企业社会责任翻译
CSR企业社会责任英文【范本模板】
Corporate Social Responsibility Project – BA 342 FA14 Introduction：The corporation I analyzed was Valspar, which is an international manufacturer of paints and coatings。
In 1806 "Paint and Color” was founded in Boston, Massachusetts by Samuel Tuck。
Fourteen years later, Lawson Valentine started a company that began the first commercial production of varnishes in United States. In 1832， these two businesses combined as Stimson ＆ Valentines. Henry Valentine，Lawson Valentine’s brother, joined later in 1860。
In 1903 Lawson’s grandson joined the company after earning his Harvard University chemistry degree and invented Valspar. Valspar was the first varnish that stayed clear when water came in contact with it. Due to its success and household name， Valspar became the corporation's name and continues to be used today。
浅议企业社会责任
司 社会责任不加 区分。 我 国自 改革开放进行社会主 叉市 场经济建设迄今 ， 学 资金 ， 这些 闲散 资金的所有者即 中 小股 东也 就成了上市公司的利益 相关 者对企业社会 责任 的研 究也逐 渐丰 富、 完善。 ２ ０ ０ ８ 年的三鹿奶粉事件使得 者。 这 些中小股 东一个显著 的特征 就是分 散性 ， 这一 特性决 定了中小股 学者、 立法者及社会 公众对企业社会责任 的期待更多 。 东的弱势地位 。 为了 保 护这些 中小股东 的利益进而 维护社 会的稳定 ， 就 【 关键 词 ｌ 企业社会责任 ； 公司 法 需 要对他们 进行倾 斜保护 ， 对应的 就加 重 了 ＿ 上 市公司的相 应义务 ， 也 即 企 业对他们的责任 ， 这一责任 的主要表 现形式就 是上市公司的信息披露 企 业的 社 会责 任 的概 念 的真实义务。 企业 的社会责 任 自 １ ９ ２ ４ 年被提 出， 学者们 的讨论 就没有停止过 ， 对 三． 我 国企业 社会 责 任 的现 状 及对 策 企业社会责任的表述也有很大的差异， 但概念差异并不能阻碍我们对 在 我 国， 企 业不承担 企 业社 会 责任 这一 问题 还 很严重 。 经常会有 企业社会 责任本质的理解 。 “ 血 汗工厂” 新 闻曝 出， 工人 的工作环境 极其恶劣 ， 他们身体 健康没有 美国学者 多德认为 ： 股 东利 润最大化仅仅是 企业 的目标之一 ， 除此 基 本的保 障， 比如 广州某 工人因职 业环境 恶劣而致 使 “ 黑肺” 的形成 ， 之外 ， 它还 要对非 股东利 益相关者 负有义务， 以维 护和提 升社会公益 。 而其 维权 的方式 只能是让医生 为其 “ 开膛验 肺” 这一壮烈 的举 动 ； 有些 企业相 关立法 也要在 企业的这 两个 目 标 之间寻求一个平衡 点“ Ｊ 。 而事 实 企 业还违 法雇用童工 ； 企 业非 正常压低 工人工资， 减少或 不支付保险支 上， 多数 美国学者 的企 业社会 责任都可 归结为 ： 企业 的社会 责任 ， 既包 出等 问题 。 针对这些 问题 ， 我国 《 劳动法 》 、《 劳 动合 同法》都对劳 动者 括 企业的法律 责任， 也包括企业 的道德 责任 。 有倾斜 保护。 除了这些法律 制度的保障 之外， 更需要企 业转变长期 以来 我国学 者刘俊海的观点 ：“ 所谓公司社会责 任， 是指 公司不能仅仅 以 的用工意识 ， 尊重和保障劳动权 。
名词术语及翻译
OEM:贴牌加工ODM:设计代工Corporate Social Responsibility:企业社会责任CSR Joint venture:合资企业Inquiry:询价Follow up this case/order:跟单order follow up:跟单员sample follow up:跟样Forwarder:货代MOQ:minimum order quantity:最小订单量ETD:预计交货时间Quote:报价Delivery date:交货期FOB:离岸价CIF:到岸价CFR:成本加运费价Status inquiry:资信调查Reference:资信证明人Exchange rate:汇率Force majeure:不可抗力Export tax rebates:出口退税Pre-production sample:产前样PPsampleOffer:报盘+for PI:proforma invoice:形式发票Counter-offer:还盘Repeat order:返单Target price:目标价PO:Purchase order:购货订单S/C:sales contract:销售合同Confirmed and irrevocable L/C:保兑的不可撤销的信用证T/T:电汇D/P:付款交单D/A:承兑交单CAD:cash against documents on arrival of goods:货到后凭单付款A mendment:修改an amendment to the L/CFreight:运费Extension advice:延期通知Directive marks:指示标识Warning marks:警示标Price label:定价标签instruction manual:使用手册，说明书“Snake loaded”flat:蛇形平铺装柜Shipping instruction:装运指示Shipping advice:装船通知CY:集装箱堆场CFS:集装箱货运站FCL:整箱LCL:拼箱Telex release:电放Bank receipt:银行水单Transshipment:转运Partial shipments:分批装运Insurance amount:保险金额+forInsurance policy:保单Insurer:承保人The insured:投保人C.I.C：中国保险条款FPA:平安险WPA:水渍险AR:一切险ICC:协会货物保险条款Malicious damage clause:恶意损坏险Insurance premium:保险费Warehouse to warehouse clause:仓至仓条款Open policy:开口保单Insurance rate:保险费率Claim:索赔Lesson 21. We avail ourselves of this opportunity to introduce to you as a foreign-invested corporation specializing in arts and crafts.现借此机会向贵公司介绍，我们是外资企业，专门经营工艺品2. We want to acquaint ourselves with the supply position of steel products。
关于企业应该承担社会责任的英语作文
企业社会责任：企业与社会的和谐共生之道In the contemporary business world, the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has gained increasing significance. It represents a commitment made by organizations to operate in an ethical and sustainable manner, considering the interests of all stakeholders, including shareholders, employees, customers, communities, and the environment. This essay delves into the importance of CSR, its key components, and how enterprises can effectively embrace it to foster a harmonious coexistence with society.Firstly, CSR is fundamental to building trust and enhancing the reputation of businesses. In a highly competitive and transparent marketplace, customers and stakeholders are increasingly demanding ethical and sustainable practices from companies. By adhering to CSR principles, businesses demonstrate their commitment to ethical behavior, fostering trust among customers and investors, which ultimately leads to improved brand reputation and market competitiveness.Moreover, CSR contributes to sustainable developmentand environmental protection. As businesses grow and expand, their operations often have a significant impact on the environment and society. By integrating sustainability into their core strategies, companies can mitigate negative environmental impacts, reduce resource consumption, and promote environmental protection. This not only benefits society but also ensures the long-term viability of businesses, as sustainable practices often lead to cost savings and efficiency improvements.Furthermore, CSR is crucial for attracting andretaining top talent. Employees, especially the younger generation, are increasingly drawn to organizations that align with their values and prioritize social and environmental responsibility. By implementing CSR practices, businesses can create a positive work culture that attracts and retains talented individuals, who in turn contribute to the organization's success and growth.However, effectively implementing CSR requires a comprehensive approach. Companies need to identify and prioritize the CSR issues that are most relevant to theirbusiness and stakeholders. This could include issues suchas labor rights, community engagement, environmental impact, and ethical supply chains. Once these issues are identified, businesses should develop strategies and policies toaddress them, ensuring that CSR is integrated into all aspects of their operations.Moreover, collaboration and partnership are key to effective CSR implementation. Businesses can collaboratewith other organizations, governments, and communities to address shared CSR challenges and leverage collective resources and expertise. Such collaborations can lead to more impactful and sustainable outcomes, benefiting all stakeholders involved.In conclusion, Corporate Social Responsibility is not just a moral imperative but a strategic imperative for businesses in the modern era. By embracing CSR, companies can build trust, enhance their reputation, contribute to sustainable development, attract top talent, and foster a harmonious coexistence with society. The journey to implementing CSR effectively requires a comprehensive approach, prioritizing relevant issues, developingstrategies, and collaborating with stakeholders. As businesses continue to evolve and adapt to the changing landscape, CSR will remain a critical component of their success and sustainability.**企业社会责任：企业与社会的和谐共生之道**在当代商业世界中，企业社会责任（CSR）的概念日益受到重视。
CSR职位分析
职位名称：企业社会责任（CSR）专员所属部门：企业社会责任部汇报对象：企业社会责任部门经理设立岗位的目的：CSR全称是Corporate-Social-Responsibility，即企业社会责任，所谓企业社会责任是指企业在创造利润、对股东负责的同时，还应承担起对劳动者、消费者、环境、社区等利益相关方的责任，其核心是保护劳动者合法权益，广泛包括不歧视、不使用童工，不使用强迫性劳动，安全卫生工作环境和制度等。
CSR 不是独立于商业目标的事，而是商业目标的重要组成部分。
履行CSR 对企业发展有利，比如扩大销售和市场份额、增强品牌和影响力、降低运营成本（因为口碑好而减少广告支出）、增加吸引人才和投资者的能力，等等。
重要的是，公司运行同时符合经济、环境和社会三条标准是大势所趋，是未来一个企业“必须做的事”。
CSR 既是一件必须做的事，也是一件值得做的事，是企业实现经营目标和企业使命的机会和途径。
工作内容：1.负责公司产品与人的工作生活之间的互动，比如如何让人们生活得更健康积极，这涉及到安全、健康、员工关系等2.调研、评估、策划并执行服务于某个群体的社区型服务3.关注环保，组织策划与环境保护相关的项目，通过创新来实现4.在公司内部进行统筹协调，了解公司整体业务，制定目标，和各部门的领导进行及时而有效的沟通，使公司内部各个部门支持并配合CSR项目的良好运营5.从公司外部获取资源，主要是获取一些社会资源的支持，比如政府和各种NGO组织岗位职责：1.协助直属领导组织、策划并执行企业社会责任项目，协调项目各方关系人，促成项目实施2.协助进行企业社会责任、公益、社会创新、金融领域理论研究，进行资料搜集与整理翻译工作3.承担项目支持工作，如CSR项目相关传播内容的文案草拟，项目物料设计制作，以及音频、视频材料加工剪辑等工作4.拓展、维护外部合作伙伴关系5.收集、整理并分析CSR相关信息，撰写总结报告任职资格：1.大学本科以上学历，经济金融、工商管理、社会发展等相关专业2.拥有项目管理、活动组织经验，项目推广、宣传品制作经验3.有公益组织工作背景优先4.具有良好的统筹协调能力，强烈的社会使命感与团队合作精神5.具备高度解决问题的能力和良好的抗压能力6.优秀的中英文口头和书面表达能力。
什么是企业社会责任
什么是企业社会责任2009-5近年来，“企业社会责任”一词越来越多地见诸媒体，类似的提法还有“企业公民”、“企业责任”、“三重底线”等……这些词汇到底指的是什么意思呢？欧利文•谢尔顿最早提出“企业社会责任”概念企业社会责任是英文Corporate Social Responsibility的直译，也就是很多人所说的CSR。
目前理论界一般认为，是英国学者欧利文•谢尔顿（Oliver Sheldon）在1924年最早提出了“企业社会责任”的概念。
企业社会责任概念在不断充实和完善企业社会责任在全球并没有统一的定义，在不同的历史时期，它所代表的含义不尽相同。
随着时代的发展，企业社会责任的概念也不断充实、完善。
在20世纪30年代之前，权威的观点认为企业的社会责任就是通过管理获取最大利益。
1919年，美国密歇根法院就曾宣称：企业机构运营的主要目的是为股东赚取利润。
这种观点完全确认了企业的经济功能对社会进步的作用，得到企业界的普遍认可和推行。
从20世纪30年代到20世纪60年代早期，企业管理者的角色从原来的授权者变成了受权者，其职能也相应地由追求利润扩展为平衡利益。
企业从要向所有者负责转变为要向更多的利益相关者负责。
在这一阶段，公众成为推动转变的主角。
他们要求企业更多地关注员工和顾客的利益和要求，更多地参与改善工作条件和消费环境的工作，为社会的发展发挥更突出的作用。
他们不断在公开场合喊出他们对企业的期望。
优秀的企业积极响应公众的期望，并且取得公众的支持。
不过企业社会责任的发展并非一帆风顺，而是始终伴随着反对的声音。
在上世纪七、八十年代，诺贝尔经济学奖得主、新古典主义经济学之父米尔顿•弗里德曼成为反对企业履行社会责任的领军人物。
他多次在各种场合论及企业社会责任问题，无一例外地坚持批判的立场。
弗里德曼认为，公司只有在追逐更多利润的过程中才会增加整个社会利益，如果公司管理者出于社会责任的目的花公司的钱，实质上就是像政府向股东征税一样，那么就失去了股东选择管理者的理由。
企业社会责任英文原文加翻译
企业社会责任英文原文加翻译一(英文原文Moral Discourse and Corporate Social Responsibility ReportingBy MaryAnn Reynolds, Kristi YuthasABSTRACTThis paper examines voluntary corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting as a form of moral discourse. It explores how alternative stakeholder perspectives lead to differing perceptions of the process and content of responsible reporting. We contrast traditional stakeholder theory, which views stakeholders as external parties having a social contract with corporations, with an emerging perspective, which views interaction among corporations and constituents as relational in nature. This moves the stakeholder from an external entity to one thatis integral to corporate activity. We explore how these alternative stakeholder perspectives give rise to different normative demands for stakeholder engagement, managerial processes, and communication. We discuss models of CSR reporting and accountability: EMAS, the ISO 14000 series, SA8000, AA1000, the Global Reporting Initiative, and the Copenhagen Charter. We explore how these models relate to the stakeholder philosophies and find that they are largely consistent with the traditional atomistic view but fall far short of the demands for moral engagement prescribed by a relational stakeholder perspective. Adopting a relational view requires stakeholder engagement not only inprescribing reporting requiremenu, but also in discourse relating to core aspects of the corporation such as mission,values,and management systems, Habermas' theory of communicative action provides guidelinesfor engaging stakeholders in this moral discourse.KEY WORDS: stakeholder engagement, stakeholder reporting, relational stakeholder perspective, corporate social responsibility,Theoryof Communicative Action,discourse ethicsIntroductionThroughout this paper, we use Habermas' theory of communicative action (1984, 1987, 1990) as a means through which to critique current approaches corporate the degree menu forsocial responsibility reporting in terms to which these reports embody require moral discourse. We provide a brief introduction to key elements of the theory and ground it in social theory. We then discuss the details as they apply to CSR reporting.Our analysis is conducted in two stages, relying on different portions ofHabermas' theory. In the first part, we examine the conditions that allow for basic communicative understanding. These conditions are the unspoken assumptions underlying communication. In normal communication, four basic universal assumptions are made: that the speaker is telling the truth, that he means what he says, and that what he says is appropriate in its context, and that it is understandable to the listener. In the first part of the paper, we show how models orframeworks for CSR reporting, taken together, address these assumptions and contribute to the effectiveness of CSR reports as a form of communication.In the second part of our analysis, we rely upon the ethical aspects of Habermas' theory as a means through which to provide a normative critique of the body of CSR reporting frameworks. The theory of communicative action suggests that social progress can be accomplished through rational discourse under specific conditions. The discourse must be inclusive, democratic, and free of power asymmetries. Apel (1980) has suggested that the ethical nature of an agreement derives from theprocess used to arrive at that agreement (rather than universal or externally-imposed ethical standards).We use Habermas' principles as a means to examine the extent to corporate communication is reflective of moral discourse.We find that while the frameworks generally promote stakeholder consultation,they fall short of providing other conditions needed for moral discourse. In particular, they fail to provide mechanisms that allow stakeholders with differing resources to participate democratically in discourse.The paper is organized as follows. First,we introduce social responsibility and corporate disclosure concepts related to CSRreporting.Next,we explore widely-used frameworks associated with corporate accountability in the CSR realm. Then, as noted above, we provide a 2-part analysis of how concepts from Habermas' theory of communicative action are currently realized in guidance provided by CSR reporting models. We close with concluding rem arks.Background: social responsibility and corporate disclosureCorporate social responsibility is addressed in current business, accounting and ethics literature. The issue was widely discussed in the seventies and early eighties and then dropped out of sight. The current re-energized focus includes social, environmental and ethical reporting by corporations. The notion of corporate social disclosure arises from a view of social theory which holds that the corporation owes a duty to the society; or has a social contract. One widely cited quotation comes from Shocker and Sethi (1974, p.67):"Any social institution一and business in no exception一operates in societyvia a social contract, expressed or implied, whereby its survival and growth are based on:1 .The delivery of some socially desirable ends to society ingeneral and,2. The distribution of economic, social or political benefits to groups from which it derives its power.In a dnamic society, neither the sources of institutional power nor the needs for its services are permanent. Therefore, an institution must constantly meet the twintests of legitimacy and relevance by demonstrafing that society requires its services and that the groups benefiting from its rewards have society's approval."Carroll and Bucholtz offer a four part definition of corporatesocial responsibility, "The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal,ethical, and discretionary (philanthropic) expectadons that society has of organizations at a given point in time (2006, p. 35)." This definition reflects current thinking on corporate social responsibility and acknowledges the need to note shifts in social environment, these may be social, legal, or political.Corporate investors are questioning the adequacy of this communication approach and have called for increased reporting on issues of broad societal interest. Presently it is estimated that trillions of dollars are allocated to investments based on some social criteria (Sparkes and Cowton, 2004). Confulion may arise with the lack of comparable reporting.Implementable guidelines have consequently been developed by groups proposing models or frameworks for reporting (communicating) and auditing (verifying). Leading examples in order they were first issued are:EMAS (European, particularly German environmental management and audit)ISO 14001(Internationally recognized environmental managementcertification)SA 8000 (Social Accountability Internationallabor standard).AA1000 (International accountability assurante reporting standard).Copenhagen Charter(International standard involving stakeholdercommunications).GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) 2000 (International sustainability report).Models for corporate social responsibility reportingApproaches to social and natural environmental accountability have been developed for various purposes. Classifying them under the umbrella of CSR reporting we will discuss some widely used models and introduce a less well-known model, which may provide additional benefit.Eco-Management and Audit Scheme ( EMAS, 1995,2001)The European Commission set down the basic principles underlying the EMAS scheme in Council Regulation 1836/93 -EMAS of the European Commission. The purpose was improvement of environmental performance and was initially directed at manufacturing firms. This has since been extended to allow broad participation by any public or private entity wishing to participate. The regulation calls for an environmental statement from the entity and requires auditing.Further,there is a continual requirement to document ongoing continual improvement through the of implementation policies, programmes and management systems by a systematic, objective, and periodic evaluation of performance. There is also an obligation to inform the public of the results of the evaluation.The article on participation states that the scheme is open topublic or privateentities operating in the EU or the European Economic Area (EEA).The site may be registered if the site has an environmental policy, asite review, an environmental audit,objectives for continuousimprovement, a statement from each site, verification covering poficy, programmes, the management system, the review and audit procedure, and the statement provided. The validated environmental statement is then forwarded to the competent body in the Member State. The statement is also disseminated to the public after the registration of the site has been completed. The statement should be a concise, comprehensible description of activities at the site; with an assessment of significant relevant environmental issues, including: emissions, waste generation, consumption of raw materials, energy and water, noise and other significant aspects; a presentation of the company's environmental poficy, programme and management system at the site, the deadline for the next statement, and the name of the accredited environmental verifier. The EMAS 2001 was strengthened by requiring ISO 14001 as the environmental management system.Council on Economic Priorities Accreditation Agency Social Accountability Standard (SA8000, 1998)/renamed Social Accountability International (SAI)This standard has a change in focus and is concerned with fair labor practices world wide. It is divided into purpose and scope, normative elements and their interpretation, definitions,and social accountability requirements.The social accountability requirements include: child labor,forced labor, health and safety, freedom of associanon and right to collective bargaining, discrimination, disciplinary practices, working hours,compensation, management systems, management review,company representatives,planning and implementation, control of suppliers, addressing concerns and taking corrective action, outside communication, access for verification and anizationschoosing to adopt this standard are encouraged to require theirsuppliers to comply with its requirements also. This extends it widelyinto global society. Organizations can adopt these standards voluntarily and may disclose their tompliance with the provisions of the standard as part of other statements issued.Institute of Social and Ethical Accountability Standard AA1000 (1999) The first standard for building corporate accountability and trustwas issued in November 1999 by the Institute of Social and Ethical Accountability (ISEA).The ISEA states that the AA 1000standard“provides both a framework that organizationscan use to understand and improve their ethical performance and a means to judge the validity of ethical claims made." The AA1000 standardis described as:an Accountability standard, focused on quality of social and ethical accounting,reporting. securing the auditing and reporting”AA1000 comprises principles (the characteristics of anquality process) and a set of process standards. Thebprocess standards cover planning, accounting,auditing and reporting, embedding, and stakeholder engagement (AA1000, 1999, p. 1).The focus is on improving overall performance through measurement, quality management, recruitment and retention of employees, external stakeholder engagement, partnership, risk management, investors,governance, government and regulatory relations and training (AA1000, 1999, pp. 3-4).Auditing and quality assurance are required as a part of the system. The users of AA1000 are expected to include adopting organizations, stakeholders, service providers, and standards developers. Thus we see the inclusion of societal stakeholders as constituents.Concluding remarksIn this paper, we have adopted the relational view of stakeholders suggested by the theory of pragmatism.Under this perspective, CSR reporting becomes part of an ongoing discourse between a corporation and its stakeholders, rather than one-way communication about past performance. We use Habermas' theory of communicative action to provide guidance on how this discourse can be conducted in a manner that leadsto morally justifiable outcomes. We examine how Habermasian principles are approximated in existing reporting models such as EMAS,ISO, SA 8000, AA 1000, and The Copenhagen Charter.The widespread voluntary adoption of various reporting models allows decision makers interested in social responsibility to evaluate corporations using this information in the context of a perceived social contract. The use of frameworks that approximate principles of communicative action allows investigation not only of reported outcomes, but also of the processes involved.Based on our examination of corporate social responsibilityreporting models currently in use, we conclude that progress is being made in CSR reporting, and communication. Models exist that enablecorporations to report on their social, environmental, and ethical performance. The existing models discussed in this paper offer opportunity for some transparency and greatly enhance the ability for broader stakeholders to compare companies and their performance in these critical arenas. However,the models do not quite move to the level of ethical discourse through which social progress might be achieved. We believe that a different philosophical perspective, making stakeholders an intrinsic part of the discourse rather than peripheral to the process,and engaging them in discourse that is open, fair, and democratic would move society toward moral corporate discourse.Several of the models examined offer aspects that lead in this direction. Modifications of frameworks and frameworks in progress, such as the SA1000 Stakeholder Engagement Standard, provide evidence that corporations and their constituents recognize that corporate accountability is supported by effective stakeholder engagement. As reporting on CSR performance encourages performance improvements,we believe that the same holds for moral discourse.Ascompanies move toward greater transparency in the processes and outcomes of stakeholder discourse, we expect movement toward ideal speech and moral communicative outcomes.。
翻译硕士备考：百科知识名词解释一
翻译硕士备考：百科知识名词解释(一)翻译硕士(MTI=Master of Translation and Interpreting)是为适应社会主义市场经济对应用型高层次专门人才需求而设立的专业学位。
考MTI会有很多备考科目，其中百科较为特殊，百科是对中外常识的累积，如果在过去的上学时间里有累积在复习规程中不会有太大难度，如果没有就需要小编下面的文章了，百科知识中常见的名词解释，分享给大家，祝大家考研成功。
住房限购令：2010年4月30日，北京出台“国十条”实施细则，率先规定“每户家庭只能新购一套商品房”。
9月29日“国五条”出台后，累计有上海、广州、天津、南京、杭州等16个一二线城市推出限购政策。
截至2011年2月，已有36城市提出限购;新一轮住房限购城市将翻番达72个，高压调控楼市跌入“冰点”，据相关专家称2011年房价将得到遏制。
不啻为过热的楼市注入了“冷却剂”。
住房公积金贷款:是指由各地住房公积金管理中心运用职工以其所在单位所缴纳的住房公积金，委托商业银行向缴存住房公积金的在职职工和在职期间缴存住房公积金的离退休职工发放的房屋抵押贷款.住房抵押贷款，又称按揭，是指银行向贷款者提供大部分购房款项，购房者以稳定的收入分期向银行还本付息，而在未还清本息之前，用其购房契约向银行作抵押，若购房者不能按照期限还本付息，银行可将房屋出售，以抵消欠款。
碳排放：是关于温室气体排放的一个总称或简称。
温室气体中最主要的气体是二氧化碳，因此用碳(Carbon)一词作为代表。
虽然并不准确，但作为让民众最快了解的方法就是简单地将“碳排放”理解为“二氧化碳排放”。
多数科学家和政府承认温室气体已经并将继续为地球和人类带来灾难，所以"(控制)碳排放"、“碳中和”这样的术语就成为容易被大多数人所理解、接受、并采取行动的文化基础。
低碳经融：是指服务于旨在减少温室气体排放的各种金融制度安排和金融交易活动，主要包括碳排放权及其衍生品的交易和投资、低碳项目开发的投融资以及其他相关的金融中介活动。
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企业社会责任（通常也被称为企业道德，企业公民权，社会表现，负责任的可持续商业行为，经济责任）是把企业自身的规则整合到商业模型之中的制度，完善这种固定自律的机制主要依靠商业监察手段进而确保积极服从于法律精神、道德标准和国际准则之下。
这个目标是支持对公司负责的行为，通过这种活动创造一种积极社会氛围在环境，消费者，员工，社区，股东和公共范围类也被称为股东的公共人群。
企业社会责任感旨在，帮助企业完成公司计划，同时展示公司理念和鼓励消费。
商业发展道德能够规范企业道德原则和解决可能发生的道德问题。
国际标准组织26000是公认的代表企业责任的标准。
公共组织（例如联合国）坚持三重底线，企业社会责任被广泛接受但不是一种法律规定。
联合国把这种准则作为企业投资发展的一种导向。
这种企业社会责任的收益大小和本质主要依靠企业自身的发展，很难去量化。
商业活动不可能有一个短期的利益回报当发展企业社会责任策略的时候。
一个组织企业社会责任感随着股东提倡者对他的理解的不同而不同，包括一些慈善活动和志愿服务行为。
公司为追求企业社会责任而进行的商业活动可能会引起很大的争论：
人力资源
特别是在竞争激烈的毕业生就业市场，一个企业社会责任项目能够作为招聘和保留人才的辅助手段。
有潜力的应聘者在面试中经常会询问到企业的社会责任制度，拥有完善的制度能占据优势。
企业社会责任能够帮助增进公司员工的洞察力，尤其是当给员工发放工资单，参加募捐活动或者社区志愿服务时。
企业社会责任能够激发前线员工的顾客导向。
风险管理
管理风险是很多公司战略的核心部分。
花费数十年建立起来的名望可能在数小时内就被贪污丑闻或自然事故所毁灭。
这些同时也能引起来自执法者、法庭、政府以及媒体的不必的关注。
公司建立一种有内涵的文化氛围———“做正确的事”来规避这些风险。
动机
一些评论家认为企业社会责任项目被一些公司利用，来分散公众对那些由于他们的核心管理而造成的道德问题的注意力。
他们认为一些公司启动企业社会责任项目是为了商业利益，这些公司乐此不疲的提高他们在公众或者在政府中的声望。
他们暗示一些公司的存在仅仅是为了使利润最大化，这样的公司是不能整体提升社会的利益的。
另外让人担忧的是，有时公司声称提升企业社会责任，并且以可持续发展为己任，同时又进行一些不道德的商业活动。