英语基础知识

英语基础知识

一：英语的基本成分有七种：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。 主语：可以作主语的有名词（如boy ），主格代词（如I,she ，he,they,we,you ），指示代词（如this ）,动词不定式（如to do sth ），动名词（如doing sth ）和主语从句。 The boy is happy. She is friendly. Playing basketball is interesting.

To go swimming with him is enjoyable. That he is ill is true. This is wrong.

谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。1.不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.

2.及物动词（vt.）有宾语，形成主谓宾结构，如：They like Englih.

3.系动词（系动词一般分两类：be 译为是, look,smell,taste,.feel.touch, keep,

stay,seem 等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn,go,come,fall 等属另一类，表示变化。）后接表语，构成主系表结构，如：He is happy. The food smells delicious. 宾语: 可以作宾语的有名词（如boy ），宾格代词（如me,her,him,them,us,you ），指示代词（如this ）,动词不定式（如to do sth ），动名词（如doing sth ）和宾语从句。

I don ’t like the boy. I want to finish the work. I like this.

I think that he is happy. I like playing football. You win him.

表语: 可以作表语的有名词（如boy ），动词不定式（如to do sth ），动名词（如doing sth ），介词短语（He is in the classroom ），形容词（如good ），方位副词（如The pen is here .）和表语从句。

The book is good . Your duty is to finish the work .

My hobby is playing cards . The good thing is that he will come .

定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。

1.形容词作定语：The boy needs a blue pen.( blue 修饰名词pen.）

2.数词作定语相当于形容词：The boy needs two pens. ( two 修饰名词pens.）

3.代词或名词所有格（如Tom ’s ）或形容词性物主代词（如his ）作定语： The boy needs Tom's pen. (Tom's 修饰名词pen.）

His name is Tom. (his 修饰名词name.）

4.介词短语作定语：The boy in blue is Tom. ( in blue 修饰名词the boy.）

5.名词作定语：The boy needs a paper box. ( paper 修饰名词box.）

6.方位副词作定语：The boy there needs a pen. ( there 修饰名词boy ）

7.不定式作定语(表将来的事)：The boy to write a letter needs a pen. (to write a letter 修饰名词boy ）

8.动词的ing 形式（现在分词或动名词，表示主动或进行或用途）或过去分词（表

示被动或完成）作定语：

The smiling boy needs a pen. (smiling 修饰名词boy ）

He is in the reading room. (reading 修饰名词room ）

The pen bought by her is made in China. (bought by her 修饰名词pen ）

9.定语从句：

The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday. (who is reading 修饰名词boy ）

状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。

1.副词（短语）作状语：

The boy needs a pen very much.（程度状语）

The boy really needs a pen.（程度状语）

The boy needs a pen now ./Now ,the boy needs a pen.（时间状语）

2.介词短语作状语：

In the classroom ,the boy needs a pen.（地点状语）

On Sundays ,there is no student in the classroom. (时间状语)

3.现在或过去分词（短语）作状语：

He sits there,asking for a pen.（表示伴随状态）

Blamed by his father ,he sits there soundlessly./（因为）被他父亲骂了，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）

4．不定式作状语：

The boy needs a pen to do his homework.（目的状语）

I am glad to see you. （原因状语）

He hurried to the station,only to find the bus had left . (结果状语，意料之外)

5．状语从句(9种)：时间状语从句（引导词有since 自从when,while,after 等）、地点状语从句（引导词有where 等）、原因状语从句（引导词有because,since 既然等）、结果状语从句（引导词有so (that)所以等）、目的状语从句（引导词有in order that,so that 为了等）、比较状语从句（引导词有as …as;the same as 等）、让步状语从句（引导词有though,although,even if,whatever 等）、条件状语从句（引导词有if,unless,in case 等）和方式状语从句（引导词有as 按照,as if 等）。 When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting. As it is raining, I will not go out.

Make a mark where you have a question.

Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.