新编临床医学英语之欧阳家百创编
医学专业英语词汇大全之欧阳美创编
一、内科常用字汇心血管系统 The Cardiovascular SystemAcute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) 急性心机梗塞Electrocardiog ram (DCG) 心电图Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease 高血压性心脏血管疾病Congential Heart Disease 先天性心脏病Hemangioma 血管瘤Vasodilatation 血管扩张Arterioscleros is 动脉硬化Hypertension高血压Hypertrophy 肥大Hypotension 低血压Varicose veins 静脉曲张血液及淋巴系统The Hemic and Lymphatic SystemAdenitis 腺炎Acute Lymphogenous Leukemia 急性淋巴球性白血病Leukocyte 白血球Leukocytopenia 白血球减少Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 全身性红斑性狼疮Splenomegaly脾肿大Anemia贫血Aseptic 无菌的Septicemia败血症Hemostasis 止血Transfusion输血呼吸系统The Respiratory System Pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞Mucosa 黏膜Exhale呼吸Apnea窒息Tachypnea呼吸急促Pneumonia肺炎Bronchitis支气管炎Lung Empyema 肺积脓消化系统The Digestive SystemShort of breath 呼吸短促Dysphasia说话困难Aphasia 失语症Aphonia失声Dysphagia 吞咽困难Gingivitis 齿龈炎Pharyngitis 咽炎Laryngitis 喉炎Esophagoscopy 食道镜检查Esophagus stricture 食道狭窄Abdominocentes is腹部穿刺术Gastric cancer 胃癌Gastritis 胃炎Gastroenteriti s胃肠炎Gastrorrhagia胃出血Pyloric obstruction 幽门阻塞Duodenal Ulcer 十二指肠溃疡Peritonitis 腹膜炎Enterorrhagia肠出血Enterorrhexis 肠破裂Appendicitis阑尾炎Colon cancer结肠癌Proctoscopy 直肠镜检查Rectal cancer 直肠癌Anal Fistual 肛门廔管External hemorrhoid 外痔Internal hemorrhoid 内痔Excretion 排泄Hepatitis肝炎Hepatomegaly 肝肿大Gall Stone 胆结石Cholelithiasis 胆石症LiverCirrhosis 肝硬化Ascites腹水内分泌系统The Endocrine SystemGlycemia糖血症Goiter 甲状腺肿Diabetes Mellitus 糖尿病Diabetes Insipidus尿崩症Bromidrosis汗臭症Pituitary Tumor 脑下垂体肿瘤神经系统The Nervous System Cerebral Arterioscleros is 脑动脉硬化Cerebral Hemorrhage 脑出血Cerebral Edema 脑水肿Cerebra Palsy 脑性麻痹Cerebral Thrombosis 脑栓塞Cranial Neruritis 脑神经炎Intracranial Hemorrhage 颅内出血Encephalitis 脑炎Electromyograp hy 肌电图Neuritis神经炎Epilepsy 癜痫Trigeminal Neuralgia 三叉神经痛Rachitis 痀偻症Rachioscoliios is脊柱侧弯Spondylitis 脊椎炎Quadriplegia 四肢麻痹Paraplegia 下半身瘫痪Immediately loss of consciousness 立即丧失意识Eye opening睁眼反应Verbal response 语言反应Motor response 运动反应Corneal reflex 角膜反射Plantar reflex 膝反射Sciatica坐骨神经痛Chorea 舞蹈症Muscle atrophy 肌萎缩Migraine 偏头痛Parkinson's Disease 巴金森式症Brain Swelling 脑肿胀brain Concussion 脑震荡brain Anoxia脑缺氧症brain Death 脑死肌肉骨骼系统 The Musculoskeleta l System Anterior Cruciate Ligament 前十字韧带Rheumatoid Arthritis 类风湿性关节炎Arthrosclerosi s关节硬化Degenerated Joint Disease 变性关节炎Clavicle Fracture 锁骨骨折PelvicFracture 骨盆骨折Plastic Paris Cast 整形硬石膏MatastaticLesion转移性损害Osteoporosis骨质疏松症Amputation 截肢Bone graft 骨移植Hallux Valgus 大拇指外翻Prosthesis Replacement 人工弥补置换术Range of Motion 运动范围Varus 内翻Chondromalacia 软骨软化症泌尿及男性生殖系统The Urinary and Male Reproductive SystemCystitis 膀胱炎Circumcision包皮环割术Cystoscopy 膀胱镜检查Hydronephrosis 肾水肿Renal Stone 肾结石Acute Renal Failure 急性肾衰竭Cryptorchidism 隐睾症Spermatogenesi s精子生成BenignProstatic Hypertrophy 良性摄护腺肥大Ureteral stenosis 输尿管狭窄Dysuria 排尿困难Hematuria血尿Uremia尿毒症Urinary Tract Infection 尿路感染Vasoligation输精管结扎Impotence 阳萎特殊感觉器官 The Organs of Special Senses Audiometer 听力计Otitis耳炎Otorrhea耳漏Tympanitis中耳炎Tympanotomy 鼓膜穿破术Nasitis鼻炎Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma鼻咽癌Rhinorrhea 鼻溢Intraocular Foreign Body 眼内异物Intraocular pressure 眼内压Oculus Uterque 双眼OculusSinister 左眼Oculus Dexter 右眼ExtraocularMuscle 眼外肌Ophthalmologis t 眼科医师Diplopia 复视Myopia 近视Blepharoptosis 眼睑下垂Corneitis 角膜炎Pupil Size Anisocoria瞳孔大小不等Retinopexy 视网膜固定术Retinal Detachment 视网膜剥落Visual field 视野Vocal nodular 声带结节Dermatologist 皮肤科医师Dermatitis皮肤炎Cataract白内障Glaucoma青光眼综合性字汇Contraceptive避孕的Contraindicati on 禁忌症Biology 生物学Hyperemesis 剧吐Polydipsia剧渴Homosexual 同性的Heterosexual 异性的Inject 注射Lipoma 脂肪瘤Lipoid 脂肪样的Lipomatosis 脂肪过多症Malformaiton 畸形Malaise 不适Necrosis坏死Nocturia 夜尿症Ployuria 多尿Narcotics 麻醉药Hyperplasia 增殖Dysplasia 发育不良Dyspepsia 消化不良Prognosis 预後Antipyretic 解热剂Hydrophobia 恐水症Photophobia 畏光Antibiotic 抗生素Syndrome 症候群Hydrotherapy 水疗法Perforation 穿孔Percussion叩诊Visceralgia脏器痛二、妇产科常用字汇Genital 生殖的Gynecology 妇科Menstruation 月经Menopause 更年期Menorrhagia经血过多Amenorrhea 无月经Dysmenorrhea经痛Menarche初经Cervical cancer 子宫颈癌Cervical Erosion子宫颈糜烂Cervicitis子宫颈炎Perineum会阴Endometriosis子宫内膜异位Ovary 卵巢Ovarian Cyst 卵巢囊肿Ovulation排卵Vaginitis阴道炎Colposcopy 阴道镜检法Galactocele乳腺囊肿Mammography 乳房X光摄影术Infertility 不孕症InVitro Fertilization 体外受精Amnion 羊膜Amniocentesis 羊膜穿刺术Amniotic Fluid Embolism 羊水栓塞Hydramnion 羊水过多Anterpartal 产前的Antepartum 分娩前ChorionicVilli Sampling 绒毛膜绒毛取样Cephalo Pelvic Disproportion 胎头骨盆不对称Artificial Insemination人工受精Engagement 进入产位Estrogen动情基素Colostrum 初乳Termination of Pregnancy 终止怀孕Corpus Luteum 黄体Vacuum Extraction Delivery 真空吸出分娩Venereal Disease 性病Tubal Ligation 输卵管结扎Laparoscope 腹腔镜Embryo 胚胎Ectopic Gestation 子宫外孕Primipara 初产妇Attitude of Fetus 胎儿体位Dead Detus in Uterus 胎死腹中Multipara 经产妇Parity 经产PlacentaPrevia前置胎盘Postpartum 产後Postpartum hemorrhage产後出血Toxemia of Pregnancy 妊娠毒血症Adolescence青春期Basal Body Temperature 基础体温Cesarean Section 剖腹产Expected Date of Confinement 预产期Fallopian Tube 输卵管Forceps 产钳Hydatidiform Mole 水囊状胎块Labor Pain阵痛Painless Labor 无痛分娩Molding胎头变形Normal Spontaneous Delivery 正常自然生产Papanicolaou Smear 子宫颈抹片检查Premature Rupture of Membrance 早期破水Progesterone黄体素Stillbrith死产Suture 缝合Stump残物Withdrawal Bleeding 停经出血三、小儿科常用字汇Apnea呼吸暂停Aplastic Anemia再生不良性贫血Arterio Venous Malformation动静脉畸形Bronchial Asthma支气管性气喘Bronchitis支气管炎Cephalopematom a头血肿Erythema红斑Hypospadia尿道下裂Dehydration 脱水Hydrocephalus 水脑Hydrocele 阴囊积水Polydactylia多指畸形Pyoderma脓皮症Sepsis 败血症Tonsillitis扁桃腺炎Encephalitis脑炎Gastroenteriti s肠胃炎Necrotizing Enterocolitis 坏死性小肠结肠炎Malignant恶性的Congenital Malformation先天性畸形Neonatal Asphyxia新生儿窒息Cleft Palate 颚裂Diarrhea腹泻Dental Caries 龋齿Facial Nerve Paralysis 颜面神经麻痹Hives Urticaria蕈麻疹Torticollis斜颈Vaccine疫苗Incubator 保温箱Cleft lip 兔唇Chicken pox 水痘Club foot 畸足Diphtheria白喉Dengue fever 登革热Eczema湿疹Congenital syphilis 先天性梅毒GermanMeasles/ Rubella德国麻疹Giant baby巨婴Gonorrhea 淋病Hepatitis B B 型肝炎Hand-foot-mouth disease 手足口病Jaundice 黄疸Mongolian spots 蒙古斑Mumps 腮腺炎Respiratory arrest呼吸停止Roseola infantum幼儿玫瑰疹Vomiting呕吐四、精神科常用字汇Mental retardation 智能不足autism自闭症dement 痴呆症alzheimer's dementia阿尔茲海默式形痴呆症alcoholism 酒瘾substances Intoxication 物质中毒alcohol Intoxication 酒精中毒amphetamine Intoxication 安非他命中毒schizophrenia 精神分裂病delusional Disorder 妄想性病患Major Depressive Disorder重郁症疾患phobia畏惧症obsessive-Compulsive Disorder强迫性病患pedophilia恋童癖exhibitionism 暴露狂Transvestic Fetishism扮异性恋物癖GenderIdentity Disorders 性别认同疾患Anorexia Nervosa心因性厌食症Bulimia Nervosa心因性暴食症临床症状blunted affect 感情迟钝silly Laughter 傻笑apathy冷漠irritable 易怒的euphoria欣快感depression 忧郁ambivalence感情矛盾Flat Affect感情平淡suicideattempt 自杀企图queer behavior 怪异行为bizarre behavior 特异行为hypertalkative 多话hypotalkative 少话mutistic不语hyperactivity 活动过多hypoactivity 活动过少compulsive behavior 强迫行为verbigeration 重复语言catelepsy 僵直negativism阻抗行动Mannerism作态行为destrctive behavior 破坏行为autistic thinking 自闭性思考poverty of speech 言语贫乏flight of ideas 意念飞跃loosening of association 思考连结松散illogical thinking 不合逻辑思考pressure speech 言语急迫thought blocking 思考中断incoherent 语无伦次thought Withdrawal 思想退缩irrelevant 答非所问delusion 妄想delusion ofpersecution 被害妄想delusion of grandeur 夸大妄想Phobia 恐惧症acrophobia 惧高症algophobia 惧痛症sexual drive 性欲illusion 错觉hallucination 幻觉auditory hallucination 听幻觉disoreinatatio n 失去定向力amnesia记忆丧失症confabulation 虚谈症orientation 定向力judgement 判断力derealization 失真感insight病识感no insight 无病识感intellectual insight 理性的病识感true emotional insight 真正具有情绪性病识感心理学名词free association 自由联想dream analysis 梦的解析ego 自我id 原我super ego 超我ego boundary 自我界限libido 原欲scapegoat 代罪羔羊internal conflict 内在冲突conscious 意识unconscious 潜意识preconscious前意识transference 情感转移depersonalizat ion 人格解体derealization 脱离现实neurosis神经精神病Psychosis神经病Pleasure Principle 享乐原则Reality Principle 现实原则MoralPrinciple 道德原则Predisposing Factors 潜在因素Precipitating Factors 诱发因素Defense Mechanism 防卫机转compensation补偿作用conversion 转化作用denial 否认作用displacement 转移作用dissociation 解离作用fantasy 幻想作用identification 认同作用introjection 内射作用projection 外射作用retionalizatio n 合理化作用reaction formation 反向作用degression 退化作用repression 潜抑作用suppression 压抑作用restitution 归还作用sublimation 升华作用substitution 取代作用symbolism 象徵作用undoing 抵销作用distortion 曲解作用isolation 隔离作用Cognitive behavioral Therapy认知行为治疗Empathy 同理心Resistance阻抗testing out behavior 试探行为self-awareness 自我了解separation anxiety 分离焦虑reinforcement 增强原则catharsis 情绪宣泄confrontation 面质listen 倾听restraint 约束physical restraint 身体的约束chemical 药物的约束五、各科常用缩写AAAD against-advice discharge 自动出院A abdomen 腹部ADL activities of daily life 日常生活活动A/G albumin /globulinration 白蛋白/蛋球白比例AK above knee 膝上B.BE below elbow 肘下BH bodyheight 身高b.i.d twice a day 一日两次Bil bilateral 两侧的BK below knee 膝下BM bowel movement 肠蠕动BMR basal metabolic rate 基础代谢率BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy良性摄护腺肥大BTI biliary tractinfection胆道感染BUS blood, urine, stool 血液,小便,大便BW body weight 体重C.Ca. Carcinoma 癌CBC completeblood count 全血球计数CBD common bile duct 总胆管CH cerebral hemorrhage 脑出血Chest P-A chestposterio-anterio 前後胸部CO cardiac output 心输出量CPR cardiopulmonar yresuscitation 心肺复苏术CPS chronic paranasal sinusitis 慢性鼻窦炎C/T chemotherapy化学治疗法CT cerebral thrombosis 脑栓塞CT Scan computerized axial tomography scan 电脑断层检查CVA cerebral vascular accident 脑血管意外CVP central venouspressure 中心静脉压D.DC discontinue 停止D&C dilatation and curettage 扩张及刮除术DM diabetes mellitus 糖尿病DPT diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus 白喉,百日咳,破伤风DU duodenal ulcer 十二指肠溃伤E.ECG eletrocardiogr am 心电图EEG electroecephal ogram 脑电波图ENT ear, nose, throat 耳鼻喉F.FH family history 家族史FHS fetal heart sounds 胎心音FOU fever of unknown 不明原因发烧Fr fracture 骨折G.GB gall bladder 胆囊GI tract gastric intestinaltract 胃肠道GSR general surgicalroutine 一般外科常规gtt. Drops 滴GU genitourinary 生殖泌尿的GYN gynecology 妇科学HHb hemoglobi n 血色素HICH hyperte nsive intracerebral hemorrhage 高血压性脑内出血h.s. at bedtime 睡前HT Hypertension高血压Ht. (Hct.) Hematocrit 血球容积Hx History 病例IICP Intermit tent catheterization program 间歇性导尿ICU Intensive care unit 加护病房ICT Intracerebral tumor脑内肿瘤I & D Incision and drainage 切开及流IICP Increased intracranial pressure 增高胪内压Imp. Impression 臆断IM Intramuscular 肌肉内的I & O Intake and output 输入及排出IV Intravenous 静脉内的IVKO Intravenous keep open 静脉点滴维持通畅JJej. Jejunum 空肠Jt. Joint 关节KKn. Knee 膝KUB Kidney, ureter,baldder 肾、输尿管及膀胱L.LFT liver function test 肝功能试验LLQ left lower quadrant 左下象限LMP last menstrual period 最後一次月经MMBD may be discharged 可出院MN midnight 午夜NNKA non known allergy 不明原因的过敏NP nothing particular 并无特别的NPC nasopharyngeal carcinoma 鼻咽癌NPO nothing by mouth 禁食O.OA osteo-arthritis 骨性关节炎OB occult blood 潜血OBS obstetrics 产科OP operation 手术OPD outpatient department 门诊Ortho. Orthopaedic 骨科矫行的OS ocular sinistro 左眼OToccupationaltherapy 职能治疗OU Both eyes 双眼Pp.c. after meals 饭後PCT Penicillin test 盘尼西林测验PE Physical examination 身体检查PI Present illness 目前病况p.o. by mouth 由口PPU Perforat ed petic ulcer 穿孔性胃溃疡PT Physical therapy 物理治疗PTA Prior to admission 入院前PTN Parenteral totalnutrition 肠道外的高营养QQ every 每一q.d. every day 每日q.h every hour 每小时q.i.d. four times a day 每日四次q.m. every morning 每日早晨q.n. every night 每日晚间RRA rheumatoi d a arthritis 类风湿性关节炎RBC red blood cell 红血球RN registere d nurse 护理师R/O rule out 可能是RR recovery room 恢复室R/T radio-therapy test 放射治疗RUQ right upper quadrant 右上象限Rx take取拿Med ication 处方Tre atment 治疗SSc. Subcutan eous 皮下的SOB short of breath 呼吸短促SP.g.r. spec ific gravity 比重S/P status/ post operation 手术後s-s half 一半St(stat) imm ediately 立刻Staph. Staph ylococcus 葡萄球菌Tt.i.d. Three times a day 每日三次TPR Temperat ure, pulse, respirations体温、脉搏、呼吸TURP Trans -urethral resection of prostate 经尿道切除摄护腺UURI Upper respiratory infection 上呼吸道感染WWBC White blood cell 白血球White blood count 白血球计数YY/O year old 年龄Z zero 零六、解剖式内外科常用字汇The cardiovascular system 心血管系统lungs 肺脏venisvessels血管capillaries微血管cardi 心脏arteriesblood clot凝血The Hemic and Lymphatic System血液及淋巴系统Blood 血液Red blood cell 红血球White blood cell白血球Platelet血小板TheRespiratory System 呼吸系统Bronchial tube 主支气管Alveoii气泡Pharynx咽Larynx喉Trachea气管Lung肺Bronchioles小支气管Pleura胸膜Chest 胸Air 气The Digestive System 消化系统Lips唇teeth 牙齿tongue舌bile duct 胆管gallbladder 胆囊duodenum十二指肠jejunum空肠ileum 回肠appendix 阑尾smallintestine小肠largeintestine大肠rectum 直肠anus 肛门pancreas胰stomach 胃esophagus食道pharynx咽The Endocrine SystemGlands 腺体Adrenals肾上腺Pancreas胰Pituitary 脑下腺Thyroid and parathyroids甲状腺和副甲状腺Breasts 乳房Ovaries 卵巢Testes睾丸The Nervous SystemBrain 脑Spinal cord 脊髓Vertebra脊椎Cranium颅腔Meninges脑膜Nerves神经The Musculoskeleta l System 肌肉骨系统Skull 头骨Clavicle锁骨Sternum 胸骨Ribs 助骨Joints 关节Ligaments 韧带Tendons 肌腱Cartilage 软骨The Urinary and Male Reproductive System 泌尿及男性生殖系统Cortex皮质Urinary膀胱Urethra尿道Ureters输尿管Kidney 肾脏Renal pelvis 肾孟Vas deferens精管Urinarybladder 膀胱prostate gland 前列腺scrotum 阴囊testis 睾丸penis阴茎urethra尿道The Organs of Special Senses 特殊感觉器官Acoustic nerve 听神经Ear 耳朵Hearing 听觉的tube 耳咽管Eardrum 耳骨膜Eustachian 欧式管Nasal cavities 鼻腔Nose 鼻Eyelid眼睑Lens晶球体Carnea角膜Tear duct泪管Conjunctiva结膜Choroid layer 脉络膜Retina视网膜Sclera巩膜Optic nerve视神经Obstetrics & Hynecology 妇产科常用字汇。
新编临床医学英语之欧阳理创编
第1期:病患的问题与诉求Unit 1 Text A Internal Medicine and Today's Internis t第1单元文章A 内科与内科医生Questions/Pleas of the Patient病患的问题与诉求How can I find a good doctor?"我如何找到一位良医？How can I find a good doctor whom I can afford?"如何能够碰到一位价格亲民的医生？How can I find a good doctor who cares about me as a pe rson?〃又如何能够遇见一位把我当成“人”看待的医生？How can I find a good doctor who will take the time to li sten and understand?"如何找到一位能够花时间倾听我的诉说，了解我的名医？People who need medical care ask these questions throug hout the world every day.每天，全球有许多病患都在询问这些问题。
They ask them because they face a health care system tha t is scientifically complex,organizationally overloaded, and generally not oriented t o the patient as a person.他们之所以问这些问题，是因为他们所面对的医疗保健体系技术深奥、机构臃肿，而且一般都没有意识到病人首先是一个“人”。
When an individual first becomes ill, regardless of the sy mptoms, he or she needs mostsomeone who seems to say,如果有人生了病，不管症状如何，他们最希望听到的是："I am a good doctor；I charge a reasonable amount for my services；I care about you，thepatient and I will take the time to listen and understand. "“我是医生；我只收取亲民价格，我关心病患，我将倾听你的诉求，理解你。
D-二聚体的检测及临床意义之欧阳家百创编
欧阳家百创编D-二聚体的检测及临床意义欧阳家百（2021.03.07）近年由于血栓性疾病的增多，检验医学即时检验(POCT)在免疫测定技术方面，特别是在出凝血和血栓性疾病的研究上取得了重大的进展。
D-二聚体的检测方法，从传统的定性试验，变为简单快速准确定量的即时检验。
金标全定量快速检测对于血栓性疾病的及时准确欧阳家百创编欧阳家百创编诊断、以及对溶栓治疗的疗效监测，是必不可少的重要指标。
一、D-二聚体的形成正常人纤溶酶和抑制酶之间保持了动态平衡，使血液循环能正常进行。
人体内的纤溶系统，对保持血管壁的正常通透性；维持血液的流动状态和组织修复，起着重要作用。
为维护正常生理状态，在外伤或血管受损的情况下，血栓的形成可防止血液从损伤的血管中流失。
欧阳家百创编欧阳家百创编病理状态下，机体发生凝血时，凝血酶作用于纤维蛋白，转变为交联纤维蛋白，同时纤溶系统被激活，降解纤维蛋白形成各种碎片。
γ链能把二个含D片断的碎片连接起来，形成D-二聚体。
D-二聚体水平的上升，代表血块在血管循环系统中形成，急性血栓形成的一个敏感的标记物。
但不具特异性;下列因素如外科手术、创伤、感染、发炎、怀孕、产后等，也会导致凝血酶的产生使D-D水平的上升。
欧阳家百创编欧阳家百创编D-二聚体的升高反映了体内存在着凝血及纤溶活性增强的重要分子标志物。
因此它既可反映体内存在着血栓或继续形成的状况，又可反映体内纤溶活性增强的指标，因为纤维蛋白降解产物中，唯有D-二聚体可反映血栓形成后的溶栓活性，对于临床血栓性疾病的诊断和溶栓治疗有着极其重要的价值。
二、D-二聚体检测的方法学的进展1、三P试验：FDP碎片X和可溶性纤维蛋白单体FM复欧阳家百创编欧阳家百创编合物的定性试验。
缺点：敏感性差，DIC阳性率30-60%，试验时间长，干扰因素多，采血不顺，溶血均可影响结果，只能定性不能定量。
2、胶乳凝集法：简单快速缺点：敏感性低，定性或定量倍比稀释，费试剂，重复性差。
雅思阅读真题之欧阳家百创编
The SpectacularEruptionofMountSt. Helens欧阳家百（2021.03.07）A The eruption in May 1980 of Mount St. Helens, Washington State, astounded the world withits violence. A gigantic explosion tore much of the volcano's summit to fragments; the energyreleased was equal to that of 500 of the nuclear bombs that destroyed Hiroshima in 1945.B The event occurred along the boundary of two of the moving plates that make up the Earth'scrust. They meet at the junction of the North American continent and the Pacific Ocean. Oneedge of the continental North American plate over-rides the oceanic Juan de Fuca micro-plate,producing the volcanic Cascade range that includes Mounts Baker, Rainier and Hood, and LassenPeak as well as Mount St. Helens.C Until Mount St. Helens began to stir, only Mount Baker and Lassen Peak had shown signs oflife during the 20th century. According to geological evidence found by the United StatesGeological Survey, there had been two major eruptions of Mount St. Helens in the recent(geologically speaking)past: around 1900 B.C., and about A.D. 1500. Since the arrival ofEuropeans in the region, it had experienced a single period of spasmodic activity, between 1831and 1857. Then, for more than a century, Mount St. Helens lay dormant.D By 1979, the Geological Survey, alerted by signs of renewed activity, had been monitoringthe volcano for 18 months. It warned the local population against being deceived by themountain's outward calm, and forecast that an eruption would take place before the end of thecentury. The inhabitants of the area did not have to wait that long. On March 27, 1980,a fewclouds of smoke formed above the summit , and slight tremors were felt. On the 28th, larger anddarker clouds,. consisting of gas and ashes,. emerged and climbed as high as 20,000 feet. In Aprila slight lull ensued, but the volcanologists remained pessimistic. The, in early May, the northernflank of the mountain bulged, and the summit rose by 500 feet.E Steps were taken to evacuate the population. Most- campers, hikers, timbercuttersleft theslopes of the mountain. Eighty-four-year-old Harry Truman, a holiday lodge owner who had livedthere for more than 50 years, refused to be evacuated, in spite of official and public, including anentire class of school children, wrote to him, begging him to leave. He never did.F On May 18, at 8.32 in the morning, Mount St. Helens blew its top. literally. Suddenly, it was1300 feet shorter than it had been before its growth had begun. Over half a cubic mile of rock haddisintegrated . At the same moment, an earthquake with an intensity of 5 on the Richter scale wasrecorded. It triggered an avalanche of snow and ice. mixed with hot rock-the entire north face ofthe mountain had fallen away. A wave of scorching volcanic gas and rock fragments shothorizontally from the volcano's riven flank, at an inescapable 200 miles per hour. As the slidingice and snow melted, it touched off devastating torrents of mud and debris, which destroyed alllife in their path. Pulverised, which destroyed all life in their path.Pulverised rock climbed as adust cloud into the atmosphere. Finally, viscous lava, accompanied by burning clouds of ash andgas, welled out of volcano's new crater, and from lesser vents and cracks in its flanks.G Afterwards, scientists were able to analyse the sequence of events. First, magmamoltenrock-at temperatures above 2000oF. had surged into the volcano from the Earth's mantle. Thebuild-up was accompanied by an accumulation of gas, which increased as the mass of magmagrew. It was the pressure inside the mountain that made it swell. Next, the rise in gas pressurecaused a violent decompression. Which ejected the shattered summit like a cork from a shakensoda bottle. With the summit gone, the molten rock within was released in a jet of gas andfragmented magma, and lava welled from the crater.H The effects of the Mount St. Helens eruption were catastrophic. Almost all the trees of thesurrounding forest, mainly Douglas firs. were flattened. and their branches and bark ripped off bythe shock wave of the explosion. Ash and mud spread over nearly 200square miles of country. Allthe towns and settlements in the area were smothered in an even coating of ash. Volcanic ash siltedup the Columbia River 35 miles away, reducing the debris that accumulated at the foot of thevolcano reached a depth. in places, of 200 feet.I The eruption of Mount St. Helens was one of the most closely observed and analysed inhistory. Because geologists had been expecting the event, they were able to amass vast amounts oftechnical data when it happened. Study of atmospheric particles formed as a result of theexplosion showed that droplets of sulphuric acid, acting as a screen between the Sun and theEarth's surface, caused a distinct drop in temperature. There is no doubt that the activity of MountSt. Helens and other volcanoes since 1980 has influenced our climate . Even so, it has beencalculated that the quantity of dust ejected by Mount St. Helens - a quarter of a cubic mile- wasnegligible in comparison with that thrown out by earlier eruptions, such as that of Mount Katmaiin Alaska in 1912 (three cubic miles). The volcano is still active. Lavadomes have formed insidethe new crater, and have periodically burst. The threat of Mount St Helens lives on..Questions 1 and 2Answer questions 1 and 2 by writing the appropriate letter A-I inboxes 1 and 2 on your answersheet.Example AnswerWhich paragraph compares the eruption to the energy Areleased by nuclear bomb?1. Which paragraph describes the evacuation of the mountain?2. Which paragraph describes the moment of the explosion of Mount St. Helens?Questions 3 and 43. What are the dates of the TWO major eruptions of Mount St. Helens before 1980?Write TWO dates in box 3 on your answer sheet.4 How do scientists know that the volcano exploded around the two dates above?Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS , write your answer in box 4 on your answersheetQuestions 5-8Complete the summary of events below leading up to the eruption of Mount St. Helens. ChooseNO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.W rite your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.In 1979 the Geological Survey warned ... (5) ... to expect a violent eruption before the end of thecentury. The forecast was soon proved accurate. At the end of March there were tremors andclouds formed above the mountain. This was followed by a lull, but in early May the top of themountain rose by ... (6)... . People were ...(7) ... from around the mountain. Finally, on May 18that ...(8) ..., Mount St. Helens exploded.Question 9 and 10Complete the table below giving evidence for the power of the Mount St. Helens eruption.Write your answers in boxes 9 and 10 on your answer sheet.Item Equivalent toExampleThe energy released by the explosion ofMount St. HelensAnswer500 nuclear bombsThe area of land covered in mud or ash ...(9)...The quantity of dust ejected ...(10)...Question 11Choose the appropriate letter A-D and write it in box 11 one your answer sheet.11. According to the text the eruption of Mount St. Helens and other volcanoes has influenced ourclimate by ...A increasing the amount of rainfall.B heating the atmosphere.C cooling the air temperature.D causing atmospheric storms.READING PASSAGE 2Questions 12-16Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs A-G.Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-E and G from the list of heading below.Write the appropriate numbers (i-x) in boxes 12-16 on your answer sheet.NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them.You may use any of the headings more than once.List of Headings(i) The effect of changing demographics on organisations(ii) Future changes in the European workforce(iii) The unstructured interview and its validity(iv) The person-skills match approach to selection(v) The implications of a poor person-environment fit(vi) Some poor selection decisions(vii) The validity of selection procedures(viii) The person-environment fit(ix) Past and future demographic changes in Europe(x) Adequate and inadequate explanations of organisational failure Example Paragraph A Answer (x)12. Paragraph B13. Paragraph C14. Paragraph D15. Paragraph E16. Paragraph GPEOPLE AND ORGANISATIONS: THE SELECTION ISSUEA In 1991, according to the Department of Trade and Industry, a record 48,000 Britishcompanies went out of business. When businesses fail, the post-mortem analysis is traditionallyundertaken by accountants and market strategists. Unarguablyorganisations do fail because ofundercapitalisation, poor financial management, adverse market conditions etc. Yet, conversely,organisations with sound financial backing, good product ideas and market acumen oftenunderperform and fail to meet shareholders' expectations. The complexity, degree and sustainmentof organisational performance requires an explanation which goes beyond the balance sheet andthe "paper conversion" of financial inputs into profit making outputs.A more completeexplanation of "what went wrong" necessarily must consider the essence of what an organisationactually is and that one of the financial inputs, the most important and often the most expensive, ispeople.B An organisation is only as good as the people it employs. Selecting the right person for thejob involves more than identifying the essential or desirable range of skills, educational andprofessional qualifications necessary to perform the job and then recruiting the candidate who ismost likely to possess these skills or at least is perceived to have theability and predisposition toacquire them. This is a purely person/skills match approach to selection.C Work invariably takes place in the presence and/or under the direction of others, in aparticular organisational setting. The individual has to "fit" in with the work environment, withother employees, with the organisational climate, style or work, organisation and culture of theorganisation. Different organisations have different cultures (Cartwright & Cooper, 1991; 1992).Working as an engineer at British Aerospace will not necessarily be a similar experience toworking in the same capacity at GEC or Plessey.D Poor selection decisions are expensive. For example, the costs of training a policeman areabout £20,000 (approx. US$ 30,000). The costs of employing an unsuitable technician on an oilrig or in a nuclear plant could, in an emergency, result in millions of pounds of damage or loss oflife. The disharmony of a poor person-environment fit (PE-fit) is likely to result in low jobsatisfaction, lack of organisational commitment and employee stress,which affect organisationaloutcomes i.e. productivity, high labour turnover and absenteeism, and individual outcomes i.e.physical, psychological and mental well-being.E However, despite the importance of the recruitment decision and the range of sophisticatedand more objective selection techniques available, including the use of psychometric tests,assessment centres etc., many organisations are still prepared to make this decision on the basis ofa single 30 to 45 minute unstructured interview. Indeed, research has demonstrated that a selectiondecision is often made within the first four minutes of the interview. In the remaining time, theinterviewer then attends exclusively to information that reinforces the initial "accept" or "reject"decision. Research into the validity of selection methods has consistently demonstrated that theunstructured interview, where the interviewer asks any questions he or she likes, is a poorpredictor of future job performance and fares little better that more controversial methods likegraphology and astrology. In times of high unemployment,!recruitment becomes a "buyer'smarket" and this was the case in Britain during the 1980s.F The future, we are told, is likely to be different. Detailed surveys of social and economictrends in the European community show that Europe's population is falling and getting older, Thebirth rate in the Community is now only three-quarters of the level needed to ensure replacementof the existing population. By the year 2020, it is predicted that more than one in four Europeanswill be aged 60 or more and barely one in five will be under 20. In a five-year period between1983 and 1988 the Community's female workforce grew by almost six million. As a result, 51% ofall women aged 14 to 64 are now economically active in the labour market compared with 78% ofmen.G The changing demographics will not only affect selection ratios. They will also make itincreasingly important for organisations wishing to mainta in their competitive edge to be moreresponsive and accommodating to the changing needs of their workforce if they are to retain anddevelop their human resources. More flexible working hours, the opportunity of work from homeor job share, the provision of childcare facilities etc., will play a major role in attracting andretaining staff in the future.Questions 17-22Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 17-22 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the writerNO if the statement does not agree with the writerNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage 17. Organisations should recognise that their employees are a significant part of theirfinancial assets.18. Open-structured 45 minute interviews are the best method to identify suitable employees.19. The rise in the female workforce in the European Community is a positive trend.20. Graphology is a good predictor of future fob performance.21. In the future, the number of people in employable age groups will decline.22. In 2020, the percentage of the population under 20 will be smallerthan now.Questions 23-25Complete the notes below with words taken from Reading Passage 2. Use NO MORE THANONE or TWO WORDS for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet. READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-38 which are based on Reading Passage 3on pages 9 and 10."The Rollfilm Revolution"The introduction of the dry plate process brought with it many advantages. Not only was it muchmore convenient, so that the photographer no longer needed to prepare his material in advance,but its much greater sensitivity made possible a new generation of cameras. Instantaneousexposures had been possible before, but only with some difficulty and with special equipment andconditions. Now, exposures short enough to permit the camera to the held in the hand were easilyachieved. As well as fitting shutters and viewfinders to their conventional stand cameras,manufacturers began to construct smaller cameras in tended specifically for hand use.One of the first designs to be published was Thomas Bolas' s 'Detective' camera of 1881.Externally a plain box, quite unlike the folding bellows camera typical of the period, it could beused unobtrusively. The name caught on, and for the next decade or so almost all hand cameralwere called ' Detectives', Many. of the new designs in the 1880s were for magazine cameras, inwhich a number of dry plates could be pre-loaded and changed one after another followingexposure. Although much more convenient than stand cameras, still used by most serious workers,magazine plate cameras were heavy, and required access to a darkroom for loading andprocessing the plates. This was all changed by a young American bank clerk turned photographicmanufacturer, George Eastman, from Rochester, New York. Eastman had begun to manufacture gelatine dry plates in 1880. being one of the first to do so inAmerica. He soon looked for ways of simplifying photography, believing that many people wereput off by the complication and messiness. His first step was to develop, wih the cameramanufacturer William H. Walker, a holder for a long roll of paper negative 'film'. This could befitted to a standard plate camera and up to forty-eight exposures made before reloading. Thecombined weight of the paper roll and the holder was far less than the same number of glassplates in their ling-tight wooden holders. Although roll-holders had been made as early as the1850s, none had been very successful be cause of the limitations of the photographic materialsthen available. Eastman's rollable paper film was sensitive and gave negatives of good quality;the Eastman-Walker roll-holder was a great success.The next step was to combine the roll-holder with a small hand camera; Eastman's first designwas patented with an employee, F. M. Cossitt, in 1886. It was not a success. Only fifty Eastmandetective cameras were made, and they were sold as a lot to a dealer in 1887; the cost was toohigh and the design too complicated. Eastman set about developing a new model, which waslaunched in June 1888. It was a small box, containing a roll of paperbased stripping filmsufficient for 100 circular exposures 6 cm in diameter. Its operation was simple: set the shutter bypulling a wire string; aim the camera using the V line impression in the camera top; press therelease botton to activate the exposure; and turn a special key to wind to the film. A hundredexposures had to be made, so it was important to record each picture in the memorandum bookprovided, since there was no exposure counter. Eastman gave his camera the invented name'Kodak'-which was easily pronounceable in most languages. and had two Ks which Eastman feltwas a firm, uncompromising kind of letter.The importance of Eastman's new roll-film camera was not that it was the first. There had beenseveral earlier cameras, notably the Stirn 'America', first demonstrated in the spring of 1887 andon sale from early 1888. This also used a roll of negative paper, and had such refinements as areflecting viewfinder and an ingenious exposure marker. The real significance of the first Kodakcamera was that it was backed up by a developing and printing service. Hitherto ,virtually allphotographers developed and printed their own pictures. This required that facilities of adarkroom and the time and inclination to handle the necessary chemicals, make the prints and soon. Eastman recognized that not everyone had the resources or the desire to do this. When acustomer had made a hundred exposures in the Kodak camera, he sent it to Eastman's factory inRochester (or later in Harrow in England) where the film was unloaded, processed and printed,the camera reloaded and returned to the owner. "You Press the Button, We Do the Rest" ranEastman's classic marketing slogan; photography had been brought to everyone. Everyone, that is,who could afford $ 25 or five guineas for the camera and $ 10 or two guineas for the developingand printing . A guinea ( $ 5 ) was a week's wages for many at the time, so this simple camera costthe equivalent of hundreds of dollars today.In 1889 an improved model with a new shutter design was introduced, and it was called the No. 2Kodak camera. The paper-based stripping film was complicated to manipulate, since theprocessed negative image had to be stripped from the paper base for printing. At the end of 1889Eastman launched a new roll film on a celluloid base. Clear, tough, transparent and flexible, thenew film not only made the rollfilm camera fully practical, but provided the raw material for theintroduction of cinematography a few years later. Other, larger models were introduced, includingseveral folding versions, one of which took pictures 21.6 cm x 16.5 cm in size. Othermanufacturers in America and Europe introduced cameras to take the Kodak roll-films, and otherfirms began to offer developing and printing services for the benefit of the new breed ofPhotographers.By September 1889 , over 5,000 Kodak cameras had been sold in the USA, and the company wasdaily printing 6-7,000 negatives, Holidays and special events created enormous surges in demandfor processing: 900 Kodak users returned their cameras for processing and reloading in the weekafter the New York centennial celebration.Questions 26-29Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 26-29 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the writerNO if the statement does agree with the writerNOTGIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage 26. Before the dry plate process short exposures could only b achieved with cameras held inthe hand.27. Stirn's America' camera lacked Kodak's developing service.28. The first Kodak film cost the equivalent of a week's wages to develop.29. Some of Eastman's 1891 range of cameras could be loaded in daylight.Questions 30-34Complete the diagram below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage foreach answer.Write your answers in boxes 30-34 on your answer sheet. Questions 35-38Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREEWORDS from the passage foreach answer.Write your answers in boxes 35-38 on your answer sheet.。
医院科室牌标牌中英文对照表之欧阳与创编
医院科室牌标牌中英文对照表病房楼楼层总索引Layout of Inpatient Building大厅Lobby卫事中心Patient-aid center小卖部Buffet出院病人领取费用清单List of expenses for discharged patients普通病人出院结帐Check-out for common discharged patients住院登记收费Check-in for inpatients医保社保出院结帐Check-out for patients with medical / social insurance病区药房Ward dispensary输血科Transfusion section急诊化验Emergency lab急诊手术室Emergency operating theatre门诊手术室Clinic operating theatre出入院病人接待处Reception of inpatients（二病区）重症监护ICU ( Area 2 )外科示教室Surgery demo room妇科示教室Gynecology demo room仓库Warehouse特殊感染病室Special infection diseases主任办公室Director office治疗室Therapeutic room护士长办公室Head nurse office医生办公室Doctor office护士站Nurse station（三病区）儿科Pediatrics Dept (Area 3)电脑中心Computer center更衣室Change room儿科教研室Pediatrics teaching & research section 婴儿洗澡间Infant bathroom新生婴儿监护室Neonatuswardship新生婴儿室Neonatus room重症室ICU诊疗室Consulting room（四病区）产科Obstetrical Dept (Area 4)机房Machine room婴儿抚触中心Infant-stroking center（五病区）产房Obstetrical Ward (Area 5)分娩室Delivery room隔离分娩室Isolation delivery room陪伴分娩室（一）Delivery room with companion (1)陪伴分娩室（二）Delivery room with companion (2)护士值班室Nurse on duty医生值班室Doctor on duty单床间Single-bed room（六病区）妇科Gynecology ( Area 6)妇科教研室Gynecology teaching and research section换药室Dressing room(七病区）骨科Orthopedics Dept ( Area 7)（八病区）普外（肝、胆、胰、肛肠）科General Surgical Dept (Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Anorectum (Area 8)外科教研室Surgery teaching & research section（九病区）心胸（肿瘤）外科Cardiothoracic Surgery (Tumor) ( Area 9)（十病区）普外（泌尿）科General Surgical Dept (Urinary system) (Area 10)（十一病区）耳鼻咽喉科、眼科、口腔科( Area 11)E.N.T. Dept, Ophthalmology Dept, Stomatology Dept眼科暗房Ophthalmological dark room（十二病区）神经外科Surgical Dept of Neurology (Area 12)麻醉科Anesthesiology dept示教室Demo room麻醉医生办公室Office of anesthesia doctor医生休息室Doctor rest room女更衣室Change room (F)男更衣室Change room (M)有菌手术室Non aseptic operating theatre手术取材室Operation material room麻醉器械储藏室Storeroom of anesthesia instrument非限制区Unrestricted area半限制区Semi-restricted area换鞋处Shoe-changing配电室Distribution room手术室Operating theatre石膏房Gypsum room手术准备室Operation preparation清洗间Cleaning room麻醉准备室Anesthesia preparation麻醉器械室Anesthesia instrument room 限制区Restricted area精密仪器室Precision instrument room 无菌室Asepsis room护士登记室Nurse registration room复苏室Anabiosis room麻醉清洗消毒室Anesthesia cleaning and sterilizing room等候室Waiting room存放间Storage room后勤楼楼层分布Layout of Logistic Building病案统计室Medical record statistics room图书室Library后勤服务管理中心Logistic service and management center设备科Equipment section工程维修部Engineering maintenance dept基建科Capital construction section供应服务部Supply service dept实习生值班室（1）Probationer night shift room (1)门诊楼楼层总索引Layout of Outpatient Building本层科室分布Layout of sections开水间Boiled water检验科Laboratory section抽血化验Blood test门诊药房Clinic dispensary大小便、白带化验Test of stool, urine, leukorrhea药房Dispensary体液实验室Humoral lab放射影像科Radio & Image dept放射科登记处X-ray registration放射科X-ray dept摄片2 (X-ray 2)挂号收费Registration charging内科（二）Internal medicine dept ( 2 )门诊办公室Outpatient office老干部门诊Veteran carder clinic老年专科Special section of geriatric diseases糖尿病专科Diabets special section内科专家门诊1 Expert clinic of internal medicine ( 1 )专家门诊Expert clinic专科门诊Clinic of special section高血压专科Hypertension special sectionC T 室CT room换药室Dressing room肛肠科Anorectum section肝胆专科专家门诊Expert clinic of liver and gallbladder section骨科Orthopedics dept腰腿痛专科Lumbago & Skelalgia special section 脑外科Cerebral surgery疼痛专科Special section of pains普外科General surgical dept皮肤科Dermatology dept性病专科Special section of VD儿科专家门诊Expert clinic of pediatrics儿科Pediatrics dept中药房TCM dispensary耳鼻咽喉专家门诊Expert clinic of E.N.T耳鼻咽喉科E.N.T. dept中医科TCM dept眼科检查室(眼电生理) Ophthalmology check room (EOG)眼科专家门诊Ophthalmologic expert clinic煎药室Herb decocting room眼科治疗室Therapeutic room of ophthalmology眼科检查室（眼压验光视野）Examination room of ophthalmology (intraocular tension, optometry, visual field)声阻抗室Acoustic impedance room电测听室Electrometric hearing test助听器选配室Hearing aid selection眼科诊室(常规诊室) Ophthalmology clinic (Routineclinic)宣教室Publicizing and education胸外肿瘤专科Special section of thoracic tumor皮肤性病科专家门诊Expert clinic of dermatosis and VD 人流室Induced Abortion Room介入门诊Intervention clinic妇产科专家门诊Expert clinic of gynecology & obstetrics 高危妊娠门诊High-danger pregnancy clinic妇产科Gynecology & obstetrics dept仓库Warehouse心室晚电位Ventricle late potential动态血压Dynamic blood pressure动态心电图室Dynamic ECG心向量Vectorcardiogram心电图室ECG room心电图科ECG section超声科Ultrasonographic section彩色B超Color B-Ultrasonography理疗推拿科Physical therapy & manipulation section儿科示教室Demo room of pediatrics盆腔炎治疗室Therapeutic room of PID儿童生长发育门诊Children growth clinic急诊B超Emergency B-Ultrasonography胃镜肠镜预约窗口Reservation of gastroscope and enteroscope examination脑电图Electroemcephalogram (缩写EEG)脑地形图Emcepholo topography红外线乳腺诊断室Infrared light diagnosis of glandulamammaria颅脑超声CraniocerebralUltrasonographic examination消化科Digestion section心理测验室Psychological test room专家门诊Expert clinic心理咨询科Psychological consult section中西医结合Combination of TCM and Western medicine 病理科Pathologic section细胞学室Cytology room技术室Technical room 免疫组化室Immunohistochemistry room档案室Archives room巨检室Gross examination room诊断室Diagnosis room口腔科Stomatology dept胃镜肠镜检查室Gastroscope and enteroscope examination康复科Rehabilitation section碎石科Lithotriptic section输液室Infusion room化液室Infusion preparation泌尿外科Urologic surgery dept肌注皮试Intracutaneous test of intramuscular injection 小儿输液室Children's infusion room成人输液室Adults' infusion room针灸推拿Acupuncture & manipulation生活皮肤美容Skin beauty腰突症Protrasion of the lumbar intervertebral disci保健按摩Healthcare massage针炙减肥Acupuncture weight-reducing医保办Medical insurance office放免实验室Radioimmunoassay room防保科Prophylactic section院感科Section of inner infection prevention医学美容Medical cosmetology微生物实验室Microbioloy Laboratory room检验医学中心Clinical laboratory medicine center HIV实验室HIV Laboratory room血液学实验室Haematology Laboratory room主任办公室The office director免疫学实验室Lmmunology Laboratory room 生物化学实验室Biochemistry Laboratory room 档案库房Archives storeroom信息科Information section综合档案室Comprehensive archives room临床系办公室Clinic dept office文印室typing and printing room护理部Nursing department科教科Scientific education section院办公室Hospital office书记室Secretary office人事科Personnel section院长室President office副院长室Vice president office会议室Meeting room医务科Section of medical affairs保安部Security dept顾问室Consultant office医疗服务质量监控办公室Medical service supervision office教室Class room出纳室Paybox会计室Accounting house核算办Accounting office工会Trade union医疗纠纷接侍室Reception of medical disputes财务科长室Finance section chief外科病房楼楼层总索引Layout of Inpatient Building of Internal Medicine Dept发热呼吸道门诊Fever and Respiratory tract clinic体检中心Physical examination center跟车医师Ambulance doctor肝炎门诊Hepatitis clinic值班室（内科）Night shift room (Dept of internal medicine)值班室（外科）Night shift room (Surgical dept)急诊外科Emergency surgical dept急诊内科Emergency internal medicine dept值班室（驾驶员）Night shift room (Driver)急诊输液室Emergency infusion room肠道门诊Intestinal tract clinic急诊分诊台Guide to emergency急诊儿科Emergency pediatrics污物间Feculence room清创室Trauma cleaning room输液台Infusion table急诊挂号收费Emergency registration charging肠道门诊观察室Observation ward of intestinal tract clinic 急诊指挥中心Emergency command center夜间药房Night dispensary主任办公室Director office监护室ICU治疗室Therapeutic room护士办公室Nurse office观察室2 Observation ward 2抢救室Salvaging room观察室1 Observation ward 1肝炎门诊观察室Observation ward of Hepatitis clinic 干部病房Cardre Ward心内科Cardiac internal medicine dept医生办公室Doctor office诊疗室Consulting room心血管Cardiovascular (怎么没有科或室?)呼吸内科Respiration internal medicine心脏介入中心Cardio intervention center内分泌内科Incretion internal medicine血液Blood (怎么没有科或室?)消化Digestion (怎么没有科或室?)肾内科Kidney internal medicine血液层流病房Aseptic ward介入治疗中心Intervention therapy center水处理间Water treatment room手术室Operating theatre准备室Preparation room仓库更衣室Warehouse change room病人更衣室Patient change room家属接待室Reception room of patients' relative内科示教室Demo room of internal medicine操作室Operating theatre透析室( 1) Dialysis room (1)透析室(2) Dialysis room (2)药剂科Medicament Section腰突症专科Special section of protrasion of the lumbar intervertebral disci保健按摩专科Special section of healthcare massage针灸推拿专科Special section of acupuncture and manipulation老年病专科Special section of geriatric diseases针灸（中医）减肥专科Special section of acupuncture weight-reducing (TCM)生活皮肤护理美容室Skin care and cosmetology心电图检查室ECG examination脑电图检查室EEG examination脑地形图检查室Encephalo topography examination颅脑超声检查室CraniocerebralUltrasonographic examination红外线检查室Infrared ray examination精神、心理咨询科Mental and psychological consultation 彩色B超检查室Color B- Ultrasonographic examination肝病专家门诊Expert clinic of hepatitis diseases中西医结合专科Special section in combination of TCM and western medicine理疗推拿专科Special section of physical therapy & manipulation皮肤、性病科Skin and VD section肝胆外科专家门诊Expert clinic of liver and gallbladder surgery放射介入治疗专科Special section of X-ray intervention therapy高血压专科Hypertension special section碎石治疗中心Lithotriptic therapy center肾病专家门诊Expert clinic of kidney diseases糖尿病专科Diabetes special section康复、理疗科Rehabilitation and physical therapy section 医学美容专科Special section of medical cosmetology医学影像中心Medical image center放射介入治疗室X-ray intervention therapeutic room心血管专科急诊Cardiovascular emergency肝炎门诊Hepatitis clinic肌电图检查室Electromyogram examination呼吸道感染门诊Respiratory tract infection clinic血透室Blood dialysis胫镜中心Anticnemion endoscope center中内科TCM internal medicine西内科Western internal medicine乳房外科Breast surgery手外科Hand surgery骨伤科Bone injuries中医妇科TCM gynecology dept.中西药库Drug storeroom血库Blood bank骨髓室Marrow room留观室Observation room临床药学室Clinical pharmacy room社区卫生服务工作办公室Community Health Service Office信息资料室Information Archives计划生育技术指导室Family Planning Technique Consultation Office全科门诊General Clinic肿瘤科Tumor dept母婴健康中心Mother & Baby health center婴儿游泳抚触Baby swimming-stroking生活用品代办处Service for daily-use articles待产室Delivery waiting room配奶间Milk preparation room驾驶班Driver team住院部药房Inpatient dispensary医疗质量管理科Medical Quality Management Department病理贮片室Pathological Section Storeroom颈肩腰腿痛专科Department for Neck, Shoulder, Waist and Leg Pains儿童活动室Children's Playing Room电透室TV Examination Room谈话间Conversation Room衣帽发放处Coats and Caps Issuing Office器械打包间Medical Devices Packing Room小孩洗涤室Children’s Washing Room样品接收Sample Receipt结核菌Tubercle Bacillus发放厅Issuing Hall敷料打包间Dressing-Packing Room污染区Polluted Area灭菌区Sterilized Area切洗室Cutting and Washing Room人工肝室Artificial Liver Room消控中心Control Center for Fire Prevention冷冻机房Freezing Machine Room物流传输机房Logistical Transmission Machine Room 职工自行车库Employees' Bicycle Storeroom高低配电室High/Low Voltage Switchouse服务台Information Desk导医导诊A Guide to Clinic方便门诊Simple Clinic健康宣教Health Education便民服务Service for the Public取报告单Examination Report预约审批Appointment Approval行政后勤区Administrative Logistic Area预防保健区Prevention and Healthcare Area医疗康复区Medical Rehabilitation Area祝您健康May you a good health后勤保障部Logistics Guarantee Dept社区卫生服务科Community Health Service Section全科（24小时门诊）General Clinic (Around the Clock)高电位治疗室High Potential Therapeutic Room 健康教育室Health Education Room探视制度Visit Rules挂号须知Notes for Registration农村合作医疗住院报销窗口Reimbursement for Inpatients of Rural Cooperative Medical Service医保投诉咨询接待室Complaint & Consultation of Medical Insurance腰腿疼痛科Lumbago and Skelalgia Clinic心理咨询室Psychological Consultation高危门诊Hazard-Disease Clinic严禁胎儿性别鉴定Fetus sex identifying strictly prohibited卡介苗专室BCG Vaccine Room合作医疗门诊报销窗口Reimbursement for outpatients of cooperative medical service医务人员通道Passage for Medical Personnel小儿体检Infant Physical Examination电透析Electrodialyzing Room电透照镜检查Electrodiaphanoscopy中草药配方Prescription of Chinese herb medicine西药、中成药配方Prescription of Western medicine and Chinese patent drugs麻醉药品专用窗口Special window for anaesthetic药事咨询窗口Consultation of medicine administration 老、弱、病重专区Special area for the old and weaker, and severely sick persons.请保持室内清洁Keep Clean病理贮片室Pathologic film store room细胞室Cell Puncture Room牵引室Traction Room腰、腿、疼痛科Lumbago, Skelalgia and Pains Clinic配餐室Assorted Meal Preparation陪客休息室Rest Room for Guests医疗固体处置室Medical Solid Waste Disposal麻醉恢复室Anaesthesia Recovery Room材料室Material Room引产清宫室Induced Labor Room大厅Lobby卫事中心Patient-aid center小卖部Buffet出院病人领取费用清单List of expenses for discharged patients普通病人出院结帐Check-out for common discharged patients住院登记收费Check-in for inpatients医保社保出院结帐Check-out for patients with medical / social insurance病区药房Ward dispensary输血科Transfusion section急诊化验Emergency lab急诊手术室Emergency operating theatre门诊手术室Clinic operating theatre出入院病人接待处Reception of inpatients（二病区）重症监护ICU ( Area 2 )外科示教室Surgery demo room妇科示教室Gynecology demo room仓库Warehouse特殊感染病室Special infection diseases主任办公室Director office治疗室Therapeutic room护士长办公室Head nurse office医生办公室Doctor office护士站Nurse station（三病区）儿科Pediatrics Dept (Area 3)电脑中心Computer center更衣室Change room儿科教研室Pediatrics teaching & research section 婴儿洗澡间Infant bathroom新生婴儿监护室Neonatuswardship新生婴儿室Neonatus room重症室ICU诊疗室Consulting room（四病区）产科Obstetrical Dept (Area 4)机房Machine room婴儿抚触中心Infant-stroking center（五病区）产房Obstetrical Ward (Area 5)分娩室Delivery room隔离分娩室Isolation delivery room陪伴分娩室（一）Delivery room with companion (1)陪伴分娩室（二）Delivery room with companion (2)护士值班室Nurse on duty医生值班室Doctor on duty单床间Single-bed room（六病区）妇科Gynecology ( Area 6)妇科教研室Gynecology teaching and research section换药室Dressing room（七病区）骨科Orthopedics Dept ( Area 7)（八病区）普外（肝、胆、胰、肛肠）科General Surgical Dept (Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Anorectum (Area 8) 外科教研室Surgery teaching & research section（九病区）心胸（肿瘤）外科Cardiothoracic Surgery (Tumor) ( Area 9)（十病区）普外（泌尿）科General Surgical Dept (Urinary system) (Area 10)（十一病区）耳鼻咽喉科、眼科、口腔科(Area 11)E.N.T. Dept, Ophthalmology Dept, Stomatology Dept眼科暗房Ophthalmological dark room（十二病区）神经外科Surgical Dept of Neurology (Area 12)麻醉科Anesthesiology dept示教室Demo room麻醉医生办公室Office of anesthesia doctor医生休息室Doctor rest room女更衣室Change room (F)男更衣室Change room (M)有菌手术室Non aseptic operating theatre手术取材室Operation material room麻醉器械储藏室Storeroom of anesthesia instrument非限制区Unrestricted area半限制区Semi-restricted area换鞋处Shoe-changing配电室Distribution room手术室Operating theatre石膏房Gypsum room手术准备室Operation preparation清洗间Cleaning room麻醉准备室Anesthesia preparation麻醉器械室Anesthesia instrument room限制区Restricted area精密仪器室Precision instrument room无菌室Asepsis room护士登记室Nurse registration room复苏室Anabiosis room麻醉清洗消毒室Anesthesia cleaning and sterilizing room 等候室Waiting room存放间Storage room后勤楼楼层分布Layout of Logistic Building病案统计室Medical record statistics room图书室Library后勤服务管理中心Logistic service and management center设备科Equipment section工程维修部Engineering maintenance dept基建科Capital construction section供应服务部Supply service dept实习生值班室（1）Probationer night shift room (1)门诊楼楼层总索引Layout of Outpatient Building本层科室分布Layout of sections开水间Boiled water检验科Laboratory section 抽血化验Blood test门诊药房Clinic dispensary大小便、白带化验Test of stool, urine, leukorrhea药房Dispensary体液实验室Humoral lab放射影像科Radio & Image dept放射科登记处X-ray registration放射科X-ray dept摄片2 (X-ray 2)挂号收费Registration charging内科（二）Internal medicine dept ( 2 )门诊办公室Outpatient office老干部门诊Veteran carder clinic老年专科Special section of geriatric diseases糖尿病专科Diabets special section内科专家门诊1 Expert clinic of internal medicine ( 1 )专家门诊Expert clinic专科门诊Clinic of special section高血压专科Hypertension special sectionC T 室CT room换药室Dressing room肛肠科Anorectum section肝胆专科专家门诊Expert clinic of liver and gallbladdersection骨科Orthopedics dept腰腿痛专科Lumbago & Skelalgia special section脑外科Cerebral surgery疼痛专科Special section of pains普外科General surgical dept皮肤科Dermatology dept性病专科Special section of VD儿科专家门诊Expert clinic of pediatrics儿科Pediatrics dept中药房TCM dispensary耳鼻咽喉专家门诊Expert clinic of E.N.T耳鼻咽喉科E.N.T. dept中医科TCM dept眼科检查室(眼电生理) Ophthalmology check room (EOG)眼科专家门诊Ophthalmologic expert clinic煎药室Herb decocting room眼科治疗室Therapeutic room of ophthalmology眼科检查室（眼压验光视野）Examination room of ophthalmology (intraocular tension, optometry, visualfield)声阻抗室Acoustic impedance room 电测听室Electrometric hearing test 助听器选配室Hearing aid selection眼科诊室(常规诊室) Ophthalmology clinic (Routine clinic)宣教室Publicizing and education胸外肿瘤专科Special section of thoracic tumor皮肤性病科专家门诊Expert clinic of dermatosis and VD 人流室Induced Abortion Room介入门诊Intervention clinic妇产科专家门诊Expert clinic of gynecology & obstetrics 高危妊娠门诊High-danger pregnancy clinic妇产科Gynecology & obstetrics dept仓库Warehouse心室晚电位Ventricle late potential动态血压Dynamic blood pressure动态心电图室Dynamic ECG心向量Vectorcardiogram心电图室ECG room心电图科ECG section超声科Ultrasonographic section彩色B超Color B-Ultrasonography理疗推拿科Physical therapy & manipulation section儿科示教室Demo room of pediatrics盆腔炎治疗室Therapeutic room of PID儿童生长发育门诊Children growth clinic急诊B超Emergency B-Ultrasonography胃镜肠镜预约窗口Reservation of gastroscope and enteroscope examination脑电图Electroemcephalogram (缩写EEG)脑地形图Emcepholo topography红外线乳腺诊断室Infrared light diagnosis of glandulamammaria颅脑超声CraniocerebralUltrasonographic examination消化科Digestion section心理测验室Psychological test room专家门诊Expert clinic心理咨询科Psychological consult section中西医结合Combination of TCM and Western medicine 病理科Pathologic section细胞学室Cytology room技术室Technical room免疫组化室Immunohistochemistry room档案室Archives room巨检室Gross examination room诊断室Diagnosis room口腔科Stomatology dept胃镜肠镜检查室Gastroscope and enteroscope examination康复科Rehabilitation section碎石科Lithotriptic section输液室Infusion room化液室Infusion preparation泌尿外科Urologic surgery dept肌注皮试Intracutaneous test of intramuscular injection 小儿输液室Children's infusion room成人输液室Adults' infusion room针灸推拿Acupuncture & manipulation生活皮肤美容Skin beauty腰突症Protrasion of the lumbar intervertebral disci保健按摩Healthcare massage针炙减肥Acupuncture weight-reducing医保办Medical insurance office放免实验室Radioimmunoassay room防保科Prophylactic section院感科Section of inner infection prevention医学美容Medical cosmetology微生物实验室Microbioloy Laboratory room检验医学中心Clinical laboratory medicine center HIV实验室HIV Laboratory room血液学实验室Haematology Laboratory room主任办公室The office director免疫学实验室Lmmunology Laboratory room生物化学实验室Biochemistry Laboratory room档案库房Archives storeroom信息科Information section综合档案室Comprehensive archives room临床系办公室Clinic dept office文印室typing and printing room护理部Nursing department科教科Scientific education section院办公室Hospital office书记室Secretary office人事科Personnel section院长室President office副院长室Vice president office会议室Meeting room医务科Section of medical affairs保安部Security dept顾问室Consultant office医疗服务质量监控办公室Medical service supervision office教室Class room 出纳室Paybox会计室Accounting house行风办Trade Service Normalization office核算办Accounting office工会Trade union医疗纠纷接侍室Reception of medical disputes财务科长室Finance section chief外科病房楼楼层总索引Layout of Inpatient Building of Internal Medicine Dept发热呼吸道门诊Fever and Respiratory tract clinic体检中心Physical examination center跟车医师Ambulance doctor肝炎门诊Hepatitis clinic值班室（内科）Night shift room (Dept of internal medicine)值班室（外科）Night shift room (Surgical dept)急诊外科Emergency surgical dept急诊内科Emergency internal medicine dept值班室（驾驶员）Night shift room (Driver)急诊输液室Emergency infusion room肠道门诊Intestinal tract clinic急诊分诊台Guide to emergency急诊儿科Emergency pediatrics污物间Feculence room清创室Trauma cleaning room输液台Infusion table急诊挂号收费Emergency registration charging肠道门诊观察室Observation ward of intestinal tract clinic 急诊指挥中心Emergency command center夜间药房Night dispensary主任办公室Director office监护室ICU治疗室Therapeutic room护士办公室Nurse office观察室2 Observation ward 2抢救室Salvaging room观察室1 Observation ward 1肝炎门诊观察室Observation ward of Hepatitis clinic干部病房Cardre Ward心内科Cardiac internal medicine dept医生办公室Doctor office诊疗室Consulting room呼吸内科Respiration internal medicine心脏介入中心Cardio intervention center 内分泌内科Incretion internal medicine 肾内科Kidney internal medicine血液层流病房Aseptic ward介入治疗中心Intervention therapy center水处理间Water treatment room手术室Operating theatre准备室Preparation room仓库更衣室Warehouse change room病人更衣室Patient change room家属接待室Reception room of patients' relative内科示教室Demo room of internal medicine操作室Operating theatre透析室( 1) Dialysis room (1)透析室(2) Dialysis room (2)药剂科Medicament Section腰突症专科Special section of protrasion of the lumbar intervertebral disci保健按摩专科Special section of healthcare massage针灸推拿专科Special section of acupuncture and manipulation老年病专科Special section of geriatric diseases针灸（中医）减肥专科Special section of acupuncture weight-reducing (TCM)生活皮肤护理美容室Skin care and cosmetology心电图检查室ECG examination脑电图检查室EEG examination脑地形图检查室Encephalo topography examination颅脑超声检查室CraniocerebralUltrasonographic examination红外线检查室Infrared ray examination精神、心理咨询科Mental and psychological consultation 彩色B超检查室Color B- Ultrasonographic examination 肝病专家门诊Expert clinic of hepatitis diseases中西医结合专科Special section in combination of TCM and western medicine理疗推拿专科Special section of physical therapy & manipulation皮肤、性病科Skin and VD section肝胆外科专家门诊Expert clinic of liver and gallbladder surgery放射介入治疗专科Special section of X-ray intervention therapy高血压专科Hypertension special section碎石治疗中心Lithotriptic therapy center肾病专家门诊Expert clinic of kidney diseases糖尿病专科Diabetes special section康复、理疗科Rehabilitation and physical therapy section 医学美容专科Special section of medical cosmetology医学影像中心Medical image center放射介入治疗室X-ray intervention therapeutic room心血管专科急诊Cardiovascular emergency肝炎门诊Hepatitis clinic肌电图检查室Electromyogram examination。
儿科5种单病种临床路径表单之欧阳家百创编
一、急性上呼吸道感染临床路径欧阳家百（2021.03.07）一、急性上呼吸道感染临床路径标准住院流程（一）适用对象。
第一诊断为急性上呼吸道感染（ICD–10：J18.0）。
（二）概述。
急性上呼吸道感染是鼻腔、咽或喉部急性炎症的概称。
常见病原体为病毒（鼻病毒、冠状病毒、Coxsackie 及ECHO病毒、流感病毒、副流感病毒、RSV、腺病毒、PPLO），少数是细菌。
其发病无年龄、性别、职业和地区差异。
一般病情较轻，病程较短，预后良好。
但由于发病率高，具有一定的传染性，不仅影响生产劳动力，有时还可产生严重并发症，应积极防治。
本病全年皆可发病，但以冬春季节高发，可通过含有病毒的飞沫或被污染的手和用具传播，多为散发，但可在气候突变时流行。
由于病毒的类型较多，人体对各种病毒感染后产生的免疫力较弱且短暂，并无交叉免疫，同时在健康人群中有病毒携带者，故1个人1年内可有多次发病。
急性上呼吸道感染约有90%由病毒引起。
细菌感染可直接或继发于病毒感染之后发生，以β溶血性链球菌A组为多见，其次为流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌和葡萄球菌等。
当有受凉、淋雨、过度疲劳等诱发因素，使全身或呼吸道局部防御功能降低时，原已存在于上呼吸道或从外界侵入的病毒或细菌可迅速繁殖，引起本病，尤其是老幼体弱或有慢性呼吸道疾病，如鼻窦炎、扁桃体炎者更易罹患。
（三）诊断依据。
根据《临床诊疗指南－小儿内科分册》（中华医学会编著，人民卫生出版社）的临床表现+实验室检查。
A.临床表现1.普通感冒(common cold)俗称“伤风”，又称急性鼻炎或上呼吸道卡他，以鼻咽部卡他症状为主要表现。
常见病原体为鼻病毒、冠状病毒、流感和副流感病毒，还有呼吸道合胞病毒、埃可病毒和柯萨奇病毒等。
起病较急，初期症状有咽干、咽痒或烧灼感，发病同时或数小时后，可有喷嚏、鼻塞、流清水样鼻涕，2～3天后鼻涕变稠。
可伴咽痛，有时由于咽鼓管炎使听力减退。
也可出现流泪、味觉迟钝、呼吸不畅、声嘶、少量咳嗽等。
临床常见病征之欧阳体创编
“征”某些特殊“征”，在考试中经常会出现，有时还以英文形式写出，如果不了解对这些“征”的相关知识，常常会形成回答问题的“拦路虎”，使你的思维无法前进一步。
为方便大家的记忆，我们将内、外科涉猎的，在教材上有所记载的常用“征”搜集在一起，供大家强化记忆。
一、普通外科部分Branham征——动静脉瘘口较大者，指压瘘部阻断分流，可出现血压升高，脉搏变缓Charcot（夏柯）三联症——腹痛、寒战高热、黄疸Crey-Turner（格雷-特纳）征——左腰部青紫色斑Cullen（卡伦）征——脐周青紫色斑Homans征——下肢深静脉血栓形成后，小腿有深压痛，左踝关节过度背屈引发小腿疼痛Murphy（莫菲）征——胆囊炎局部触痛Perthes（拍哲）试验——深静脉通畅试验Pratt（帕特）试验——交通静脉瓣功能试验Reynolds（雷诺）五联症——腹痛、寒战高热、黄疸、休克、中枢神经系统受抑制表现Raynaud综合征——雷诺病，苍白—青紫—潮红Trendelenburg试验——大隐静脉瓣功能试验二、骨科部分Dugas（杜加）征——肩关节前脱位的特有体征Nelaton（奈拉通）线——平卧位，髂前上棘与坐骨结节之间画线，正常大转子在此线上Bryant（布来安）三角——平卧位，髂前上嵴画垂线向水平画垂线（直角边），再由大转子与髂前上嵴的垂线画水平线（底边），髂前上嵴与大转子连线（斜边），构成Bryant三角。
正常底边大约5cm。
大转子上移则底边缩小Pauwells角——股骨颈骨折，骨折线与两侧髂嵴连线的夹角Finkelstein（握拳尺偏）试验——桡骨茎突狭窄性腱鞘炎体征Mills征（前臂伸肌牵拉）试验——肱骨外上髁炎体征Spurling征（压头试验）——神经根型颈椎病体征Eaton（臂丛神经牵拉）试验——神经根型颈椎病体征Thomas（托马斯）征——髋关节结核体征，髋屈曲畸形Allis（阿力斯）征——双髋屈曲90°双腿并拢，双内踝对齐，患侧膝关节平面低于健侧。
SF-36评分标准之欧阳与创编
F36计分说明1.2.SF36的内容与结构3.SF36计分方法：2.1 基本步骤2.2 关于缺失值的处理2.3 健康状况各方面得分及换算1.SF36的内容与结构SF36，健康调查简表(the MOS item short from health survey, SF36)，是在1988年 Stewartse研制的医疗结局研究量表(medical outcomes study –short from, MOS SF )的基础上，由美国波士顿健康研究发展而来。
1991年浙江大学医学院社会医学教研室翻译了中文版的SF36。
SF36是美国波士顿健康研究所研制的简明健康调查问卷，被广泛应用于普通人群的生存质量测定、临床试验效果评价以及卫生政策评估等领域。
SF36作为简明健康调查问卷，它从生理机能、生理职能、躯体疼痛、一般健康状况、精力、社会功能、情感职能以及精神健康等8个方面全面概括了被调查者的生存质量。
1.1生理机能（PF：Physical Functioning）：测量健康状况是否妨碍了正常的生理活动。
用第3个问题来询问PF。
1.2生理职能（RP：RolePhysical）：测量由于生理健康问题所造成的职能限制。
1.3躯体疼痛（BP：Bodily Pain）：测量疼痛程度以及疼痛对日常活动的影响。
1.4一般健康状况（GH：General Health）：测量个体对自身健康状况及其发展趋势的评价。
1.5精力（VT：Vitality）：测量个体对自身精力和疲劳程度的主观感受。
1.6社会功能（SF：Social Functioning）：测量生理和心理问题对社会活动的数量和质量所造成的影响，用于评价健康对社会活动的效应。
1.7情感职能（RE：RoleEmotional）：测量由于情感问题所造成的职能限制。
1.8精神健康（MH：Mental Health）：测量四类精神健康项目，包括激励、压抑、行为或情感失控、心理主观感受。
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新编临床医学英语欧阳家百（2021.03.07）第1期:病患的问题与诉求Unit 1 Text A Internal Medicine and Today's Internist第1单元文章A 内科与内科医生Questions/Pleas of the Patient病患的问题与诉求How can I find a good doctor?"我如何找到一位良医？How can I find a good doctor whom I can afford?"如何能够碰到一位价格亲民的医生？How can I find a good doctor who cares about me as a person?〃又如何能够遇见一位把我当成“人”看待的医生？How can I find a good doctor who will take the time to listen and under stand?"如何找到一位能够花时间倾听我的诉说，了解我的名医？People who need medical care ask these questions throughout the world every day.每天，全球有许多病患都在询问这些问题。
They ask them because they face a health care system that is scientifical ly complex,organizationally overloaded, and generally not oriented to the patient as a person.他们之所以问这些问题，是因为他们所面对的医疗保健体系技术深奥、机构臃肿，而且一般都没有意识到病人首先是一个“人”。
When an individual first becomes ill, regardless of the symptoms, he or she needs mostsomeone who seems to say,如果有人生了病，不管症状如何，他们最希望听到的是："I am a good doctor；I charge a reasonable amount for my services；I care about you，thepatient and I will take the time to listen and understand."“我是医生；我只收取亲民价格，我关心病患，我将倾听你的诉求，理解你。
”A prominent teacher/physician in a major medical center taught his st udents to listen to thepatient and he will tell you what is wrong, and he will tell you what he needs".主要医疗中心的知名学者/内科医生都会教授学生要学会倾听，病人会告诉你哪里不舒服，也将会告诉你他们的需求。
Having found a physician who answers so profoundly to their needs, so me patients areextremely grateful but most are utterly overwhelmed.有些内科医生完全满足了病患的需求，有些患者表现出了极大的感激之情，但是绝大部分都激动不已。
With the discovery of that relationship, the difference between a superb technician and a truephysician really becomes evident to the patient.有了这层关系之后，专业技师和内科医生的区别在病患面前展露无遗。
That physician/teacher was a scholarly gentleman with deep scientific insight and an activeand stimulating clinical and research practice.内科医生/教授都是学术人才，他们对学科有着科学的深刻见解，并活跃在临床和研究领域中。
Unfortunately he developed crippling rheumatoid arthritis in the midst o f his career.但是，他们在工作期间不幸患上了风湿性关节炎。
Beyond question, his own disease sensitized him to the complex mix of expectations, needs,fears,毫无疑问，他自身的疾病使他对病人交织着期待、需要、恐惧和感激的复杂心情十分敏感，and appreciation that patients feel when facing a physical-mental trial while at the same timelooking forthat perfect physician to help them.这是患者们在经历身心煎熬、同时又盼望有那么一位德高望重的名医能给他进行诊治时所共有的感觉。
Patients flocked to this doctor，not just for his accurate diagnoses, his correct therapies, oreven his war mth,患者都去找这样的医生看病，并不是因为他们准确无误的诊断，正确的治疗方法，甚至是所给予的温暖，but for the intellect he expressed and the sheer joy of living that he ext ended in every encounter with another human being.而是他们所散发的智慧之光，以及他在面对每一个“人”时所展现的喜悦之情。
He had a Shakespearean grasp of the qualities of being human and an u ncommon ability to transmit love and respect for his fellow human bei ngs.他既能像莎翁那样对人性特点有着深刻的了解，又身具异秉能把关爱和尊重传递给全人类。
He exhibited the ideal all physicians should emulate.他展现了所有内科医生应该展现的最理想的一面。
Many readers know a physician with these characteristics all should s eek to know one and todevelop their own professional persona so that human qualities are not lost to technical acumen.许多读者都认为拥有这些特征的内科医生都应该去了解，并培养自己的职业形象，只有这样，人类的本质才不会在技术面前甘拜下风。
1.be oriented to 面向,本句中的 them 是指上句的 these questions.原文：They ask them because they face a health care system that is scientifical ly complex,organizationally overloaded, and generally not oriented to t he patient as a person.他们之所以问这些问题，是因为他们所面对的医疗保健体系技术深奥、机构臃肿，而且一般都没有意识到病人首先是一个“人”。
2.in the midst of：在…中，在…当中原文：Unfortunately, he developed crippling rheumatoid arthritis in the midst of his career.但是，他们在工作期间不幸患上了风湿性关节炎。
3.beyond question 的意思是“毫无疑问地”；sensitize sb to sth 意思是“使某人对某事敏感起来”。
原文：Beyond question, his own disease sensitized him to the complex mix of expectations,needs, fears, and appreciation that patients feel when f acing a physical-mental trial while atthe same time looking forthat perfect physician to help them.毫无疑问，他自身的疾病使他对病人交织着期待、需要、恐惧和感激的复杂心情十分敏感。
这是患者们在经历身心煎熬、同时又盼望有那么一位德高望重的名医能给他进行诊治时所共有的感觉。
4.rheumatoid arthritis 风湿性关节炎例句：The study was also too short to show whether TwHF can slow the joint damage causedby rheumatoid arthritis.这项研究时间也太短，不能显示雷公藤是否能减缓由风湿性关节炎引起的关节损伤。
第2期:好医生的科学和技术专业背景THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGIC BACKGROUND OF A "GOOD DOCTOR"“好医生”的科学和技术专业背景Since Flexner issued his famous report in 1910, American medical educ ation has striven towardthe development of a strong scientific base.自从1910年弗莱克斯纳的著名研究报告问世以来，美国的医学教育致力于培养深厚的科学基础。
This intellectual prerequisite,therefore,has become an integral part of premedical,undergraduate, graduate, and, indeed, continuing medical ed ucation.所以，以学术知识为前提的教育就成为了医学预科、本科生、研究生以及继续医学教育的主要组成部分。