高考情态动词考点分析及解题技巧

高考情态动词考点分析及解题技巧
高考情态动词考点分析及解题技巧

高考英语情态动词考点分析及解题技巧

宁夏石嘴山市光明中学张世忠

【摘要】情态动词是高中英语语法教学的重点,是高考的一个热点,也是学生学习的难点,本文对近几年高考情态动词的考点进行归纳总结,并探讨其解题技巧。

【关键词】情态动词,考点,解题技巧

情态动词是近几年高考的一个热点,全国各省市的高考题中每年都有对情态动词这一内容的考查,它也是学生学习的难点。对于情态动词,除了要求考生能够准确掌握它们的基本用法外,还要充分利用高考试题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析,旨在帮助师生掌握其用法。

一、考查情态动词基本用法之间的比较和辨析

请看下面各题:

例1. Just be patient .You _________ expect the World to change so soon.(2010年全国Ⅰ)

A. can’t

B. needn’t

C. may not

D. will not

解析:本题考查情态动词can, need ,may, will 的否定式的基本用法,cannot 表示“不能”;

need not 表示“不必要”;may not 表示“可能不” will not 表示“不愿意,拒绝”本句意思为“耐心些,你不能期望很快改变现状”,故选A

例2. —Could I have a word with you, mum?

—Oh, dear, if you ______. (2006年浙江卷)

A. can

B. must

C. may

D. should

解析:考查情态动词must的基本用法,“一定要,坚持要做……”,答案为B。

例3. We hope that as many people as possible _________join us for the picnic tomorrow.

(2006年全国卷II)

A. need

B. must

C. should

D. can

解析:本题考查情态动词can的基本含义“能够,会”,故本题选D。

小结:我们在做这样的试题时应认真分析语境中所含的实际意义,并结合情态动词的

1.考查对现在和将来状况的推测和可能性

请看下面各题:

例4. I’m afraid Mr. Harding ________see you now. He’s busy.(2010年全国Ⅱ)

A. can’t

B. mustn’t

C. shouldn’t

D. needn’t

解析:答案选A。考查情态动词表推测的用法。can 表推测,用于否定句中,表示

“不可能”其他选项不符题意。

例5 The traffic is heavy these days .I __________ arrive a bit late ,so could you save me a place?(2009年辽宁卷)

A.can B.must C. need D. might

解析:根据句意:“最近这些天交通拥挤。我有可能迟到一会儿,因此请你给我留个位子好吗?”can 能,会;must必须,一定;need需要都不符合题意,might 表示可能性,指较小的可能性,符合句意,所以答案是D

例6 There is no lights on, they __________ be at home. (2006年全国卷I)

A . can’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. shouldn’t

解析:分析语境可知,后句是根据前句所提供事实的一种推测,can’t 表示“不可能”,mustn’t表示“禁止,不准”,needn’t表示“不必要”,shouldn’t表示“不应该”,故本题选A。

小结:考查对现在和将来状况的推测和可能性时,表示肯定用must一定;should/ought to 理应;will很可能,大概;would 可能性比will 小;may 可能,或许,说不定;

might 也许(可能性小于may),表示否定用will not 不会,不该;would not 语气比won’t 弱;can not 不可能;could not 语气比can not 弱;may not 可能不。(见下表)

2、考查对已经过去的情况的推测

请看下面各题:

例7. It ________ have been Tom that parked the car here, as he is the only one with a car.(2009 上海)

A. may

B. can

C. must

D. need

解析:本题考查must﹢have done对过去情况的肯定的推测用法,表示“过去一定……”答案选C

例8. .He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he __________ it differently.(2009 江苏)

A. could express

B.would express

C. could have expressed

D. must have expressed

解析:本句句意为:“他不后悔说了他做了什么,而认为他本能够用不同的方式表达。”could express 能够表达;would express 要表达;could have expressed 本来能够表达;must have expressed(表推测)肯定已经表达。所以答案应选C

例8 But for their help , we ________ the program in time

A. can not finish

B. will not finish

C. had not finished

D. could not have finished

解析:本句句意为:“如果不是他们的帮助,我们就不能及时完成这个项目”所以选D could not have finished 表示与过去相反。

例9 My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he _____your lecture.(上海2000)

A.couldn't have attended

B.needn't have attended

C.mustn't have attended

D.shouldn't have attended

解析:该题前句叙说一个客观事实,后句对前句进行补充说明,分析选项可知C是错误的而B、D两项不符合题意。故本题选A。

小结: 用“情态动词+have +done”结构表示对过去动作的推测,高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以暗示。情态动词的这一用法可以用“对立统一”来概括。

1.当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明,且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时,我们可用“统一”关系来解决这样的试题。常见的结构有:

must have done 表示对过去动作的肯定推测,常译作“一定做了……”,只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为can't/couldn't have done表示“不可能……”疑问式为Can/Could...have done?。could /might have done:表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测,常译作“可能做了……”。例如:Sorry I'm late.I _____have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.(北京2000春)

A.might B.should C.can D.will

该题前句说明了结果,后句接着说出了产生这种结果的可能性,对前句进行补充说明。

整个句意在时间上和动作上是统一关系,分析四个选项可知本题应选A。

2.考查情态动词的虚拟用法。当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时,常借助“but, however, instead”等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符,表示“本该……,本能够……”但实际却没有这样,这时我们就可以用“对立”关系来解决这样的试题。这种结构常见的有:

should have done /ought to have done:表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。

should not have done /ought not to have done:表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。

need have done:表示过去本来有必要去做某事,但事实上没有做。

need not have done:表示过去本来没有必要做某事,但事实上却做了。如:—I’ll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.

--You________ her last week. (2004福建)

A. ought to tell

B. would have told

C. must tell

D. should have told

对过去发生事情的责备或遗憾应用“情态动词+have + v-ed”,据此可排除答案A、C,而would+have +v-ed常用于过去的虚拟语气中,should(ought to)+ have + v-ed”表示本应该做某事而实际上没有做,含有责备的含义。其否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。故答案为D。

又如;He paid for a seat, when he ______ have entered free. (2005山东)

A. could

B. would

C. must

D. need

“could+ have + v-ed” 用于肯定句中,表示本来能够做成某事的但结果没能做成,含有遗憾的意味,侧重有能力而没能做成。该句意思为:“他花钱买了座位,而他本来可以免费进去的”。答案为A。

情态动词+have done的用法见下表

解题技巧

一、注重语境

做题时要认真研读题干所提供的句子语境,有相当一部分考题从本质上看都是在考查情态动词在具体语境中的运用,只要考生能弄清各个被考查情态动词的基本意思,和在特定语气下所表达的意思,就可作出正确选择。如:

(1) Helen ______ go on the trip with us, but she isn’t quite sure yet. (2005安徽卷)

A. shall

B. must

C. may

D. can

分析:答案选C。由于下句提供的语境是“她还没有把握”,所以前文要用may表示没有把握的肯定推测,即“可能会与我们去旅行”。抓住前后句提供的语境就可确定答案。

(2) —I’ve taken someone else’s green sweater by mistake.

—It ______ Harry’s. He always wears green. (2005广东卷)

A. has to be

B. will be

C. mustn’t be

D. could be

分析:答案选D。后文说“他总是穿绿色衣服”,据此语境可推知,这件衣“可能是”哈利的,could表示可能性。

(3) —Do you know where David is? I couldn’t find him anywhere.—Well. He _____have

gone far—his coat’s still here. (2005湖北卷)

A. shouldn’t

B. mustn’t

C. can’t

D. wouldn’t

分析:答案选C。后文说“他的外套还在这里”,据此语境可知“他不可能走远了”,故选can’t。

(4) He paid for a seat, when he _____ have entered free. (2005山东卷)

A. could

B. would

C. must

D. need

分析:答案选A。could have done的意思是“本来可以做某事”。句子语境为“虽然他本来能够免费入场,但他买了票”。

二、把握时态

要分清情态动词表推测时涉及的是现在情况还是过去情况。原则上说,若对现在情况进行推测,情态动词后接动词原形或进行式;若对过去情况进行推测,则后接动词的完成式(这通常是高考的重点);若是对正在发生的情况进行推测,后接动词的进行式。

如:(1) —Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.

—Thanks. You _____it. I could manage it myself. (2005福建卷)

A. needn’t do

B. needn’t have done

C. mustn’t do

D. shouldn’t have done

分析:答案选B。句子的语境是:“我自己能做”,所以“你本不必做的”。选A还是B呢?根据前面一句中的have cleaned 可知,动作已经发生,所以此处谈论的是一个过去情况,故选B.needn’t have done。

(2) This cake is very sweet. You ______ a lot of sugar in it. (2005辽宁卷)

A. should put

B. could have put

C. might put

D. must have put

分析:答案选D。前文说“蛋糕很甜”,下文的语境显然应该是“你一定是在里面放了很多糖”,放糖这一动作发生在过去,故用“must+完成式”表示对过去情况的肯定推测。

三、分清句型

分清所考查的情态动词是用于肯定句型,还是用于疑问句型或否定句型,同时还要注意情态动词在某些特殊情况下所使用的特殊句型。如:

The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because it _____be very slow. (2005浙江卷)

A. should

B. must

C. will

D. can

分析:答案选D。在通常情况下,情态动词can 表示推测时,只用于否定句和疑问句,不用于肯定句,但有一种特殊情况就是它可以用于肯定句中表理论上的推测或表示“有时”之意,而此题考查的正是can 表示“有时”的用法

参考文献:

薄冰. 1990 高级英语语法[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社

李俊峰、汪家扬. 1997 大学英语语法讲座和练习[M]. 北京:兵器工业出版社

曲一线.2009 五年高考三年模拟[M]. 北京:首都师范大学出版社.

作者简介:张世忠工作单位:宁夏石嘴山市光明中学邮编753400

中学高级教师联系电话:(宅)(手机)

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