How to Write the Abstract Section-学术英语写作
学术英语如何写好摘要How-to-Write-an-Abstract
The overall objective of this study is… In this paper/study, we aim at…
The work/investigation presented in this paper focuses on…
This research is designed to determine/measure/evaluate…
Classification of abstracts Structure of an informative abstract Features of an abstract
Classification of abstracts
informative abstract - the primary research objective or purpose - method employed in solving the problems - principal findings or results - major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper
Although (the research subject)…, (the related problem)… is as yet undetermined.
(The research subject)…, however, (the related problem)… remains unsolved.
Brief – conveys in as few words as possible the essential information contained in the body of the paper.
新时代研究生学术英语综合教程1第六单元
新时代研究生学术英语综合教程1第六单元全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: New Era Research Postgraduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 1 - Unit SixIntroduction:Unit Six in the New Era Research Postgraduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 1 focuses on advanced academic writing skills and strategies. This unit aims to help postgraduate students improve their writing proficiency through analyzing and practicing various text types and genres commonly found in academic research.Unit content:The unit is divided into four sections, each focusing on a different aspect of academic writing.1. Writing a literature review: In this section, students learn how to critically analyze and synthesize existing literature on a specific topic. They are taught how to identify gaps in researchand develop a comprehensive literature review that contributes new insights to the field.2. Writing an empirical research report: Students are guided through the process of conducting empirical research and writing up their findings. They learn how to structure a research report, present data using tables and figures, and interpret their results.3. Writing a research proposal: This section covers the essential components of a research proposal, including the introduction, literature review, methodology, and timeline. Students learn how to justify the significance of their research, outline their research design, and plan their research schedule.4. Writing a conference abstract: The final section focuses on preparing and presenting research at academic conferences. Students learn how to write a concise and compelling abstract that highlights the key findings of their research and attracts potential conference attendees.Key features:- Authentic academic texts: Unit Six includes a range of authentic academic texts, such as research articles, literature reviews, research reports, and conference abstracts. These textsprovide students with examples of well-written academic writing and help them understand the conventions of different text types.- Language focus: The unit also focuses on developing students' academic vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structure. Students learn how to use academic language appropriately, avoid common errors, and express complex ideas clearly and concisely.- Practice activities: Throughout the unit, students engage in a variety of writing tasks and exercises to reinforce their learning. These activities include analyzing sample texts, brainstorming ideas, drafting outlines, revising drafts, and peer reviewing each other's work.Conclusion:Overall, Unit Six of the New Era Research Postgraduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 1 provides postgraduate students with the essential skills and strategies needed to excel in academic writing. By mastering advanced writing techniques and practicing different text types, students can enhance their research capabilities and produce high-quality academic work.篇2Title: Comprehensive Review of Unit 6 in the New Era Research Graduate Academic English Course 1Unit 6 in the New Era Research Graduate Academic English Course 1 focuses on Academic Writing. This unit introduces students to the structure and organization of academic writing, as well as strategies for developing and communicating ideas effectively. The unit covers various types of academic writing, such as essays, reports, and research papers, and provides guidelines for students to follow when writing in a formal, academic style.Key topics covered in Unit 6 include understanding the purpose and audience of academic writing, developing a clear thesis statement, organizing ideas logically, using appropriate evidence to support arguments, and formatting citations and references. The unit also emphasizes the importance of revising and editing written work to ensure clarity, coherence, and conciseness.In addition to learning about the principles of academic writing, students are also given practical exercises and assignments to apply these skills in their own writing. They areencouraged to analyze and evaluate sample texts, write their own essays and reports, and peer review the work of their classmates.Overall, Unit 6 in the New Era Research Graduate Academic English Course 1 provides a comprehensive overview of academic writing for graduate students, equipping them with the knowledge and skills needed to excel in their academic and professional pursuits.篇3The sixth unit of the New Era Research Graduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 1 focuses on Academic Writing, which is a fundamental skill for graduate students to master in order to excel in their academic pursuits. This unit covers various aspects of academic writing such as argumentation, organization, coherence, and citation.Argumentation is a key component of academic writing as it involves presenting a clear and logical argument supported by evidence. In this unit, students will learn how to develop a strong thesis statement, provide evidence to support their claims, and counter opposing viewpoints effectively.Organization is another important aspect of academic writing that is covered in this unit. Students will learn how to structure their papers in a way that is clear and easy to follow. This includes creating an introduction that presents the thesis statement, body paragraphs that support the thesis with evidence, and a conclusion that summarizes the main points and restates the thesis.Coherence is also essential in academic writing as it involves connecting ideas and arguments in a logical and smooth manner. In this unit, students will learn how to use transition words and phrases to guide the reader through their argument and maintain coherence.Additionally, citation is crucial in academic writing as it acknowledges the sources of information and ideas used in the paper. Students will learn how to properly cite sources in their papers using the APA or MLA citation styles.Overall, the sixth unit of the New Era Research Graduate Academic English Comprehensive Course 1 provides students with the necessary skills and knowledge to excel in academic writing. By mastering argumentation, organization, coherence, and citation, students will be able to produce high-qualityacademic papers that demonstrate their critical thinking and research skills.。
how to write abstract精品文档37页
Usually it is written after the study/research is completed but this is not always the case.
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摘要的四大要素
1. Topic Specification (主题陈述） 2. Background Information (背景信息)
Therefore, this paper, based on qualitative analysis method and literature research, explores humor through analyzing the conversation in Friends from Pragmatic Ambiguity Perspective with the help of the Cooperative Principle proposed by Grice.
导言/ 研究目的 (introduction/purpose) 研究方法 (research method) 研究结果 (research result) 结论 (conclusion & brief discussion)
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一. 主题及背景信息
Friends, a famous America sitcom, is regarded
教学法对英语阅读教学的效果) ,
The thesis discusses the affective factors that influence students‘ autonomy of learning English (本文讨论影响学生英语学习自
学术英语如何写好摘要How to Write an Abstract备课讲稿51页文档
11、用道德的示范来造就一个人，显然比用法律来约束他更有价值。—— 希腊
12、法律是无私的，对谁都一视同仁。在每件事上，她都不徇私情。—— 托马斯
13、公正的法律限制不了好的自由，因为好人不会去定的。——爱略特 15、像房子一样，法律和法律都是相互依存的。——伯克
66、节制使快乐增加并使享受加强。 ——德 谟克利 特 67、今天应做的事没有做，明天再早也 是耽误 了。——裴斯 泰洛齐 68、决定一个人的一生，以及整个命运 的，只 是一瞬 之间。 ——歌 德 69、懒人无法享受休息之乐。——拉布 克 70、浪费时间是一桩大罪过。——卢梭
学术英语写作4 How to Prepare the Abstract
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The models
Model 1 In sentence 1 the writer provides background information. In sentence 2 the writer combines the method, the general aim and the specific aim of the study in one sentence. In sentence 3 and 4 the writer summarizes the methodology and provide details. In sentence 5 the writer indicates the achievement of the study. In sentence 6 the writer presents the implications of the study.
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(c) We found that the pressure increased as the temperature rose, which indicated that temperature played a significant role in the process. (d) We found that the pressure increases as the temperature rises, which indicates that temperature plays a significant role in the process.
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When you are referring to what the paper itself does or what is actually in the paper itself, use the Present Simple tense, for example: The paper presents a new methodology for… In this paper we apply… This study reports an important design for… We consider a novel system of…
学术英语写作-如何进行研究结果部分的写作
1.5 The attention of the research results
TIPS
Not all findings must be described in the results section
Results should be objective, complete and reliable
Concise and comprehensive（言简意赅） Avoid repetition（避免重复） Objective evaluation（客观评价） Comply with Writing Rules（遵守写作规则） Tables & Charts are better（多用图表） More non-personal nouns（非人称名词） vague expressions（模糊表达）
02 State the process by which results are produced(陈述产生结果的过程)
Present the results one by one(逐一呈现结果)
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04 Provide evidence (e.g. statistical results, examples, tables, figures, etc) (提供证据(如统计结果,例证,表格,数字等))
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Guide the reader through the results (引导读者阅读结果)
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Describe specific or critical results in detail, with or without interpretation(详细描述具体的或关键的结果
,加或不加诠释均可)
information(提供背景信息) • Second step: Present experimental
How to Write Abstract
How to Write AbstractA condensed version of how to write an abstract was presented on the inside front and back covers of AU J.T. 8(1): July 2004 under the heading “How to Write the Titles, By-Line(s), Abstract and Keywords of Scientific Papers”. As many potential authors still have some difficulties in preparing the abstracts of their papers, the Editor decided to give detailed instruction on how to write abstracts of scientific and academic papers with the hope that this will aid authors.What is an abstract?An abstract is a brief, accurate, and comprehensive summary of the contents of the article without added interpretation or criticism. It allows readers to survey the contents of the article which follows quickly. In preparing the abstract, it is important to keep the sentences short and simple by covering with just one topic each and excluding irrelevant information. Nevertheless, an abstract should be informative by presenting the quantitative and/or qualitative information contained in the document.What are the functions of an abstract?An abstract has two functions, viz.:1. Placed at the beginning of the article, it helps readers to know the brief content of the article, thus saving them time to read through the whole paper. Readers normally have their first contact with an article by seeing just the abstract and deciding on the basis of the abstract whether to read the entire article. Thus, an abstract must be informative and readable; it should be well organized, concise, and self-contained.2. It is used by abstracting and information services to index and retrieve articles. Abstract journals can directly publish an abstract as it is, thus facilitating the publication of the article which has been published in the primary publication in Abstract Journal faster and more accurate.Characteristics of a good abstractA good abstract should be:1. Accurate: An abstract should reflect correctly the objectives and contents of the article. Do not include information that does not appear in the body of the article in the abstract. If theinvestigation extends or replicates previous research, it must be recorded in the abstract, with a brief citation of the author (initials and family name) and year. It is suggested that the author compare the abstract with the outline of the article’s headings in order to verify the accuracy of the abstract.2. Self-contained: Define all unique terms, abbreviations (except units of measurement), and acronyms in the abstract. Include names of the authors (initials and family name) and dates of publication in citations of other publications (and give a full citation in the list of references). If the article does not have a separate Keywords section, embed them in the abstract as this will enhance the reade rs’ ability to find them; this will also help in indexing.3. Concise and specific: Each sentence should be as informative as possible, especially the lead sentence. Make it brief. The total length of the abstract should not exceed 120 words, in one (Co n’t. on inside back cover)(Con’t. from inside front cover)paragraph, if possible. Begin the abstract with the most important information but do not repeat the title. It may include the purpose of the investigation, the results and conclusions, or whatever is theMost important to inform the readers.4. Coherent and readable: Write clearly. Here are some suggestions as to write clearly:•Use verbs rather than the noun equivalents.•Use the active rather than the passive voice, but without personal pronouns (I or we).•Use the present tense to describe results without continuing applicability orConclusions drawn.•Use the past tense to describe specific variables manipulated or tests applied.•Use the third rather than the first person.Some suggestions for preparing an abstractAfter finishing the whole content, the author should re-read the article and note down salient points, including the nature of the problems, objectives, methods, results, conclusions and suggestions for further investigation. Then combine them into the abstract later. Do not put anything which was not present in the text, or repeat the title. The objectives and methods, or the nature of the study should be briefly presented. For new methods, there should be the principle of practice, and the scope of accuracy. Do not cite any references, figures, or tables in the abstract.Accentuate newly discovered organisms or compounds. If there is a need to cite references,the sources should be provided in bracket in the abstract. There should be no list of references in theabstract. The abstract not to exceed 200 words or 3% of the article contents.Hint to write an abstract•Describe the main findings concisely and summarize the conclusions.•Include all the main information covered in the paper.•Write with a non-specialist style in mind.•Different points should be emphasized proportionally with that of the main body of the paper.•For short articles, the abstract should be written as a single paragraph;.•For long articles, split the abstract into two or more paragraphs if this is clearer for the readers.•Use past tense for what was found.•Include as much as possible the key words from the text in the abstract.•Avoid unfamiliar terms, acronyms, abbreviations, or symbols; or define them if there is no choice.•Use generic name, not trade names, for chemicals and drugs.•Identify organisms by their scientific names.•Do not include tables, diagrams, equations, or structural formulae in the abstract.•Avoid citing references unless the reference inspired the author to investigate further.•Use numerals for all numbers, except those that begins a sentence. It is suggested that authors recast sentences that begin with a number.•Abbreviate liberally. However, the abbreviations that need to be explained in the text must also be explained on first use in the text not only in the abstract.。
学术英语写作Unit-6.Introduction
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➢Background (sentences 1-4) ➢Literature Review (sentences 5-6) ➢Unresolved Question (sentence 7) ➢The Present Paper (sentences 8-10)
In sentence 6 the writer provides a brief overview of key research projects in this area.
In sentence 7 the writer describes a gap in the research.
In sentence 8 the writer describes the paper itself. In sentence 9 the writer gives details about the
Unit 6 How to Write the Introduction
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Teaching Procedures
1
Lead-in
2
Sample Analysis
Building a Model
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Grammar and Writing Skills
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Lead-in 1. What information should be contained in the Introduction?
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➢ The Present Paper
8. The present paper presents a set of criteria for selecting such a component. 9. On the basis of these criteria it then describes the preparation of a set of polymer blends using PLA and a hydro-carbon rubber (PI). 10. This combination of two mechanistically distinct polymerizations formed a novel polymer in which the incorporation of PI significantly increased flexibility .
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Result
Describe your results (informative abstract only). In an informative abstract, you will be asked to provide the results of your study. What is it that you found? What answer did you reach from your research or study? What are the general findings?
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Getting Your Abstract Started
Write your paper first.
An abstract works to review the entirety of the paper, including the methods and results. it will be an overview of everything you write about in your paper. Save writing your abstract for last, after you have already finished your paper. You will be able to give a much more accurate summary if you do just that - summarize what you've already written.
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Review and understand any requirements for writing your abstract. The paper you’re writing probably has specific guidelines and requirements, whether it’s for publication in a journal, submission in a class, or part of a work project. Before you start writing, refer to the rubric or guidelines you were pБайду номын сангаасesented with to identify important issues to keep in mind.
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Sentence pattern
Topic sentence
The topic sentence always indicates the primary objective of the research.
some sentence patterns are as follows:
• • • • The purpose of this research is… In this paper, we investigate… The chief aim of the present work is to investigate… The experiment being made by our research group is aimed at… e.g. We investigate multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) eigenmode transmission using statistical channel state information at the transmitter.
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Elements of an Abstract
Despite the fact that an abstract is quite brief, it must do almost as much work as the multi-page paper that follows it. This means that it should in most cases include the following sections.
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Method
Explain your methods. Now is the part where you give an overview of how you accomplished your study. If you did your own work, include a description of it here. If you reviewed the work of others, it can be briefly explained. Describe the evidence you have to support your claim Give an overview of your most important sources.
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How to start
An abstract is simply a short, standalone summary of the work or paper that others can use as an overview. An abstract describes what you do in your essay. It will help your reader to understand the paper and it will help people search for a particular work to find it and decide whether it suits their purposes.
LOGO
Academic Writing
How to Write the Abstract Section
孟帆 159384 吴文谦 159387 何恒涛 159382
April 22 2016
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Content
How to start
Elements of an abstract
Linguistic format Other tips Examples
Results
Present them in the past tense. e.g. We derived a closed-form tight upper bound for ergodic capacity.
Conclusions
Use the present tense to state the principal conclusion. e.g. It is shown that when only statistical information of channel …
Motivation Problem Method Result Conclusion
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Motivation
Identify your purpose.
The reader wants to know why your research is important, and what the purpose of it is. Start off your descriptive abstract by considering the following questions: Why did you decide to do this study or project? How did you conduct your research? What did you find? Why is this research and your findings important?
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Consider your audience.
For example, in scientific journals, abstracts allow readers to quickly decide whether the research discussed is relevant to their own interest. Abstract also help your readers get at your main argument quickly. Keep the needs of your readers in mind as you write the abstract.
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Problem
Explain the problem at hand.
Think of this as the specific issue that your research or project addresses. You can sometimes combine the problem with your motivation, but it is best to be clear and separate the two. What problem is your research trying to better understand or solve? What is the scope of your study - a general problem, or something specific?
13 Past tense is used to describe what was done and what was found !
Voice
Being coherent means that an abstract is logical and make sense. A good abstract uses tense correctly, and avoids too many changes between active voice and passive voice. The past The present Passive voice Active voice