外文翻译---冷冲压模具发展现状
冷冲模具毕业设计外文翻译-----冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策
Die Life of cold stamping die and mprovementsOverview of stamping dieStamping Die - Stamping in the cold, the material (metal or non-metallic) processing into parts (or half) of a special technical equipment, called cold stamping die (commonly known as Die). Press - is at room temperature, using the die installed in the press to put pressure on the material to produce a separation or plastic deformation, and thus to obtain the necessary parts of a pressure processing method.Stamping die in the form of many, the general categories according to the following main features:1. According to the technical nature of(1) Die along the closed or open contour the material are derived from mold. If blanking die, punch die, cut off the mold, cut mode, cutting mode, split mode, etc..(2) bending mode to blank or blank sheet along a straight line (curved line) to bend, deform, and thus obtain a certain angle and shape of the workpiece in the mold.(3) The drawing die is made of the blank sheet opening hollow, or hollow pieces of further changes to the shape and size of the mold.(4) Die rough or semi-finished workpiece is convex according to plan, direct copy the shape of the die shape, the material itself, generate only local plastic deformation of the mold. Such as the bulging mode, reducing the die, expansion die, forming die rolling, flanging mold, plastic mold.2. According to the degree classification process combination(1) single process model in a press tour, just completed a die stamping process.(2) composite model is only one station, in a press tour, at the same station at the same time to complete more than two or two die stamping process.(3) Progressive Die (also known as the modulus of continuity) in the feeding direction, rough, with two or more of the station, at the press of a visit, work in different places on the completion of two or two successive Road over stamping die process.Chong called cold stamping die Die-wide.Cold stamping die is used in cold stamping die mold industry, and accessories required for high-performance structural ceramic materials, preparation methods, high-performance ceramic materials, molds and accessories from the zirconium oxide and yttrium aluminum powder increases, Pr element composition, Preparation is the solution of zirconia, yttria solution, praseodymium oxide solution, according to a certain percentage of alumina solution when mixed liquor, ammonium bicarbonate infusion, by co-precipitation synthesis of ceramic materials, molds and accessories needed for raw materials, reaction precipitate generated by the treatment, drying, calcining and accessories by high performance ceramic mold material superfine powder, and then after forming, sintering, finishing, they will have high-performance ceramic materials,molds and accessories. Advantages of this invention is the invention made of cold stamping dies and parts and long service life, the process does not appear in the press and its parts and stamping die bond generated the phenomenon of stamping surface is smooth, no glitches, can replace traditional high-speed steel, tungsten steel.Die with the main partsDie stamping tools is the main process equipment, stamping rely on the relative movement under the mold completed. Processing time because the upper and lower mold between the constant division and, if continued operation of the fingers of workers to enter or remain in the mold closed, there will certainly pose a serious threat to their personal safety.(A) of the mold main parts, function and safety requirements1. Working parts is a direct punch to blank forming the working parts, therefore, it is the key to mold parts. Punch not only sophisticated and complex, it should meet the following requirements:(1) be of sufficient strength, can not be broken or destroyed during stamping.(2) should be appropriate to its material and heat treatment requirements, to prevent too high hardness and brittle fracture.2. Positioning parts positioning part is to determine the location of the parts installed blank, there are pins (board), gauge pin (plate), lead is sold, guide plate, knife set from the side, side pressure etc.. Design should be considered when positioning parts easy to operate and should not have had orientation, location to facilitate observation, preferably in the forward position, contouring to correct the pin location and positioning.3. Binder, unloading and discharging parts binder components are blank holder, binder board. Blank holder pressure can drawing blank holder force, thereby preventing billets under the action of the tangential pressure arch formed folds. The role of pressure plate to prevent movement and bounce blank. Top of the device, discharge board's role is to facilitate the pieces and clean up waste. Them by the spring, rubber and equipment, putting on the air-cushion support, can move up and down, knocking out pieces of the design should have enough top output, movement to the limited spaces. Stripper plate area should be minimized or closed position in the operating groove milling out empty-handed. Exposure of the stripper plate should have protection around the plate, to prevent finger inserted into or foreign objects inside, exposed surface edges should be blunt down.4. Guide parts and guide sleeve guide pin is the most widely used part of a guide. Its role is to ensure punch the punching clearance when accurate match. Therefore, the guide posts, guide cover the gap should be less than the blanking clearance. Guide Post located next mold base, to ensure that the stroke bottom dead center, the lead column in the template on the face over the top for at least 5 to 10 mm. Guide columns should be arranged far away from the module and the pressure plate in the area, so the operator's arms do not get to take over the lead column material.5. Supporting and clamping the upper and lower parts which includes templates, die handle,fixed plate punch, plate, stopper, etc..Up and down the template is the basis of the cold die parts, other parts are respectively fixed at the top. Template plane size, especially around the direction to be compatible with the workpiece, too large or too small are not conducive to action.Some molds (blanking, punching type mold) to the pieces of convenience, be set up under the mold plate. At this time the best and the template plate connected between the screw, the two plate thickness should be absolutely equal. Plate spacing out the pieces to be able to prevail, not too much, so as not to break the template.6. Fastening parts which includes screws, nuts, springs, pins, washers, etc., are generally used standard parts. Die more with the amount of standard parts, design choice and flexibility should be tightened to ensure the top out of the need to avoid exposure to the surface fastener operating position, the staff and impede operation to prevent bumps.Die with the development ofSince reform and opening, with the rapid development of the national economy, the market demand with the growing Die. In recent years, Die with the industry has been around 15% growth rate of the rapid development of industrial enterprises with ownership Die components also changed dramatically, in addition to the professional mold factory outside of state-owned, collective, joint ventures, wholly-owned and private has been a rapid development.As with the accelerating pace of international integration, the increasing competition in the market, it has been increasingly recognized product quality, cost, and new product development capacities. The cold die manufacturing is the most basic elements of the chain, one of the cold die manufacturing technology to measure a country's manufacturing sector has become an important symbol of the level, and largely determine the viability of enterprises.Die with enterprises to increase in recent years many technological advances for investment, technological progress will be seen as an important driving force for enterprise development. Some domestic enterprises have popularized the two-dimensional mold CAD, and gradually began to use UG, Pro / Engineer, I-DEAS, Euclid-IS and other international common software, individual manufacturers have also introduced Moldflow, C-Flow, DYNAFORM, Optris and MAGMASOFT etc. CAE software, and successfully applied in stamping die design.A car cover mold as the representative of a large stamping die manufacturing technology has made great progress, Dongfeng Motor Corporation mold factory, mold manufacturers such as FAW mold center has been able to produce some car cover mold. In addition, many research institutions and universities to carry out technology research and development of mold. After years of effort, in the mold CAD / CAE / CAM technology has made remarkable progress; in improving quality and reducing mold die design and manufacturing cycle, and so contributed. Although China Die with the industry over the past decade has made remarkable development, but in many ways compared with the industrialized countries there is still a large gap. Forexample, the precision machining equipment, processing equipment in Die with the relatively low proportion; CAD / CAE / CAM technology penetration is not high; many advanced mold technology not widely so, resulting in a considerable number of large, sophisticated, complex and long Die life with dependence on imports.With the continuous progress of science and technology, modern industrial production of increasingly complex and diverse, product performance and quality is ever increasing, thus the cold stamping technology put forward higher requirements. In order to adapt to the cold stamping technology industry needs, cold stamping technology itself also in innovation and development. cold stamping technology idea is to improve and expand as much as possible the advantages of the cold stamping process, to overcome its shortcomings. in the cold stamping technology development, should note the following aspects:(1) cold stamping technology process parameters should be properly identified and Die with the work of some of the shape and size, to improve the quality of stamping parts and shorten the new product production cycle should be in strengthening the metal forming the basis of theoretical studies, to metal forming theory to practice can produce a direction, and gradually establish a close connection with the actual production of the advanced process of calculation. abroad have begun to use plastic finite element method, automobile parts forming process of the stress and strain analysis and computer simulation to predict the forming part of a process plan on the possibilities and potential problems.(2) to accelerate product replacement, mold design to overcome the shortcomings of a long cycle. Should vigorously carry out computer-aided design and manufacture of molds (CAD / CAM) Research. In my country, paying particular attention to strengthening the multi-position progressive die CAD / CAM Technology.(3) to meet the needs of mass production, and reduce labor intensity. Should strengthen cold stamping of mechanized and automated, so that the average, small pieces of high-speed presses in a multi-position progressive die production, production reached a high degree of automation to further improve stamping productivity.(4) expand the scope of application of cold stamping production. So cold pressing both suitable for mass production, but also for small batch production; both the general accuracy of product production, but also can produce precision parts. Should pay attention to development such as fine blanking (especially thick material fine blanking), forming high-energy, soft mold forming, pressure and processing new superplastic forming process, but also promote the easy mode (soft mode and the low melting point alloy mold), Universal Hybrid model, the use of CNC punch press and other equipment.In addition, the performance improvement of sheet metal stamping, mold new material, die development of new processing methods should be further strengthened.Die with life and CountermeasuresDie with the life of the workpiece by punching out the number of terms. Many factors affect the life Die. There are die structure design, manufacture molds used in the punch and die materials, die quality and surface hardening heat treatment, precision die manufacturing parts and cold stamping materials selection. In addition, there are die installation, adjustment, use and maintenance.1. Die Design on Life(1) Layout design of layout methods and take the boundary value a great impact on the die life, too small to take the boundary value, often causing rapid wear and convex mold, die bite wounds on the. Starting from material savings, take the boundary value smaller the better, but take the edge is less than some value, the cut surface of the mold and the quality of life adversely. There will be left behind in the blanking die Q-gap were to produce spare parts glitch, or even damage the die edge, reduce die life. Therefore, consider increasing the material utilization of the same time, parts must yield, quality and life expectancy to determine the layout methods and take the boundary.(2) die structure prone to stress concentration on the cracking of the die structure, composite structure can be used or mosaic structure, and prestressed structure to enhance the mold life. (3) the impact of clearance when the gap is too small, compressed extrusion of interest, increased friction, increased wear, the wear side of aggravated discharge and push pieces after blanking time, materials and convex, the friction between die will cause wear and tear than the end edge on the side of the grinding much, but also easily lead to convex, concave mold temperature is high, the adsorption of metal debris in the side edge to form a metal tumor, so that male and female die chipping or expansion occurs crack phenomenon. Therefore, the gap is too small to Die Life very bad. Gap is too large will increase the punch and the die face the edge of the concentration of stress, resulting in a sharp increase in stress, so blade edge quickly lose angular yield deformation. Therefore, addition of blanking force, thereby enabling faster edge edge wear, reduce die life. But in order to reduce the male and female die wear, extending mold life, while ensuring quality of stamping pieces under the premise that larger space designed properly it is necessary.(4) Die-oriented structure of the life of a reliable guide for the working parts reduce wear, prevent male and female die bite wound is very effective. In particular, non-small-Q gap Q gap or Die, compound die and multi-position progressive die even more important. To improve the die life, must be based on processes and the demand of precision, the correct choice-oriented form and orientation accuracy, the choice should be higher than the accuracy-oriented convex, concave mold with precision.(5) the impact of cold stamping materials, cold stamping materials selected should meet the design requirements of workpieces and stamping process requirements, or easy to mold damage and reduce mold life. Poor surface quality of cold stamping, punching, cracking when the workpiece is also easy to scratch mold. Bad cold stamping plastic materials, deformation is small,easy to press when the workpiece rupture, but also easy to scratch mold. In addition, the material thickness tolerances shall comply with national standards. Die because of a certain thickness of material suitable for forming, bending, flanging, drawing die of the male and female die structure gap is directly determined by the thickness of the material. Therefore, uneven thickness, will result in waste generation and mold damage.2. Die Die Life ofDie Die Life of a mold material properties, chemical composition, structure, hardness and comprehensive reflection of metallurgical quality. Among them, the material properties and heat treatment affect the quality of the most obvious. Mold material properties on the impact of die life is great. If the same workpiece, using a different mold material of the bending test, the test results: The 9Mn2V material, the life of 5 million; with Crl2MoV nitriding, the life of up to 40 million. Therefore, the choice of materials, the batch size should be based on workpiece, rational use of mold materials. The hardness of the die parts to Die Life a great impact. But not the higher hardness, longer die life. This is because the hardness and strength, toughness and abrasion resistance are closely related. Some die demands of high hardness, long life. Such as the use of T10 steel dies, hardness 54 ~ 58HRC, only washed thousands of times a burr on the workpiece great. If the hardness to 60 ~ 64HRC, the grinding life of up to 2 to 3 million. However, if continue to improve hardness, fracture occurs earlier. Some die hardness should not be too high, as the die manufacturing using Crl2MoV 58 ~ 62HRC hardness, the general life of 2-3 million, invalid form of chipping and cracking, and if the hardness down to 54 ~ 58HRC, life expectancy increased to 5 ~ 60 000, but decreased to 50 ~ 53HRC hardness appears easy to blunt the die edge phenomenon. Thus, mold hardness must be based on material properties and failure modes may be. Should enable the hardness, strength, toughness and wear resistance, resistance to fatigue strength needed to achieve a particular stamping process the best match.3. The surface of the mold heat treatment to strengthen the quality and impact on lifeMold heat treatment the nature and quality of life of the mold a great impact. Practice shows that the die parts of the quenching distortion and cracking, early fracture during use, while the metallurgical and materials quality, forging quality, mold structure and process related, but related more to die of heat treatment. According to statistical analysis of failure causes of mold, heat treatment failure due to improper accounting for more than 50%. Practice shows that the mold material must be accompanied by high heat treatment process properly, can really play a material's potential. Parts surface hardening mold work purpose is to obtain the effect of external hard tough inside, so be hardness, wear resistance, toughness, good resistance to fatigue with. Many ways to die surface hardening, surface treatment technology of new technologies developed rapidly. In addition to Nitrocarburizing and ion nitride, boride, seepage niobium, vanadium permeability, hard chrome plated and spark strengthening, the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) has been gradually adopted. By CVD and PVD treatment, the mold surface covered with super-hard material, such as TiC, TiN, etc..High hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, adhesion is very good, can improve the die life several times to several times.4. Manufacturing precision of the die parts of die lifePrecision die manufacturing and life in it in particular, mold surface roughness on the mold a great impact. If using Crl2MoV steel blanking die, if the surface roughness value R = 1.6 m, its life span is about 30,000. Such as polished by the precision, surface roughness value R = 0.4 m, life can be increased to 4-5 million. Therefore, the working parts of the mold surface, the general must go through grinding, grinding, polishing and other finishing and fine processing.5. Other aspects of the impact of die life(1) Press the accuracy is not high, but also easy to make die damage.(2) die in the press or not installed properly and the operator's technical level, on the tool life is also greatly affected.(3) dies in the custody and maintenance of good and bad, and the use of lubricant condition also affects mold life.6. ConclusionIn actual production, sheet metal dies for use, rare case of non-normal wear and tear. But when the die plate was found prone to irregular wear, we always study for the problems summarized. Because of a cold die, from the design, manufacture, assembly, commissioning and installation and use, all spent many hours, while the convex die, die material used, mostly high-quality alloy steel. Therefore, the die cost is relatively high. Therefore, in the production of understanding the factors that affect the die life and take the appropriate measures to guide the production of great practical significance.冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策冲压模具概述冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中，将材料（金属或非金属）加工成零件（或半成品）的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具（俗称冷冲模）。
冲压模具技术的现状和发展趋势
冲压模具技术的现状和发展趋势冲压模具技术的现状和发展趋势冲压模具技术的现状和发展趋势104174243 张亚庆近年许多模具企业加大了用于技术进步的投资力度，将技术进步视为企业发展的重要动力。
一些国内模具企业已普及了二维CAD，并陆续开始使用UG、Pro/Engineer、I-DEAS、Euclid-IS等国际通用软件，个别厂家还引进了Moldflow、C-Flow、DYNAFORM、Optris和MAGMASOFT等CAE软件，并成功应用于冲压模的设计中。
改革开放以来，随着国民经济的高速发展，市场对模具的需求量不断增长。
近年来，模具工业一直以15%左右的增长速度快速发展，模具工业企业的所有制成分也发生了巨大变化，除了国有专业模具厂外，集体、合资、独资和私营也得到了快速发展。
浙江宁波和黄岩地区的“模具之乡”；广东一些大集团公司和迅速崛起的乡镇企业，科龙、美的、康佳等集团纷纷建立了自己的模具制造中心；中外合资和外商独资的模具企业现已有几千家。
随着与国际接轨的脚步不断加快，市场竞争的日益加剧，人们已经越来越认识到产品质量、成本和新产品的开发能力的重要性。
而模具制造是整个链条中最基础的要素之一，模具制造技术现已成为衡量一个国家制造业水平高低的重要标志，并在很大程度上决定企业的生存空间。
以汽车覆盖件模具为代表的大型冲压模具的制造技术已取得很大进步，东风汽车公司模具厂、一汽模具中心等模具厂家已能生产部分轿车覆盖件模具。
此外，许多研究机构和大专院校开展模具技术的研究和开发。
经过多年的努力，在模具CAD/CAE/CAM技术方面取得了显著进步；在提高模具质量和缩短模具设计制造周期等方面做出了贡献。
例如，吉林大学汽车覆盖件成型技术所独立研制的汽车覆盖件冲压成型分析KMAS软件，华中理工大学模具技术国家重点实验室开发的注塑模、汽车覆盖件模具和级进模CAD/CAE/CAM软件，上海交通大学模具CAD国家工程研究中心开发的冷冲模和精冲研究中心开发的冷冲模和精冲模CAD软件等在国内模具行业拥有不少的用户。
冷冲压模具设计与制造的技术现状及发展趋势
一、冲压模具市场情况我国冲压模具无论在数量上,还是在质量、技术和能力等方面都已有了很大发展，但与国发经济需求和世界先进水平相比，差距仍很大，一些大型、精度、复杂、长寿命的高档模具每年仍大量进口,特别是中高档轿车的覆盖件模具，目前仍主要依靠进口.一些低档次的简单冲模，已趋供过于求，市场竟争激烈。
据中国模具工业协会发布的统计材料，2004年我国冲压模具总产出约为220亿元，其中出口0.75亿美元,约合6.2亿元。
根据我国海关统计资料，2004年我国共进口冲压模具5。
61亿美联社元,约合46。
6亿元.从上述数字可以得出2004年我国冲压模具市场总规模约为266。
6亿元.其中国内市场需求为260.4亿元,总供应约为213。
8亿元，市场满足率为82％.在上述供求总体情况中，有几个具体情况必须说明：一是进口模具大部分是技术含量高的大型精密模具,而出口模具大部分是技术含量较低中的中低档模具，因此技术含量高的中高档模具市场满足率低于冲压模具总体满足率，这些模具的发展已滞后于冲压件生产，而技术含量低的中低档模具市场满足率要高于冲压模具市场总体满足率;二是由于我国的模具价格要比国际市场低格低许多，具有一定的竟争力，因此其在国际市场前景看好，2005年冲压模具出口达到1。
46亿美元，比2004年增长94.7％就可说明这一点；三是近年来港资、台资、外资企业在我国发展迅速,这些企业中大量的自产自用的冲压模具无确切的统计资料,因此未能计入上述数字之中。
近年来,我国冲压模具水平已有很大提高.大型冲压模具已能生产单套重量达50多吨的模具。
为中档轿车配套的覆盖件模具内也能生产了.精度达到1～2μm，寿命2亿次左右的多工位级进模国内已有多家企业能够生产。
表面粗糙度达到Ra≤1.5μm的精冲模,大尺寸（φ≥300m m）精冲模及中厚板精冲模国内也已达到相当高的水平.1、模具CAD/CAM技术状况我国模具CAD/CAM技术的发展已有20多年历史。
冲压模具成型外文翻译参考文献
冲压模具成型外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)4 Sheet metal forming and blanking4.1 Principles of die manufacture4.1.1 Classification of diesIn metalforming,the geometry of the workpiece is established entirely or partially by the geometry of the die.In contrast to machining processes,ignificantly greater forces are necessary in forming.Due to the complexity of the parts,forming is often not carried out in a single operation.Depending on the geometry of the part,production is carried out in several operational steps via one or several production processes such as forming or blanking.One operation can also include several processes simultaneously(cf.Sect.2.1.4).During the design phase,the necessary manufacturing methods as well as the sequence and number of production steps are established in a processing plan(Fig.4.1.1).In this plan,theavailability of machines,the planned production volumes of the part and other boundary conditions are taken into account.The aim is to minimize the number of dies to be used while keeping up a high level of operational reliability.The parts are greatly simplified right from their design stage by close collaboration between the Part Design and Production Departments in order to enable several forming and related blanking processes to be carried out in one forming station.Obviously,the more operations which are integrated into a single die,the more complex the structure of the die becomes.The consequences are higher costs,a decrease in output and a lower reliability.Fig.4.1.1 Production steps for the manufacture of an oil sumpTypes of diesThe type of die and the closely related transportation of the part between dies is determined in accordance with the forming procedure,the size of the part in question and the production volume of parts to be produced.The production of large sheet metal parts is carried out almost exclusively using single sets of dies.Typical parts can be found in automotive manufacture,the domestic appliance industry and radiator production.Suitable transfer systems,for example vacuum suction systems,allow the installation of double-action dies in a sufficiently large mounting area.In this way,for example,the right and left doors of a car can be formed jointly in one working stroke(cf.Fig.4.4.34).Large size single dies are installed in large presses.The transportation of the parts from oneforming station to another is carried out mechanically.In a press line with single presses installed one behind the other,feeders or robots can be used(cf.Fig.4.4.20 to 4.4.22),whilst in large-panel transfer presses,systems equipped with gripper rails(cf.Fig.4.4.29)or crossbar suction systems(cf.Fig.4.4.34)are used to transfer the parts.Transfer dies are used for the production of high volumes of smaller and medium size parts(Fig.4.1.2).They consist of several single dies,which are mounted on a common base plate.The sheet metal is fed through mostly in blank form and also transported individually from die to die.If this part transportation is automated,the press is called a transfer press.The largest transfer dies are used together with single dies in large-panel transfer presses(cf.Fig.4.4.32).In progressive dies,also known as progressive blanking dies,sheet metal parts are blanked in several stages;generally speaking no actual forming operation takes place.The sheet metal is fed from a coil or in the form of metal ing an appropriate arrangement of the blanks within the available width of the sheet metal,an optimal material usage is ensured(cf.Fig.4.5.2 to 4.5.5). The workpiece remains fixed to the strip skeleton up until the laFig.4.1.2 Transfer die set for the production of an automatic transmission for an automotive application-st operation.The parts are transferred when the entire strip is shifted further in the work flow direction after the blanking operation.The length of the shift is equal to the center line spacing of the dies and it is also called the step width.Side shears,very precise feeding devices or pilot pins ensure feed-related part accuracy.In the final production operation,the finished part,i.e.the last part in the sequence,is disconnected from the skeleton.A field of application for progressive blanking tools is,for example,in the production of metal rotors or stator blanks for electric motors(cf.Fig.4.6.11 and 4.6.20).In progressive compound dies smaller formed parts are produced in several sequential operations.In contrast to progressive dies,not only blanking but also forming operations areperformed.However, the workpiece also remains in the skeleton up to the last operation(Fig.4.1.3 and cf.Fig.4.7.2).Due to the height of the parts,the metal strip must be raised up,generally using lifting edges or similar lifting devices in order to allow the strip metal to be transported mechanically.Pressed metal parts which cannot be produced within a metal strip because of their geometrical dimensions are alternatively produced on transfer sets.Fig.4.1.3 Reinforcing part of a car produced in a strip by a compound die setNext to the dies already mentioned,a series of special dies are available for special individual applications.These dies are,as a rule,used separately.Special operations make it possible,however,for special dies to be integrated into an operational Sequence.Thus,for example,in flanging dies several metal parts can be joined together positively through the bending of certain metal sections(Fig.4.1.4and cf.Fig.2.1.34).During this operation reinforcing parts,glue or other components can be introduced.Other special dies locate special connecting elements directly into the press.Sorting and positioning elements,for example,bring stamping nuts synchronised with the press cycles into the correct position so that the punch heads can join them with the sheet metal part(Fig.4.1.5).If there is sufficient space available,forming and blanking operations can be carried out on the same die.Further examples include bending,collar-forming,stamping,fine blanking,wobble blanking and welding operations(cf.Fig.4.7.14 and4.7.15).Fig.4.1.4 A hemming dieFig.4.1.5 A pressed part with an integrated punched nut4.1.2 Die developmentTraditionally the business of die engineering has been influenced by the automotive industry.The following observations about the die development are mostly related to body panel die construction.Essential statements are,however,made in a fundamental context,so that they are applicable to all areas involved with the production of sheet-metal forming and blanking dies.Timing cycle for a mass produced car body panelUntil the end of the 1980s some car models were still being produced for six to eight years more or less unchanged or in slightly modified form.Today,however,production time cycles are set for only five years or less(Fig.4.1.6).Following the new different model policy,the demands ondie makers have also changed prehensive contracts of much greater scope such as Simultaneous Engineering(SE)contracts are becoming increasingly common.As a result,the die maker is often involved at the initial development phase of the metal part as well as in the planning phase for the production process.Therefore,a muchbroader involvement is established well before the actual die development is initiated.Fig.4.1.6 Time schedule for a mass produced car body panelThe timetable of an SE projectWithin the context of the production process for car body panels,only a minimal amount of time is allocated to allow for the manufacture of the dies.With large scale dies there is a run-up period of about 10 months in which design and die try-out are included.In complex SE projects,which have to be completed in 1.5 to 2 years,parallel tasks must be carried out.Furthermore,additional resources must be provided before and after delivery of the dies.These short periods call for pre-cise planning,specific know-how,available capacity and the use of the latest technological and communications systems.The timetable shows the individual activities during the manufacturing of the dies for the production of the sheet metal parts(Fig.4.1.7).The time phases for large scale dies are more or less similar so that this timetable can be considered to be valid in general.Data record and part drawingThe data record and the part drawing serve as the basis for all subsequent processing steps.They describe all the details of the parts to be produced. The information given in theFig.4.1.7 Timetable for an SE projectpart drawing includes: part identification,part numbering,sheet metal thickness,sheet metal quality,tolerances of the finished part etc.(cf.Fig.4.7.17).To avoid the production of physical models(master patterns),the CAD data should describe the geometry of the part completely by means of line,surface or volume models.As a general rule,high quality surface data with a completely filleted and closed surface geometry must be made available to all the participants in a project as early as possible.Process plan and draw developmentThe process plan,which means the operational sequence to be followed in the production of the sheet metal component,is developed from the data record of the finished part(cf.Fig.4.1.1).Already at this point in time,various boundary conditions must be taken into account:the sheet metal material,the press to be used,transfer of the parts into the press,the transportation of scrap materials,the undercuts as well as thesliding pin installations and their adjustment.The draw development,i.e.the computer aided design and layout of the blank holder area of the part in the first forming stage–if need bealso the second stage–,requires a process planner with considerable experience(Fig.4.1.8).In order to recognize and avoid problems in areas which are difficult to draw,it is necessary to manufacture a physical analysis model of the draw development.With this model,theforming conditions of the drawn part can be reviewed and final modifications introduced,which are eventually incorporated into the data record(Fig.4.1.9).This process is being replaced to some extent by intelligent simulation methods,through which the potential defects of the formed component can be predicted and analysed interactively on the computer display.Die designAfter release of the process plan and draw development and the press,the design of the die can be started.As a rule,at this stage,the standards and manufacturing specifications required by the client must be considered.Thus,it is possible to obtain a unified die design and to consider the particular requests of the customer related to warehousing of standard,replacement and wear parts.Many dies need to be designed so that they can be installed in different types of presses.Dies are frequently installed both in a production press as well as in two different separate back-up presses.In this context,the layout of the die clamping elements,pressure pins and scrap disposal channels on different presses must be taken into account.Furthermore,it must be noted that drawing dies working in a single-action press may be installed in a double-action press(cf.Sect.3.1.3 and Fig.4.1.16).Fig.4.1.8 CAD data record for a draw developmentIn the design and sizing of the die,it is particularly important to consider the freedom of movement of the gripper rail and the crossbar transfer elements(cf.Sect.4.1.6).These describe the relative movements between the components of the press transfer system and the die components during a complete press working stroke.The lifting movement of the press slide,the opening and closing movements of the gripper rails and the lengthwise movement of the whole transfer are all superimposed.The dies are designed so that collisions are avoided and a minimum clearance of about 20 mm is set between all the moving parts.4 金属板料的成形及冲裁4. 模具制造原理4.1.1模具的分类在金属成形的过程中，工件的几何形状完全或部分建立在模具几何形状的基础上的。
(完整版)冲压类外文翻译、中英文翻译冲压模具设计
"sheet-metal forming". Sheet-metal forming ( also called stamping or pressing )is
is hard to imagine the scope and cost of these facilities without visiting an
Minimum bend radii vary for different metals, generally, different annealed metals
be bent to a radius equal to the thickness of the metal without cracking or
modes can be illustrated by considering the deformation of small sheet elements
Sheet forming a simple cup
the blank flange as it is being drawn horizontally through
Minimum bend radius for various materials at room temperature
Condition
Hard
0 6T
0 4T
0 2T
5T 13T
0.5T 6T
0.5T 4T
0.7T 3T
2.6T 4T
——thickness of material
one punch to prevent its buckling under pressure from the ram of the press.
文献综述冲压模具
毕业论文（毕业设计）文献综述摘要：在科技技术日益发展的今天，冲压工艺得到不断的发展，在工业生产中的作用越来越重要。
冲压技术在新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料的涌现下，不断革新和发展。
本文从冲压模的特点，使用原则，装配结构，探讨了冲压模具的冲压工艺。
关键词：冲压工艺、冲压模、模具设计、模具制造Abstract: in the increasingly development of science and technology today, the stamping process has been developed constantly, in the industrial production more and more important roles in stamping technology in the emergence of new technology and new technology new equipment, new material, the constant innovation and development in this paper, from the characteristics of composite modulus, use principle, formal inversion structure, discusses the composite die stamping processKeywords:stamping process,Stamping die,Mold design，Mould manufacturing1.冲压的概念及其优点冲压的概念冲压是利用安装在冲压设备（主要是压力机）上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件）的一种压力加工方法。
冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且主要采用板料来加工成所需零件，所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。
【机械类文献翻译】冲压模具
冲压模具的外文翻译摘要冲压模具在工业生产中应用广泛。
冲压模具的设计充分利用了机械压力机的功用特点在室温的条件下对坯件进行冲压成形，生产效率提高，经济效益显著。
冲压模具的设计充分利用了机械压力机的功用特点，在室温的条件下对坯件进行冲压成形，生产效率提高，经济效益显著。
本文介绍的模具实例结构简单实用，使用方便可靠，对类似工件的大批量生产具有一定的参考作用。
在传统的工业生产中，工人生产的劳动强度大、劳动量大，严重影响生产效率的提高。
随着当今科技的发展，工业生产中模具的使用已经越来越引起人们的重视，而被大量应用到工业生产中来。
冲压模具的自动送料技术也投入到实际的生产中，冲压模具可以大大的提高劳动生产效率，减轻工人负担，具有重要的技术进步意义和经济价值。
1、国内外模具工业的发展与现状1953年，长春第一汽车制造厂在中国首次建立了冲模车间，该厂于1958年开始制造汽车覆盖件模具。
我国于20世纪60年开始生产精冲模具。
在走过了温长的发展道路之后，目前我国已形成了300多亿元（未包括港、澳、台的统计数字，下同）各类冲压模具的生产能力。
上海交通大学为瑞士法因托（Finetool）精冲公司开发成功精密冲裁级进模CAC/CAM 系统，西安交通大学开发出多工位弯曲级进模CAD系统等。
展望国内外模具CAD/CAE/CAM 技术的发展，本世纪的科学技术正处于日新月异的变革之中，通过与计算机技术的紧密结合，人工智能技术、并行工程、面向装配、参数化特征建模以及关联设计等一系列与模具工业相关的技术发展之快，学科领域交叉之广前所未见。
目前我国模具年生产总量虽然已位居世界第三，其中，冲压模占模具总量的40%以上，但在整个模具设计制造水平和标准化程度上，与德国、美国、日本等发达国家相比还存在相当大的差距。
在设计制造方法、手段上已基本达到了国际水平，模具结构功能方面也接近国际水平，在轿车模具国产化进程中前进了一大步。
但在制造质量、精度、制造周期和成本方面，以国外相比还存在一定的差距。
2024年冷冲压模具市场规模分析
2024年冷冲压模具市场规模分析1. 引言冷冲压模具（Cold Forming Die）作为一种高精度的模具制造技术，在现代制造业中扮演着重要的角色。
冷冲压模具的广泛应用带来了冷冲压模具市场的快速增长。
本文将对冷冲压模具市场的规模进行分析，以揭示其发展趋势和未来前景。
2. 冷冲压模具市场概述2.1 冷冲压模具的定义及应用领域冷冲压模具是一种用于处理金属材料的模具制造技术。
它通过在常温下将金属材料压制成所需形状，并通过模具来控制加工过程中的变形，从而实现高精度和高效率的生产。
冷冲压模具广泛应用于汽车制造、电子设备制造、家电制造等行业。
2.2 冷冲压模具市场规模的定义冷冲压模具市场规模是指在特定时间段内，冷冲压模具销售额或产量的总和。
市场规模是衡量一个行业的发展程度和潜力的重要指标。
3. 2024年冷冲压模具市场规模分析3.1 历史发展冷冲压模具市场经历了持续的增长和变化。
在过去几十年里，随着制造业的不断发展和技术的不断进步，冷冲压模具得到了广泛的应用。
市场规模从最初的较小规模快速增长至今天的庞大规模。
3.2 当前市场规模根据市场调研分析，目前冷冲压模具市场规模已经达到了XX亿元。
随着汽车、电子设备等行业的快速发展，冷冲压模具市场有望继续保持稳定增长。
3.3 市场规模预测根据行业专家的分析，预计未来几年冷冲压模具市场规模将继续扩大。
这主要受益于汽车行业的增长和新兴领域的发展。
预计到XXXX年，冷冲压模具市场规模有望达到XX亿元。
4. 市场规模增长因素分析4.1 汽车行业的发展汽车行业作为冷冲压模具的主要应用领域之一，对市场规模的增长起到了关键作用。
随着汽车产量的增加和新能源车辆的发展，冷冲压模具的需求将持续增加。
4.2 新兴领域的发展除了传统的汽车制造业，还有一些新兴领域对冷冲压模具的需求正在逐渐增长。
例如，新能源领域、航空航天领域等都对冷冲压模具提出了更高的要求，这将进一步推动市场规模的增长。
4.3 技术进步与创新随着制造技术的不断进步和创新，冷冲压模具的精度和效率得到了显著提高。
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外文翻译---冷冲压模具发展现状附录A冷冲压模具发展现状模具是高新技术产业的一个组成部分，是工业生产的重要基础装备．用模具生产的产品，其价值往往是模具价值的几十倍。
模具技术是一门技术综合性强的精密基础工艺装备技术，涉及新技术、新工艺、新材料、新设备的开发与推广应用．是冶金、材料、计量、机电一体化、计算机等多门学科以及铸、锻、热处理、机加工、检测等诸多工种共同打造的系统工程。
用模具生产制品具有高效率、低消耗、高一致性、高精度和高复杂程度等特点，这是其他任何加工制造方法所不及的。
目前，模具制造业已成为与高新技术产业互为依托的产业，模具工业技术水平的高低已成为衡量国家制造业水平的重要标志之一。
对任何国家来说，制造产业是综合国力及技术水平的体现．而模具行业的发展是制造产业的基础和关键。
针对这种情况，国家出台了相应的政策，正积极发展模具制造产业。
一、冷冲模具工业历史悠久冷冲压加工工艺在我国已有悠久的历史。
据文献记载：我国劳动人民远在青铜时期就发现了金属具有锤击变形的性能，到了战国时代(公元前403一前221年)已经能炼剑淬火。
我们的祖先在2300年前已掌握了锤击金属制造兵器和各种日用品技术。
在漫长的封建社会时期，我国劳动人民在金、银、铜装饰品和日用品的制作中，更是显示出了精巧的工艺技术和高超的艺术水平，令人叹为观止。
近代，从上个世纪20年代开始，金属制品、玩具和小五金等行业就开始使用冲床、压力机等简易机械设备及相应的模具加工产品的毛坯或某些零部件，其中的“刀口模子”专门用于落料、冲孔，“坞工模子”可用于金属拉伸。
由于生产力较为低下，技术水平不够．当时各厂使用的冲压设备功率都不大，甚至大多还是手扳脚踏。
模具加工业以手工为主，故而模具的精度不高，损坏率大。
直到20世纪40年代初，出现水压机冷冲模具。
50年代公私合营后．增添了磨床、铣床和锯床等设备，又配上硬度计、外径内径测定器和块规等较为精密的测量设备，冷冲模具的精度得以提高。
六七十年代，随着产品生产大量使用冲压机床，冷冲模具已从原来单冲落料、单冲孔模具发展为落料、冲孔复合模。
同时由于冷冲模架标准件的出现，使模具设计结构形式多样化，精度也由此提高。
与此同时．随着热处理技术的进步和检测手段的完善，冷冲模具使用寿命提高5～7倍。
这一时期．还由于成型磨削、电脉冲和线切割机等机床相继使用，又采用硬质合金为模具材料，冷冲模具的制作工艺有了新的发展。
设计人员改进制模工艺，具有自动送料、自动理片和接料装置的复合模具大量问世。
靠模铣床引进后，用石膏、术模或实物即可翻制出相同形状的模芯，使复合托深模具的制作方便了许多，确保了精度。
70年代以后，使用斜度线切割机加工冷冲模具．其凸模(冲头)和凹模可先淬火处理再切割装配，取代了原来冷冲模具制作需要热处理一装配一变形修正的繁琐工艺，模具的精度可达到0．01ram。
可以说这段时间我国的模具产业发展日新月异。
二、冷冲模具工业的现状到了21世纪．随着计算机软件的发展和进步．CAD／CAE／CAM技术日臻成熟，其现代模具中的应用越来越广泛。
目前我国冲压模具无论在数量上，还是在质量、技术和能力等方面都已有了很大发展，但与国民经济需求和世界先进水平相比，仍具有较大的差异，一些大型、精密、复杂、长寿命的高档模具每年仍大量进口，特别是中高档轿车的覆盖件模具。
目前仍主要依靠进口。
而一些低档次的简单冲模，则已供过于求，市场竞争非常激烈。
根据中国模具工业协会的统计数据，2009年中国模具进出口总额为38．07亿美元，比上年下降3．03％。
其中进口总额为19．64亿美元，同比减少2％；出口总额为18．43亿美元，同比减少4．1l％。
按模具种类分．进出口最高的仍是塑料橡胶模具，分别占了进出口额的50．12％和70．26％；其次是冲压模具，分别占了进出口额的42．42％和22．07％。
按进口货源地分，进口模具主要来自日本、韩国、德国，其次是中国台湾、美国、加拿大、意大利、新加坡、丹麦和法国；按出口目的地分，中国出口模具的市场主要是香港、美国和日本．其次是德国、印度、中国台湾、法国、巴西、韩国和越南；按出口货源地分，出口模具主要来自广东、浙江和江苏。
从进出口模具价格方面分析．2009年出口冲压模具平均每吨价8894．5美元．比上年上升13．5％；出口塑料橡胶模具平均每套价963美元，比上年上升15．6％。
如果与进口价相比较，冲压模具平均每吨进出口之比为1．8：1；塑料橡胶模具平均每套进出口之比为2．5：l。
与上年相比，差距明显缩小。
中国模具工业协会的分析指出，从上述价格可看出，中国出El模具的技术含量和附加值比上年又有了上升，与进口模具相比，技术和价格差距也在不断缩小，充分体现出了2009年中国模具产业的技术进步。
三、冷冲模具的发展方向发展模具工业的关键是制造模具的技术、相关人才以及模具材料。
模具技术的发展是模具工业发展最关键的—个因素，其发展方向应该为适应模具产品“交货期短”、“精度高”、“质量好”和“价格低”的要求服务。
为此，急需发展如下几项：1．全面推广模具CAD／CAM／CAE技术：随着微机软件发展和进步，普及CAD ／CAM／CAE技术的条件已基本成熟，各企业需要加大CAD／CAM技术培训和技术服务的力度，同时进一步扩大CAE技术的应用范围。
计算机和网络的发展可以促进CAD／CAM／CAE技术跨地区、跨企业、跨院所地在整个行业中推广，实现技术资源重新整合。
使虚拟制造成为可能。
2．模具扫描及数字化系统：高速扫描机和模具扫描系统具备从模型或实物扫描到加工出期望的模型所需的诸多功能，这样可以大大缩短模具研制制造周期。
将快速扫描系统安装在已有的数控铣床及加工中心上，可以实现快速数据采集、自动生成各种不同数控系统的加工程序、不同格式的CAD数据，用于模具制造业的“逆向工程”。
3．电火花加工：电火花加工(EDM)虽然已受到高速铣削的严峻挑战，但其固有特性和独特的加工方法是高速铣削所不能完全替代的。
例如对模具的复杂型面、深窄小型腔、尖角、窄缝、沟槽、深坑等处的加工，EDM有其无可比拟的优点。
复杂、精密小型腔及微细型腔和去除刀痕、完成尖角、窄缝、沟槽、深坑加工及花纹加工等，将是今后EDM应用的重点。
为了在模具加工中进一步发挥其独特的作用，今后将不断提高EDM的效率、自动化程度、加工的表面完整性和设备的精密化和大型化，作为可持续发展战略，绿色EDM新技术是未来重要发展趋势。
4．优质材料及先进表面处理技术：选用优质钢材和应用相应的表面处理技术来提高模具的寿命就显得十分必要。
5．模具研磨抛光将自动化、智能化：模具表面的质量对模具使用寿命、制件外观质量等方面均有较大的影响，研究自动化、智能化的研磨与抛光方法替代现有手工操作，提高模具表面质量是重要的发展趋势。
6. 模具的失效原因有很多．材料方面的原因占较大的比重，据资料统计，因选材和用材不当，致使模具过早失效。
大约占失效模具的45％以上。
另一方面，在整个模具价格构成中，材料所占比重不大。
一般在20％一30％。
因此，十分有必要选用优质钢材和应用表面处理技术来提高模具的寿命。
模具用钢要采用电渣重熔工艺。
如采用粉末冶金工艺制造的粉末高速钢等。
目前，模具钢品种规格多样化、产品精细化、制品化，尽量缩短供货时间亦是模具行业的重要发展趋势。
7. 冲压模具是冲压牛产中的重要工艺设备，是提高产品质量、节约原材料、体现模制品技术经济性的有效手段。
一副冲模从设计、机械加工、装配、调整到安装使用，工序多，刷期长，加工费用高。
因此，对于冲模除了要求生产效牢高、所冲出零件完全符合质量要求和技术条件外，冲模的使用寿命也是非常重要的。
但由于模具材料、机械加工等一系列内外因素的影响，企业生产中经常导致模具过早失效而报废，造成浪费并可能影响到仓业的正常生产。
实际生产中冲模的失效现象相当频繁，冲模消耗量大。
冲模的失效形式主要有三种: （1）．磨损失效（2）．变形失效（3）．脆裂失效。
分析冲模失效原因，采用各种有效措施防止冲模早期失效，可大大提高冲模使用寿命。
8. 合理设计模具结构冲模结构是影响冲模耐用度的关键，结构不合理容易造成刚性差和壁厚分布不均匀，以及表面缺陷(如表面氧化、脱碳、裂痕、疤痕)都会影响模具材料的性能，造成冲模的早期失效。
模具设计的原则是保证有足够的强度、刚度、同心度、对中性和合理的冲裁间隙，并减少应力集中，以保证由模具生产出来零件符合设计要求。
因此对模具的主要工作零作(如冲模的凸、凹模)要求其导向精度和同心度高。
在冲裁模结构的设计中，凸凹模间隙的合理选取，是保证模具正常工作、延长模具寿命的一个关键因素。
理想的间隙应该是板料冲裁断裂时，凸凹模刃口边所产生的裂纹在一条直线上，否则冲片边缘将出现不允许的毛刺，使得刃口粘结严重，磨损加快，进而影响模具的寿命。
对于冲裁模具有研究表明：在保证冲裁工件质量的前提下，冲裁模具应尽可能选用较大的冲裁间隙，以降低冲裁力，减小模具的磨损从而能提高模具使用寿命。
某厂电机定、转子片为0．5mm 的硅钢片，手册推荐的间隙为0．0 4～O．07ram，约为材料厚度的8％～14％。
按照这个间隙，冲出的定、转子片毛刺虽能控制在规定范围内。
但由于间隙偏小，使得凸模与被冲的孔之间、凹模与落料之间的摩擦严重，造成凸模和凹模侧壁产生粘结，致使模具寿命下降。
为提高冲片质量，延长模具寿命，该厂根据国内外资料信息，在实践中对模具间隙做了试验摸索，证明间隙值为0．09～O．1 1 mm最为合适。
提高模具加工工艺要重视模具钢坯的锻造工艺，消除带状和网状碳化物分布，使流线和冲击力方向垂直。
锻造时为了充分打碎坯料中的碳化物，使其呈弥散状均匀分布，应采用高锻比变向镦拔的方法。
在模具制造加工过程中，必须严格保证模具的尺寸形状精度，避免留下机加工刀痕；过渡部分要平滑，不能有微小缺陷，防止使用过程中出现应力集中裂纹。
电加工及磨削加工后应进行回火，以消除加工应力。
拉深模具的最后抛光工序操作方向应和坯料金属流动的方向一致，凹模型腔应纵向往复而不是圆周运动抛光。
抛光时应注意冷却，防止过热使模具硬度下降。
冲模刃口多采用线切割加工。
由于线切割加工的热效应和电解作用，使模具加工表面产生一定厚度的变质层，造成表面硬度降低，出现显微裂纹等，致使线切割加工的冲模易发生早期磨损，直接影响模具冲裁间隙的保持及刃口容易崩刃，缩短模具使用寿命。
因此，在线切割加工中应选择合理的电规准，尽量减少变质层深度。
冲模的加工精度对冲模的耐用度影响很大。
如在冲裁模中由于装配间隙不均匀，在剪切力作用下常会使凹模啃坏而影响冲模寿命。
同时，冲模表面光洁度过低，也会使冲模的耐用度降低。
因此，在加工时必须要对孔距大小、装配时凸模对固定板支撑面的垂直度、冲模间距的均匀和导套、导柱的导向精度等级给于充分注意。