财务会计课后习题答案(英文原版)第3单元
2A
Simple
3A 4A 5A
Moderate Moderate Moderate
*6A*
Moderate
1B
Simple
2B
Simple
3B 4B 5B
Moderate Moderate Moderate
3-2
Correlation Chart between Bloom’s Taxonomy, Study Objectives and End-of-Chapter Exercises and Problems
1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A 1A, 2A, 3A, 5A, 6A 6A
1B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B 1B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B 1B, 2B, 3B, 5B
*6.
Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.
7
*7.
Describe the nature and purpose of an adjusted trial balance. Prepare adjusting entries for the alternative treatment of prepayments.
9, 10
*8.
22
11
12
Study Objective Q3-1 Q3-3 Q3-4 Q3-1 Q3-6 Q3-8 Q3-9 Q3-8 Q3-9 Q3-10 Q3-11 Q3-12 Q3-13 Q3-19 Q3-20 Q3-17 Q3-18 BE3-3 BE3-4 BE3-5 BE3-6 E3-2 E3-3 E3-4 E3-5 E3-6 E3-7 E3-8 E3-9 E3-11 P3-1A P3-2A P3-3A Q3-10 Q3-18 BE3-2 BE3-8 E3-7 E3-2 P3-4A E3-11 P3-5A P3-6A P3-1B P3-2B P3-3B P3-4B P3-5B Q3-7 BE3-1 Q3-5 E3-6 Q3-2 E3-1 Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation
*Note: All asterisked Questions, Exercises, and Problems relate to material contained in the appendix *to the chapter.
3-1
ASSIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS TABLE
Questions 1, 2
Exercises
*2.
3, 4, 5
1, 6
*3.
1, 6, 7
1
*4.
8, 9, 10, 18
2, 8
2, 7
*5.
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20 8, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 21
3, 4, 5, 6
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Problem Number 1A Difficulty Level Sim 50−60 40−50 30−40 60−70 40−50 40−50 50−60 40−50 30−40 60−70
Description Prepare adjusting entries, post to ledger accounts, and prepare an adjusted trial balance. Prepare adjusting entries, post, and prepare an adjusted trial balance and financial statements. Prepare adjusting entries and financial statements. Prepare adjusting entries. Journalize transactions and follow through accounting cycle to preparation of financial statements. Prepare adjusting entries, an adjusted trial balance, and financial statements using appendix. Prepare adjusting entries, post to ledger accounts, and prepare an adjusted trial balance. Prepare adjusting entries, post, and prepare an adjusted trial balance and financial statements. Prepare adjusting entries and financial statements. Prepare adjusting entries. Journalize transactions and follow through accounting cycle to preparation of financial statements.
CHAPTER 3
Adjusting the Accounts
ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE
Brief Exercises A Problems B Problems
Study Objectives *1. Explain the time period assumption. Explain the accrual basis of accounting. Explain why adjusting entries are needed. Identify the major types of adjusting entries. Prepare adjusting entries for prepayments.
中级财务会计英文版.课后答案(Chap03)
August 14
8,000 @ $ 5.50 = $44,000
2,000 @ $6.10
2,000 @ $5.50 $23,200
August 18
6,000 @ $5.00 = $30,000
2,000 @ $6.10
2,000 @ $5.50 $53,200
Cost of goods sold$82,200
Cost of ending inventory:
Date of
purchaseUnitsUnit costTotal cost
August 183,000$5.00$15,000
Last-in, first-out (LIFO)
Cost of goods available for sale(18,000 units)$97,200
12,000 units
August 14
8,000 @ $5.60 = $44,800
4,000 @ $5.60 $22,400
August 18
Available
6,000 @ $5.00 = $30,000
$52,400
= $5.24/unit
10,000 units
August 25
7,000 @ $5.24 =$36,680
Less: Ending inventory(determined below)(17,700)
Cost of goods sold$79,500
Cost of ending inventory:
Date of
purchaseUnitsUnit costTotal cost
湖北经济学院双语会计练习册答案第三章
1. a. Supplies Expense ..................................................... 1,565Supplies ............................................................... 1,565b. Unearned Rent .......................................................... 1,340Rent Revenue ...................................................... 1,340c. Wages Expense ........................................................ 2,150Wages Payable .................................................... 2,150d. Accounts Receivable ................................................ 11,278Fees Earned ......................................................... 11,278e. Depreciation Expense .............................................. 1,000Accumulated Depreciation ................................. 1,000 2. Adjusting entries are a planned part of the accounting process toupdate the accounts. Correcting entries are not planned, but ariseonly when necessary to correct errors.a. Accounts Receivable ................................................ 1,150Fees Earned ......................................................... 1,150 b. Supplies Expense ..................................................... 1,390Supplies ............................................................... 1,390 c. Rent Expense ............................................................ 6,000Prepaid Rent ........................................................ 6,000 d. Depreciation Expense .............................................. 1,650Accumulated Depreciation ................................. 1,650 e. Unearned Fees .......................................................... 4,725Fees Earned ......................................................... 4,725 f. Wages Expense ........................................................ 2,180Wages Payable .................................................... 2,180a. Accounts Receivable ..................................................... 3,200Fees Earned .............................................................. 3,200 b. Supplies Expense .......................................................... 2,590Supplies ..................................................................... 2,590 c. Depreciation Expense .................................................... 3,850Accumulated Depreciation ....................................... 3,850 d. Unearned Fees ............................................................... 1,000Fees Earned .............................................................. 1,000 e. Wages Expense .. (820)Wages Payable (820)2006June 30 Supplies Expense ................................................ 2,670Supplies ......................................................... 2,67030 Insurance Expense .............................................. 2,550Prepaid Insurance ......................................... 2,55030 Depreciation Expense—Equipment ................... 7,020Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment..... 7,02030 Depreciation Expense—Automobiles ................ 3,650Accumulated Depreciation—Automobiles 3,65030 Utilities Expense (420)Accounts Payable (420)30 Salary Expense .................................................... 1,560Salaries Payable ........................................... 1,56030 Unearned Service Fees ....................................... 2,000Service Fees Earned ..................................... 2,0001.a. Insurance Expense ................................................ 3,200Prepaid Insurance ............................................. 3,200b. Supplies Expense .................................................. 1,040Supplies ............................................................. 1,040c. Depreciation Expense—Building .......................... 1,320Accumulated Depreciation—Building ............. 1,320d. Depreciation Expense—Equipment ...................... 4,100Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment......... 4,100e. Unearned Rent ........................................................ 3,000Rent Revenue .................................................... 3,000f. Salaries and Wages Expense ................................ 1,760Salaries and Wages Payable ............................ 1,760g. Accounts Receivable ............................................. 3,200Fees Earned ...................................................... 3,200Prob. 3–5B Concluded2.BERSERK COMPANYAdjusted Trial BalanceDecember 31, 2006Cash ............................................................................ 3,700 ................ Accounts Receivable ................................................. 22,100 ................ Prepaid Insurance ...................................................... 1,600 ................ Supplies ...................................................................... 280 ................ Land ............................................................................ 75,000 ................ Building ...................................................................... 141,500 ................ Accumulated Depreciation—Building ...................... ............... 93,020 Equipment .................................................................. 90,200 ................ Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment .................. ............... 69,400 Accounts Payable ...................................................... ............... 8,100 Salaries & Wages Payable ........................................ ............... 1,760 Unearned Rent ........................................................... ............... 1,500 Ethel Pringle, Capital ................................................. ............... 134,000 Ethel Pringle, Drawing ............................................... 10,000 ................ Fees Earned ............................................................... ............... 199,600 Rent Revenue ............................................................. ............... 3,000 Salaries & Wages Expense ....................................... 97,340 ................ Utilities Expense ........................................................ 28,250 ................ Advertising Expense ................................................. 15,200 ................ Repairs Expense ........................................................ 11,500 ................ Depreciation Expense—Equipment ......................... 4,100 ................ Insurance Expense .................................................... 3,200 ................ Depreciation Expense—Building .............................. 1,320 ................ Supplies Expense ...................................................... 1,040 ................ Miscellaneous Expense ............................................. 4,050 ................510,380 510,380Prob. 3–6B1. a. Supplies Expense ..................................................... 1,025Supplies ............................................................... 1,025b. Accounts Receivable ................................................ 7,650Fees Earned ......................................................... 7,650c. Depreciation Expense .............................................. 3,100Accumulated Depreciation ................................. 3,100d. Wages Expense ........................................................ 1,100Wages Payable .................................................... 1,1002.TotalNet Total Total Owner’sIncome Assets Liabilities Equity Reported amounts $207,320 $440,960 $29,720 $411,240 Corrections:Adjustment (a) –1,025 –1,025 0 – 1,025 Adjustment (b) + 7,650 + 7,650 0 + 7,650 Adjustment (c) –3,100 –3,100 0 – 3,100 Adjustment (d) –1,100 0 + 1,100–1,100Corrected amounts $209,745 $444,485 $30,820 $413,665。
财务会计英文影印版第十版课后练习题含答案 (2)
财务会计英文影印版第十版课后练习题含答案简介本文档为《财务会计英文影印版第十版》的课后练习题及答案。
该书是一本介绍财务会计的教材，涵盖了财务会计理论和实践，适用于财务会计初学者。
练习题Chapter 11.1 Expln the difference between management accounting and financial accounting.1.2 Expln the purpose of financial statements.1.3 Expln the role of the audit committee.1.4 Expln the difference between the balance sheet and the income statement.Chapter 22.1 Expln the difference between revenue and profit.2.2 Expln the difference between cash basis accounting and accrual basis accounting.2.3 Expln the purpose of the statement of cash flows.Chapter 33.1 Expln the difference between current and non-current assets.3.2 Expln the difference between current and non-current liabilities.3.3 Expln the difference between financing activities and investing activities.Chapter 44.1 Expln the purpose of the double-entry accounting system.4.2 Expln the difference between debits and credits.4.3 Expln the purpose of the trial balance.Chapter 55.1 Expln the difference between the cost of goods sold and operating expenses.5.2 Expln the purpose of the income statement.5.3 Expln the difference between gross profit and net profit.答案Chapter 11.1 Management accounting is concerned with providing information for internal decision-making, while financial accounting is concerned with providing information to external users.1.2 The purpose of financial statements is to provide information about an entity’s financial performance, financial position, and cash flows.1.3 The audit committee is responsible for overseeing the financial reporting process and ensuring the integrity of financial statements.1.4 The balance sheet shows an entity’s financial position at a specific point in time, while the income statement shows an entity’s financial performance over a period of time.Chapter 22.1 Revenue represents the amounts earned from the sale of goods or services, while profit represents the difference between revenue and expenses.2.2 Cash basis accounting recognizes revenue and expenses when cash is received or pd, while accrual basis accounting recognizes revenue and expenses when they are earned or incurred, regardless of when cash is received or pd.2.3 The statement of cash flows is used to show the inflows and outflows of cash from operating, investing, and financing activities.Chapter 33.1 Current assets are expected to be converted to cash within one year, while non-current assets are expected to be held for more than one year.3.2 Current liabilities are expected to be pd within one year, while non-current liabilities are expected to be pd after one year.3.3 Financing activities involve obtning funds from external sources and paying dividends to shareholders, while investing activities involve acquiring and disposing of property, plant, and equipment, and other long-term investments.Chapter 44.1 The double-entry accounting system ensures that everytransaction is recorded in two accounts, with equal debits and credits,in order to mntn the equality of debits and credits in the accounting equation.4.2 Debits are used to record increases in assets and expenses and decreases in liabilities and equity, while credits are used to record increases in liabilities and equity and decreases in assets and expenses.4.3 The trial balance is a list of all the accounts in the ledgerwith their balances, used to ensure that the total of the debits equals the total of the credits.Chapter 55.1 The cost of goods sold represents the cost of the goods or services sold by a company, while operating expenses represent the other costs of running a business.5.2 The income statement shows a company’s revenue, expenses, andnet income or loss for a period of time.5.3 Gross profit represents revenue minus the cost of goods sold, while net profit represents gross profit minus operating expenses.结论本文档为《财务会计英文影印版第十版》课后练习题及答案，涵盖了财务会计的基本理论和实践。
会计英语课后习题参考答案
S u g g e s t e d S o l u t i o nChapter 12.3.4.5.(b) net income = 9,260-7,470=1,790(c) net income = 1,790+2,500=4,290Chapter 21.a.To increase Notes Payable -CRb.To decrease Accounts Receivable-CRc.To increase Owner, Capital -CRd.To decrease Unearned Fees -DRe.To decrease Prepaid Insurance -CRf.To decrease Cash - CRg.To increase Utilities Expense -DRh.To increase Fees Earned -CRi.To increase Store Equipment -DRj.To increase Owner, Withdrawal -DR2.Cash 1,800Accounts payable ...................................................... 1,800 Revenue ...................................................................... 4,500Accounts receivable .......................................... 4,500 Owner’s withdrawals .................................................... 1,500Salaries Expense ................................................ 1,500 Accounts Receivable (750)Revenue (750)3.Prepare adjusting journal entries at December 31, the end of the year.Advertising expense 600Prepaid advertising 600Insurance expense (2160/12*2) 360Prepaid insurance 360Unearned revenue 2,100Service revenue 2,100Consultant expense 900Prepaid consultant 900Unearned revenue 3,000Service revenue 3,000 4.1. $388,4002. $22,5203. $366,6004. $21,8005.1. net loss for the year ended June 30, 2002: $60,0002. DR Jon Nissen, Capital 60,000CR income summary 60,0003. post-closing balance in Jon Nissen, Capital at June 30, 2002: $54,000Chapter 31. Dundee Realty bank reconciliationOctober 31, 2009Reconciled balance $6,220 Reconciled balance $6,2202. April 7 Dr: Notes receivable—A company 5400Cr: Accounts receivable—A company 540012 Dr: Cash 5394.5Interest expense 5.5Cr: Notes receivable 5400June 6 Dr: Accounts receivable—A company 5533Cr: Cash 553318 Dr: Cash 5560.7Cr: Accounts receivable—A company 5533Interest revenue 27.73. (a) As a whole: the ending inventory=685(b) applied separately to each product: the ending inventory=6254. The cost of goods available for sale=ending inventory + the cost ofgoods=80,000+200,000*500%=80,000+1,000,000=1,080,0005.(1) 24,000+60,000-90,000*0.8=12000(2) (60,000+24,000)/( 85,000+31,000)*( 85,000+31,000-90,000)=18828Chapter 41. (a) second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 5,700) / 5 = 21,660;(b) second-year depreciation = 8,600 * (114,000 – 5,700) / 36,100 = 25,800;(c) first-year depreciation = 114,000 * 40% = 45,600second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 45,600) * 40% = 27,360;(d) second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 5,700) * 4/15 = 28,880.2. (a) weighted-average accumulated expenditures (2008) = 75,000 * 12/12 + 84,000 * 9/12 + 180,000 * 8/12 + 300,000 * 7/12 + 100,000 * 6/12 = 483,000(b) interest capitalized during 2008 = 60,000 * 12% + ( 483,000 – 60,000) * 10% =49,5003. (1) depreciation expense = 30,000(2) book value = 600,000 – 30,000 * 2=540,000(3) depreciation expense = ( 600,000 – 30,000 * 8)/16 =22,500(4) book value = 600,000 – 30,000 * 8 – 22,500 = 337,5004. Situation 1:Jan 1st, 2008 Investment in M 260,000Cash 260,000June 30 Cash 6000Dividend revenue 6000Situation 2:January 1, 2008 Investment in S 81,000Cash 81,000June 15 Cash 10,800Investment in S 10,800December 31 Investment in S 25,500Investment Revenue 25,5005. a. December 31, 2008 Investment in K 1,200,000Cash 1,200,000June 30, 2009 Dividend Receivable 42,500Dividend Revenue 42,500December 31, 2009 Cash 42,500Dividend Receivable 42,500b. December 31, 2008 Investment in K 1,200,000Cash 1,200,000December 31, 2009 Cash 42,500Investment in K 42,500Investment in K 146,000Investment revenue 146,000c. In a, the investment amount is 1,200,000net income reposed is 42,500In b, the investment amount is 1,303,500Net income reposed is 146,000Chapter 51.a. June 1: Dr: Inventory 198,000Cr: Accounts Payable 198,000 June 11: Dr: Accounts Payable 198,000Cr: Notes Payable 198,000 June 12: Dr: Cash 300,000Cr: Notes Payable 300,000b. Dr: Interest Expenses (for notes on June 11) 12,100Cr: Interest Payable 12,100Dr: Interest Expenses (for notes on June 12) 8,175Cr: Interest Payable 8,175c. Balance sheet presentation:Notes Payable 498,000 Accrued Interest on Notes Payable 20,275d. For Green:Dr: Notes Payable 198,000 Interest Payable 12,100Interest Expense 7,700Cr: Cash 217,800For Western:Dr: Notes Payable 300,000Interest Payable 8,175Interest Expense 18,825Cr: Cash 327,0002.(1) 20?8 Deferred income tax is a liability 2,400Income tax payable 21,600 20?9 Deferred income tax is an asset 600Income tax payable 26,100(2) 20?8: Dr: Tax expense 24,000Cr: Income tax payable 21,600 Deferred income tax 2,400 20?9: Dr: Tax expense 25,500Deferred income tax 600Cr: Income tax payable 26,100 (3) 20?8: Income statement: tax expense 24,000Balance sheet: income tax payable 21,600 20?9: Income statement: tax expense 25,500 Balance sheet: income tax payable 26,1003.a. 1,560,00012 %* (1-35%))12 %5.Notes Payable 14,400Interest Payable 1,296Accounts Payable 60,000+Unearned Rent Revenue 7,200Current Liabilities 82,896Chapter 61. Mar. 1Cash 1,200,000Common Stock 1,000,000Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value 200,000Mar. 15Organization Expense 50,000Common Stock 50,000Mar. 23Patent 120,000Common Stock 100,000Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value 20,000The value of the patent is not easily determinable, so use the issue price of $12 per share on March 1 which is the issuing price of common stock.2. July.1Treasury Stock 180,000Cash 180,000The cost of treasury purchased is 180,000/30,000=60 per share.Nov. 1Cash 70,000Treasury Stock 60,000Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock 10,000Sell the treasury at the cost of $60 per share, and selling price is $70 per share. The treasury stock is sold above the cost.Dec. 20Cash 75,000Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock 15,000Treasury Stock 90,000The cost of treasury is $60 per share while the selling price is $50 which is lower than the cost.3. a. July 1Retained Earnings 24,000Dividends Payable—Preferred Stock 24,000b.Sept.1Dividends Payable—Preferred Stock 24,000Cash 24,000c. Dec.1Retained Earnings 80,000Dividends Payable—Common Stock 80,000d. Dec.31Income Summary 350,000Retained Earnings 350,0004.a. Preferred stock gives its owner certain advantages over common stockholders. These benefits include the right to receive dividends before the common stockholders and the right to receive assets before the common stockholders if the corporation liquidates. Corporation pay a fixed amount of dividends on preferred stock.The 7% cumulative term indicates that the investors earn 7% fixed dividends.b. 7%*120%*20,000=504,000c. If corporation issued debt, it has obligation to repay principald. The date of declaration decrease the stockholders’ equity; the date of record and the date of payment have no effect on stockholders.5.a. Jan. 15Retained Earnings 35,000Accumulated Depreciation 35,000To correct error in prior year’s depreciation.b. Mar. 20Loss from Earthquake 70,000Building 70,000c. Mar. 31Retained Earnings 12,500Dividends Payable 12,500d. Apirl.15Dividends Payable 12,500Cash 12,500e. June 30Retained Earnings 37,500Common Stock 25,000Additional Paid-in Capital 12,500To record issuance of 10% stock dividend: 10%*25,000=2,500 shares;2500*$15=$37,500f. Dec. 31Depreciation Expense 14,000Accumulated Depreciation 14,000Original depreciation: $40,000/40=$10,000 per year. Book value on Jan.1, 2009 is$350,000(=$400,000-5*$10,000). Deprecation for 2009 is $14,000(=$350,000/25).g. The company does not need to make entry in the accounting records. But the amount of Common Stock ($10 par value) decreases 275,000, while the amount of Common Stock ($5 par value) increases 275,000.Chapter 71.Requirement 1If revenue is recognized at the date of delivery, the following journal entries would be used to record the transactions for the two years:Year 1Inventory ............................................................................................ 480,000 Cash/Accounts payable .............................................................. 480,000To record purchase of inventoryInventory ............................................................................................ 124,000 Cash/Accounts payable .............................................................. 124,000To record refurbishment of inventoryAccounts receivable .......................................................................... 310,000 Sales revenue ............................................................................. 310,000To record sale of goods on accountCost of goods sold ............................................................................. 220,000 Inventory ..................................................................................... 220,000To record the cost of the goods sold as an expenseSales returns (I/S) .............................................................................. 15,500* Allowance for sales returns (B/S)................................................ 15,500To record provision for return of goods sold under 30-day return period* 5% of $310,000Warranty expense ............................................................................. 31,000* Provision for warranties (B/S) ..................................................... 31,000To record provision, at time of sale, for warranty expenditures* 10% of $310,000Allowance for sales returns ............................................................... 12,400 Accounts receivable .................................................................... 12,400To record return of goods within 30-day return period.It is assumed the returned goods have no value and are disposed of.Provision for warranties (B/S) ............................................................ 18,600 Cash/Accounts payable .............................................................. 18,600To record expenditures in year 1 for warranty workCash .................................................................................................. 297,600* Accounts receivable .................................................................... 297,600To record collection of Accounts Receivable* $310,000 – $12,400Year 2Provision for warranties (B/S) ............................................................ 8,400 Cash/Accounts payable .............................................................. 8,400To record expenditures in year 2 for warranty workRequirement 2If revenue is recognized only when the warranty period has expired, the following journal entries would be used to record the transactions for the two years:Year 1Inventory ............................................................................................ 480,000 Cash/Accounts payable .............................................................. 480,000To record purchase of inventoryInventory ............................................................................................ 124,000 Cash/Accounts payable .............................................................. 124,000To record refurbishment of inventoryAccounts receivable .......................................................................... 310,000 Inventory ..................................................................................... 220,000 Deferred gross margin ................................................................ 90,000To record sale of goods on accountDeferred gross margin ....................................................................... 12,400 Accounts receivable .................................................................... 12,400To record return of goods within the 30-day return period. It is assumed the goods have no value and are disposed of.Deferred warranty costs (B/S) ........................................................... 18,600 Cash/Accounts payable .............................................................. 18,600To record expenditures for warranty work in year 1. The warranty costs incurred are deferred because the related revenue has not yet been recognizedCash .................................................................................................. 297,600* Accounts receivable .................................................................... 297,600To record collection of Accounts receivable* $310,000 – $12,400Year 2Deferred warranty costs .................................................................... 8,400 Cash/Accounts payable .............................................................. 8,400To record warranty costs incurred in year 2 related to year 1 sales. The warranty costs incurred are deferred because the related revenue has not yet been recognized.Deferred gross margin ....................................................................... **77,600Cost of goods sold ............................................................................. 220,000 Sales revenue ............................................................................. 297,600*To record recognition of sales revenue from year 1 sales and related cost of goods sold at expiry of warranty period* $310,000 – $12,400** ($90,000 – $12,400)Warranty expense ............................................................................. 27,000* Deferred warranty costs .............................................................. 27,000To record recognition of warranty expense at same time as related sales revenue recognition* $18,600 + $8,400Requirement 3Allied Auto Parts Inc. might choose to recognize revenue only after the warranty period has expired if they are not able to make a good estimate, at the time of sale, of the amount of warranty work that willbe required under the terms of the one-year warranty. If Allied is not able, at the time of sale, to make a good estimate of the warranty work that will be required, then the measurability criterion of revenue recognition is not met at the time of sale. The measurability criterion means that the amount of revenue can be reliably measured. If the seller is not able to estimate the amount of work that will have to be done under the warranty agreement, then it is not able to reasonably measure the profit that it will eventually earn on the sales. The performance criteria might also be invoked here. The performance criterion means that the seller has transferred the significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer. As long as there is warranty work to be performed after the sale that is the responsibility of the seller, you might argue that performance is not substantially complete. However, if the seller was able to reliably estimate the amount of warranty work, then performance would be satisfied on the assumption that we could measure the risk that remains with the seller, and make a provision for it.2.Percentage-of-completion method:The first step in applying revenue recognition using the percentage-of-completion method (using costs incurred to date compared to estimated total costs to determine the percentage of completion) is to estimate the percentage of completion of the project at the end of each year. This is done in the following table (in $000s):End of 2005 End of 2006 End of 2007Total costs incurred $ 5,400 $ 12,950 $ 18,800 Total estimated costs 18,000 18,500 18,800% completed 30% 70% 100% Once the percentage of completion at the end of each year has been calculated as above, the next step is to allocate the appropriate amount of revenue to each year, based on the percentage completed to date, less what has previously been recorded in revenue. This is done in the following table (in $000s):2005 2006 20072005 $20,000 × 30% $ 6,0002006 $20,000 × 70% $ 14,0002007 $20,000 × 100% $ 20,000 Less: Revenue recognized in prior years (0) (6,000) (14,000) Revenue for year $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000 Therefore, the profit to be recognized each year on the construction project would be:2005 2006 2007 TotalRevenue recognized $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000 $ 20,000 Construction costs incurred (expenses) (5,400) (7,550) (5,850) (18,800) Gross profit for the year $ 600 $ 450 $ 150 $ 1,200 The following journal entries are used to record the transactions under the percentage-of-completion method of revenue recognition:2005 2006 20071. Costs of construction:Construction in progress ..................... 5,400 7,550 5,850Cash, payables, etc. ....... 5,400 7,550 5,8502. Progress billings:Accounts receivable .............. 3,100 4,900 12,000Progress billings .............. 3,100 4,900 12,0003. Collections on billings:Cash ...................................... 2,400 4,000 12,400Accounts receivable ........ 2,400 4,000 12,4004. Recognition of profit:Construction in progress........ 600 450 150Construction expense ............ 5,400 7,550 5,850Revenue from long-termcontract ....................... 6,000 8,000 6,0005. To close construction in progress:Progress billings .................... 20,000Construction in progress ... 20,0002005 2006 2007Balance sheetCurrent assets:Accounts receivable $ 700 $ 1,600 $ 1,200 Inventory:Construction in process 6,000 14,000Less: Progress billings (3,100) (8,000)Costs in excess of billings 2,900 6,000Income statementRevenue from long-term contracts $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000 Construction expense (5,400) (7,550) (5,850) Gross profit $ 600 $ 450 $ 1503.a. The three criteria of revenue recognition are performance, measurability, and collectibility.Performance means that the seller or service provider has performed the work. Depending on the nature of the product or service, performance may mean quite different points of revenuerecognition. For example, for the sale of products, IAS18 defines performance as the point when the seller of the goods has transferred the risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer. Normally, this means that performance is done at the time of sale. Although the seller may have performed much of the work prior to the sale (production, selling efforts, etc.), there is still significant risk to the seller that a buyer may not be found. Therefore, from a reliability point of view, revenuerecognition is delayed until the point of sale. Also, there may be significant risks remaining with the seller of the product even after the sale. Warranties given by the seller are a risk that remains with the seller. However, if this risk can be reliably estimated at the time of sale, revenue can be recognized at the point of sale. Performance is quite different under a long-term construction contract. Here, performance really is considered to be a measure of the work done. Revenue is recognized over the production period as the work is performed. It is intended to reflect theamount of effort expended by the seller (contractor). Although legal title won’t transfer to the buyeruntil the project is completed, revenue can be recognized because there is a known andcommitted buyer. If the contractor is not able to estimate how much of the work has been done (perhaps because he or she can’t reliably estimate how much work must still be done), then profit would not be recognized until the extent of performance is known.Measurability means that the seller or service provider must be able to reliably estimate theamount of the revenue from the sale or service. For the sale of products this is generally known at the time of sale (the sales price is set). However, if the seller provides a return period, it may be necessary to estimate the volume of returns at the time of sale in order to measure the revenue that will be recognized.Collectibility means that the seller or the service provider has reasonable assurance that the sales price will actually be collected. In most cases for the sales of products, the seller is able torecognize revenue at the time of sale even if the sale is on account. This is because the seller has experience with its customers and is able to estimate reliably the risk of non payment. As long as the seller is able to make this estimate, it is appropriate to recognize the revenue but to offset it with a provision for possible non collection. If the seller is unable to make reliable estimates of future collection of amounts owing, the recognition of revenue would be delayed until the cash is actually received. This is what is done using the instalment sales method of revenue recognition.b. Because of the performance criterion of revenue recognition, it would seem to be most appropriate to recognize most revenue as the seller or service provider performs the work. This would be the best measure of performance. This would mean, for example, that sellers of products would recognize their revenue over the whole production, selling, and post sales servicing periods. As we saw above, this is not commonly done because, in many cases, there are still significant risks that are retained by the seller (risk of not being able to sell the product, for example). There are also measurement risks (knowing the selling price) that exist prior to the sale. Thepercentage-of-completion method of revenue used for some long-term construction contracts would seem to most closely recognize revenue as the work is performed. As mentioned in Part 1, we are able to recognize revenue on this basis since a contract exists which commits the purchaser to buy the project (assuming certain conditions are met) and the sales price is known because of the existence of the contract.4.If all revenue is recognized when a student registers for the course, profit for 2007 would be:Sales Revenue1:Manuals and initial lessons (200 × $100) $ 20,000 Additional lessons ((200 × 8) × $30) 48,000 Examinations ((200 × 80%) × $130) 20,800 Total sales revenue 88,800 Cost of sales:Manuals and initial lessons (200 × ($15 + $3)) 3,600 Additional lessons ((200 × 8) × $3)) 4,800 Examinations ((200 × 80%) × $30) 4,800 Total cost of sales 13,200 Depreciation of development costs:$180,000 × (200/1,000) 36,000 Profit $ 39,6005.FINISH ENTERPRISESIncome Statementfor the year ending December 31, 2005Continuing operations (excluding the chemical division)Sales ($35,000,000 – $5,500,000) $ 29,500,000Cost of sales ($15,000,000 – $2,800,000) (12,200,000)Gross profit 17,300,000Selling & administration expenses($18,000,000 – $3,200,000) (14,800,000)Profit from operations 2,500,000Income tax expense (40%) 1,000,000Profit after tax $ 1,500,000 Discontinuing operations (Chemical division)Sales 5,500,000Cost of sales (2,800,000)Gross profit 2,700,000Selling & administration expenses (3,200,000)Loss from operations (500,000)Income tax expense(40%) 200,000Loss after tax (300,000) Gain on discontinuance of the Chemical division 3,500,000Tax thereon (1,400,000)After-tax gain on discontinuance of the Chemical division 2,100,000 Enterprise net profit $ 3,300,000Chapter 81.Payment of account payable. operatingIssuance of preferred stock for cash. financingPayment of cash dividend. financingSale of long-term investment. investingAmortization of bond discount. no effectCollection of account receivable. operatingIssuance of long-term note payable to borrow cash. financing Depreciation of equipment. no effectPurchase of treasury stock. financingIssuance of common stock for cash. financingPurchase of long-term investment. investingPayment of wages to employees. operatingCollection of cash interest. investingCash sale of land. InvestingDistribution of stock dividend. no effectAcquisition of equipment by issuance of note payable. no effectPayment of long-term debt. financingAcquisition of building by issuance of common stock. no effectAccrual of salary expense. no effect2.(a) Cash received from customers = 816,000(b) Cash payments for purchases of merchandise. =468,000(c) Cash payments for operating expenses. = 268,200(d) Income taxes paid. =36,9003.Cash sales …………………………………………... $9,000Payment of accounts payable ……………………….-48,000Payment of income tax ………………………………-13,000Payment of interest ……………………………..…..-16,000Collection of accounts receivable …………………… 93,000Payment of salaries and wages ………………………..-34,000Cash flows from operating activitiesby the direct method -9,0004.Operating activities:Net loss -200,000 Add: loss on sale of land 250,000 Add: depreciation 300,000Add: amortization of patents 20,000 Less: increases in current assets other than cash -750,000 Add: increases in current liabilities 180,000Net cash flows from operating -200,000 Investing activitiesSale of land -50,000Purchase of PPE -1,500,000Net cash flows from investing -1,550,000 Financing activitiesIssuance of common shares 400,000Payment of cash dividend -50,000Issuance of non-current liabilities 1,000,000Net cash flows from financing 1,350,000 Net changes in cash -400,000 5.。
（财务会计）西方财务会计课后习题答案
（财务会计）西⽅财务会计课后习题答案Chapter 6Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods SoldCheck Points(10 min.) CP 6-1Nissan North AmericaBalance SheetDecember 31, 20X6Current assets:Inventory (300 @ $80)…………………..$24,000Nissan North AmericaIncome StatementYear Ended December 31, 20X6Sales revenue [700 ($80 + $40)]……….$84,000Cost of goods sold (700 @ $80)………… 56,000Gross profit………………………………….$28,000Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 379(10-15 min.) CP 6-2 1. (Journal entries) Inventory…………………………………..100,000Accounts Payable…………………….100,000 Cash ($140,000 ?.20)……………………28,000 Amounts Receivable ($140,000 ? .80).. 112,000Sales Revenue………………………...140,000 Cost of Goods Sold……………………..60,000 Inventory ($100,000 ?.60)…………..60,000 2. (Financial statements)BALANCE SHEETCurrent assets:Inventory ($100,000 –$60,000)……………….$40,000 INCOME STATEMENTSales revenue………………………………………$140,000Cost of goods sold……………………………….. 60,000Gross profit…………………………………………$ 80,000 380Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions Manual(10 min.) CP 6-3Billions Inventory………………………… 6.4Cash…………………………... 6.4 Accounts Receivable………….28.5Sales Revenue……………….28.5Cost of Goods Sold…………… 6.2Inventory……………………... 6.2 Cash………………………………26.3Accounts Receivable……….26.3Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 381(10 min.) CP 6-41. I nventory costs are increasing from $10 to $14 to $18 per unit.2. FIFO results in the highest cost of ending inventory($360)because under FIFO the ending inventory is costed at the last costs incurred during the period. When costs are increasing, the last costs are the highest costs.FIFO results in the lowest cost of goods sold. This occurs because the oldest costs are assigned to cost of goods sold. When costs are increasing, the oldest costs are the lowest.FIFO results in the highest gross profit because cost of goods sold, the expense, is the lowest. (Sales revenue is unaffected by the inventory costing method.)3. LIFO results in the lowest cost of ending inventory($240)because under LIFO, the ending inventory is costed at the oldest costs. When costs are increasing, the oldest costs are the lowest costs.LIFO results in the highest cost of goods sold. This occurs because the last costs of the period are assigned to cost of goods sold. When costs are increasing, the last costs are the highest.LIFO results in the lowest gross profit because cost of goods sold, the expense, is the highest. (Sales revenue is unaffected by the inventory costing method.)382Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions Manual(10 min.) CP 6-5a b cAverageCost FIFO LIFO Cost of goods sold:Average (50 @ $15*) $750FIFO (10 @ $10) + (25 @ $14) + (15 @ $18) $720LIFO (25 @ $18) + (25 @ $14) $800 Ending inventory:Average (10 @ $15*) $150FIFO (10 @ $18) $180LIFO (10 @ $10) $100 _____*Average cost= ($100 + $350 + $450)= $15per unit (10 + 25 + 25)Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 383(10-15 min.) CP 6-6Kinko’sIncome StatementYear Ended December 31, 20XXAverage FIFO LIFO Sales revenue (600 ? $20) $12,000 $12,000 $12,000 Cost of goods sold (600 ? $9.90*)5,940(100 ? $9) + (500 ? $10) 5,900(600 ? $10) 6,000 Gross profit 6,060 6,100 6,000 Operating expenses 4,000 4,000 4,000 Net income $ 2,060 $ 2,100 $ 2,000 _____*Beginning inventory (100 @ $9.20)…………..$ 920 Purchases (700 @ $10)………………………… 7,000Goods available…………………….……………$7,920 Average cost per unit $7,920 / 800 units…$ 9.90384Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions Manual(10 min.) CP 6-7Kinko’sIncome StatementYear Ended December 31, 20XXAverage FIFO LIFO Sales revenue (600 ? $20) $12,000 $12,000 $12,000 Cost of goods sold (600 ? $9.90*)5,940(100 ? $9) + (500 ? $10) 5,900(600 ? $10) ______ ______ 6,000 Gross profit 6,060 6,100 6,000 Operating expenses 4,000 4,000 4,000 Income before income tax $ 2,060Income tax expense (40%) $ 824*From CP 6-6(5 min.) CP 6-8 Lands’ End managers can delay purchases of inventory until the next year. Under LIFO, high inventory costs that would have been paid for inventory do not become expense as cost of goods sold in the current year. As a result, the current year’s income statement reports a higher net income than Lands’ End would have reported if the company had replaced inventory before year end.Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 385(5-10 min.) CP 6-9Millions BALANCE SHEETCurrent assets:Inventories, at market (which is lower than cost).. $ 330 INCOME STATEMENTCost of goods sold [$1,001 + ($333 – $330)]…………$1,004 386Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions Manual(10 min.) CP 6-101. FIFO2. LIFO Gross profitpercentage:Gross profit= $460*= 46%$340**= 34%Net sales revenue $1,000 $1,000 _____* $1,000 – $540 = $460** $1,000 – $660 = $340Inventory turnover:Cost of goods sold= $540 $660Average inventory ($100 + $360) / 2 ($100 + $240) / 2= 2.3 times = 3.9 times3. Gross profit percentage — FIFO looks better.4. Inventory turnover — LIFO looks better.Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 387(10-15 min.) CP 6-11 1. Beginning inventory……………………………... $ 300,000+ Purchases……………………………………….… 1,600,000 = Goods available…………………………………... 1,900,000 –Cost of goods sol d………………………………. (1,800,000) = Ending inventory……………………………….…2. Beginning inventory……………………………..+ Purchases……………………………………….…= Goods available…………………………………...–Cost of goods sold:Sales revenue……………………….$3,000,000Less estimated gross profit (40%) (1,200,000)Estimated cost of goods sold……………….= Estimated cost of ending inventory…………... $ 100,000 388Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions Manual(5-10 min.) CP 6-12CorrectAmount(Millions)a. Inventory ($333 + $3)…………………………………$ 336b. Net sales (unchanged)……………………………….$1,755c. Cost of goods sold ($1,001 –$3)…………………...$ 998d. Gross profit ($754 + $3)……………………….……..$ 757(10 min.) CP 6-13 1. Last year’s reported g ross profit was understated.Correct gross profit last year was $5.6 million ($4.0 + $1.6). 2. This year’s gross profit is overstated.Correct gross profit for this year is $3.2 million ($4.8 – $1.6).3. Lang’s perspective is better because correcting the errorchanges the trend of correct gross profit from up (good) to down (bad), as follows:MillionsLast Year This Year Trend Reported gross profit……..$4.0 $4.8 Up (Good) Correct gross profit……….$5.6 $3.2 Down (Bad) Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 389(5-10 min.) CP 6-14 1. Ethical. There is nothing wrong with buying inventorywhenever a company wishes.2. Ethical. Same idea as 1.3. Unethical. The company falsified its reported amounts ofinventory and net income.4. Unethical. The company falsified its reported inventorypurchases, cost of goods sold, and net income in order to cheat the government (and the people) out of income tax.5. Unethical. The company falsified its reported amount ofinventory in order to cheat the government (and the people) out of taxes.390Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions ManualExercises(15-20 min.) E 6-1 Req. 1 (journal entried)Perpetual System1. Purchases: ThousandsInventory…………………….……….… 2,200Accounts Payable………………….2,2002. Sales:Cash ($3,500 ?.20) (700)Accounts Receivable ($3,500 ? .80). 2,800Sales Revenue…………….……….3,500 Cost of Goods Sold………………….. 2,100 Inventory………………….………....2,100Req. 2 (financial statement amounts)BALANCE SHEET Thousands Current assets:Inventory ($370 + $2,200 – $2,100)... $ 470 INCOME STATEMENTSales revenue…………………………….$3,500Cost of goods sold……………………… 2,100Gross profit……………………………….$1,400Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 391(15-25 min.) E 6-2JournalDATE ACCOUNT TITLES AND EXPLANATION DEBIT CREDIT1 Inventory ($640 + $1,870 + $900)……….3,410Accounts Payable………………………3,4102 Accounts Receivable (17 @ $500)……...8,500Sales Revenue…………………………..8,500 Cost of Goods Sold……………………….2,800* Inventory…………………………………2,8003 Sales revenue………………………………$8,500Cost of goods sold……………………….. 2,800Gross profit…………………………………$5,700Ending inventory ($800 + $3,410 –$2,800)……...$1,410 _____*(9 @ $160) + (8 @ $170) = $2,800392Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions Manual(10-15 min.) E 6-3 1.Cost of Goods Sold Ending Inventory(a) Specificunit cost (6 @ $160) + (11 @ $170) = $2,830 (3 @ $160) + (5 @ $180) = $1,380 (b) Averagecost 17 ? $168.40* = $2,863 8 ? $168.40* = $1,347 _____*Average cost per unit = ($800 + $640 + $1,870 + $900)= $168.40(5 + 4 + 11 + 5)(c) FIFO (9 @ $160) + (8 @ $170) = $2,800 (5 @ $180) + (3 @ $170) $1,410(d) LIFO (5 @ $180) + (11 @ $170) + (1 @ $160) $2,930 (8 @ $160) $1,2802. LIFO produces the highest cost of goods sold.FIFO produces the lowest cost of goods sold.The increase in inventory cost from $160 to $170 to $180 per unit causes the difference in cost of goods sold. Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 393(15-20 min.) E 6-4 Cost of goods sold:LIFO ($2,930) –FIFO ($2,800)…………………………$130 Incom e tax rate……………………………………….. .35 LIFO advantage in tax savings…………………………..$ 46(15 min.) E 6-51. a. FIFOCost of goods sold:(5 @ $90) + (5 @ $95)……………...$925Ending inventory:7 @ $95………………………………$665b. LIFOCost of goods sold:10 @ $95……………………………..$950Ending inventory:(5 @ $90) + (2 @ $95)……………...$6402.VPA, Inc.Income StatementMonth Ended May 31, 20XXSales revenue (3 @ $150) + (7 @ $155)................$1,535 Cost of goods sold. (925)Gross profit (610)Operating expenses (310)Income before income tax (300)Income tax expense (40%) (120)Net income………………………………………………$ 180 394Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions Manual(15 min.) E 6-6Millions1. Gross profit: FIFO LIFOSales revenue……………………………………$4.9 $4.9 Cost of goods soldFIFO: 600,000 ?$7…………………………… 4.2LIFO: (400,000 ? $5) + (100,000 ? $6)+ (100,000 ?$7)……………………… 3.3 Gross profit………………………………………$ .7 $1.6 2. Gross profit under FIFO and LIFO differ because inventorycosts decreased during the period.If you base your prediction on the decrease in inventory unit cost, then, yes, you would predict that LIFO gross profit would be higher.But if you assume that FIFO produces higher gross profit, then, no, the actual result does not follow your prediction. Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 395(15-20 min.) E 6-7 DATE: _____________TO: Rick TaborFROM: Student NameSUBJECT: Proposal for Saving Income TaxWe can save income tax by buying above-normal quantities of inventory before the end of the year. Inventory costs are rising, and the company uses the LIFO inventory method. Under LIFO, the higher cost of year-end purchases of inventory goes straight into cost of goods sold. This increases cost of goods sold and decreases net income and income taxes. Because our inventory levels are lower than normal, we need the inventory anyway. In effect, we can use our cash to buy inventory or to pay income taxes. I think it would be wiser to buy inventory.396Financial Accounting 6/e Solutions Manual(10-15 min.) E 6-8 Specificunit cost 1. Used to account for automobiles, jewelry, and art objects.Average 2. Provides a middle-ground measure of ending inventory and cost of goods sold.FIFO 3. Maximizes reported income.LIFO 4. Matches the most current cost of goods sold against sales revenue.LIFO 5. Results in an old measure of the cost of ending inventory.LIFO 6. Generally associated with saving income taxes. FIFO 7. Results in a cost of ending inventory that is close to the current cost of replacing the inventory.LIFO 8. Enables a company to buy high-cost inventory at year end and thereby to decrease reportedincome.LIFO 9. Enables a company to keep reported income from dropping lower by liquidating older layers ofinventory.LCM 10. Writes inventory down when replacement cost drops below historical cost.Chapter 6 Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold 397。
会计英语张其秀第四版课后第三章答案
会计英语张其秀第四版课后第三章答案1、20．Jerry is hard-working. It’s not ______ that he can pass the exam easily. [单选题] *A．surpriseB．surprising (正确答案)C．surprisedD．surprises2、69．Online shopping is easy, but ________ in the supermarket usually ________ a lot of time. [单选题] *A．shop; takesB．shopping; takeC．shop; takeD．shopping; takes(正确答案)3、There _____ wrong with my radio. [单选题] *A. are somethingB. are anythingC. is anythingD. is something(正确答案)4、Do not _______ me to help you unless you work harder. [单选题] *A. expect(正确答案)B. hopeC. dependD. think5、Everyone knows that the sun _______ in the east. [单选题] *A. fallsB. rises(正确答案)C. staysD. lives6、—I can’t always get good grades. What should I do?—The more ______ you are under, the worse grades you may get. So take it easy!（）[单选题] *A. wasteB. interestC. stress(正确答案)D. fairness7、Alice is a ______ girl. She always smiles and says hello to others.（）[单选题] *A. shyB. strictC. healthyD. friendly(正确答案)8、I don’t like snakes, so I ______ read anything about snakes.（）[单选题] *A. alwaysB. usuallyC. oftenD. never(正确答案)9、I always make my daughter ______ her own room.（）[单选题] *A. to cleanB. cleaningC. cleansD. clean(正确答案)10、Yesterday I _______ a book.It was very interesting. [单选题] *A. lookedB. read(正确答案)C. watchedD. saw11、8．—Will she have a picnic next week?—________. And she is ready. [单选题] * A．Yes, she doesB．No, she doesn'tC．Yes, she will(正确答案)D．No, she won't12、--All of you have passed the test!--_______ pleasant news you have told us! [单选题] *A. HowB. How aC. What(正确答案)D. What a13、The bookstore is far away. You’d better _______ the subway. [单选题] *A. sitB. take(正确答案)C. missD. get14、The story has _______ a lot of students in our class. [单选题] *A. attracted(正确答案)B. attackedC. appearedD. argued15、—Who came to your office today, Ms. Brown?—Sally came in. She hurt ______ in P. E. class. （）[单选题] *A. sheB. herC. hersD. herself(正确答案)16、Tony can _______ the guitar.Now he _______ the guitar. [单选题] *A. play; plays(正确答案)B. playing; playingC. plays; is playingD. play; is playing17、30．It is known that ipad is _________ for the old to use. [单选题] *A．enough easyB．easy enough (正确答案)C．enough easilyD．easily enough18、Mary is interested ______ hiking. [单选题] *A. onB. byC. in(正确答案)D. at19、It’s windy outside. _______ your jacket, Bob. [单选题] *A. Try onB. Put on(正确答案)C. Take offD. Wear20、At half past three she went back to the school to pick him up. [单选题] *A. 等他B. 送他(正确答案)C. 抱他D. 接他21、There is not much news in today's paper,_____? [单选题] *A. is itB. isn't itC.isn't thereD. is there(正确答案)22、Nearly everything they study at school has some practical use in their life, but is that the only reason _____ they go to school? [单选题] *A. why(正确答案)B. whichC. becauseD. what23、Bill Gates is often thought to be the richest man in the world. _____, his personal life seems not luxury. [单选题] *A. MoreoverB. ThereforeC. However(正确答案)D. Besides24、Many people believe that _________one has, _______ one is, but actually it is not true. [单选题] *A. the more money ; the happier(正确答案)B. the more money ; the more happyC. the less money ; the happierD. the less money ; the more happy25、A survey of the opinions of students（）that they admit several hours of sitting in front of the computer harmful to health. [单选题] *A. show；areB. shows ；is(正确答案)C.show；isD.shows ；are26、Don’t ______. He is OK. [单选题] *A. worriedB. worry(正确答案)C. worried aboutD. worry about27、—The weather in Shanghai is cool now, ______ it? —No, not exactly. （）[单选题] *A. doesn’tB. isC. isn’t(正确答案)D. does28、Last year Polly _______ an English club and has improved her English a lot. [单选题] *A. leftB. sawC. joined(正确答案)D. heard29、E-mail is _______ than express mail, so I usually email my friends. [单选题] *A. fastB. faster(正确答案)C. the fastestD. more faster30、Sorry, I can't accept your invitation. [单选题] *A. 礼物B. 观点C. 邀请(正确答案)D. 好意。
会计英语详细参考答案
会计英语详细参考答案会计英语详细参考答案会计是一门重要的商科学科，涉及到财务报表、成本控制、税务管理等方面。
在学习会计的过程中，掌握好会计英语是非常重要的。
下面将为大家提供一些常用的会计英语参考答案，帮助大家更好地学习和应用会计英语。
一、财务报表1. Balance Sheet（资产负债表）The balance sheet provides a snapshot of a company's financial position at a particular point in time.2. Income Statement（损益表）The income statement shows a company's revenues, expenses, and net income or loss over a specific period of time.3. Cash Flow Statement（现金流量表）The cash flow statement provides information about a company's cash inflows and outflows during a specific period of time.4. Statement of Retained Earnings（留存收益表）The statement of retained earnings shows changes in a company's retained earnings over a specific period of time.二、会计原则1. Accrual Basis（权责发生制）Under the accrual basis of accounting, revenues and expenses are recognized when they are earned or incurred, regardless of when cash is received or paid.2. Matching Principle（配比原则）The matching principle requires that expenses be matched with the revenues they help generate in the same accounting period.3. Historical Cost Principle（历史成本原则）The historical cost principle requires that assets be recorded at their original cost, regardless of their current market value.4. Materiality Principle（重要性原则）The materiality principle states that an item should be recorded or disclosed if it is likely to influence the decisions of financial statement users.三、财务分析1. Liquidity Ratio（流动性比率）Liquidity ratios measure a company's ability to meet its short-term obligations. Examples include the current ratio and the quick ratio.2. Profitability Ratio（盈利能力比率）Profitability ratios measure a company's ability to generate profits. Examples include the gross profit margin and the return on equity.3. Solvency Ratio（偿债能力比率）Solvency ratios measure a company's ability to meet its long-term obligations. Examples include the debt-to-equity ratio and the interest coverage ratio.4. Efficiency Ratio（效率比率）Efficiency ratios measure how effectively a company utilizes its assets. Examples include the inventory turnover ratio and the accounts receivable turnover ratio.四、税务管理1. Tax Deduction（税务减免）A tax deduction is an expense that can be subtracted from a taxpayer's gross income to reduce their taxable income.2. Tax Credit（税务抵免）A tax credit is a dollar-for-dollar reduction in a taxpayer's tax liability. It directly reduces the amount of tax owed.3. Taxable Income（应纳税所得额）Taxable income is the amount of income that is subject to taxation after deductions and exemptions have been taken into account.4. Tax Audit（税务审计）A tax audit is an examination of a taxpayer's financial records and accounts to ensure compliance with tax laws and regulations.以上是一些常用的会计英语参考答案，希望能对大家在学习和应用会计英语时有所帮助。
财务会计英语版课后答案
Chapter 1Page 81.Classify following items as either an expense (E),a revenue(R),an asset(A),or a liability( L);Cash, buildings, salaries of the sales force, $5 owed to a company for work performed, Mortgage to a bank, sales.Answer:Cash—A Buildings—A Salaries of the sales force—E$5 owed—L Mortgage to a bank—L Sales—R2. Classify each of the following as n operating (O), bank (I) , or financing (F) in a statement of cash flows; Wage paid to workers, Cash received form a bank in the form of a mortgage, cash dividends paid to a supplier of inventory, Cash paid to purchase a new machine.Answer:Wage paid—O Cash of mortgage-- F Cash dividends paid -- FCash paid to supplier of inventory—O Cash paid to purchase a machine—IPage111.List several economic decisions that rely on accounting information.Answer:·Whether to grant a loan·How much to pay for a share of common stock.·Whether to grant a rate increase to an electric utility·How much in damages the loser of a lawsuit must pay ·How much of a bonus to pay a plant manager·Whether to enter a new market2. Why do financial statements have footnotes, and what kinds of information might you find in them?Answer:Financial statements have footnotes because financial disclosure is a complex business. The notes tell us some of the specifics about the company environment , what accounting methods the company has used, what the accounting numbers might be if alternative methods had been used, and some of the major contingencies that are not formally included in the statement proper.Page 201.Describe the process of setting accounting standards. What are the roles of all the parties you mention?Answer:The FASB, a private, not-for-profit organization ,sets GAAP in the U.S. It publicly declares an agenda, promulgates "ExposureDrafts" of proposed standards, holds open meetings, and invites input from interested parties. The FASB has been delegated this authority by the SEC, a government agency with legal authority to determine GAAP.2.Think of an example, like the executive compensation example in the chapter, where incentives might exist to bias accounting numbers one way or another.Answer:There are other examples, but here is one that is different. A taxpayer has incentives to bias reported income downward in order to minimize income tax payments. However, it is important to understand that tax accounting rules are different from GAAP, and this book is about GAAP. Chapter 14 covers GAAP for taxes in more detail.Other examples include:·An entrepreneur seeking a loan from a bank or funding from a venture capitalist might have incentives to bias accounting numbers to look favorable.·A firm that is subject to scrutiny for earning excess profits(e.g.,an oil company）might have incentives to bias accounting numbers to look less favorable.·A utility subject to rate regulation might have an incentive tobias accounting numbers to look less favorable in order to gain more generous increases in its rates. (At this writing, there is a rather severe controversy about whether electric utilities in California are genuinely in financial difficulty and should be allowed to continue to impose large rate increase.)Chapter 2Page 381 Define assets, liabilities, and equities.Gave an example ofeach. How are assets valued? How are liabilities valued? Answer:An asset is a probable future economic benefit obtained or controlled by an entity as a result of a past transaction. Cash marketable securities, accounts receivable, inventories, prepaid expenses, patents, copyrights, trademarks, and property, plant and equipment are all examples of assets. A liability isa probable future sacrifice of economic benefits arisingfrom present obligations of an entity to transfer assets or provide services as a result of a past transaction or event.Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, unearned revenues, warranties, and bonds payable are all examples of liabilities.Accounting valuation of assets uses severaldifferent methods, including market value, expected realizable value, lower of cost or market, present value of future cash flows, and historical cost. Accounting valuation of liabilities is the expected amount that will be paid, perhaps adjusted for the time value of money.2. Explain what is meant by the entity concept. Answer:The entity is the person or organization about which accounting's financial history is being written.3 .A company signs a ten-year employee contract with a vicepresident. The salary is $ per year, guaranteed. Is this contract an asset? Would it appear on the balance sheet?Explain.Answer:The rights conveyed by the contrat may be an asset from an economic point of view, but they are not an asset under GAAP. The contract would not appear on the balance sheet as an asset, because GAAP does not record executory contracts, which are contracts that require future performance form both parties. That is ,GAAP views the contract as determining what services will be provided, no asset is recognized under GAAP.(Neither is a liability for payment recognized until services have beenperformed.)4 .A company purchased a parcel of land 10 years ago at a cost of $.The land has recently been appraised at $. At what value is the land carried in the balance sheet? How does the appraisal affect the carrying value in the balance sheet? Answer:The land is on the balance sheet at its historical cost of $.The carrying value of the land is unaffected by the appraisal. Page 421、Define debit and credit .What kind of balance ,debit or credit ,would you expect to find in the inventory T-account？In the Common Stock T-account?Answer:A debit is an entry on the left side of a T-account. A credit is an entry on the right side of a T-account. We would except to find a debit balance in Inventory, and credit balances in Bonds Payable and Common Stock. The reason is the convention that increases in assets are debits and increases in liabilities and equities are credits.2、If the trial balances, it means that you have analyzed all the effects of transactions correctly. True or false？Explain.Answer:False. A balanced means that the trial balance is consistent, not necessarily correct. For example. If an arbitrary entry is made that debits Cash and credits Common Stock for an equal amount, the trial balance will balance but it will be wrong. An accounting can receipt of cash and the issuance of common stock, but it alone can not make cash or additional common shares.3﹑Suppose Web sell leases a portion of its space to another company. Web sell’s accounts are debited and credited to record this transaction?Answer:Web sell would debit Cash and a liability, Rent Received in Advance, for the prepayment.Chapter 3Page 571. Define revenue and expense. How does one decide to list an item as revenue in an income statement? What is matching? Answer:Revenues are increases in net assets resulting from operations over a period of time .Expense are decreases in net assets resulting from operations over a period of time .Revenue isrecognized the earnings process is substantially complete , a transaction2. Give an example not found in the text , of an expense that is paid for in cash in a prior accounting period .In a subsequent accounting period.Answer:There are many allowable responses . An example is a patent that is purchased and paid for in one year and used in next .3. Give an example, not found in the text , of a revenue that is received in cash in a prior accounting period . In a subsequent accounting period .Answer:An example is a house painting contractor that receives payment for one-third of the contract price before beginning the painting .4. Explain why it is right to think of an asset as a cost and an expense as an expired cost .Answer:An asset is a future benefit . And there is an opportunity cost associated with not selling it for cash or exchanging it to settleChapter 6Page 120:1.The following table lists the adjustments and has an X in thecolumn indicating the approach:2. We first take adjustment for prepaid insurance and insurance expense. It would be easy to think of this adjustment as focusing on how much of the insurance coverage remained, as opposed to how much was used. In fact, the same type of logic could be used---computing a monthly rate for the coverage and applying that to the months reminding, instead of the months used.Now take adjustment for depreciation expense and accumulated depreciation. Estimating the value of the equipment at year end might be easy, for example, if there is a market for used equipment, or very difficult, for example, if the equipment was specially designed for Websell. Once a value estimate for the equipment at year end is obtained, depreciation expense would be the change in value over the year.Page 1231.$5000×(1+0.06)^10=$5000×1.79085=$8954.242.$5000×(1+0.06/2)^(10×2)=$5000×(1+0.03)^20=$5000×1.80611=$9030.563. $1000×(1.05)^3+$1000×(1.05)^2+$1000×(1.05)^1=$3310.134. ($1000×0.05/5)^13+$1000×(1+0.05/5)^10+$1000×(1+0.05/5)^5=($1000×(1.01)^15)+($1000×(1.01)^10)+($1000×(1.01)^5) =$1160.97+$1104.62+$1051.01=$3316.6Page 1241.x×.(1.07)^3=$3000 x=$3000/(1.07)^3=$2448.892. Calculate the present value at 10% of $1300 received two years from now. If that is greater than $1000, you are better offwith the $1300 to be received in two years. If its present value is less that $1000, you better off with $1000 now. $1300/(1.10)^2=$1074.38Therefore, you are better off receiving $1300 two years from now.Another way to do this problem is to take the future value at 10% of $1000. At the end of two years, the $1000 would compound up to:$1000×(1.10)^2=$1210,Which is less than you would have at that point if you took the $1300.3．The most I would be willing to pay is the present value at 8% of the stream of $1000 payment:$1000/(1.08)^1+$1000/(1,08)^2+$1000/(1,08)^3=$925.926+857.339+793.832=$ 2577.1(rounded)Chapter 8Page 1681.Aging takes the balance in accounts receivable at the end of the year, and sorts it by how long ago the transaction occurred that gave rise to that receivable. Experience has shown that “older” accounts have less likelihood of ever being collected.Percentages of likely uncollectibles for each category are applied to the totals in that category , and the results added to obtain an estimate of the allowance for uncollectibles required to value properly the estimated amount that will be collected from the accounts receivable. The bad debts expense then falls out as a “plug” in the allowance for uncollectibles.The percentage-of-sales method just estimates bad debt expense as a percent of sales, and plug the balance in the allowance account.2. Cash (118)Accounts receivable (118)12/31/2003(to recognize collection of cash from companies owing service co. from 2002 sales)Allow ance for doubtful accounts (7)Accounts receivable (7)12/31/2003(to write off accounts we know will not be collected) Ac counts receivable (125)Sales reven ue (125)12/31/2003(to recognize revenue and to anticipate collection of the receivable)If we focus on recording the bad debts expense that is associated with billings for 2003, we would record.06×$=$7500 in baddebts expense.B ad debts expense………………………………………7.5 Allowan ce for doubtful accounts…………………………7.5 12/31/2003(to record bad debt expense in anticipation of not collecting 100% of receivables)Method one: focus on the percentage of sales expected not to be collected.Allowance for doubtful accounts(10.5 is the “plug”,i.e., the number that drops out)Now we move to 2004, where events now proceed as expected . Collections are $117.5 thousand. Cash………………………………………………..117.5 Accounts receivable…………………………………117.512/31/2004(to recognize collection of cash form companies owing service co. from 2003 sales)Allowance for doubtful ac counts………………………7.5 Accounts receivable………………………………….7.512/31/2004(to write off accounts we know will not be collected)Accounts receivable (125)Sales revenue (125)12/31/2004(to recognize revenue and to anticipate collection of the receivable)If we focus on recording the bad debts expense that is associated with billings for 2004, we would record.06×$=$7500 in bad debts expense.Bad debts expense……………………………………7.5 Allowance for doubtful acco unts…………………………7.5 12/31/2003(to record bad debt expense in anticipation of not collecting 100% of receivables)The allowance for doubtful accounts using the peentage-of-sales method looks like this:Method one: focus on the percentage of sales expected not to be collected.Allowance for doubtful accountsOnly the entries recording bad debt expense are different using the aging method. Instead of the above entries recording bad debt expense, we would have the following analysis: Each year, we would adjust the balance in the allowance for doubtful accounts so that the net receivable ends up at $. That is, we would solve $-X=$,and find that the ending balance in the allowance for doubtful accounts must be $7500.Analyzing the account, we would determine that at 12/31/2003 we must add $4500 to the allowance for doubtful accounts: Bad debts expense………………………………..4.5 Allowanc e for doubtful accounts…………………….4.512/31/2004(to record bad debt expense in anticipation of not collecting 100% of receivables)At 12/31/2004, we must add $7500 to the allowance for doubtful accounts:Bad debts expense………………………………..7.5 Allowan ce for doubtful accounts…………………….7.512/31/2004(to record bad debt expense in anticipation of not collecting 100% of receivables)Using aging, the allowance for doubtful accounts T-account looks like this:Method two: focus on the ending balance in the allowance for doubtful accounts.Allowance for doubtful accountsChapter 9Page 1831.LIFO is last-in first-out. It means that in computing ending inventoryand cost of goods sold, the cost of items sold is assigned in reverse chronological order of their purchase, beginning from the most regent items purchased in a period. FIFO is first-in, first-out .It means that in computing ending inventory and cost of goods sold, the cost of items sold is assigned in chronological order of their purchase, beginning from the goods on hand at the beginning of the period. Average cost means that in computing ending inventory and cost of goods sold, the average unit cost of the beginning inventory and items purchased in a period is used to determine the cost of goods sold and remaininginventory.2.Yes, it is still a positive net present value project. In fact, its netpresent value is higher than when the purchase was made at$1.05 per unit, since the cash outflow is reduced but the cash inflow remains the same. The cash outflow on 12/31/01 when purchases are at $0.95 per unit is $114.This means the net cash flow at 12/31/01 is ($4) instead of ($16),and the NPV for Widget Company is:NPV=-100-$4/1.1+$10/ (1.1^2) +$144/ (1.1^3) =$12.82First, we redo the case of FIFO. The inventory T-account is:Widget Co. Inventory Account under FIFO Flow AssumptionInventory (FIFO)Ending inventory values can be read from the above T-account. Net incomes are:Widget Incomes using FIFONow we redo the case of FIFO. First, the inventory T-account is: Widget Co. Inventory Account under FIFO Flow AssumptionInventory (FIFO)Ending inventory values can be read from the above T-account. Net incomes are:Page 186To calculate the market-to-book ratios and accounting returns on equity: Market-to-book Ratios under Average CostAccounting Rates of Return under Average CostCollecting the results for FIFO from the chapter and these results for average cost, we have:Market-to-book Ratios under Various Cost Flow AssumptionAccounting Rates of Return under Various Cost Flow AssumptionAs is apparent, the market-to-book ratios and accounting rates of return for average cost are between for LIFO and FIFO.2. Because it has more recent costs on the balance sheet in the inventory account, FIFO has market-to-book ratios closer to 1regardless of whether prices rise or fall.Chapter 10Page 1961. The total profit on the transaction is the sales price of $880.00 less the original cost of $734.03:Sales price of securities $880.00Less : original cost ($735.03)Profit on transaction $144.97The cash flows were: $735.03 out on January1, 2001, and $880.00 in on January 3, 2003.There were profit in 2001, 2002, and 2003.In 2001, therewas a profit of $81.17.In 2003,there was a profit of $5.00.2. The unadjusted book value of the security on December 31,2002 was $793.83.If the market value of the security on that date was $790.00,an adjustment reducing its carrying value by $3.83 is required to write it down to its market value: Unrealized loss on market value securities-trading ……3.83 Marketable securities –trading ………… 3.83 If the security were sold for $810.00 on January 3, 2003, the entry would be:Cash ………………………………810.00Marketable securities –trading ………………790.00Gain on marketable securities-trading …………20.001/03/2003(To record the sale of the Marketable securities—trading )Page 1981. When a securities is classified as trading security, profits or losses show up on the income statement in every period from when the security is purchased until when it is sold. when a security is classified as available-for-sale ,profits or losses only show up on the income statement in the period in which the security is sold.2. the unadjusted book value of the security on December31,2002 was $793.83.If the market value of the security on that date was $790.00,an adjustment reducing it’s carrying value by $3.83 is required to write it down to it’s market value. however unlike the trading security case ,the unrealized loss is an equity account ,not a temporary account:Unrealized loss on marketable securities-available-for-sale 3.38 Marketable securities –trading ………………3.83To record the sale of the security for $810.00 on January 3,2003: Cash ………810.00Unrealized gain on marketable securities-available-for-sale(58.80-3.83) ………54.97Marketable securities-trading …………790.00Realized gain on marketable securities-available-for-sale ……………74.9712/31/2002(To mark-to-market the Marketable securities—available-for-sale)Chapter 111．a. Under straight-line depreciation, the depreciation expense each year is$600-$100/5 years=$100 per year.b. Under double-declining balance depreciation, the depreciation expense each year is given in the following table:c. Under sum-of-year’-digits depreciation, the depreciation expense each year is given in the following table:Sum-of years’-digits depreciation2. Intangible assets are most often shown in one line that is cost net of amortization. Tangible assets are sometimes shown in three lines: cost , accumulated depreciation, and net .3. Economic depreciation is the change in the economic value of the asset. Economic depreciation can be appreciation when the asset increases in value. We seen this already with marketable debt securities, which sometimes increase in valuebecause of unpaid interest4.It is easy and fulfills the requirement of GAAP to provide depreciation using a systematic and rational method. No GAAP depreciation method likely correctly reflects economic depreciation anyway ,so a simple expedient may be good enough.1．Sraight-line depreciation is $100 per year ($300/3 years).Double-declining balance depreciation is given in the following table:2.For straight-line depreciation,the entry is the same each year:Depreciation expense (100)Accumulateddepreciation (100)For double-declining balance depreciation,the entries are: Year1Depr eciation expense (200)Accu mulated depreciation (200)Year2Depreciation expense………………………………66.67 Acc umulated depreciation………………………66.67 Year3.declining balance because depreciation expense under straight-line is only $100,while under double-declining balance depreciation expense is $200.4.If the company buys one asset every year and each asset lasts three years,then in year 4 it will have three assets.Under straight-line depreciation,each of those assets generates a depreciation expense of $100;therefore total depreciation expense would be 3*$100,or $300.Under double-declining balance depreciation,total depreciation expense depends on the age of each asset.The company would have one asset in its first year of life,one in its second year of life,and one in its third year.Therefore,totaldepreciation expense would be:$200+$66.67+$33.33=$300,the same as under straight-line.Both depreciation methods give the same total depreciation because:1.Both methods fully depreciate the assets over their lives.2.The cost of the assets has remained constant.3.The company is in a steady state in which the number ofnew assets purchased in a period equals the number ofold assets being retired in that period.。
西方财务会计课后习题答案-精品
西方财务会计课后习题答案-精品2020-12-12【关键字】财务会计The Financial StatementsCheck Points(5 min.) CP 1-1 Store manager decisions:a.What food items to offer and how to market the goodsb.Where to locate a restaurantc.How to finance operationsAccounting helps managers measure the revenue from food sales, the cost of the food, and the profit (or loss) on each food item. Accounting also helps measure which Taco Bells are most profitable and which are losing money. Finally, accounting helps managers decide how to finance operations. Items on YUM! Brands’ income statement that help decide whether to invest in the company:The company earned a net income (rather than a net loss).This year’s net income is more than last year’s.Net sales revenue is increasing from year to year. Student responses may vary.(5 min.) CP 1-2 Accounting is the information system that measures business activities, processes data into reports, and communicates results to people.Bookkeeping is only a part of accounting. Bookkeeping is related to accounting as arithmetic is related to mathematics.(5 min.) CP 1-3Standards of professional conduct are designed to produce relevant and reliable information for decision making. People need relevant and reliable information in order to make wise decisions.If accountants had no ethical guidelines, companies could report inaccurate information. This could cause people to invest in the wrong companies and lose money.(5 min.) CP 1-4 1. Novak can be misled into believing that YUM! Brands ownsmore assets than it actually has.2. The entity concept applies.3. Application of the entity concept will separate Novak’spersonal assets from the assets of YUM! Brands. This will help Novak, investors, and lenders know how much in assets the business controls, and this knowledge will help all parties evaluate the business realistically.(5 min.) CP 1-5 1. Owners’ Equity = Assets – LiabilitiesThis way of determining the amount of owners’ equity applies to eBay, Coca-Cola, your household, a Pizza Hut restaurant, or any other organization.2. Liabilities = Assets –Owners’ Equity3. Total Assets = Total Liabilities + Total Owners’ Equity(5 min.) CP 1-6 1. Assets are the economic resources of a business that areexpected to produce a benefit in the future.Owners’ equity represents the insider claims of a business, the owners’ interest in its assetsAssets and owners’ equity differ in that owners’ equity is a claim to assets, whereas assets are resources.Assets must be at least as large as owners’ equity, so equity can be smaller than assets.2. Both liabilities and owners’ equity are claims to assets.Liabilities are the outsider claims to the assets of a business;they are obligations to pay creditors. Owners’ equity represents the insider claims to the assets of the business, the owners’ interest in its assets.(5-10 min.) CP 1-7a. Accounts receivable A g. Accounts payable Lb. Long-term debt L h. Common stock Ec. Merchandise inventory A i. Supplies Ad. Notes payable L j. Retained earnings Ee. Expenses payable L k. Land Af. Equipment A l. Prepaid expenses A(5 min.) CP 1-81. Revenues and expenses2. Net income (or net loss)3. Total assets are not used to measure net income. Onlyrevenues and gains, expenses and losses enter into the measurement of net income.(10 min.) CP 1-9 2003 2002Percentage of cost= $2,300$7,441= 30.9%$2,109$6,891= 30.6%of goods sold tocompany salesThis trend is unfavorable for YUM because cost of goods sold (an expense) consumed a higher percentage of sales revenue in 2003. That could cause a decrease in profits.(5 min.) CP 1-10IHOP Corp.Statement of Retained EarningsYear Ended December 31, 2003Millions Retained earnings:Balance, beginning of year…………...$274Net income ($405 –$368) (37)Less: Dividends (16)Balance, end of year…………………...$295(10-15 min.) CP 1-11Toby Landscaping ServicesBalance SheetDecember 31, 2008ASSETSCurrent assets:Cash……………………………………………………$ 13,000 Receivables…………………………………………...2,000 Inventory……………………………………………… 40,000 Total current assets…………………………………55,000 Equipment……………………………………………….85,000 Other assets…………………………………………….. 10,000 Total assets……………………………………………...$150,000 LIABILITIESCurrent liabilities:Accounts payable……………………………………$ 8,000 Short-term notes payable…………………………. 12,000 Total current liabilities……………………………...20,000 Long-term liabilities:Long-term debt………………………………………80,000 STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITYCommon stock………………………………………….15,000 Retained earnings……………………………………… 35,000* Total stockholders’ equity………………………… 50,000 Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity…………..$150,000 _____*Computation:Total assets ($150,000) – current liabilities ($20,000) – long-term debt ($80,000) – common stock ($15,000) = $35,000(10-15 min.) CP 1-12Clearsource Cable, Inc.Statement of Cash FlowsYear Ended December 31, 2006Cash flows from operating activities:Net income………………………………………...$ 88,000 Adjustments to reconcile net income to netcash provided by operating activities…. (20,000) Net cash provided by operating activities.. 68,000 Cash flows from investing activities:Purchases of equipment…………$(300,000)Sale of equipment………………… 90,000Net cash used for investing activities……..(210,000) Cash flows from financing activities:Borrowing…………………………..$150,000Payment of dividends……………. (10,000)Net cash provided by financing activities. 140,000 Net increase (decrease) in cash………………….(2,000) Cash balance, December 31, 2005………………. 24,000 Cash balance, December 31, 2006……………….$ 22,000(10 min.) CP 1-131. Cash BS, SCF2. Net cash used for financing activities SCF3. Accounts payable BS4. Common stock BS5. Interest revenue IS6. Long-term debt BS7. Increase or decrease in cash SCF8. Dividends SRE, SCF9. Salary expense IS10. Inventory BS11. Sales revenue IS12. Retained earnings SRE, BS13. Net cash provided by operating activities SCF14. Net income (or net loss) IS, SRE, SCFExercises(10-15 min.) E 1-1 a. Proprietorship. There is a single owner of the business, sothe owner is answerable to no other owner.b. Partnership. If the partnership fails and cannot pay itsliabilities, creditors can force the partners to pay the business’s debts from their personal assets. A partnership affords more protection for creditors than a proprietorship because there are two or more owners to share this liability.c. Corporation. If the corporation fails and cannot pay itsliabilities, creditors cannot force stockholders to pay theb usiness’s debts from their personal assets. Therefore, themost an investor can lose on an investment in a corporation is the amount invested.d. Corporation. Most investors are willing to invest more in acorporation than in a proprietorship or a partnership because of their limited personal liability for a corporation’s debts.(continued) E 1-1 What form of business organization would you choose?The answer depends on your objective. If you want to maintain absolute control of the business, you may prefer to organize as a proprietorship. If your objective is to maintain a high degree of control but you need additional money or expertise, a partnership may work for you. If you want the business to grow large, or if you wish to avoid personal liability for business debts, you should organize as a corporation.Student responses may vary.(10 min.) E 1-2The income statement reports the revenues and expenses of a particular entity for a period such as a month or a year. Total revenues minus total expenses equals net income, or profit. A lender would require this information in order to predict whether the borrower can generate enough income to repay the loan.The balance sheet reports the assets, liabilities, and owners’ equity of the entity at a particular point in time. The assets show the resources that the business has to work with. Because borrowers pay loans with assets, a lender wants to know the business’s assets (especially cash). Liabilities—debts —represent creditors’ claims to the business’s assets. Owners’ equity is the portion of the business assets owned outright by the owners.Student responses may vary.(5-10 min.) E 1-3a. Entity conceptb. Going-concern conceptc. Cost principled. Entity concept (No, Comer could not determine the successor failure of the business solely from his checkbook.)e. Reliability (Objectivity) principle (PepsiCo. should wait torecord a gain or loss after it sells the land.)(5-15 min.) E 1-4 (Amounts in billions)Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity Dell $19 $13 $ 6Pier 1 Imports 0.9 0.3 0.6 Boeing 53 45 8Pier 1 appears to have the strongest financial position because its liabilities make up the smallest percentage of company assets ($3 / $9 = .333). Stated differently, Pier 1’s equity is the highest percentage of company assets ($6 / $9 = .667).(10-15 min.) E 1-5 Req. 1(Amounts in millions)Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’Equity$141 $ 60202 7767Total $410 = $137 + $273Resources to workwithcreditors stockholdersReq. 5Krispy Kreme appears able to pay current liabilities of $60 million because current assets are over twice as large as current liabilities.Krispy Kreme also appears able to pay total liabilities because total assets far exceed total liabilities.(10-20 min.) E 1-6Situation1 2 3BillionsTotal stockholders’ equit yJanuary 31, 2003 ($30 –$10)………….. $20 $20 $20 Add: Issuances of stock……………….. 1 -0- 5 Net income…………………………. 1* 4*Less: Dividends…………………………... -0- (2) (1) Net loss…………………………….. (2)* Total stockholders’ equity,January 31, 2004 ($34 –$12)………….. $22 $22 $22 Situation 2 indicates the strongestis the highest.Situation 3 is the weakest because of the net loss._____*Must solve for these amounts.(10-15 min.) E 1-7 1. Fossil Inc.(Amounts in millions)Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’EquityBeginning $ 483 = $142 + $341 Multiplier for increase 1.217Ending $ 5882. Bed Bath & Beyond(Amounts in billions)Assets –Liabilities = Stockholders’EquityBeginning amount $2.2 –$0.7 = $1.5 Net income 0.4 Ending amount $1.9(10-15 min.) E 1-8a. Balance sheetb. Income statementc. Balance sheetd. Balance sheete. Statement of retained earnings, Statement of cash flowsf. Income statementg. Balance sheet, Statement of retained earningsh. Income statementi. Balance sheetj. Statement of cash flowsk. Income statementl. Statement of cash flowsm. Balance sheet, Statement of cash flowsn. Balance sheeto. Income statement, Statement of retained earnings, Statement of cash flows(10-20 min.) E 1-9Wells Fargo & CompanyBalance Sheet (Adapted; Amounts in billions)December 31, 2003ASSETS LIABILITIESCash $ 16 Current liabilities $290 Receivable 253 Long-term liabilities 64 Investment assets 72 Total liabilities 354 Property andequipment, net 4 STOCKHOLDERS’Other assets 43EQUITYCommon stock 12Retained earnings 22*Total stockholders’ equity 34Total liabilities andTotal assets $388 stockholders’ equity$388 _____*Computation of retained earnings:Total assets ($388) – Total liabilities ($354) – Common stock ($12) = $22(15-25 min.) E 1-10 Req. 1Wells Fargo & CompanyIncome Statement (Adapted)Year Ended December 31, 2003Billions Total revenue……………………………………….$32 Expenses:Interest expense………………………………..$ 3Salary and other employee expenses (9)Other expenses (14)Total expenses (26)Net income………………………………………….$ 6 Req. 2The statement of retained earnings helps to compute dividends, as follows:Statement of Retained Earnings (Adapted)Billions Retained earnings, beginning of year..................... $19 Add: Net income for the year (Req. 1) (6)25 Less: Dividends (3)Retained earnings, end of year (from Exercise 1-9)…… $22 earnings.(15-20 min.) E 1-11ADP, Inc.Statement of Cash FlowsYear Ended December 31, 2004Millions Cash flows from operating activities:Net income………………………………………...$ 395Adjustments to reconcile net income tonet cash provided by operating activities….. 2,330 Net cash provid ed by operating activities………… $2,725 Cash flows from investing activities:Net cash used for investing activities…………... (3,140) Cash flows from financing activities:Net cash provided by financing activities (420)Net incr ease in cash (5)Beginning cash balance (145)Ending cash balance……………………………………….. $ 150Total assets –Balance sheetTotal liabilities –Balance sheetNet income…………………………………………. $ 7,500 Adjustments to reconcile net incometo net cash provided by operations……………. 2,000 Net cash provided by operating activit ies… 9,500 Cash flows from investing activities:Acquisition of equipment………………………… $(36,000) Net cash used for investing activities………(36,000) Cash flows from financing activities:Issuance (sale) of stock to owners…………….. $ 35,000Payment of dividends................................... (2,000) Net cash provided by financing activities.... 33,000 Net increase in cash.........................................$ 6,500 Cash balance, June 30, 20X6.. 0Cash balance, July 31, 20X6…………………………$ 6,500(10-15 min.) E 1-15 TO: Owner of Kinko’s storeFROM: Student NameSUBJECT: Opinion of operating results, dividends, financial position, a nd cash flowsYour first month of operations appears to have been successful. Revenues totaled $12,400 and net income was $7,500. These operating results look very strong.The company was able to pay a $2,000 dividend, and this should make you happy with so quick a return on your investment.Your financial position looks secure, with assets of $43,700 and liabilities of only $3,200. Your stockholders’ equity is $40,500.Operating activities generated cash of $9,500, which is respectable. You ended the month with cash of $6,500. Based on the above facts, I believe you should stay in business. Student responses may vary.(15-20 min.) E 1-16 a. The single best source of cash for a business is net incomeand the related cash receipts. This source of cash is best because it results from the core operations of the business.b. Borrowing, issuing stock, and selling land, buildings, andequipment can bring in cash even when the company has losses.c. P aying large dividends will cause retained earnings to be low.d. Heavy investing activity and paying off debts can result in acash shortage even if net income has been high.e. You can finance the payment of current liabilities in severalways: Borrow money, issue (sell) stock to stockholders, or sell long-term assets such as land, buildings, and equipment.Practice Quiz1. d2. a3. b4. b5. d6. a7. b8. c9. d10. c ($140,000 – $22,000 – $8,000 – $3,000 = $107,000)11. d ($110,000 + $95,000 – $30,000 = $175,000)12. d13. b14. aBegin.ChangesEnd._____15. cBegin.–End.ProblemsGroup A(15-30 min.) P 1-1A TO: Investment committeeSUBJECT: Genome Science Corporation request for us to buy its stockI recommend purchasing Genome Science stock because:1. Operations are the main source of Genome’s cash, and thecompany is increasing cash without a lot of borrowing.Moreover, Genome has been investing lots of money in long-term assets, as shown by its investing cash flows.2. Net income has increased dramatically during the past twoyears.3. Total assets have grown from $590,000 to $990,000 duringthe past two years, and liabilities have risen more slowly.I believe Genome has a bright future and that its stock islikely to increase in value.Student responses may vary.(15-20 min.) P 1-2A Req. 1General Electric CompanyIncome StatementYear Ended December 31, 20X5Billions Sales revenue………………………..$ 53Other revenue (73)Total revenue………………………...$126Cost of goods sold (36)Other expenses (70)Total expenses (106)Income before income tax (20)Income tax expense ($20 .30) (6)Net income……………………………$ 14(continued) P 1-2A Req. 2a. Reliability (objectivity) principle. Report revenues at theiractual sale value because that amount is more reliable than what management believes the goods are worth.b. Cost principle. Account for expenses at their actual cost, nota hypothetical amount that the company might have incurredif the products were purchased outside.c. Cost principle. Account for expenses at their actual cost.d. Entity concept. Each division of the company is a separateentity, and the company as a whole constitutes an entity for accounting purposes.e. Stable-monetary-unit concept. Accounting in the UnitedStates ignores the effect of inflation.f. Going-concern concept. There is no evidence that GeneralElectric is going out of business, so it seems safe to assume that the company is a going concern.(30-40 min.) P 1-3Abillions .FedEx Corp. Coca-Cola Ford Company Corp.Beginning :Assets $12 $17 $279 – Liabilities (7) (10) (228) = Owners’ equity $ 5 $ 7 $ 51Ending :Assets$13 $19 – Liabilities (7) (11) (204) = Owners’ Equity$ 6 $ 8 $ 65Owners’ Equity :Issuance of stock $ 1 – DividendsIncome Statement :Revenues$20 $119– Expenses(19) (97) = Net income$ 1 $ 4 $ 22Statement of owners’ equi ty :Beginning owners’ equity+ Issuance of stock+ Net income– Dividends(1) (3) (9) = E nding owners’ equity$ 6 $ 8 $ 65 __________ 1$5 + Issuance of stock2Net income = $4 3Assets = liabilities + OE + $1 – $1 = $6Revenue – expenses = net income Assets = $204 + $65 Issuance of stock = $1$19 – expenses = $4 Assets = $269 Expenses = $15(continued) P 1-3AFedEx Coca-Cola FordCorp. Company Corp.Percentage of liabilities to assets = $ 7 $11 $204$13 $19 $269= 53.8% = 57.9% = 75.8% Lowest 2nd LowestPercentage of net income to revenues = $ 1 $ 4 $ 22 $20 $19 $119= 5% = 21.1% = 18.5%HighestOn these measures, Coca-Cola looks the strongest. Coca-Cola has the second lowest percentage of liabilities to assets and the highest percentage of net income to revenues.(20-25 min.) P 1-4A Req. 1ICON, Inc.Balance SheetJuly 31, 20X7ASSETS LIABILITIESCash $15,000 Accounts payable $ 9,000 Accounts receivable 12,000 Note payable 16,000 Office supplies 1,000 Total liabilities 25,000 Office furniture 10,000 STOCKHOLDERS’Land 44,000 EQUITYStockholders’ equity 57,000*Total liabilities andTotal assets $82,000 stockholders’ equity $82,000 _____*Total assets ($82,000) – Total liabilities ($25,000) = Stockholders’ equity ($57,000).Req. 2ICON, Inc., is in better financial position than the erroneous balance sheet reports. True, assets are lower than reported, but by only $10,500 ($92,500 –$82,000). But liabilities are much lower, and owne rs’ equity is $36,300 higher than reported originally. Overall, ICON has less debt and more equity than first reported.Req. 3The following accounts are not reported on the balance sheet because they are revenues or expenses. These accounts are reported on the income statement.Rent expenseAdvertising expenseService revenueProperty tax expense(20-25 min. P 1-5A Req. 1Marjorie Caballero, Realtor, Inc.Balance SheetNovember 30, 2004ASSETS LIABILITIESCash $ 6,000 Accounts payable $ 6,000 Office supplies 1,000 Note payable 40,000 Franchise 20,000 Total liabilities 46,000 Furniture 17,000 STOCKHOLDERS’Land 120,000 EQUITYCommon stock 50,000Retained earnings 68,000*Total stockholders’ equity 118,000Total liabilities and ________ Total assets $164,000 stockholders’ equity$164,000 _____*Total assets ($164,000) – Total liabilities ($46,000) – Common stock ($50,000) = $68,000.Req. 2It appears that Caballero’s realty business can pay its debts. Total assets far exceed total liabilities.Req. 3Personal items not reported on the balance sheet of the business: a. Personal cash ($10,000)b. Personal account payable ($1,800)g. Personal residence ($160,000) and mortgagepayable ($100,000)(30-45 min.) P 1-6A Req. 1Hercules, Inc.Income StatementYear Ended December 31, 20X8RevenueService revenue…………………$220,000 ExpensesSalary expense………………….$63,000Rent expense…………………….23,000Advertising expense……………13,000Interest expense………………...9,000Property tax expense………….. 4,000Total expenses………………….. 112,000 Net income………………………….$108,000 Req. 2Hercules, Inc.Statement of Retained EarningsYear Ended December 31, 20X8Retained earnings, be ginning of year…… $ 10,000Add: Net income for the year…………… 108,000118,000 Less: Dividends……………………………. (70,000)Retained earnings, end of year…………… $ 48,000(continued) P 1-6A Req. 3Hercules, Inc.Balance SheetDecember 31, 20X8ASSETS LIABILITIESCash $ 10,000 Accounts payable $ 19,000 Accounts receivable 12,000 Salary payable 1,000 Supplies 3,000 Note payable 185,000 Furniture 20,000 Total liabilities 205,000 Building 150,000 STOCKHOLDERS’Land 98,000 EQUITYCommon stock 40,000Retained earnings 48,000Total stockholders’ equity 88,000Total liabilities andTotal assets $293,000 stockholders’ equity$293,000 Req. 4a. Hercules was profitable; net income was $108,000.b. Retained earnings increased by $38,000 —from $10,000 to$48,000.c. Total liabilities ($205,000) exceeds stockholders’ equity($88,000).The creditors own more of Hercules’ assets than do the company’s stockholders.(20 min.) P 1-7A Req. 1Nike, Inc.Statement of Cash FlowsYear Ended May 31, 20X4Millions Cash flows from operating activities:Net income…………………………………………. $796 Adjustments to reconcile net incometo cash provided by operations (473)Net cash provided by op erating activities (323)Cash flows from investing activities:Purchases of property, plant, and equipment.. $(510)Sales of property, plant, and equipment (24)Other investing cash receipts (33)Net cash used for investing activities (453)Cash flows from financing activities:Borrowing………………………………………….$ 388Issuance of common stock (26)Payment of dividends (101)Net cash provided by financing activities 313 Net increase in cash....................................... $ 183 Cash, beginning (262)Cash, ending………………………………………….. $ 445 Req. 2Operations and financing provided roughly equal amounts of cash. This signals a little financial weakness. Operations should be the main source of cash.(40-50 min.) P 1-8A Req. 120X6 20X5(Thousands)STATEMENT OF OPERATIONSRevenues $94,749 = $ k $88,412Cost of goods sold (74,564) (a) = 65,586 Other expenses (15,839) (13,564)Income before income taxes 4,346 9,262Income taxes (36.95% in 20X6) 1,606 = (l) (1,581)Net income 2,740 = $ m $ b = 7,681 STATEMENT OF RETAINED EARNINGSBeginning balance 17,213 = $ n $ 9,987Net income 2,740 = o c = 7,681 Dividends (559) (455)Ending balance 19,394 = $ p $ d = 17,213 BALANCE SHEETAssets:Cash 83 = $ q $ e = 45 Property, plant and equipment 23,894 20,874Other assets 18,564 = r 16,900 Total assets 42,541 = $ s $37,819Liabilities:Current liabilities 11,454 = $ t $ 9,973Long-term debt and other liabilities 11,331 10,120 Total liabilities 22,785 f = 20,093 Shareholders’ Equity:Common stock $ 229 $ 230Retained earnings 19,394 = u g = 17,213 Other shareholders’ equity 133 283 Total shareholders’ equity19,756 = v 17,726Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity42,541 = $ w $ h = 37,819 STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWSNet cash provided by operating activities 2,383 = $ x $ 2,906Net cash used for investing activities (3,332) (3,792)Net cash provided by financing activities 987 911 Increase (decrease) in cash 38 i = 25 Cash at beginning of year 45 = y 20Cash at end of year 83 = $ z $ j = 45(continued) P 1-8A Req. 2a. Operations deteriorated during 20X6. Revenues increased,but net income fell from $7,681 thousand to $2,740 thousand.b. The company retains most of its net income for use in thebusiness. Dividends were much less than net income.c. Total assets at the end of 20X6 were $42,541 thousand. Thisis the amount of total resources that the company has towork with as it moves into the year 20X7.d. At the end of 20X5, the company owed total liabilities of$20,093 thousand. At the end of 20X6, the company owed $22,785 thousand.e. The company’s major source of cash is operating activities,and cash is increasing. Based on these two facts, it appears that the comp any’s ability to generate cash is strong despite the dip in 20X6 net income. The company is using most of its cash to expand. This is clear from the large amounts of cash used for investing activities, which indicate that the company is growing.ProblemsGroup B(15-30 min.) P 1-1B TO: Edward Jones loan committeeSUBJECT: Kaiser Corporation loan requestI recommend not lending $50 million to Kaiser because:1. Operations are generating less and less of the company’scash, and the cash balance has decreased by $120 million during the past three years.2. Revenues decreased in 2007, and net income has decreasedfor the past two years.3. Dividends have exceeded net income for the past two years.As a result, stockholders’ equity has decreased from $400 million to $330 million.4. Liabilities have increased from $260 million to $390 million,which exceeds stockholders’ equity. A $50 million loan to Kaiser would make this situation worse.I doubt Kaiser could repay this loan.Student responses may vary.(15-20 min.) P 1-2B Req. 1Chrysler Division of DaimlerChrysler CorporationIncome StatementYear Ended December 31, 20X5Billions Sales revenue……………………………..$69.4Other revenue…………………………….. 5.8Total revenue……………………………...$75.2Cost of g oods sold……………………….$59.0Selling and administrative expenses… 3.7Other expenses……………………….….. 4.5Total operating expenses………………. 67.2Income before income tax………………8.0Income tax expense ($8.0 .35)………. 2.8Net income………………………………... $ 5.2(continued) P 1-2B Req. 2a. Reliability (objectivity) principle. Report revenues at theiractual sale value because that amount is more reliable than what management believes the good are worth.b. Cost principle. Account for expenses at their actual cost, nota hypothetical amount that the company might have incurredif the products were purchased outside.c. Cost principle. Account for expenses at their actual cost.d. Entity concept. Each division of the company is a separateentity, and the company as a whole constitutes an entity for accounting purposes.e. Stable-monetary-unit concept. Accounting in the UnitedStates ignores the effect of inflation.f. Going-concern concept. There is no evidence that Chrysler isgoing out of business, so it seems safe to assume that the division is a going concern.(30-40 min.) P 1-3BAmounts in billionsBest Buy Pier 1 Wal-Mart Beginning:Assets $ 3.0 $ 0.7 $ 78–Liabilities (1.9) (0.2) (47)= Owners’ equity $ 1.1 $ 0.5 $ 31 Ending:Assets $ 4.8 $ 0.9–Liabilities (3.0) (0.3) (48)= Owners’ Equity $ 1.8 $ 0.6 $ 35 Owners’ Equity:Issuance of stock $ 0 $ 0–Dividends (0)Income Statement:Revenues $218–Expenses (211)= Net income $ 7 Statement of owners’ equity:Beginning owners’ equity+ Issuance of stock+ Net income–Dividends (0) (0) (3)= En ding owners’ equity $ 1.8 $ 0.6 $ 35。
管理会计（英文版）课后习题答案（高等教育出版社）chapter3
管理会计（英文版）课后习题答案（高等教育出版社）chapter3管理会计（高等教育出版社）于增彪（清华大学）改编余绪缨（厦门大学）审校CHAPTER 3ACTIVITY COST BEHAVIORQUESTIONS FOR WRITING AND DISCUSSION1.Knowledge of cost behavior allows a man-ager to assess changes in costs that result from changes in activity. This allows a man-ager to assess the effects of choices that change activity. For example, if excess ca-pacity exists, bids that at least cover variable costs may be totally appropriate. Knowing what costs are variable and what costs are fixed can help a manager make better bids.2.The longer the time period, the more likelythat a cost will be variable. The short run is a period of time for which at least one cost is fixed. In the long run, all costs are variable.3.Resource spending is the cost of acquiringthe capacity to perform an activity, whereas resource usage is the amount of activity ac-tually used. It is possible to use less of the activity than what is supplied. Only the cost of the activity actually used should be as-signed to products.4.Flexible resources are those acquired fromoutside sources and do not involve any long-term commitment for any given amount of resource. Thus, the cost of these resources increases as the demand for them increas-es, and they are variable costs (varying in proportion to the associatedactivity driver).mitted resources are acquired by theuse of either explicit or implicit contracts toobtain a given quantity of resources, regard-less of whether the quantity of resource available is fully used or not. For multiperiod commitments, the cost of these resources essentially corresponds to committed fixed costs. Other resources acquired in advance are short term in nature and essentially cor-respond to discretionary fixed costs.mitted fixed costs are those incurred forthe acquisition of long-term activity capacity and are not subject to change in the short run. Annual resource expenditure is inde-pendent of actual usage. For example, the cost of a factory building is a committed fixed cost. Discretionary fixed costs are those incurred for the acquisition of short-term activity capacity, the levels of which can be altered quickly. In the short run, resource expenditure is also independent of actual ac-tivity usage. An engineer’s salary is an e x-ample of such an expenditure.7. A variable cost increases in direct proportionto changes in activity usage. A one-unit in-crease in activity usage produces an in-crease in cost. A step cost, however, in-creases only as activity usage changes in small blocks or chunks. An increase in cost requires an increase in several units of activ-ity. When a step cost changes over relativelynarrow ranges of activity, it may be moreconvenient to treat it as a variable cost.8. A step cost with narrow steps can be treatedas variable, while one with wide steps is typ-ically treated as fixed.9.An activity rate is the resource expenditure for an activity divided by the activity’s pra c- tical capacity.10.Mixed costs are usually reported in total in the accounting records. How much of the cost is fixed and how much is variable is un- known and must be estimated.11. A scattergraph allows a visual portrayal of the relationship between cost and activity. It reveals to the investigator whether a rela- tionship may exist and, if so, whether a li- near function can be used to approximate the relationship.12.Managers can use their knowledge of cost relationships to estimate fixed and variable components. A scattergraph can be used as an aid in this process. From a scattergraph,a manager can select two points that best represent the relationship. These two points can then be used to derive a linear cost for- mula. The high-low method tells the manag- er which two points to select to compute the linear cost formula. The selection of these two points is not left to judgment.13.Because the scatterplot method is not re- stricted to the high and low points, it is poss- ible to select two points that better represent the relationship between activity and costs, producing a better estimate of fixed and va- riable costs. The main advantage of thehigh-low method is that it removes subjec-tivity from the choice process. The same linewill be produced by two different people.14.Assuming that the scattergraph reveals thata linear cost function is suitable, then themethod of least squares selects a line thatbest fits the data points. The method alsoprovides a measure of goodness of fit sothat the strength of the relationship betweencost and activity can be assessed.15.The best-fitting line is the one that is “clo s-est” to the data points. This is usually meas-ured by the line that has the smallest sum ofsquared deviations.16.No. The best-fitting line may not explainmuch of the total cost variability. There mustbe a strong relationship as well. 17.The coefficient of determination is the per-centage of total variability in costs explainedby the activity. As such, it is a measure ofthe goodness of fit, the strength of the rela-tionship between cost and activity.18.The correlation coefficient is the square rootof the coefficient of determination. The cor-relation coefficient reveals the direction ofthe relationship in addition to the strength ofthe relationship.19.If the variation in cost is not well explainedby activity usage (the coefficient of determi-nation is low) as measured by a single driv-er, then other explanatory variables may beneeded to build a good cost formula.20.If the mixed costs are immaterial, then themethod of decomposition is unimportant. Furthermore, sometimes managerial judg-ment may be more useful for assigningcosts than the use of formal statistical me-thodology.EXERCISES3–11. N umber of Units Total Cost Cost per Unit0 $240,000 NA100,000 240,000 $2.40200,000 240,000 1.20300,000 240,000 0.80400,000 240,000 0.60500,000 240,000 0.482. This depreciation cost is strictly fixed.3–21. Miles Traveled Total Cost Cost per Mile0 $ 0 $0.005,000 6,500 1.30*10,000 13,000 1.3015,000 19,500 1.3020,000 26,000 1.3025,000 32,500 1.30 *$5,200/4,000 or $26,000/20,000 = $1.30 2. The cost of fuel for the delivery activity is strictly variable. 3–31. Number of Units Total Cost Cost per Unit0 $10,000 NA10,000 10,000 $1.0020,000 10,000 0.5030,000 20,000 0.6740,000 20,000 0.5050,000 30,000 0.602. Forming machines rental cost is a step cost.Resource Flexible/Committed Cost BehaviorJet rental Committed FixedHotel rooms Committed FixedBuffet Flexible VariableFavor package Flexible VariableBuses Committed Step3–51. Total Cost Unit CostPlastic$ 10,800 $0.027Direct labor andvariable overhead28,000 0.020 Mold sets320,000 0.050Other facility costs410,000 0.025Total $ 48,800 $0.12210.90 ? $0.03 ? 400,000 = $10,800; $10,800/400,000 = $0.0272$0.02 ? 400,000 = $8,000; $8,000/400,000 = $0.023$5,000 ? 4 quarters = $20,000; $20,000/400,000 = $0.054$10,000; $10,000/400,000 = $0.0252. Plastic, direct labor, and variable overhead are flexible resources; molds andother facility costs are committed resources. The cost of plastic, direct labor, and variable overhead are strictly variable. The cost of the molds is fixed for the particular action figure being produced; it is a step cost for the produc-tion of action figures in general. Other facility costs are strictly fixed.1. X-ray film and developing supplies are likely to vary with the number of pa-cemakers produced. As production increases, we would expect more film and developing supplies to be used. Inspectors and X-ray machines should re-main constant within the relevant range.2. Total cost = $310,000 + ($1.60 ? 100,000) = $470,000Total fixed cost = $310,000Total variable cost = $1.60 ? 100,000 = $160,0003. Unit cost = $470,000/100,000 = $4.70 per pacemaker4. Unit fixed cost = $310,000/100,000 = $3.10 per pacemaker5. Unit variable cost = $1.60 per pacemaker6. a. $438,000/80,000 = $5.48; $310,000/80,000 = $3.88; $1.60b. $502,000/120,000 = $4.18; $310,000/120,000 = $2.58; $1.60The unit cost increases in the first case and decreases in the second case.This is attributable to spreading fixed costs over fewer units of activity output in the first case and over more units in the second case. The unit variable cost stays constant.1. Committed resources: trucks and technicians’ salariesFlexible resources: supplies, small tools, and fuel2. Variable activity rate = $840,000/70,000 = $12 per callFixed activity rate = $1,200,000*/80,000 = $15 per callTotal cost of one call = $12 + $15 = $27 per call*($26,250 ? 40) + ($6,000 ? 25)3. Activity availability = Activity usage + Unused capacityCalls available = Calls made + Unmade calls80,000 calls = 70,000 calls + 10,000 calls4. Total cost of Cost of Cost ofc ommitted resources = activity used + unused capacity$1,200,000 = ($15 ? 70,000) + ($15 ? 10,000)$1,200,000 = $1,050,000 + $150,000Note: The analysis is restricted to committed resources, since only these re-sources will ever have any unused capacity.1. Committed resource charges: monthly fee, activation fee, cancellation fee (iftriggered by contract cancellation prior to one year)Flexible resource charges: all additional charges for airtime, long distance and roaming2. Plan 1:Minutes available = Minutes used + Unused minutes60 minutes = 45 minutes + 15 minutesPlan 2:Minutes available = Minutes used + Unused minutes120 minutes = 45 minutes + 75 minutesPlan 1 is more cost effective. Jana will have some unused capacity (on aver-age, 15 minutes a month), and the overall cost will be lower by $10 per month.3. Plan 1*:Minutes available = Minutes used + Unused minutes60 minutes = 90 minutes + (- 30) minutesPlan 1*:M inutes available = Minutes used + Unused minutes60 minutes = 60 minutes + 0 minutesAdditional minutes = 30 minutes*There are a number of ways to illustrate the use of minuteswith Plan 1. Here are two possibilities. The problem, of course, is that all included monthly minutes are used, and Jana must purchase additional minutes.Plan 2:Minutes available = Minutes used + Unused minutes120 minutes = 90 minutes + 30 minutesPlan 2 is now more cost effective, as the monthly cost is $30. Under Plan 1, Jana will pay $20 plus $30 (30 minutes ? $1.00) or $50 per month. (The $1.00 additional charge includes the airtime and regional roaming charge.)1.Cost of Oil Changes$0$1,000$2,000$3,000$4,000$5,000$6,000$7,000$8,000$9,00005001,0001,500Number of Oil ChangesC o s tThe scattergraph provides evidence for a linear relationship.2. High (1,400, $7,950); Low (700, $5,150)V = ($7,950 – $5,150)/(1,400 – 700)= $2,800/700 = $4 per oil changeF = $5,150 – $4(700)= $5,150 – $2,800 = $2,350Cost = $2,350 + $4 (oil changes)Predicted cost for January = $2,350 + $4(1,000) = $6,3503–9 Concluded3. Output of the regression routine calculated by a spreadsheet:Rounding the coefficients:Variable rate = $4.65 per oil changeFixed cost = $1,697Predicted cost for January = $1,697 + $4.65 (oil changes)= $1,697 + $4.65(1,000) = $6,347R2 = 0.97 (rounded)This says that 97 percent of the variability in the cost of providing oil changes is explained by the number of oil changes performed.4. The least-squares method is better because it uses all eight data points in-stead of just two.3–101.The scattergraph provides evidence for a linear relationship, but the observa-tion for 300 moves may be an outlier.2. High (800, $14,560); Low (100, $3,000)V = ($14,560 – $3,000)/(800 – 100)= $11,560/700 = $16.51 per move (rounded)F = $3,000 – $16.51(100)= $3,000 – $1,651 = $1,349Cost = $1,349 + $16.51 (moves)Predicted cost = $1,349 + $16.51(550) = $10,430 (rounded) 3–10 Concluded3. Output of the regression routine calculated by a spreadsheet:Rounding the coefficients:Variable rate = $18.43 per moveFixed cost = $498Cost = $498 + $18.43 (moves)= $498 + $18.43(550) = $10,635 (rounded)R2 = 0.93 (rounded)This says that 93 percent of the variability in the cost of moving materials is explained by the number of moves.4. Normally, we would prefer the least-squares method since the data appear tobe linear. However, the third observation may be an outlier. If the third obser-vation (300 moves and $3,400 of cost) is dropped, the R2 rises to 99 percent.The new cost formula would beCost = $1,411 + $17.28 (moves)The higher fixed cost is much more in keeping with what we observed with the scatterplot in requirement 1.1. Independent variable = number of inspections;Dependent variable = inspection costHigh point (500, $10,000); low point (100, $6,200)2. Variable rate = ($10,000 –$6,200)/(500 –100) = $3,800/400 = $9.50 per inspectionFixed cost = $10,000 – ($9.50)(500) = $5,250Formula for inspection cost = $5,250 + $9.50XEstimated inspection cost = $5,250 + $9.50(280) = $7,9103. Output of regression routine using spreadsheet program:Variable rate = $9.62 per hourFixed cost = $5,370Formula for setup cost = $5,370 + $9.62XEstimated setup cost = $5,370 + $9.62(280) = $8,064 (rounded)R2 = 0.958 or 95.8%The coefficient of determination is high—indicating a strong relationship be-tween inspection cost and the number of inspections.1. Depreciation:Variable rate = ($170,000 – $170,000)/(48,000 – 24,000) = 0 Fixed cost = $170,000 – $0(24,000) = $170,000Depreciation = $170,000Depreciation is purely fixed.Power usage:Variable = ($16,320 – $8,160)/(48,000 – 24,000) = $0.34Fixed cost = $8,160 – $0.34(24,000) = $0Power usage = $0.34(machine hours)Power usage is purely variable.Maintenance:Variable rate = ($149,000 –$101,000)/(48,000 –24,000) = $2.00Fixed cost = $101,000 – $2.00(24,000) = $53,000Maintenance = $53,000 + $2.00(machine hours)Maintenance is a mixed cost.2. Depreciation = $170,000Power usage = $0.34(32,000) = $10,880Maintenance = $53,000 + $2.00(32,000) = $117,0003. Machine related overhead = Depreciation + Power usage + Maintenance= $170,000 + $0.34(MHr) + $53,000 + $2.00(MHr)= $223,000 + $2.34(MHr)For 32,000 machine hours:Machine-related overhead = $223,000 + $2.34(32,000)= $223,000 + $74,880 = $297,880Cost formulas can be combined if the activities they describe share a com-mon objective and if the activity driver is the same. If the activities are not logically related, then it may not be wise to combine cost formulas even if they have a common driver.1. Maintenance cost = $5,750 + $16X2. Maintenance cost = $5,750 + $16(650) = $5,750 + $10,400 = $16,1503. To obtain the percentage explained, r needs to be squared: 0.89 0.89 = 79.21percent. The relationship appears strong but perhaps could be improved by searching for another explanatory variable. Leaving about 20 percent of the variability unexplained may produce less than satisfactory predictions.4. Maintenance cost = 12($5,750) + $16(8,400) = $69,000 + $134,400 = $203,400Note: The fixed cost from the regression results is the fixed cost for the month (since monthly data were used to estimate the equation). However, the question asks for the cost for the year. Therefore, the fixed cost from the re-gression equation must be multiplied by 12.3–141. Overhead = $2,130 + $17(DLH) + $810(setups) + $26(purchase orders)2. Overhead = $2,130 + $17(600) + $810(50)+ $26(120)= $2,130 + $10,200 + $40,500+ $3,120= $55,9503. Since total setup cost is $40,500 for the following month,a 50 percent de-crease would reduce setup cost to $20,250, saving $20,250 for the month.1. Warranty repair cost = $2,000 + $60(number of defects) –$10(inspectionhours)2. Warranty repair cost = $2,000 + $60(100) –$10(150) = $6,5003. The number of defects is positively correlated with warranty repair costs. In-spection hours are negatively correlated with warranty repair costs.4. In this equation, the independent variables—number of defects and inspec-tion hours—account for 88 percent of the variability in warranty repair costs.It seems that analysts have identified some very good drivers for warranty re-pair costs.3–161. Independent variable = direct labor hours; dependent variable = overheadcostHigh point (1,300, $35,200); low point (800, $23,370)Note: The high point is the point of highest direct labor hours (the indepen-dent variable), not the highest cost (which is for Month 7 in this case).2. Variable rate = ($35,200 – $23,370)/(1,300 – 800)= $11,830/500 = $23.66 per direct labor hourFixed cost = $35,200 – ($23.66)(1,300) = $4,442Formula for overhead cost = $4,442 + $23.66 (direct labor hours)Estimated overhead cost = $4,442 + $23.66(1,120) = $30,941 (rounded)3–16 Concluded3. Output of regression routine using spreadsheet program:Variable rate = $25.21 per direct labor hourFixed cost = $3,132Formula for overhead cost = $3,132 + $25.21 (direct labor hours)Estimated overhead cost = $3,132 + $25.21(1,120) = $31,367 (rounded)R2 = 0.95, or 95%The coefficient of determination is high—indicating a strong relationship be-tween overhead cost and direct labor hours.3–171. a2. c3. a4. e5. ePROBLEMS3–181. Salaries:Senior accountant—fixedOffice assistant—fixedInternet and software subscriptions—mixed Consulting by senior partner—variable Depreciation (equipment)—fixed Supplies—mixedAdministration—fixedRent (offices)—fixedUtilities—mixed2. Internet and software subscriptions:V = (Y2– Y1)/(X2– X1)= ($850 – $700)/(150 – 120) = $5 per hourF = Y2– VX2= $850 – ($5)(150) = $100Consulting by senior partner:V = (Y2– Y1)/(X2– X1)= ($1,500 – $1,200)/(150 – 120) = $10 per hour F = Y2– VX2= $1,500 – ($10)(150) = $0Supplies:V = (Y2– Y1)/(X2– X1)= ($1,100 – $905)/(150 – 120) = $6.50 per hour F = Y2– VX2= $1,100 – ($6.50)(150) = $125Utilities:V = (Y2– Y1)/(X2– X1)= ($365 – $332)/(150 – 120) = $1.10 per hour F = Y2– VX2= $365 – ($1.10)(150) = $2003–18 Concluded3. UnitFixed Variable Cost Salaries:Senior accountant $2,500 $ —Office assistant 1,200 —Internet and subscriptions 100 5.00 Consulting —10.00Depreciation (equipment) 2,400 —Supplies 125 6.50Administration 500 —Rent (offices) 2,000 —Utilities 200 1.10 Total cost $9,025 $22.60 Thus, total clinic cost = $9,025 + $22.60/professional hourFor 140 professional hours:Clinic cost = $9,025 + $22.60(140) = $12,189Charge per hour = $12,189/140 = $87.06Fixed charge per hour = $9,025/140 = $64.46Variable charge per hour = $22.604. F or 170 professional hours:Charge/day = $9,025/170 + $22.60 = $53.09 + $22.60 = $75.69The charge drops because the fixed costs are spread over more professional hours.。