他说：“你应该努力耕田劳作。”猎人说：“为
新东方英语背诵美文第30篇
YouthYouth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being’s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing appetite for wh at’s next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart, there is a wireless station; so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from man and from the infinite, so long as you are young.When your aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you’ve grown old, even at 20; but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there’s hope you may die young at 80.译文：青春青春不是年华，而是心境；青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，而是深沉的意志，恢宏的想象，炙热的恋情；青春是生命的深泉在涌流。
2015英语专业四级考试听写模拟试题第21-30篇
第21篇BalloonsBalloons have been used for sport for about 100 years. There are two kinds of sport balloons, gas and hot-air. Hot-air balloons are safer than gas balloons, which may catch fire. Hot-air balloons are preferred by most balloonists in the United States because of their safty. They are also cheaper and easier to manage than gas balloons. Despite the ease of operating a balloon, pilots must watch the weather carefully. Sport balloon flights are best early in the morning or late in the afternoon when the wind is late. Over the years, balloonists have tried unsuccessfully to cross the Atlantic. It wasn't untill 1978 that three American balloonists succeeded.It took them just 6 days to make the trip, from their homes in the United States to Paris, France. Their voyage captured the imagination of the whole world.Useful words and expressions:balloon：气球hot-air：热空气balloonist：气球驾驶者[键入文字]第22篇You found a job, now how do you save moneySaving your hard-earned money can be difficult. As most of us enjoy spending rather than saving, I certainly had a tough time holding on to my money every payday. When I got my first few pay checks, right away I spend the cold hard cash I'd earned by hard work. But I quickly realized that this sort of spending wouldn't really help me get the things I wanted. So I made a pact with myself. I promise that before I did anything with the money, I would deposit at least 50% of the money into my savings account. That way, I eliminated the temptation to spend that money. After I got used to saving my money, it was much easier for me not to be tempted to buy things when I saw them. When I saw a CD, or vedio game that looked appealing,I learn to ask myself,"Do I really need this?" Asking this question helped me appreciate my money, and not let it slip out of my wallet quite so fast.Useful words and expressions:payday：n.发薪日pact：n.协定，条约deposit：v.存款eliminate：v.消除，排除temptation：n.诱惑be tempted to ：受诱惑做...peeling：退层slip out ：溜走wallet：钱包，皮夹[键入文字]第23篇The Influence of LifeIn the early times when human beings hunted and gathered food, they were not in control of their environment. They could only interact with their surroundings as the other lower animals did.When they learned to make fire, however, they became capable of altering their environment. To provide themselves with fuel, they cut down trees. They also burned clearings in forests to increase the growth of grass and to provide a greater grazing area for the wild animals that human beings fed upon. This development led to farming and the domestication of animals. Fire provided the means for cooking plants which had previously been inedible. Only when the process of meeting the basic need for food reached a certain level was it possible for humans to follow other pursuits such as setting up families, forming societies and founding cities.Useful words and Expressions:1. interact with 与……组合2. clearing 空旷地3. grazing 放牧，牧草4. domestication 驯养，驯服5. previously 先前，以前6. inedible 不能吃的，不适于食用的7. pursuit 追击8. set up 设立[键入文字]第24篇Our ConcernThe history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings. To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the earth's vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment. Only in the present century has one species of man acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world.The rapidity of change follows the pace of man rather than the pace of nature. Radiation is now the unnatural creation of man's tampering with the atom. The chemicals are the creations of man's inventive mind, having no counterparts in nature.We have put poisonous and biologically potent chemicals into the hands of persons largely ignorant of their potentials for harm. We have subjected enormous numbers of people to contact with these poisons, without their consent and often without their knowledge. We have allowed these chemicals to be used with little or no advance investigation of their effect. Future generations are unlikely to forgive our lack of concern.Useful Words and Expressions:1. interaction 交互作用，交感2. vegetation 植被3. mold 塑造，浇铸4. species 种类5. unnatural 不自然的6. tamper with 损害，影响7. counterpart 配对物8. poisonous 有毒的9. potent 有力的，有效的10. consent 同意，赞成[键入文字]第25篇Study Finds More Trees on Farms Than Was ThougtFarmers, especially in developing countries, are often criticized for cutting down forests. But a new study suggests that many farmers recognize the value in keeping trees.Researchers using satellite images found at least ten percent tree cover on more than one billion hectares of farmland. That is almost half the farmland in the world. Earlier estimates were much lower but incomplete. The authors of the new study say it may still underestimate the true extent worldwide.The study found that climate conditions alone could not explain the amount of tree cover in different areas. Nor could the size of nearby populations, meaning people and trees can live together.There are areas with few trees but also few people, and areas with many trees and many people. The findings suggest that things like land rights, markets or government policies can influence tree planting and protection.useful words and phrases:tree cover 林木植被，森林覆盖率hectare 公顷estimate 估计estimate the cost of估计……的成本at a rough estimate 据粗略估计by estimate照估计[键入文字]第26篇Death Valley: A Beautiful but Dangerous PlaceDeath Valley is a land of beautiful but dangerous extremes. There are mountains that reach more than three thousand meters into the sky. There is a place called Badwater that is the lowest area of land in the Western Hemisphere. If there were water there, it would be eighty-six meters below the level of the ocean.Death Valley can be dangerously cold during the winter months. Storms in the mountains can produce sudden flooding on the floor of the Valley.The extreme heat in summer has killed people in the past. It will continue to kill those who do not honor this extreme climate. Death Valley does not forgive those who are not careful.It is a good example of the violence of nature.However,it would be wrong to think that nothing lives there. The Valley is full of life.Wild flowers grow very quickly after a little rain. Birds, snakes and other animals always enjoy their stay.useful words and phrases:hemisphere 半球the Eastern Hemisphere 东半球the Western Hemispherea hemisphere of science and technology 科技领域honor 尊敬graduate with honors以优等成绩毕业honor a check 兑现支票a store that honors all credit cards接受所有信用卡的商店[键入文字]第27篇Going Digital：California' Textbook ProjectCalifornia approves traditional textbooks in six-year cycles. Digital ones can offer the latest information. They lighten the load of school bags. They save paper and trees, and make learning more fun and interactive. And lastly they help schools with their finances.The state has had to make severe cuts in school spending because of deep financial problems. More than six million students attend California public schools.Earlier this year, California invited content developers to offer digital math and science materials for high schools. These had to meet at least ninety percent of the state's learning requirements. Specially trained teachers examined sixteen textbooks and approved ten of them.School administrators point out that the texts may be free online, but students need a way to access them. Not everyone has a computer or electronic reader. Schools could print out copies, but that would not help the environment. Also, there is the cost to train teachers to use digital textbooks effectively.useful words and phrases:approve同意，许可approve of the decision 赞成这个决定cycle 循环，周期business/trade cycle 商业盛衰的循环a vicious cycle恶性循环lighten 减轻interactive 相互作用的，相互影响的finance财源，资产severe 剧烈的，严重的，朴素的severe pain 剧痛administrator 管理员，负责人access接近，利用，进网[键入文字]第28篇LeadA new study shows that lead-based paint remains a worldwide threat to public health. Paint containing lead is a major cause of lead poisoning in children.The heavy metal enters the body when children breathe the paint dust or fumes in the air. Or when babies put their mouth on painted surfaces or swallow pieces of paint.Lead can damage the brain and the nervous system. It can decrease intelligence, create behavior problems and slow a child's growth.Researchers tested new household paints from twelve countries in Africa, Asia and South America. The paints were sold under different brand names. The study found that almost three-fourths of the brands had dangerously high levels of lead.The professor says high quality paint can be produced without lead. He and his team are calling for a worldwide ban on lead-based paint. He says many parts of the world are doing too little to correct the problem of lead poisoning in children. He notes that research has found no safe level of lead.useful words and phrases:lead 铅fumes气味，气体household 家庭的household appliances家用电器become a household name成为家喻户晓的名字household affairs家务事household cavalry/troops 御林军ban 禁令[键入文字]第29篇Teacher-studentThe relationship between a teacher and a student can be either good or bad, helpful or harmful. Either way, the relationship can affect the student for the rest of his life. / A good teacher-student relationship will make the teacher’s job worthw hile. A bad relationship can discourage the student from learning and make teaching an unpleasant task. In order to have a good teacher-student relationship, respect between teacher and student is very important. If the teacher is too strict, he frightens the student. If the teacher is too friendly, the student may become lazy and stop learning hard. The teacher’s attitude and approach should be in between those two extremes. As for the student, his proper respect to the teacher must be shown all the time. / He should be eager to learn and willing to work hard. In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be beneficial to both. The student absorbs knowledge eagerly and enjoyable, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his work. (163 words)Useful words and expressions:discourage:vt. 使气馁[键入文字]第30篇EasterEaster is a festival that celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Christ. A Sunday between March 22 and April 25 is called Easter Sunday. People eat some cakes during this festival. They also give colorful eggs to each other. It is said that the Earth came from an egg. In England, people write messages and dates on their eggs and give them to friends or loved ones.A rabbit called the Easter Bunny visits children on Easter Sunday. He often leaves some candy and eggs. So on Easter Sunday morning, children always get up early to find these candy and eggs all around the house. In fact, it is their parents who buy them candy and hide their eggs.The story of the Easter Bunny’s visit comes from Germany. The story goes that a poor woman hid eggs for her children to find. At the moment they found them,they looked up to see a big rabbit running away.Useful words and expressions:Easter复活节Resurrection 复活，复兴Jesus Christ 耶稣基督[键入文字]。
2019高考30篇必背英语作文范文精选
2019高考30篇必背英语作文范文精选第一篇：【写作要求】现在我们周围的环境污染越来越严重。
作为一个中学生，我们应节约资源，保护环境，从我们身边的小事做起，做一个“低碳生活”的中学生。
请以“My Low--carbon Life”为题，写一篇短文描述自己的“低碳生活”。
内容包括：1.地球的污染越来越严重，我们能看到森林被砍伐、水污染和空气污染。
2.你是怎样从身边小事做起，做到“低碳生活”的。
如：每天步行上学、离开教室及时关灯和电扇、充分利用纸张、节约用水等。
3.号召更多的人加入到“低碳生活”中来。
作文要求：1.不能照抄原文;不得在作文中出现学校真实的名称和学生的真实姓名。
2.语句连贯，词数80个左右。
作文的题目已经给出，不计入总词数。
My Low--carbon LifeThe environmental pollution is worse and worsetoday.【优秀满分范文】My Low-carbon LifeThe environmental pollution is worse and worsetoday. Many trees are cut down, and water and air are polluted. As a student Itry to have a low-carbon life to save energy and reduce pollution. Firstly, I often walk to school. It can reduceair pollution. Secondly, I always turn off the lights and fans when leaving theclassroom. Thirdly, I always make full use of paper and other school things andnever waste water.I wish more students to join me and make theearth more and more beautiful.【写作要求】每当朋友之间即将分手的时候，耳边常常会响起这首歌“朋友啊朋友!你可曾想起了我，如果你正享受幸福，请你忘记我……”。
航英语听力与会话朗读30篇音标版
朗读30篇注音标版Passage 1Ladies and gentlemen. This is your captain speaking. I have the pleasure ['pleʒə] in informing [in'fɔ:miŋ] you that all safety equipment is in full working order. The bow and stern doors are closed and secured [si'kjuəd]. The vessel is in all aspects ['æspekts] ready for sea. Please listen carefully to the safety instructions[in'strʌkʃənz] which follow. In the unlikely [,ʌn'laikli] event of emergency [i'mə:dʒənsi], please obey [əu'bei] the orders given on the public address [ə'dres] system. Passengers are requested[ri'kwestid]to read all notes and leaflets['li:flits] concerning[kən'sə:niŋ] safety regulations[,reɡju'leiʃən z]. All regulations concerning the vessel‟s routine[ru:'ti:n]have to be obeyed[əu'beid]. Safety regulations do not permit[pə'mit] passengers['pæsindʒəz] to enter the following spaces:--navigating room;--engine room;--maneuvering [mə'nu:vəriŋ] areas at the front and back end of the vessel;--cargo rooms and compartments[kəm'pɑ:tmənt s];--service ['sə:vis] rooms;--all areas and spaces marked “crew only”;--all closed, sealed[si:ld] or roped off areas, spaces and rooms;--car decks when the vessel is at sea.Passage 2International regulations[,reɡju'leiʃən z] require [ri'kwaiə] all passengers['pæsindʒəz]be assembled[ə'sembld] in a drill which has to take place within 24 hours of departure [di'pɑ:tʃə]. A drill will be held to familiarize [fæ'miljəraiz] passengers with their assembly [ə'sembli]stations, with their life-saving equipment and with emergency procedures[prə'si:dʒəz]. All passengers must attend [ə'tend] this drill. In case [keis] of emergency [i'mə:dʒənsi], seven short blasts [blɑ:sts] and one prolonged [prəu'lɔŋd] blast will be given with the ship‟s whistle ['hwisl] and alarm system. Passengers will be taught how to act and behave [bi'heiv] in case of emergency.Passage 3Always remember that fire is the greatest hazard ['hæzəd] aboard ship. Always act immediately [i'mi:diətli] if you detect [di'tekt] fire or smell fumes[fju:mz] or smoke. Always inform a member of the crew if you detect [di'tekt] fire or smell fumes[fju:mz] or smoke. Be careful to extinguish cigarettes[,siɡə'ret s]completely[kəm'pli:tli]. Put used cigarettes[,siɡə'ret s]in a container provided. Never smoke in bed. Never smoke on deck except in areas labeled ['leibld]as smoking areas. Never throw a cigarette[,siɡə'ret] overboard. The use of naked ['neikid] light and open fire is strictly ['striktli] prohibited [prəu'hibitid]. Never use an electric [i'lektrik] iron ['aiən] in a cabin ['kæbin]. If you need to iron something, use the ironing ['aiəniŋ] room on the third deck. The key may be collected at the information desk.Passage 4Attention [ə'tenʃən] please! Attention please! This is your captain with an important announcement[ə'naunsmənt]. I repeat[ri'pi:t], this is your captain with an important announcement. We have a minor ['mainə] flooding in the engine room. There is no immediate immediate danger to our passengers or the ship and there is no reason to be alarmed. For safety reasons, we request all passengers to go to their assembly[ə'sembli]stations on deck and wait there for further['fə:ðə] instructions[in'strʌkʃənz]. Please follow the instructions[in'strʌkʃənz]given by the officers and crew. The damage control team is fighting the flooding. We also have radio contact ['kɔntækt, kən'tækt] with radio coast stations. As soon as I have further information, I will make another announcement. I ask you kindly to remain calm [kɑ:m]. There is no danger at thistime.Passage 5When the general emergency [i'mə:dʒənsi] alarm is sounded, which consists[kən'sists] of seven short blasts [blɑ:sts] and one prolonged[prəu'lɔŋd]blast, all passengers['pæsindʒəz]have to go to their assembly[ə'sembli]station. Take your lifejackets['laifdʒækits] and blankets['blæŋkit s] with you. Lifejackets['laifdʒækits] are stored [stɔ:d] in your cabins ['kæbinz] under your beds and at your assembly [ə'sembli] stations. You are encouraged [in'kʌridʒd] to try on your lifejackets. All passengers must put on warm clothing ['kləuðiŋ]; long trousers['trauzəz], long-sleeved [sli:vd] shirts or jackets['dʒækits], strong shoes and head covering['kʌvəriŋ]. All passengers['pæsindʒəz]with their lifejackets['laifdʒækit]and blankets['blæŋkit s]are requested [ri'kwestid] to go to their assembly [ə'sembli] stations immediately [i'mi:diətli]. From your assembly[ə'sembli] stations you will be escorted['eskɔ:tid, i'skɔ:tid] to your lifeboats. All passengers are requested to carefully study the safety instructions behind their cabin doors. All passengers are requested[ri'kwestid] to follow the escape [i'skeip] routes[ru:ts] shown. Do not use lifts.Passage 6Last year there were 63 incidents['insidənts] at sea. This included[in'klu:did] 10 spills, 2 of which resulted[ri'zʌltid] in pollution[pə:'lju:ʃən]. Fourteen vessels grounded and 6 vessels collided[kə'laidid] in bad weather conditions. There were 20 reports of personal ['pə:sənl]injury ['indʒəri]. These injuries ['indʒəriz]usually occurred[ə'kə:d]because seamen did not take care with machinery [mə'ʃi:nəri] or because they did not wear the correct type of protective [prəu'tektiv] clothing ['kləuðiŋ]. Seven ships reported fires on board during the year: in 2 incidents, the fires started in the galley, in another 2 incidents, fires started when chemical ['kemikəl] containers exploded[ik'spləudid]; and in 3 incidents, the fires occurred[ə'kə:d] because of electrical [i'lektrikəl]faults[fɔ:lts]. On 4 occasions[ə'keiʒənz]vessels lost power because the crew did not follow correct procedures[prə'si:dʒəz]during maneuvering[mə'nu:vəriŋ]. There were accounts[ə'kaunts]of cargo contamination [kən,tæmi'neiʃən]: 1 cargo of grain [ɡrein] suffered['sʌfəd] from heat damage, and in the other case, water leaked[li:kt] into the hold and damaged a cargo of fruit.Passage 7This incident ['insidənt] took place on board the MV Elga in January ['dʒænjuəri] of this year. Some of our cargo of pipes broke loose [lu:s] on the deck when we were rounding['raundiŋ] the Cape [keip]of Good Hope in bad weather. There were high winds and visibility [,vizi'biləti] was very poor. At the time of the incident['insidənt] I was on watch on the bridge. The 2nd officer heard a loud banging['bæŋiŋ] noise [nɔiz] and noticed the pipes were loose. I immediately [i'mi:diətli] informed[in'fɔ:md] the Captain who ordered a team to go on deck to tie and secure the pipes. The problem was caused by the severe [si'viə] movement of the vessel and some lashings['æʃiŋz] breaking['breikiŋ]. The deck crews were able to lever the pipes into a secure position. We managed to lash the cargo down again sufficiently [sə'fiʃəntli] until the bad weather passed. There was very little we could do to ensure that this incident does not happen again. However, when bad weather is forecast ['fɔ:kɑ:st], all lashings['æʃiŋz] should be checked and, if necessary, extra ['ekstrə] lashings should be put in place.Passage 8It is a common ['kɔmən] belief [bi'li:f] among [ə'mʌŋ] members of the public ['pʌblik] that piracy ['paiərəsi] belongs[bi'lɔŋz] to an era ['iərə, 'εərə]in which swashbuckling ['swɔʃ,bʌkliŋ]恃强凌弱的pirates['paiərits] played cat and mouse [maus, mauz] with sailing ship laden ['leidən] with gold. That piracy['paiərəsi] is a thing of the past, however, is a myth[miθ]. The main point I‟d like to make is that armed [ɑ:md]robbery ['rɔbəri]is still a real threat[θret]to the shipping industry ['indəstri]. The international maritime bureau ['bjuərəu] reported that in 1994 there were 92 serious ['siəriəs] attacks[ə'tæks] on ships. Two years later in 1996, this figure ['fiɡə] rocketed['rɔkitid] to 174, and in 1997 the figure ['fiɡə] continued to rise dramatically [drə'mætikəli] to 252.Almost to combat ['kɔmbæt, kəm'bæt] this crime [kraim] were made during the early 1990s and consequently ['kɔnsi,kwəntli] the number of attacks decreased significantly[sig'nifəkəntli]. This decrease was due to two main factors['fæktəz]. IMO missions['miʃənz]任务，使命were sent to problem areas and pressure was also exerted[iɡ'zə:t id] on countries whose waters were known black spots[spɔts] for pirate['paiərit]attacks[ə'tæks].Passage 9Two types of compasses ['kʌmpəsiz]are used at sea, namely ['neimli]the gyrocompass ['dʒaiərəu,kʌmpəs]and the magnetic[mæɡ'netik]compass ['kʌmpəs]. The gyrocompass['dʒaiərəu,kʌmpəs]is electrically [i'lektrikəli]driven [drivən]and indicates the direction of the geographical [dʒiə'ɡræfikəl] or true north pole [pəul] of the earth. When a gyrocompass['dʒaiərəu,kʌmpəs]has been started, some time must be allowed for it to settle ['setl]down, and a ship‟s gyrocompass['dʒaiərəu,kʌmpəs] should be started some hours before it is to be used. A gyrocompass may function ['fʌŋkʃən] correctly, but at the same time register ['redʒistə]a small, constant ['kɔnstənt]error ['erə]known as gyro ['dʒaiərəu]error. If the gyrocompass indicates a direction which is numerically [nju:'merikəli] larger than the true direction, the error is described as high, and conversely ['kɔnvə:sli] a numerically[nju:'merikəli] smaller reading is described as low.Passage 10Major ['meidʒə] coast [kəust] radio stations all over the world transmit [træns'mit], at regular ['reɡjulə] intervals['intəvəlz] and in code [kəud], weather information for ships within range[reindʒ]. Weather information consists[kən'sists]of ten parts, of which ships usually make use of three, that is, warning, synoptic [si'nɔptik] situation and forecast ['fɔ:kɑ:st]. With weather information, mariners are able to keep away from disastrous [di'zɑ:strəs] weather at sea and reduce the danger a great deal [di:l]. As terrible ['terəbl] weather is predicted [pri'diktid], ships can take precautions[pri'kɔ:ʃənz]预防措施before hand, by delaying [di'leiiŋ] the voyage ['vɔiidʒ] or seeking[si:kiŋ] shelter ['ʃeltə] in a safe place. If there is a high sea or long swell [swel], they can take some measures['meʒəz]to safeguard ['seifɡɑ:d]保护措施the cargo and the ship.Passage 11When the vessel approaches [ə'prəutʃiz] her designated ['deziɡ,neitid] berth at minimum ['miniməm] steerageway ['stiəridʒwei], the approach[ə'prəutʃ] to the quay [ki:]码头is made at the smallest ['smɔ:list] possible ['pɔsəbl] angle. With a heaving['hi:vinŋ] line the hawser ['hɔ:zə]is pulled from the vessel onto the embankment[im'bæŋkmənt]by line-handlers['hændləz]. The spring is fastened ['fɑ:sən d] to a bollard ['bɔləd], and while the engine is on half astern [ə'stə:n], the warping ['wɔ:piŋ] drum [drʌm] picks up the slack [slæk]. To prevent the line from being fouled, the hawser or spring is led through the fairlead. The ship is then maneuvered[mə'nu:vəd] along the embankment[im'bæŋkmənt]and fastened ['fɑ:sən d] to bollards['bɔlədz] by headlines, stern lines, breast [brest] lines and springs. When leaving berth, casting ['kɑ:stiŋ off orders, engine room orders and helm [helm] orders are giv en by the pilot or the master. After having started the engines, the first order is “Standing by for letting go!”. When a line is cast[kɑ:st]off, the first order must always be “Slack away”, so that it will become possible to handle the hawser ['hɔ:zə]. T he next casting off order will then be: “Heave [hi:v]away”, which means that the line can be pulled aboard [ə'bɔ:d]. The sequence ['si:kwəns] of casting off orders that can then be given depends [di'pendz] on how the vessel has been berthed, and on the prevailing[pri'veiliŋ] weather condition and currents['kʌrənts].Passage 12One of the most important responsibilities[ri,spɔnsə'bilətiz] of the first mate[meit] is to make sure that cargo will be properly['prɔpəli]loaded and stowed. Whether bulk cargo, general cargo, heavy cargo, containerized[kən'teinəraizd]cargoes or refrigerated [ri'fridʒəreitid] perishable ['periʃəbl] cargo are carried, care must always be taken to ensure [in'ʃuə] that a cargo will not in any way affect [ə'fekt]the vessel‟s stabil ity [stə'biliti] and jeopardize ['dʒepədaiz]危害vessel, cargo and crew. Therefore astowage ['stəuidʒ]plan must be made up before the loading of the cargo commences[kə'mensiz]. Stevedoring ['sti:vədɔ:riŋ] (loading and discharging of cargo) must be done according [ə'kɔ:diŋ] to this stowage ['stəuidʒ] plan by a shore gang [ɡæŋ]. A shore gang usually consists[kən'sists] of a foreman['fɔ:mən]and stevedores['sti:vədɔ:z] (longshoreman ['lɔŋ,ʃɔ:mən]港口工人, as they are called in America), hatchway ['hætʃwei] men, winch [wintʃ] men, and a tally ['tæli] clerk [klə:k].Passage 13There are five common ['kɔmən] kinds of injury ['indʒəri] on vessels. Seafarers['si:fεərəz] sometimes break their arms and legs when they slip or fall. These accidents ['æksidənts] happen ['hæpən]when they don‟t wear safety boots [bu:ts] or when decks are wet and oily ['ɔili]. Seafarers['si:fεərəz]also fall when ladders ['lædəz]are not secure [si'kjuə]. To prevent [pri'vent] broken arms and legs, it is important to wear safety boots. Seafarers['si:fεərəz] sometimes strain [strein] their backs when they lift heavy objects ['ɔbdʒikts]. Back strain usually happens when seafarers['si:fεərəz] lift objects ['ɔbdʒikts] alone or when they don‟t use lifting equipment properly['prɔpəli]. To prevent back strain, it is important to lift properly['prɔpəli]. Seafarers['si:fεərəz] sometimes suffer['sʌfə] from burns when there is a fire, explosion [ik'spləuʒən] or chemical['kemikəl]spill. Seafarers['si:fεərəz]need to be careful when they smoke or when they work with chemicals. To prevent burns, it is important to obey “No Smoking” signs and to handle chemical['kemikəl] cargo safely. Seafarers sometimes suffer from cuts. They often cut their fingers['fiŋɡəz] when they are careless with sharp [ʃɑ:p]machinery [mə'ʃi:nəri]. To prevent cuts, it is important to use safety guards[ɡɑ:dz] and wear gloves [ɡlʌvz]. Seafarers sometimes injure ['indʒə] their eyes when they work with machinery[mə'ʃi:nəri]. Dust [dʌst], sparks [spɑ:ks], and chemicals['kemikəlz] are very dangerous when they enter the eye. To prevent eye injuries ['indʒəriz], it is important to wear protective [prəu'tektiv] goggles['ɡɔɡlz].Passage 14The vessel was at anchor overnight [,əuvə'nait, 'əuvənait] while we were waiting for permission [pə'miʃən] to enter the port. Two officers of watch were patrolling [pə'trəuliŋ] the deck but they did not notice anything unusual [,ʌn'ju:ʒuəl]. They did not realize ['riəlaiz]that while they were on watch, two stowaways['stəuə,weiz]were hiding[haidiŋ]in the lifeboat. One man escaped[i'skeipt] by jumping ['dʒʌmpiŋ] overboard ['əuvəbɔ:d] while the other climbed [klaimd] down a rope ladder ['lædə]. Later, I received a phone call from the Coastguard ['kəustga:d]at the port. He said that two men from my vessel were swimming ['swimiŋ] towards [tə'wɔ:dz] the shore. He called the police and ordered a rescue ['reskju:] boat to pick up the men. When the rescue ['reskju:] boat went out, it picked up only one person. The other was nowhere to be seen. As yet, I have no further ['fə:ðə]information about the two stowaways['stəuə,weiz]. The vessel will remain[ri'mein]in port until port Authorities [ɔ:'θɔrətiz] have searched [sə:tʃt] the vessel and given clearance ['kliərəns] to depart [di'pɑ:t]. I am awaiting [ə'weitiŋ] instruction [in'strʌkʃən] from the immigration [,imi'ɡreiʃən] authorities about the procedure [prə'si:dʒə] for repatriating[ri:'pætrieitiŋ]遣返the stowaway['stəuə,wei] who is in police custody ['kʌstədi]拘留at present. The police are still searching for the missing['misiŋ] stowaways['stəuə,weiz].Passage 15The echo['ekəu]sounder['saundə]sends a radio signal from the bottom of the ship to the seabed['si:bed], from which it is reflected[ri'flektid]. The time taken to receive the reflected[ri'flektid] signal is a measure of the depth of water under the ship. The received pulse[pʌls] is displayed [dis'pleid] on a chart by a pen recorder[ri'kɔ:də] so that the navigator ['næviɡeitə] can see the outline ['autlain]of the bottom over which the vessel is passing. A similar ['similə]device [di'vais]is the sonar ['səunɑ:] system, which uses high frequency ['frikwənsi] sound signals. In sonar['səunɑ:] the sound signal can be sent ahead [ə'hed] or sideways ['saidweiz]. The time for the echo to be sent back from an object ['ɔbdʒikt], such as an underwater ['ʌndə'wɔ:tə] rock, is a measure ['meʒə] of the object‟s ['ɔbdʒikts] distance ['distəns] from the ship. The sonar['səunɑ:] system can also be used to measure the speed of the ship over the seabed['si:bed].Passage 16The officer on watch (OOW) should ensure [in'ʃuə] that the SOLAS requirements[ri'kwaiəmənts] for the operation and testing of the steering ['stiəriŋ] gear [ɡiə] are observed[əb'zə:vd]. Steering control of the ship will comprise [kəm'praiz] manual ['mænjuəl] steering, probably supplemented['sʌpliməntid, 'sʌpləmentid] by an autopilot ['ɔ:təu'pailət]. At each steering position there should be a gyro ['dʒaiərəu]repeater [ri'pi:tə]and rudder ['rʌdə]angle['æŋɡl]indicator ['indikeitə]and emergency [i'mə:dʒənsi]back-up steering position, usually in the steering gear flat [flæt], is also required [ri'kwaiəd]. If an autopilot['ɔ:təu'pailət]is fitted, a steering mode[məud]selector[si'lektə]switch[switʃ] for changing between automatic[,ɔ:tə'mætik]and manual['mænjuəl] steering, and a manual override [,əuvə'raid] control to allow the OOW to gain [ɡein] instant ['instənt] manual ['mænjuəl] control of the steering, will be required [ri'kwaiəd]. When operating an autopilot, the course to steer will need to be manually ['mænjuəli] set on the autopilot and the autopilot will steer the course until a new course is entered.Passage 17A typical['tipikəl]weather['weðə]report normally['nɔ:məli]include[in'klu:d]three parts: warning['wɔ:niŋ], synoptic[si'nɔptik] situation and forecast ['fɔ:kɑ:st]. Gale [ɡeil]warnings ['wɔ:niŋz]are usually issued['isju:d] when winds of at least force 8 or gusts[ɡʌsts]reaching 43 knots are expected[ik'spektid]. Gale warnings remain in force until amended[ə'mendid]or canceled['kænsəld]. However, if the gale persists[pə'sists]for more than 24 hours after the time of origin['ɔridʒin], the warning will be re-issued. The term “severe [si'viə]gale” implies [im'plaiz] a mean wind of at least force 9 or gusts[ɡʌsts] reaching 52 knots. Storm warnings are usually issued when winds of force 10 or gusts reaching 61 knots are expected. The term “imminent ['iminənt]” implies [im'plaiz]within 6 hours of the time issue, “soon” implies [im'plaiz] between 6 and 12 hours, and “later” impli es [im'plaiz] more than 12 hours. Hurricane ['hʌrikən] warnings are issued in some parts of the world when winds of force 12 or above are expected.Passage 18Admiralty['ædmərəlti]Notice['nəutis]to Mariners, weekly editions, contains information which enables[i'neiblz]the mariners to keep his charts and books published by the hydrographic [,haidrəu'ɡræfik]department [di'pɑ:tmənt]up-to-date ['ʌptə'deit]for the latest reports received. In addition [ə'diʃən]to all Admiralty ['ædmərəlti]Notices['nəutisiz], they include [in'klu:d all Australian [ɔ:'streɪljən] and New Zealand [,nju:'zi:lənd] chart correcting Notices, the selected [si'lektid] temporary ['tempərəri] and preliminary [pri'liminəri] ones. Copies ['kɔpiz] of all Australian[ɔ:'streɪljən] and New Zealand Notices can be obtained from Australian or New Zealand[,nju:'zi:lənd] chart agents ['eidʒənts]. The Notices are published in weekly editions, and are issued ['isju:d] by the hydrographic [,haidrəu'ɡræfik] department [di'pɑ:tmənt] on a daily ['deili] basis ['beisis] to certain Admiralty chart agents. Weekly editions can be obtained [əb'teind] gratis ['ɡreitis], or dispatched [dis'pætʃt] regularly ['reɡjələli] by surface ['sə:fis]or airmail['εəmeil] from Admiralty chart agents. Ports and authorities [ɔ:'θɔrətiz] who maintain [mein'tein] copies of Admiralty Notices to Mariners for consultation [,kɔnsəl'teiʃən] are listed on Annual ['ænjuəl] Summary ['sʌməri] of Admiralty Notices to Mariners.Passage 19The master is the direct representative [,repri'zentətiv] of the company. Decisions[di'siʒənz] and actions taken by the master in his capacity [kə'pæsəti]are usually binding['baindiŋ]upon the company, and therefore['ðεəfɔ:]the master must act to ensure that company‟s interests['intrists] are protected [prə'tektid]. The master has supreme [sju'pri:m] command [kə'mɑ:nd] of the vessel and full authority[ɔ:'θɔrəti]under the law over all phases[feiziz] of vessel operations at all times. This authority[ɔ:'θɔrəti]under the law extends over all persons on board. The master is an at all times responsible for the seaworthiness ['si:,wə:ðinis] and safety of the ship and for the safety of all personnel [,pə:sə'nel], cargo and equipment aboard.The master is responsible for the management['mænidʒmənt]of the certificates[sə'tifikeits]and documents['dɔkjumənts, 'dɔkjuments] related [ri'leitid] the vessel. The master is ultimately ['ʌltimətli] responsible for the safe handling and control of cargo during loading, transport [træns'pɔ:t] and discharge.Passage 20Upon joining a vessel, the third officer must report to the master. The third officer must discuss [dis'kʌs] with the officer being relieved [ri'li:vd] that areas of the third officer‟s responsibility [ri,spɔnsə'biləti], and inspect them promptly [prɔmptli], preferably['prefərəbli]in the company['kɔmpəni]陪伴of the officer being relieved[ri'li:vd]. Anything found to be unsatisfactory ['ʌn,sætis'fæktəri] must be reported to the master. The third officer is responsible[ri'spɔnsəbl] to the master for the proper performance [pə'fɔ:məns]of his assigned[ə'saind]bridge watchstanding and navigational [,nævi'geiʃənəl]duties. The third officer is responsible[ri'spɔnsəbl] to the master through the first officer for watch duties pertaining [pə:'teiniŋ] to fire-fighting appliances[ə'plaiənsiz] and life-saving appliances[ə'plaiənsiz] and maintenance ['meintənəns]. The third officer is responsible for the care of the ship‟s signaling ['siɡnəliŋ]equipment. The third officer is responsible to the master for maintaining and accounting [ə'kauntiŋ] for all training publications [,pʌbli'keiʃənz] and training aids, including the movie ['mu:vi] projector [prəu'dʒektə], films[filmz], and other audio ['ɔ:diəu] -visual ['vizjuəl] equipment.Passage 21So many lives [laivz] are lost every year due to accidents['æksidənts] involving [in'vɔlviŋ] towing and mooring ropes . Please spare[spεə] a few minutes to read this. It may save your life.A.Always wear a safety helmet ['helmit] when on the deck of a tug, lighter ['laitə] or barge engaged [in'ɡeidʒd] in mooring , cargo or towing operations.B.Always wear shoes（not slippers['slipəz]拖鞋）when working on deck.C.Never stand underneath [,ʌndə'ni:θ] an object ['ɔbdʒikt, -dʒekt, əb'dʒekt] being hoisted [hɔistid] or deck.D.Never stand within a bight [bait] of a rope.E.Never stand close to mooring or towing ropes under strain [strein. if they break, the backlash ['bæk,læʃ]后冲can be fatal ['feitl]致命的.F.Hoisting or lowering operations should always be carried out with a person at the controls. Failure ['feiljə] to do so many cost you a limb [lim] or even your life.G. Shackles ['ʃæklz] and thimbles['θimbl z] should never go through roller ['rəulə] fairleads['fεəli:dz].The ropes may jump off and cause injuries ['indʒəri]. All ropes and wires should be inspected regularly ['reɡjələli], and renewed[ri'nju:d] for wear['wεə] and tear [tiə] whenever necessary.H. Always wear a lifejacket ['laifdʒækit] when working or walking on the deck of a barge or lighter during rough [rʌf] seas, rain or whenever the deck is wet. You may slip [slip] and fall into the water.Passage22Maritime['mæritaim]communication[kə,mju:ni'keiʃən]comprises[kəm'praiziz]communications between vessels and coast-stations, intership ['intə:ʃip] communication and intraship['intrəʃip] communication (internal [in'tə:nəl] communication when the vessel is before casting ['kɑ:stiŋ] off, leaving berth, loading or discharging, etc.) .Vessels and coast-stations can communicate[kə'mju:nikeit]by means of Radio Telephony[ti'lefəni],Satellite['sætəlait], Digital['didʒitəl]Selective[si'lektiv]Calling (DSC) and Radio-Telex ['teleks].Categories ['kætiɡəri z] of messages that can be transmitted[træns'mitid]and received are called …priorities [prai'ɔrətiz]‟. They indicate ['indikeit] the important of the message.A DISTRESS [di'stres] ALERT [ə'lə:t] indicates that there is serious ['siəriəs] and immediate [i'mi:diət] danger for vessel, crewand passengers ['pæsindʒəz]. A Distress Alert is also referred to as a …MAYDAY‟.An URGENCY ['ə:dʒənsi]message indicates that there is serious danger for vessel, crew and passenger. An Urgency Message is also referred to as a …PAN PAN‟ message.A SAFETY message indicates that there is imminent ['iminənt] risk for navigation [,nævi'ɡeiʃən]. A Safety Message is also referred to as a …SECURITE [si'kju:rait]‟ message.A ROUTINE[ru:'ti:n]message is transmitted[træns'mitid]to ensure[in'ʃuə]safe navigation. Routine messages refer to intership['intə:ʃip] communication, exchange [iks'tʃeindʒ] of data ['deitə] in port operations, communication between ships and Vessel Traffic ['træfik] Services ['sə:visiz], inshore [,in'ʃɔ:] radar stations, pilot stations, bridges and locks.Passage23A VHF-transceiver [træns'si:və] (transmitter [trænz'mitə] + receiver [ri'si:və]) transmits [træns'mits] and receives radio signals. The VHF is used to bridge short distances ['distənsiz], is easy to operate and is allowed to be used both in territorial [,teri'tɔ:riəl]waters and inland waterways ['wɔ:təweiz]. Its receiver has a “push-to-talk button ['bʌtən]”. If the installation [,instə'leiʃən]is a “simplex ['simpleks]” radio, speaking and listening cannot be done simultaneously [siməl'teiniəsli]. When you wish to speak, you push the button; when you wish to listen, you release [ri'li:s] it. Before changing from speaking to listening, you say “over”.VHF radio-communication can bridge about 40 miles. MF-or-HF radiotelephony [,reidiəuti'lefɔni]is used to bridge 150 miles (MF) to 2000 miles (HF).Reception [ri'sepʃən] of radio signals will not always be of high quality ['kwɔləti], and coverage ['kʌvəridʒ] will not always extend [ik'stend]to the desired [di'zaiəd]areas. This may of course have consequences ['kɔnsi,kwəns]for the safety of the vessel and her crew. These disadvantages [disəd'vɑ:ntidʒiz] of communication through speech have led to the introduction of Digital['didʒitəl]Selective[si'lektiv]Calling in maritime ['mæritaim] communication [kə,mju:ni'keiʃən].Passage 24Weather-conditions have a great influence['influəns]on the safety during a voyage and should always be taken into consideration[kən,sidə'reiʃən] in voyage-planning and when underway.The state of the atmosphere['ætmə,sfiə]is determined by various['vεəriəs]meteorological[,mi:tiərə'lɔdʒikəl]elements ['elimənts], such as temperature['tempəritʃə], humidity[hju:'midəti], cloudiness['klaudinis]and fog, forms of precipitation [pri,sipi'teiʃən], barometric [,bærəu'metrik] pressure, and speed and direction of wind. All these elements may be referred to as “the weather”.Humidity[hju:'midəti]refers to the amount of water vapour['veipə]in the air. Warm air is capable['keipəbl]of containing a higher grade[ɡreid] of moisture['mɔistʃə], or humidity[hju:'midəti], than cold air. The maximum['mæksiməm]amount[ə'maunt]of moisture['mɔistʃə] that air can hold at a specific [spi'sifik]temperature is known as “saturation [,sætʃə'reiʃən]“.Most clouds are the result of a rising mass [mæs] of cool air .When the temperature of air falls, water vapour in the air will condense [kən'dens] into droplets ['drɔplits] or ice crystals ['kristəlz], thus forming clouds or fog.Passage 25Goods commercially[kə'mə:ʃəli] transported['trænspɔ:tid]by merchant['mə:tʃənt]ships include those:A.Transported in bulk as solids['sɔlidz], liquids['likwidz] or gas.B.General cargo packaged['pækidʒd]in boxes, drums[drʌmz]and other such containers.The carriage of cargoes is what keeps the merchant ship running. Cargoes bring freight[freit]运费and this means we have an obligation[,ɔbli'ɡeiʃən] to deliver[di'livə] the cargo in the same condition in which we received it. The contract['kɔntrækt, kən'trækt] of carriage , by whatever name it is called , is binding['baindiŋ] on the ship and the ships officers (as the ship。
经济学人 精读 第30篇 专利亟待改革 但这不表示支持偷窃
经济学人精读第30篇专利亟待改革但这不表示支持偷窃2015年10月6日09:23 阅读1373InnovationTime to fix patentsIdeas fuel the economy. Today’s patent systems are a rotten way of rewarding them创新解决专利问题迫在眉睫创意推动经济。
今天的专利体系是一种陈腐的奖励方式IN 1970 the United States recognised the potential of crop science by broadening the sco pe of patents in agriculture. Patents are supposed to reward inventiveness, so that shoul d have galvanised progress. Yet, despite providing extra protection, that change and a fu rther broadening of the regime in the 1980s led neither to more private research into whe at nor to an increase in yields. Overall, the productivity of American agriculture continued its gentle upward climb, much as it had before.1970年美国通过扩大农业方面的专利范围，认可了作物学的潜力。
专利意在奖励发明创造，所以本应激励进步。
但是，尽管提供了额外保护，这一变化以及 20 世纪 80 年代专利范围的进一步扩大既没有在小麦领域引入更多私人研究，也没有带来产量增长。
【托福听力备考】TPO14听力文本——Lecture 2
【托福听力备考】TPO14听力文本——Lecture 2众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO 14 Lecture 2 BiologyNarrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.Professor:Almost all animals have some way of regulating their body temperature;otherwise they wouldn’t survive extreme hot or cold conditions---sweating,panting, swimming to cooler or warmer water; ducking into somewhere cool like aburrow or a hole under a rock; these are just a few. And that spot is colder orwarmer than the surrounding environment, because it’s a microclimate.A microclimate is a group of climate conditions that affect a localized area,weather features like temperature, wind, moisture and so on. And when I saylocalized, I mean really localized, because microclimates can be, as the namesuggests, pretty small, even less than a square meter. And microclimates areaffected by huge number of other variables. Obviously weather conditions in thesurrounding area are a factor. But other aspects of the location like, um… theelevation of the land, the plant life nearby, and so on, have a substantialeffect on microclimates. And of course the human development in the area, um, aroad will affect a nearby microclimate. It’s also interesting to note thatmicroclimates that are near each other can have very different conditions. Inthe forest for example, there can be a number of very different microclimatesclose to each other, because of all the variables I just mentioned.Student: So how does a hole in the ground, a burrow, stay cool in a hotclimate?Professor:Well, since cold air sinks, and these spots are shaded, they are usually much cooler than the surrounding area. And these spots are so important because many animals rely on microclimates to regulate their body temperature.Um, for instance, there is a species of squirrel, in the Western part of the United States that can get really hot when they are out foraging for food. So they need a way to cool down. So what do they do? They go back to their own burrow. Once they get there, their body temperatures decrease very, very quickly. The trip to the burrow prevents the squirrel from getting too hot.Student: But squirrels are mammals, right? I thought mammals regulated their temperature internally.Professor: Mammals do have the ability to regulate their body temperature, but not all can do it to the same degree, or even the same way. Like when you walk outside on a hot day, you perspire, and your body cools itself down, a classic example of how a mammal regulates its own body temperature. But one challenge that squirrels face, well many small mammals do, is that because of their size, sweating would make them lose too much moisture. They dehydrate. Buton the other hand, their small size allows them to fit into very tiny spaces. Sofor small mammals, microclimates can make a big difference. They rely onmicroclimates for survival.Student: So cold-blooded animals, like reptiles, they can’t control their own body temperature, so I can imagine the effect a microclimate would have on them.Professor:Yes, many reptiles and insects rely on microclimates to control their body temperature. A lot of reptiles use burrows or stay under rocks to cool down. Ofcourse with reptiles, it’s a balancing act. Staying in the heat for too long canlead to problems, but staying in the cold can do the same. So reptiles have to be really precise about where they spend their time, even how they position their bodies. And when I say they’re precise, I mean it--- some snakes will search out a place under rocks of a specific thickness, because too thin a rock doesn’t keep them cool enough, and too thick a rock will cause them to get too cold. That level of precision is critical to the snake for maintaining its body temperature.And even microscopic organisms rely on microclimates for survival. Thinkabout this, decomposing leaves create heat that warms the soil; the warm soil inturn affects the growth, the conditions of organisms there. And those organisms then affect the rate of decomposition of the leaves. So a microclimate can besomething so small and so easily disturbed that even a tiny change can have a big impact. If someone on a hike knocks a couple of rocks over, they could be unwittingly destroying a microclimate that an animal or organism relies on.。
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Lesson30Gravitation万有引力Gravitation is a very important force in the universe.万有引力是宇宙中一个非常重要的力。
Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.每个物体都有引力，就像磁力一样。
But,unlike magnetism,gravitation is not found only in iron and steel.但与磁性不同的是，万有引力不仅仅在刚和铁中被发现。
It is in every object large or small;它存在于每个物体当中，无论这物体是大是小。
but large objects,such as the earth;have a stronger pull than small ones.但大的物体，比如地球，比小的物体有更强的引力。
Sir Isaac Newton,the great scientist of the seventeenth century,first studied gravitation.艾萨克·牛顿爵士,17世纪的伟大的科学家,第一个研究了引力。
When he was a boy,he often saw apples falling to the ground.当他还是个孩子的时候，他经常看到苹果掉到地上。
He wondered why they did not fly up into the sky.他和奇怪为什么它们没有飞到天上去。
According to the law which he later produced,everything in the universe attractseverything else towards itself.根据他后来制定的定律，宇宙中所有的物体使其他所有的物体对它有吸引。
The sun attracts the earth and the earth attracts the sun.太阳吸引地球，地球吸引太阳。
The earth attracts the moon and the moon the earth.地球吸引月亮，月亮吸引地球。
Although the bigger object has the stronger attraction,all objects,in fact,have some;尽管更大的物体拥有较大的吸引力，事实上，所有的物体都有吸引力。
but we do not notice the gravitational pull of a book because the pull of the earth is very much greater.但是我们没有注意到一本书的引力是因为地球的引力非常大。
Why does the earth always move round the sun,and not fly off into the cold space?为什么地球总是围绕太阳转动，而不是飞到寒冷的太空？The sun's gravitation gives the answer.太阳的引力给了答案。
The earth is always trying to move away in a straight line,but the sun is always pullingit back.地球总是试图在直线上移动，但是太阳总是把它拉回去。
So it continues orbits journey round and round the sun.所以它沿着太阳的轨道绕了一圈又一圈。
The sun is one of the stars in a galaxy in which there are about100000millions stars.太阳是在拥有100000万恒星的星系中的其中一颗。
It is not in the middle of the galaxy，but rather near one...它不在星系的中间，但是接近... These stars form a group that shape is rather like the ship watch(?)There are millions of galaxy in the universe and so there are thousands of millions of millions of suns.宇宙中拥有数以百万计的星系，所以有数以百万计的太阳。
Many astronauts believe that some of these suns have planet as other sun does.许多宇航员认为这些太阳像其他那些太阳一样拥有行星。
Gravitation is the force which holds all the atoms of a star together.万有引力是使恒星所有原子在一起的力量It holds the sun together and it holds the atoms of the earth together.它不仅使太阳的原子聚在一起，也使地球的原子聚在一起。
It holds us on the earth;if there were no gravitation,we and everything else would fly off the earth into space.它使我们能够停留在地球上，如果没有万有引力，我们和其他所有失去将会飞出地球进去太空。
Einstein produced a new law of gravitation,爱因斯坦制定了一条新的引力定律，its...other same as the result of Newton flow.这条定律在......上和牛顿定律的结果一样But in a very small and fine，Einstein's law gives different results.但是在非常微小的程度上，爱因斯坦的定律产生了不同的结果One of these is that gravitation bends light a little,其中一条是引力使光线弯曲。
but according to Newton's law,gravitation has very little effect on light.但是根据牛顿的定律，万有引力对光的影响非常小Einstein show this fact by means of mathematics and knot by experiment.爱因斯坦通过数学和实验来显示这个事实。
This result of his law move tested during and clips of the sun.（？）Usually,when the light passes the sun,we can not see it,the sun is too bright.通常,当光线经过太阳时,我们看不到它,因为太阳光线太强了。
But during their keeps,the sun's light to shut out by the moon,then we can see the light of the star.但当光线一直持续到太阳被月亮遮住时，我们就能看到恒星的光线。
The strongest who watched（？）noticed that the star appeal to changed positional a little,注意到恒星稍微改变了它的位置because of this,the stars of light was tunning for the straight light as it passed the sun,the sun's gravitation was bending the bin of light,this showed the Einstein was right.正因为如此，恒星的光经过太阳时为直线，太阳的引力使光线弯曲，这表明，爱因斯坦是正确的。
Lesson14Earthquake地震Some countries have large numbers of earthquakes.Japan is one of them.Others do not have many.一些国家有大量的地震。
日本就是其中之一，而其他的国家没很多。
For example,there are few earthquakes in Britain.例如，在英国就很少有地震。
There is often a great noise during an earthquake,the ground wide breaks.houses fall down, railway lines are broken,trees are off the lines.在地震期间，通常会有很大的噪音，地面破裂，房屋坍塌，铁路被打破，树被摧毁.....Sometimes thousands of peoples are killed in different ways,about16000were killed in1783in south...the volcano Krakatau（喀拉喀托火山）cause a terrible earthquake in1883,and35000 people were killed.有时成千上万的人以不同的方式死亡，约16000人1783年丧生于南....，喀拉喀托火山在1883年引起一场了可怕的地震，有35000人死亡。
Krakatau is a island in Indonesia.喀拉喀托火山是印尼的一个岛。
Earthquakes often happen near volcanoes，but this is not always true.地震经常发生火山附近,但并不总是这样。
The center of some are under the sea.有些地震的中心来自海底。
the bottom of the sea suddenly moves.海底水流骤然流动。