电子商务英语论文范文

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电子商务领域英文论文原文

电子商务领域英文论文原文

An Empirical Study On Consumer Trust inB2C ecommercein ChinaYujie Bao, Yan Li,﹡Xin Meng, Yuchang Liu, Weiming WangInternational College at BeijingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing, Chinaicbliyan@Abstract—Consumer trust has been more and more recognized as an important factor for a successful e-commerce vendor. Based on the previous research, this paper developed an extended model for analyzing the main attributes of trust of the users in China. A survey regarding the trust of e-commerce users is conducted to empirically test the model. The result shows the perceived reputation and size; the level of multi-channel integration, the system assurance, consumers’ propensity to trust and experienced-based familiarity are all positively related with consumers’ trust in the vendor. The findings may provide the suggestions for the vendors to consider the trustworthy by the consumers.Keywords: e-commerce; consumer trust; China摘要——对于一个成功的电子商务供应商,消费者信任度已经被越来越多的人认为是一个重要的因素。

英语作文关于电子商务

英语作文关于电子商务

英语作文关于电子商务Electronic Commerce。

In recent years, electronic commerce, also known as e-commerce, has become increasingly popular. E-commercerefers to the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. With the rapid development of technology, e-commerce has become a convenient and efficient way for people to shop and do business.One of the advantages of e-commerce is convenience. Consumers can shop anytime, anywhere, without having to leave their homes or offices. This saves time and effort, and also allows for a wider selection of products. In addition, e-commerce often offers lower prices than traditional brick-and-mortar stores, as online retailers do not have the same overhead costs.Another advantage of e-commerce is the ability to reach a global market. With the internet, businesses can selltheir products and services to customers all over the world. This opens up new opportunities for small businesses and entrepreneurs to expand their customer base and increase their profits.However, e-commerce also has its challenges. One of the biggest challenges is security. With so much personal and financial information being exchanged over the internet, there is always the risk of fraud and identity theft. Therefore, it is important for e-commerce businesses tohave strong security measures in place to protect their customers' information.Another challenge is the lack of personal interaction. Unlike traditional stores, e-commerce does not offer the same level of customer service and personal interaction. This can lead to a lack of trust and loyalty among customers, as they may not feel as connected to the brand.Overall, e-commerce is a rapidly growing industry that offers many benefits and challenges. As technologycontinues to advance, it is likely that e-commerce willbecome even more prevalent in our daily lives. It is important for businesses to adapt to this changing landscape and find ways to provide the best possible experience for their customers.。

电子商务英语作文

电子商务英语作文

电子商务英语作文下面是整理的关于电子商务的英语作文,希望对大家有帮助。

电子商务英语作文1:e-commerceWith rapid development of informationization, global electronic commerce transaction has increased greatly within past decade years. Almost all kinds of industries are closely connected with electronic commerce. However, everything has two sides.On one hand,booming electronic commerce is the fastest way so far to make transactions across far distance. It makes it possible to do business at home, which saves time and unnecessary formalities(不必要的手续). That's why e-commerce is preferable to traditional commerce.(优势) On the other hand,there exist many problems either.It is hard to control the virtual business. False,deceptive informatin is growing among e-commerce. Without management, losses are liable to happen every time. So we should hold strong risk awareness to protect ourselves on e-commerce.(问题) Most of people must consider “taobao”this word which is significant of Electronic Business in China. However , fewpeople go to shopping online in ten years ago. with the development of internet in the world, The Internet has created a new economic ecosystem, the e-commerce marketplace, and it has become the virtual main street of the world. Providing a quick and convenient way of exchanging goods and services,e-commerce has boomed.AAs can be seen from the chart that money value of annual global electronic transactions is increasing gradually in the seven years. In 1997, the money value of global electronic commerce transactions is $ 2.6 billion, while the number reaches $1000 billion, 500 times that of 1997. why is electronic commerce booming nowadays?Several factors contribute to this phenomenon. First, the availability of computer is the foremost cause. The rapid development of computer technology enables everybody to have access to computer and Internet. Second, the technology of Internet is becoming more and more mature(成熟). People, who at first do not trust business transactions on Internet, now become convinced(深信) that doing business on Internet is very convenient and effective. Thirdly, electronic commerce is the fastest way so far to make transactions across far distance. It makes it possible to do business at home and it saves timeand unnecessary formalities as well. That is why electronic commerce is preferable to the prosperity of world economy . The trend towards a promising e-commerce is inevitable. Therefore let’s get prepared to embrace this irretrievable trend电子商务英语作文2:电子商务的发展Booming Electronic CommerceAs can be seen from the chart that money value of annual global electronic transactions id increasing gradually in the seven years. In 1997, the money value of global electronic commerce transactions is US$ 2.6 billion, while the number reaches US$1000 billion, 500 times that of 1997. why is electronic commerce booming nowadays?从图表可以看出,在这七年内每年全球电子交易货币价值逐渐增加。

关于电子商务的英语作文3篇

关于电子商务的英语作文3篇

关于电子商务的英语作文3篇关于电子商务的英语作文3篇在平凡的学习、工作、生活中,大家都尝试过写作文吧,写作文可以锻炼我们的独处习惯,让自己的心静下来,思考自己未来的方向。

你所见过的作文是什么样的呢?以下是帮大家整理的关于电子商务的英语作文,欢迎大家分享。

关于电子商务的英语作文1Nowadays, with the rapid development of information technology, internet and electronic commerce have been very popular in our daily lives. For example, it is fashionable for youngsters to purchase daily essentials, such as books, clothes, electrical equipment, on some famous website, like 如今,随着信息技术的快速发展,互联网和电子商务已经非常受欢迎的’在我们的日常生活中。

例如,时尚的年轻人购买日常必需品,如书籍、衣服、电器设备,在一些著名的网站Taobao, EBay and Alibaba, through many courier companies. As we all known, online shopping has many advantages. Firstly, online shopping is more convenient than traditional means. We can find a shop with so many goods that we may favor, while all these just need clicking our mouse and typing-in the key word of what we want to find. And it also saves our a great some oftime. Secondly, more choices than real store are another attraction to customers. Online shopping can provide massEBay和阿里巴巴,淘宝通过许多快递公司。

有关电子商务的英语短文范文

有关电子商务的英语短文范文

有关电子商务的英语短文范文Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce,refers to the buying and selling of goods and servicesusing the internet and other electronic means. It has become an integral part of the global economy, revolutionizing the way businesses operate and consumers shop. In this article, we will explore the various aspectsof e-commerce and its impact on the modern world.First and foremost, e-commerce has greatly expanded the reach of businesses. With a website or an online store, companies can now reach customers from all around the world, breaking down geographical barriers and opening up new market opportunities. This has allowed businesses of all sizes to compete on a global scale and has leveled the playing field for small and medium-sized enterprises.Moreover, e-commerce has also transformed the way consumers shop. The convenience of being able to browse and purchase products online from the comfort of one's home has led to a significant shift in consumer behavior. Online shopping has become increasingly popular, with more andmore people opting to make their purchases online ratherthan in traditional brick-and-mortar stores. This shift has also led to the rise of new business models such as dropshipping and subscription services, furtherdiversifying the e-commerce landscape.In addition to its impact on businesses and consumers,e-commerce has also brought about significant changes in the logistics and supply chain industry. With the rise ofe-commerce, the demand for efficient and reliable shipping and delivery services has skyrocketed. This has led to innovations in last-mile delivery, warehousing, and inventory management, as companies strive to meet the growing expectations of online shoppers for fast and reliable delivery.Furthermore, e-commerce has also given rise to new payment methods and financial technologies. Online transactions require secure and convenient payment solutions, leading to the development of digital wallets, mobile payment apps, and cryptocurrency. These new payment methods have not only made online shopping more convenient but have also opened up new opportunities for financial inclusion, particularly in developing countries.In conclusion, e-commerce has had a profound impact onthe global economy, transforming the way businesses operate, consumers shop, and goods are delivered. Its continued growth and evolution will undoubtedly shape the future of commerce and redefine the way we buy and sell goods and services.电子商务,通常称为电子商务,是指利用互联网和其他电子手段进行商品和服务的买卖。

电子商务的英语作文

电子商务的英语作文

电子商务的英语作文With the rapid development of technology, electronic commerce, or e-commerce, has become an increasingly popular way for people to buy and sell goods and services. It has revolutionized the way we shop, allowing us to make purchases from the comfort of our own homes.E-commerce offers a wide range of benefits for both consumers and businesses. For consumers, it provides convenience and flexibility, allowing them to shop at any time of the day or night without having to leave their homes. For businesses, e-commerce offers the opportunity to reach a global audience and reduce the costs associated with maintaining physical stores.One of the key advantages of e-commerce is the ability to compare prices and products from different vendors with just a few clicks. This makes it easier for consumers to find the best deals and ensures that businesses have to stay competitive in order to attract customers.Security is a major concern for many people when it comes to online shopping. However, e-commerce platforms have implemented various security measures to protect consumers' personal and financial information. This includes encryption technology, secure payment gateways, and strict privacy policies.Despite the numerous benefits of e-commerce, there are also some challenges and drawbacks. For example, some consumers may be hesitant to make purchases online due to concerns about the quality of products or the reliability of the seller. Additionally, businesses may face increased competition and the need to constantly adapt to changing consumer preferences and technological advancements.In conclusion, e-commerce has had a significant impact on the way we buy and sell goods and services. It has brought about greater convenience and flexibility for consumers, while also presenting new opportunities and challenges for businesses. As technology continues toadvance, it is likely that e-commerce will continue to evolve and shape the future of retail.。

电子商务英语论文范文

电子商务英语论文范文

电⼦商务英语论⽂范⽂ 下⾯是店铺整理的电⼦商务英语论⽂范⽂,以供⼤家学习参考。

Recent development of information technologies has brought us new possibilities for teaching and learning classical art and humanities in several different ways. Image plays a key role here. In learning classical Japanese poetry, it is quite important to examine original books and manu******s because even the published books were printed from the wood blocks of engraved words which were written with brush by, in many cases, the authors themselves. Not only the visual art works, but also the literary materials as such pose the problem of authenticity, and this problem itself is closely linked to the interpretation of the literary works and the life history of the authors. Yosa Buson (1716-84), a poet-painter, and his followers best represent this type of artists and must be studied with both texts and images they created. Buson was a leading haiku poet of the 18th century and, with Basho and Issa, one of the great names in haiku. He was also a distinguished BUNJINGA (literati-style) painter, and perfected haiga or cursive sketch with poems as a branch of Japanese pictorial art. Buson read classics extensively and studied different styles of Chinese and Japanese paintings. Poetry and painting affected each other in his art. His poems were, diversely enough, rich in imagery, clearly depicting fine movements and sensual appearances of things, dynamic with wider landscapes, lyrical, sensitive to human affairs, romantic with hidden stories, graceful, and longingly time-conscious. Buson completed his own style of painting in his later years when he was using the name of Sha-In. Freed from the influence of China, he created genuine Japanese landscapes. Creation of the Site The web site for the study of Buson and his group has thus been created at http://www.nime.ac.jp/~saga/buson.html. This site has three major areas: articles on Buson, bibliographic resources on Buson, and pictorial catalogue of haiku and painting works of Buson and his group. Pages are hyper-linked within the site and some pages contain links to other related web sites. Most pages are written in both Japanese and English to attract the learners internationally. The first area contains the author's original papers and essays such as "Poetry as an open space for lightening of Being". To quote only a few paragraphs from there; In the light of Heidegger's thinking, Buson's poems emerge as 'poems of being' more than anything else. Of course Buson lived far earlier than Heidegger, and clearly there was no direct correspondence between them. However, beyond this distance what weighs on my mind is, for example, such a Hokku poem of peony as below. This poem is usually viewed as staged on a peony garden, but I look at it as an event inside a room. Within the quietness of a lull in visitors' absence, appears the peony flower! (seki to ****e kyaku no taema no botan kana) Possibly after a Haiku meeting, or it seems it could have been any person(s), the poet saw the visitor(s) off and returned to the room. He then looked at the corner, and saw the peony, which has been there for some time, as appearing again, floating in a lull, as though it were transformed to that peony as itself. While residual scents of the visitors in the room are silently disappearing, it is calm, not too light nor dark, and the peony is there lighted on its face by that surrounding air. The poet stands there, veiled in ennui, where he feels both bliss and lament, with that time perceived as a long instant. Even if it is an instant, a time of 'unworldliness' is disclosed there, as a poet himself or for a man as a Heideggerian Da-sein, to be almost continual to eternity. Access and Evaluation Two years after starting its creation, this site now receives more and more accesses from both Japan and abroad. In May 2000, for example, there were, in average, about 350 hits for the site per day, 45 different individual accesses to the English top page, and 17 different accesses to the Japanese top page. Some people leave notes in the guest book, and some other people prefer to send e-mails to the site author. These notes and mails are analyzed in terms of contents, interests, and gratification. Formative evaluation of the site is now conducted with college students. This site, when it is fully developed, is to be converted into a CD-ROM with upgraded still and moving images. Abstract From the concept of the network university, we deduce its three basic infrastructures:the education center station, the high speed backbone and the user terminal network. we point out that the remote learning online at home will be the most important studying model in the future,so the HomeNet will be a necessary infrastructure platform for remote learning , in this paper we discuss the structure, the key technologies and connection media of HomeNet. Keywords network university remote learning HomeNet 1. The Background With the extension of internet in application area, from academies, enterprises to the government departments, the network reaches variable aspects of our society. From knowledge learning, message obtaining to e-commerce, the digital network is all proved a strong pushing strength. With network, the difference of time and space are eliminated, the exchange and communication among people, the resources sharing are becoming much more easier, based on that, more and more applications are developed, and one of which is the network university and remote learning which will be a great revolution to the traditional teaching and learning way. People can study online, exchange thoughts interactively with teachers and schoolmates through network rather than special classrooms in the campus, this will provide a chance to learn knowledge all the life for those who are in work or can’t go into colleges, perhaps the network university will be the most important model to study in a not long future. The network university consists of three infrastructures: the education center stations which include multimedia courseware, sound and image material etc., the high speed backbone and user terminal network. Our government has made the remote learning a strategy to promote the quality of the nation, the CERNET 2.5GBPS backbone are in construction , and the education center stations have already been implemented successfully in some campuses, so the key to employing the remote learning project lies in the third part---the user terminal network. The network brings us great flexibility to study online , no doubt , the most often place for people to learn is at home , and with the development of life standard , many families will have more than one set of computer and HDTV sets, and study is not only the thing of children , but also the need of parents , and additionally , remote medical treatment , ordering online, home automation controlling are all the future requirements in the family[1], so it is a necessary condition to digitalized the families in the information society to construct a perfect HomeNet( home terminal network) which provide all above functions , in the following sections , we will discuss the structure, the key technologies and access media of HomeNet. The home network is a special LAN, in logical structure, they have some resemblance, but the home network has its own special features in application environment, operational functions and system physical construction. The implement of home network requires several key technologies to support as following[2]: the embodied operate system and embodied custom IC(ASIC) , API level interoperable specifications, the final use interface design and access technology. 2.1 There are various devices at home, and the difference between them is large in controlling model, computation ability and intelligent level. Most of them are less performance products except a few such as computers, thus, to enable the whole home network, the embodied OS and IC is the kernel technologies. Current prevailing embodied OS are WINDOWS CE, 3COM Palm OS, JAVA2, JAVA2 Micro Edition, Pjava, Ejava and our own embodied Hopen OS designed by KAISI Cooperation. The embodied IC includes LonWorks’ Neuron ICs and Intel’s micro controllers such as 8051 family and the like. 2.2 API is application program interface, due to the media is various in the network physical layer, in order to get the interoperability on the program interface layer, API lever interoperable specifications must be defined, it’s the foundation to develop home network application, it shields the under layer protocols, and provide a identical interface to application developer. The current APIs are Microsoft UPnP, SUN JINI, Home PNP, Home API and so on.。

电子商务 英语作文

电子商务 英语作文

Ecommerce,or electronic commerce,has revolutionized the way we buy and sell goods and services.It involves the use of the internet and other digital technologies to conduct commercial transactions.Here are some key aspects of ecommerce that can be discussed in an English essay:1.Definition of Ecommerce:Ecommerce refers to the buying and selling of goods or services using the internet,as well as the transfer of money and data to execute these transactions.2.History of Ecommerce:The concept of ecommerce dates back to the1970s with electronic data interchange EDI but truly took off in the1990s with the advent of the World Wide Web.3.Types of Ecommerce:There are various models of ecommerce,including B2B businesstobusiness,B2C businesstoconsumer,C2C consumertoconsumer,and B2G businesstogovernment.4.Advantages of Ecommerce:Convenience:Shoppers can make purchases at any time and from any location. Accessibility:A wider range of products and services are available online.Cost Efficiency:Lower overheads for businesses can lead to lower prices for consumers.Global Reach:Businesses can reach customers around the world.5.Disadvantages of Ecommerce:Security Concerns:There are risks of fraud and identity theft.Lack of Personal Touch:The impersonal nature of online transactions can be a drawback for some consumers.Technical Issues:Poor website design or technical glitches can hinder the shopping experience.6.Payment Methods in Ecommerce:Online transactions can be completed using various methods such as credit/debit cards,online banking,ewallets,and cryptocurrencies.7.Ecommerce Platforms:Popular platforms include Amazon,eBay,Alibaba,and Shopify,which facilitate online selling and buying.8.Mobile Commerce Mcommerce:The rise of smartphones has led to an increase in mobile commerce,allowing users to shop via their mobile devices.9.Ecommerce and Social Media:Social media platforms like Instagram and Facebook have integrated ecommerce features,allowing businesses to sell directly through their social media presence.10.Future of Ecommerce:Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, augmented reality,and blockchain are expected to further transform the ecommerce landscape.11.Ecommerce Regulations:Laws and regulations are evolving to protect consumers and ensure fair business practices in the digital marketplace.12.Ecommerce Success Stories:Companies like Amazon,which started as an online bookstore,have grown into global giants,demonstrating the potential of ecommerce. 13.Challenges for Small Businesses:Smaller businesses face challenges such as competition with larger ecommerce platforms,marketing costs,and establishing trust with online customers.14.Ecommerce and the Environment:The rise of ecommerce has also raised concerns about increased packaging waste and carbon emissions from shipping.15.Customer Reviews and Ratings:Online reviews play a significant role in influencing consumer decisions and building trust in ecommerce.In conclusion,ecommerce has transformed the global economy,offering both opportunities and challenges for businesses and consumers alike.As technology continues to advance,the future of ecommerce is likely to bring further innovation and change to the way we shop and do business.。

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电子商务英语论文范文导读:我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《电子商务英语论文范文》的内容,具体内容:下面是我整理的电子商务英语论文范文,以供大家学习参考。

Recent development of information technologies has brought us...下面是我整理的电子商务英语论文范文,以供大家学习参考。

Recent development of information technologies has brought us new possibilities for teaching and learning classical art and humanities in several different ways. Image plays a key role here. In learning classical Japanese poetry, it is quite important to examine original books and manu******s because even the published books were printed from the wood blocks of engraved words which were written with brush by, in many cases, the authors themselves. Not only the visual art works, but also the literary materials as such pose the problem of authenticity, and this problem itself is closely linked to the interpretation of the literary works and the life history of the authors. Yosa Buson (1716-84), a poet-painter, and his followers best represent this type of artists and must be studied with both texts and images they created.Buson was a leading haiku poet of the 18th century and, with Basho and Issa, one of the great names in haiku. He was also a distinguished BUNJINGA (literati-style) painter, and perfected haiga or cursivesketch with poems as a branch of Japanese pictorial art. Buson read classics extensively and studied different styles of Chinese and Japanese paintings. Poetry and painting affected each other in his art. His poems were, diversely enough, rich in imagery, clearly depicting fine movements and sensual appearances of things, dynamic with wider landscapes, lyrical, sensitive to human affairs, romantic with hidden stories, graceful, and longinglytime-conscious. Buson completed his own style of painting in his later years when he was using the name of Sha-In. Freed from the influence of China, he created genuine Japanese landscapes.Creation of the SiteThe web site for the study of Buson and his group has thus been created at http://www.nime.ac.jp/~saga/buson.html. This site has three major areas: articles on Buson, bibliographic resources on Buson, and pictorial catalogue of haiku and painting works of Buson and his group. Pages are hyper-linked within the site and some pages contain links to other related web sites. Most pages are written in both Japanese and English to attract the learners internationally. The first area contains the authors original papers and essays such as "Poetry as an open space for lightening of Being". To quote only a few paragraphs from there;In the light of Heideggers thinking, Busons poems emerge as poemsof being more than anything else. Of course Buson lived far earlier than Heidegger, and clearly there was no direct correspondence between them. However, beyond this distance what weighs on my mind is, for example, such a Hokku poem of peony as below. This poem is usually viewed as staged on a peony garden, but I look at it as an event inside a room.Within the quietness of a lull in visitors absence, appears the peony flower!(seki to ****e kyaku no taema no botan kana)Possibly after a Haiku meeting, or it seems it could have been any person(s), the poet saw the visitor(s) off and returned to the room. He then looked at the corner, and saw the peony, which has been there for some time, as appearing again, floating in a lull, as though it were transformed to that peony as itself. While residual scents of the visitors in the room are silently disappearing, it is calm, not too light nor dark, and the peony is there lighted on its face by that surrounding air. The poet stands there, veiled in ennui, where he feels both bliss and lament, with that time perceived as a long instant. Even if it is an instant, a time of unworldliness is disclosed there, as a poet himself or for a man as a Heideggerian Da-sein, to be almost continual to eternity.Access and EvaluationTwo years after starting its creation, this site now receives more and more accesses from both Japan and abroad. In May 2000, for example, there were, in average, about 350 hits for the site per day, 45 different individual accesses to the English top page, and 17 different accesses to the Japanese top page. Some people leave notes in the guest book, and some other people prefer to send e-mails to the site author. These notes and mails are analyzed in terms of contents, interests, and gratification. Formative evaluation of the site is now conducted with college students. This site, when it is fully developed, is to be converted into a CD-ROM with upgraded still and moving images.Abstract From the concept of the network university, we deduce its three basic infrastructures:the education center station, the high speed backbone and the user terminal network. we point out that the remote learning online at home will be the most important studying model in the future,so the HomeNet will be a necessary infrastructure platform for remote learning , in this paper we discuss the structure, the key technologies and connection media of HomeNet.Keywords network university remote learning HomeNet1. The BackgroundWith the extension of internet in application area, from academies,enterprises to the government departments, the network reaches variable aspects of our society. From knowledge learning, message obtaining to e-commerce, the digital network is all proved a strong pushing strength. With network, the difference of time and space are eliminated, the exchange and communication among people, the resources sharing are becoming much more easier, based on that, more and more applications are developed, and one of which is the network university and remote learning which will be a great revolution to the traditional teaching and learning way. People can study online, exchange thoughts interactively with teachers and schoolmates through network rather than special classrooms in the campus, this will provide a chance to learn knowledge all the life for those who are in work or cant go into colleges, perhaps the network university will be the most important model to study in a not long future. The network university consists of three infrastructures: the education center stations which include multimedia courseware, sound and image material etc., the high speed backbone and user terminal network. Our government has made the remote learning a strategy to promote the quality of the nation, the CERNET 2.5GBPS backbone are in construction , and the education center stations have already been implemented successfully in some campuses, so the key to employing the remote learning project lies in the thirdpart---the user terminal network.The network brings us great flexibility to study online , no doubt , the most often place for people to learn is at home , and with the development of life standard , many families will have more than one set of computer and HDTV sets, and study is not only the thing of children , but also the need of parents , and additionally , remote medical treatment , ordering online, home automation controlling are all the future requirements in the family[1], so it is a necessary condition to digitalized the families in the information society to construct a perfect HomeNet( home terminal network) which provide all above functions , in the following sections , we will discuss the structure, the key technologies and access media of HomeNet.The home network is a special LAN, in logical structure, they have some resemblance, but the home network has its own special features in application environment, operational functions and system physical construction. The implement of home network requires several key technologies to support as following[2]: the embodied operate system and embodied custom IC(ASIC) , API level interoperable specifications, the final use interface design and access technology.2.1 There are various devices at home, and the difference betweenthem is large in controlling model, computation ability and intelligent level. Most of them are less performance products except a few such as computers, thus, to enable the whole home network, the embodied OS and IC is the kernel technologies. Current prevailing embodied OS are WINDOWS CE, 3COM Palm OS, JAVA2, JAVA2 Micro Edition, Pjava, Ejava and our own embodied Hopen OS designed by KAISI Cooperation. The embodied IC includes LonWorks Neuron ICs and Intels micro controllers such as 8051 family and the like.2.2 API is application program interface, due to the media is various in the network physical layer, in order to get the interoperability on the program interface layer, API lever interoperable specifications must be defined, its the foundation to develop home network application, it shields the under layer protocols, and provide a identical interface to application developer. The current APIs are Microsoft UPnP, SUN JINI, Home PNP, Home API and so on.。

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