MLA格式论文范文
m’la 格式参考文献模板
m’la 格式参考文献模板
MLA（Modern Language Association）格式是文学类论文常用的引用格式。
以下是MLA格式的参考文献模板：
一、书籍引用
1. 独著
姓，名. 书名. 出版地：出版社，出版年代.
例如：
Bambrugh, R. The Philosphy of Aristotle. New York: Free Press, 1962.
2. 合著
姓，名，同另一姓，名. 书名. 出版地：出版社，出版年代.
例如：
Gass, W., and P. Hendrix. The American Language. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977.
二、期刊文章引用
1. 一位作者写的文章
姓，名. "文章标题." 期刊名，卷号（年份），页码.
例如：
Stewart, D. "What is an English Major, and What Should It Be?" College English, 50 (1988), .
2. 多位作者写的文章
第一作者的姓，名，同第二作者的姓，名等."文章标题." 期刊名，卷号（年份），页码.
例如：
Johnson, R., and E. Smith. "The State of the Disciplines." English Journal, 88 (1998), 41-48.
请注意，在MLA格式中，使用完整句子形式在论文中出现引用观点的地方写出参考文献。
同时，务必确定老师要求的格式版本。
中文论文范文MLA格式关于XX论文mla格式问题
中文论文范文MLA格式关于XX论文mla格式问题首先，你的老师很可能不认为维基百科是一个可靠的资料，引用之前最好先问一下一般MLA引用句子就在引用部分外面加双引号就好了，句子的结尾要加一个in text citation，格式是（作者名字，页数）如果不是从书中引用，括号里的东西可能会不同。
Owl purdue网站上有很多例子题主可以看一下朋友写英文论文时，需要用MLA格式写作。
MLA格式有什么要求？特地找到关于MLA格式的规定，希望对朋友有帮助。
MLA（Modern Language Association）为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式，在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。
一、MLA简明论文格式(以下word格式可参用附加档已设定完成，套用即可)1. 内容分封面、正文、注释。
2. 规格：A4纸，计算机打字，横打，上下左右空4.5cm，标题与内文字距离0.5cm；字大小：照相打字15- 16级(Windows 文书软件10- 11pt)，内文字请用细明或新细明体，标准行距(Windows 文书软件0.6- 0.7cm)，25pp以内。
3. 横式(由左至右)写作。
4. 关键詷4-6个。
5. 提要300-500字。
6. 请用新式标点符号。
「」用于平常引号，《》用于书名，〈〉用于论文及篇名。
古籍之书名与篇名连用时，可省略篇名符号，如《史记?刺客列传》。
7. 中文正文用细明体，注脚用楷书。
8. 英文正文用Times New Roman; 章节用Arial。
9. 英文书名用Italic; 论文名用“”。
10. 独立引文每行低三格(楷书)。
11. 注释号码请用阿拉伯字数码之上标字(右上方)，如9、25。
12. 标题编码层次：一、 (一) 1. (1)13. 征引书目编写方式:(1)中日文部分依作者姓名笔划排列A.专书B.期刊论文C.博、硕士论文(2)西文部分依作者姓名字母排列A.专书B.期刊论文C.博、硕士论文14. 不可使用“同上”、“同前引书”、“同前书”、“同前揭书”、“同注几引书”等。
MLA格式范文
Hua SuPolitical Science 101, Section009Professor Dighton M. Fiddner24 March 2010Brief Analysis of Cuban Missile CrisisI think the people who have at least a little bit concern about the world issues should know the famous Cuban Missile Crisis. It has being discussed and studied over and over again by many scientists, scholars and experts since it happened. On October 15, 1962, United States reconnaissance discovered and had photos to prove that there were missile bases being built in Cuba. “One of the most startling of the thousands of photographs---some 30,000 feet of film in all---analyzed by the President and his advisers is this one of a fully operating medium-range missile base, manned by Russian technicians and able to shoot its missiles as far into the U.S. as Norfolk or Houston “(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)”. The next day, the president of United States was informed and organized a group of advisors, which is called Executive Committee of the National Security Council, short for EXCOMM, to discuss how to deal with this perilous event. In Cuba at that time, the government was led by communist Fidel Castro. He was afraid that the United States would attack Cuba again after the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion. So he agreed that Soviet Union, which was led by Nikita Khrushchev at that time, could put missiles in Cuba. Because Cuba and United States are so close to each other, the missiles in Cuba werebig threat to US. After several days of discussion, the government of Kennedy imposed a naval quarantine around Cuba and demanded that the Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba. After a series of negotiations between the United States, Soviet Union and Cuba, on October 28, 1962, the crisis eased after a no-invasion agreement was reached and the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the missiles.I think it will be best for me to explain this significant event using the interstate level of analysis and the theory of realism.Interstate level of analysis contains several categories which influence the Cuban missile crisis obviously. Power is the most apparent influence. Just like Cuban, Soviet and United States all competed and threatened each other with their military power. And between Cuba and Soviet Union, they formed an alliance against United States. During the crisis, IGOs, summit meetings, each side’s diplo macy and the bargaining happening among their negotiations all had important influences which should not be forgotten.Power is the ability to get someone to do what it would not otherwise have done (or not to do what it would have done) (Goldstein et al.). United States at that time could not stand that there is a communist country located so close to it. So a CIA trained force tried to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro on April 17, 1961. But it turned out a failure. After the Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuba found out that only by increasing its own power can it prevent another United States’ invasion. And, improvement of its military power is the best way. At that time, the biggest andstrongest communist country was Soviet Union. It possessed nuclear weapons. That was also the time when the United States and the Soviet Union were the major participants of the Cold War. They competed with each other in the fields of politics, military, economy, etc. Cuba is located only several miles away from Florida. So, it would be a great threat to the United States by placing nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba and at the same time prevent the United States from starting another invasion of Cuba. Cuba agreed the nuclear missiles building is for the sake of its sovereignty, territory and organization of governing. As for the Soviet Union, the reason is its diplomatic recognition. They all did it for their own interests.During the event, in order to prevent the Soviet Union from shipping more nuclear missiles devices to Cuba, the United States blocked the sea around the island of Cuba. But, the United States actually had no right to do the quarantine. United States’ quarantine against Cuba, in my opinion, was realism. Every nation has its right to possess its weapon for defense. It is against the international law, the United Nation’s Charter and the right of passage in international waters. The United States’action had implied that there is no central organizing authority in the international politics. Every entity seeks its self-interests. The United States has reported that the nuclear missiles which were being placed in Cuba were seriously offensive (The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).So in order to keep its national security under control, the United States chose to use quarantine. And this quarantine greatly related to the power of the United States. It had strong economic and military power so that this restrict quarantine can be forced.The United Nations had noticed the possibility that the conflict between these two super powers could lead to a nuclear war which would be a huge disaster. So the United Nations was negotiating with these three nations trying to ease the tension. “The break in the crisis came on Sunday, October 28, when the Soviet Government finally agreed to dismantle its offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union subject to United Nations’ verification” ().When the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba were negotiating with each other, there was a lot of bargaining going on between them. There were a lot of letters and communications being exchanged between Khrushchev and Kennedy:On October 23 and 24, Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy indicatingthe deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the peaceful intentions ofthe Soviet Union. On October 26, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a longrambling letter seemingly proposing that the missile installations wouldbe dismantled and personnel removed in exchange for United Statesassurances that it or its proxies would not invade Cuba. On October 27,another letter to Kennedy arrived from Khrushchev, suggesting thatmissile installations in Cuba would be dismantled if the United Statesdismantled its missile installations in Turkey (Cold War: Cuban MissileCrisis).However the United States did agree the Soviet Union to remove the Jupiter missiles in Turkey. Just at that time this agreement didn’t go public. At the same time, the United States agreed to sign an agreement that promised not to invade Cuba. Sowe can tell from the information that the Soviet Union and the United States both were bargaining about their preferred outcomes. And the Soviet Union had achieved its two main goals. Asking the United States to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey was for the sake of its national security; and forming an agreement which the United States would not invade Cuba was for its diplomatic recognition.Because at that time, the world media did not report the news that the United States had already agreed to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey and, which was very obvious that the Soviet Union had already removed its missile in Cuba. In public, it seemed that the Soviet Union lost and the United States won. However in reality, they both made concessions.I basically used the theory of realism and the interstate level of analysis to explain my point of view toward this event. And I pointed out a couple of key influences of the Cuban missile crisis, like the theory of power, UN’s interference, bargaining, summit meeting etc. In my point of view, these are the major factors I should think of when it comes to analyze the Cuban missile crisis.This Cuban missile crisis makes the world realize that how close we are to a nuclear war and how important the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is for the people around the world. We cannot afford the price of starting WWIII. So the best way to avoid it is to know, learn and study the possible causes and try to predict the outcome of complicated international event.Works Cited"The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)." Life (1962): 38-41. Print.Goldstein, Joshua S., and Jon C. Pevehouse. "Power." International Relations. 7th ed.Priscilla McGeehon, 2006. 57-58. Print."Cuban Missile Crisis." . Web. 20 Mar. 2010."Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis." Library of Congress. Web. 20 Mar. 2010. "Vienna Summit." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 20 Mar. 2010.。
英文文献mla格式
英文文献mla格式Title: The Evolution of the Digital World: A Study in MLA Format.Abstract:This paper examines the significant transformations in the digital world, particularly focusing on the advancements in technology, social media, and the impact on modern society. The discussion is structured in accordance with the Modern Language Association (MLA) formatting style, emphasizing academic rigor and clarity.Introduction:The digital world has undergone a remarkable evolutionin recent years, shaping the way we live, communicate, and interact with one another. From the advent of the internetto the proliferation of smartphones and social media, technology has revolutionized our daily lives. In thispaper, we delve into the key developments that have shaped the digital landscape and assess their impact on contemporary society.Body Paragraph 1: Early Stages of the Digital Revolution.The early stages of the digital revolution can be traced back to the development of the internet in the late 20th century. Initially, the internet was a slow and cumbersome tool, primarily used by researchers and academics. However, as technology improved, the internet gradually became more accessible and user-friendly, paving the way for its widespread adoption.Body Paragraph 2: The Rise of Social Media.The rise of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram has been a pivotal moment in the evolution of the digital world. These platforms have revolutionized the way we share information, connect with others, and consume media. Social media has also given riseto new forms of communication, such as hashtags and emojis, further enhancing the digital experience.Body Paragraph 3: Impact on Modern Society.The impact of the digital revolution on modern society is profound. It has changed the way we work, learn, and socialize. People are now more connected than ever before, with the ability to stay in touch with friends and family across the globe. Additionally, the digital world has provided unprecedented access to information and resources, enabling individuals to learn and grow in unprecedented ways.Conclusion:The evolution of the digital world has been transformative, shaping the way we live and interact with one another. From the early stages of the internet to the rise of social media, technology hascontinuously pushed the boundaries of what is possible. The impact on modern society is profound, with the digital world playing acrucial role in how we work, learn, and socialize. As we continue to navigate this rapidly evolving landscape, it is important to remain aware of the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead.Works Cited:[Reference your sources in accordance with MLA formatting style.]Please note that this is a sample article and may not meet the exact requirements of your assignment. It is recommended that you consult your instructor or theofficial MLA Handbook for specific guidelines and requirements.。
MLA 格式论文范文
MLA 格式论文范文MLA论文格式（一）1 MLA 文献引用格式的基本描述：文学类论文通常使用MLA（Mden Lnguge Assiin）格式。
作者在正文中用括号夹注的形式注明参考文献的简要出处,即（作者姓氏+页码）.Anien ies ibued he invenin f he nhd Pyhgs，h lived in he sixh enuy BC (Muse 19）而在论文末尾的参考文献部分（按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列）,则可根据作者姓氏很容易的找出该引用文献的详细信息.包括作者信息，书名信息，和出版信息（出版地：出版社，出版年）三个部分.三个部分之间用“"分开。
Muse, Sibyl A Suvey f Musil Insuens Ne Yk: Hpe，195引语（Quins）的格式- 用方括号（sque bkes“[ ］")和省略号(ellipses“…”）标明更动原文的地方。
—短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文，并且用双引号标明.—双引号表示直接引语，单引号只用来标注引语中的引语.—引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示(书名除外）。
在任何情况下（即使引语仅仅只有一个单词)：—句末、小句末的句号和逗号都必须放在引号之内（无论单引号还是双引号），—冒号（“:”）和分号（“；"）都必须放在引号之外，—引文是疑问句则问号应放在引号之内，否则问号（“?”）应放在引号之外。
—三行或以上的引语作为独立的引语段(blk quin)。
—引语段可以用单倍行距，但其首行和末行应与正文空15行.—引语段左右两边均应较正文缩进5格或1个制表符（TAB)的距离。
- 如果引语段原为一自然段，则其首行应进一步缩进4至5格或1个制表符的距离.—引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。
- 引语段的字体必须与正文相同。
3．夹注（Penheil Ciin）的格式:引文出处使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注）。
MLA格式范文
M L A格式范文-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除M L A格式范文(总11页) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除Hua SuPolitical Science 101, Section009Professor Dighton M. Fiddner24 March 2010Brief Analysis of Cuban Missile CrisisI think the people who have at least a little bit concern about the world issues should know the famous Cuban Missile Crisis. It has being discussed and studied over and over again by many scientists, scholars and experts since it happened. On October 15, 1962, United States reconnaissance discovered and had photos to prove that there were missile bases being built in Cuba. “One of the most startling of the thousands of photographs---some 30,000 feet of film in all---analyzed by the President and his advisers is this one of a fully operating medium-range missile base, manned by Russian technicians and able to shoot its missiles as far into the . as Norfolk or Houston “(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)”. The next day, the president of United States was informed and organized a group of advisors, which is called Executive Committee of the National Security Council, short for EXCOMM, to discuss how to deal with this perilous event. In Cuba at that time, the government was led by communist Fidel Castro. He was afraid that the United States would attack Cuba again after the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion. So he agreed that Soviet Union, which was led by Nikita Khrushchevat that time, could put missiles in Cuba. Because Cuba and United States are so close to each other, the missiles in Cuba werebig threat to US. After several days of discussion, the government of Kennedy imposed a naval quarantine around Cuba and demanded that the Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba. After a series of negotiations between the United States, Soviet Union and Cuba, on October 28, 1962, the crisis eased after a no-invasion agreement was reached and the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the missiles.I think it will be best for me to explain this significant event using the interstate level of analysis and the theory of realism.Interstate level of analysis contains several categories which influence the Cuban missile crisis obviously. Power is the most apparent influence. Just like Cuban, Soviet and United States all competed and threatened each other with their military power. And between Cuba and Soviet Union, they formed an alliance against United States. During the crisis, IGOs, summit meetings, each side’s diplo macy and the bargaining happening among their negotiations all had important influences which should not be forgotten.Power is the ability to get someone to do what it would not otherwise have done (or not to do what it would have done) (Goldstein et al.). United States at that time could not stand that there is a communist country located so close to it. So a CIA trained force tried to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro on April 17, 1961. But it turned out a failure. After the Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuba found out that only by increasing its own power can it preventanother United States’ invasion. And, improvement of its military power is the best way. At that time, the biggest andstrongest communist country was Soviet Union. It possessed nuclear weapons. That was also the time when the United States and the Soviet Union were the major participants of the Cold War. They competed with each other in the fields of politics, military, economy, etc. Cuba is located only several miles away from Florida. So, it would be a great threat to the United States by placing nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba and at the same time prevent the United States from starting another invasion of Cuba. Cuba agreed the nuclear missiles building is for the sake of its sovereignty, territory and organization of governing. As for the Soviet Union, the reason is its diplomatic recognition. They all did it for their own interests.During the event, in order to prevent the Soviet Union from shipping more nuclear missiles devices to Cuba, the United States blocked the sea around the island of Cuba. But, the United States actually had no right to do the quarantine. United States’ quarantine against Cuba, in my opinion, was realism. Every nation has its right to possess its weapon for defense. It is against the international law, the United Nation’s Charter and the right of passage in international waters. The United States’action had implied that there is no central organizing authority in the international politics. Every entity seeks its self-interests. The United States has reported that the nuclear missiles which were being placed in Cuba were seriously offensive (The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).So in order to keep its national security under control, the United States chose to use quarantine. And this quarantinegreatly related to the power of the United States. It had strong economic and military power so that this restrict quarantine can be forced.The United Nations had noticed the possibility that the conflict between these two super powers could lead to a nuclear war which would be a huge disaster. So the United Nations was negotiating with these three nations trying to ease the tension. “The break in the crisis came on Sunday, October 28, when the Soviet Government finally agreed to dismantle its offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union subject to United Nations’ verification” .When the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba were negotiating with each other, there was a lot of bargaining going on between them. There were a lot of letters and communications being exchanged between Khrushchev and Kennedy: On October 23 and 24, Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy indicatingthe deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the peaceful intentionsof the Soviet Union. On October 26, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a longrambling letter seemingly proposing that the missile installations wouldbe dismantled and personnel removed in exchange for United Statesassurances that it or its proxies would not invade Cuba. On October 27,another letter to Kennedy arrived from Khrushchev, suggesting thatmissile installations in Cuba would be dismantled if the United Statesdismantled its missile installations in Turkey (Cold War: Cuban MissileCrisis).However the United States did agree the Soviet Union to remove the Jupiter missiles in Turkey. Just at that time this agreement didn’t go public. At the same time, the United States agreed to sign an agreement that promised not to invade Cuba. Sowe can tell from the information that the Soviet Union and the United States both were bargaining about their preferred outcomes. And the Soviet Union had achieved its two main goals. Asking the United States to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey was for the sake of its national security; and forming an agreement which the United States would not invade Cuba was for its diplomatic recognition.Because at that time, the world media did not report the news that the United States had already agreed to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey and, which was very obvious that the Soviet Union had already removed its missile in Cuba. In public, it seemed that the Soviet Union lost and the United States won. However in reality, they both made concessions.I basically used the theory of realism and the interstate level of analysis to explain my point of view toward this event. And I pointed out a couple of key influences of the Cuban missile crisis, like the theory of power, UN’s interference, bargaining, summit meeting etc. In my point of view, these are the major factors I should think of when it comes to analyze the Cuban missile crisis.This Cuban missile crisis makes the world realize that how close we are to a nuclear war and how important the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is for the people around the world. We cannot afford the price of starting WWIII. So the best way to avoid it is to know, learn and study the possible causes and try to predict the outcome of complicated international event.Works Cited"The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)." Life (1962): 38-41. Print.Goldstein, Joshua S., and Jon C. Pevehouse. "Power." International Relations. 7th ed.Priscilla McGeehon, 2006. 57-58. Print."Cuban Missile Crisis." . Web. 20 Mar. 2010."Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis." Library of Congress. Web. 20 Mar. 2010. "Vienna Summit." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 20 Mar. 2010.。
MLA格式说明（5篇）
MLA格式说明（5篇）第一篇：MLA格式说明MLA 2009 Formatting and Style GuideGeneral FormatMLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing.MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages.Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material.Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers.If you are asked to use MLA format, be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers(7th edition).Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing(3rd edition).The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries;it is also widely available in bookstores, libraries, and at the MLA web site.See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style.For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes, please visit the OWL's MLA Update 2009 resource.Paper FormatThe preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook, and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual.Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style.General Guidelineswhite 8.5 x 11-inch paper.•Double-space the text of your paper, and use a legible font(e.g.Times New Roman).Whateverfont you choose, MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable one from another.The font size should be 12 pt.• Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks(unless otherwise instructed by your instructor).• Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides.• Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin.MLA recommends that you use the T ab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times.• Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin.(Note: Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page.Always follow your instructor's guidelines.) •Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and, only when absolutely necessary, providing emphasis.•Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard,before your Works Cited page.Entitle the section Notes(centered, unformatted).Formatting the First Page of Your Paper • If you have any endnotes, include them on a separate pageDo not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested.your instructor's name, the course, and the date.Again, be sure to use double-spaced text.•Double space again and center the title.Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks;write the title in Title Case(standard capitalization), not in all capital letters.•Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play;Human Weariness in “After Apple Picking”•Double space between the title and the first line of the text.•Create a header in the upper right-hand corner thatincludes your last name, followed by a space with a page number;number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals(1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin.(Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last name/page number header on your first page.Always follow instructor guidelines.)Here is a sample of the top half of a first page in MLA style: A sample first page of an MLA-formatted paper.Section HeadingsWriters sometimes use Section Headings to improve a document’s readability.These sections may include individual chapters or other named parts of a book or essay.Essays MLA recommends that when you divide an essay into sections that you number those sections with an arabic number and a period followed by a space and the section name.1.Early Writings 2.The London Years 3.Traveling the Continent 4.Final YearsBooksMLA does not have a prescribed system of headings for books.If you are only using one level of headings, meaning that all of the sections are distinct and parallel and have no additional sections that fit within them, MLA recommends that these sections resemble• In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name,one another grammatically.For instance, if your headings are typically short phrases, make all of the headings short phrases(and not, for example, full sentences).Otherwise, the formatting is up to you.It should, however, be consistent throughout the document.If you employ multiple levels of headings(some of your sections have sections within sections), you may want to provide a key of your chosen level headings and their formatting to your instructor or editor.Sample SectionHeadingsThe following sample headings are meant to be used only as a reference.You may employ whatever system of formatting that works best for you so long as it remains consistent throughout the document.Numbered:1.Soil Conservation 1.1 Erosion 1.2 Terracing2.Water Conservation3.Energy ConservationFormatted, unnumbered:Level 1 Heading: bold, flush leftLevel 2 Heading: italics, flush leftLevel 3 Heading: centered, boldLevel 4 Heading: centered, italics How to Cite the Purdue OWL in MLA:Entire WebsiteThe Purdue OWL.Purdue U Writing Lab, 2008.Web.27 Dec.2008.Individual ResourcesPurdue OWL.“MLA Formatting and Style Guide.” The Purdue OWL.Purdue U Writing Lab, 10 May 2008.Web.15 Nov.2008.All Sections in MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide:1.MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide2.MLA 2009 In-Text Citations: The Basics3.MLA 2009 Formatting Quotations4.MLA 2009 Footnotes and Endnotes5.MLA 2009 Works Cited Page: Basic Format6.MLA 2009 Works Cited Page: Books7.MLA 2009 Works Cited: Periodicals8.MLA 2009 Works Cited: Electronic Sources(Web Publications)9.MLA 2009 Works Cited: Other Common Sources10.MLA 2009 Additional Resources11.MLA 2009 Abbreviations12.MLA 2009 Sample Works Cited Page13.MLA 2009 Sample Papers14.MLA 2009 Tables, Figures, and Examples15.MLA 2009 PowerPoint Presentation16.MLA 2009Undergraduate Sample Paper第二篇：MLA格式Hua SuPolitical Science 101, Section009Professor Dighton M.FiddnerMarch 2010Brief Analysis of Cuban Missile CrisisI think the people who have at least a little bit concern about the world issues should know the famous Cuban Missile Crisis.It has being discussed and studied over and over again by many scientists, scholars and experts since it happened.On October 15, 1962, United States reconnaissance discovered and had photos to prove that there were missile bases being built in Cuba.“One of the most startling of the thousands of photographs---some 30,000 feet of film in all---analyzed by the President and his advisers is this one of a fully operating medium-range missile base, manned by Russian technicians and able to shoot its missiles as far into the U.S.as Norfolk or Houston “(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)”.The next day, the president of United States was informed and organized a group of advisors, which is called Executive Committee of the National Security Council, short for EXCOMM, to discuss how to deal with this perilous event.In Cuba at that time, the government was led by communist Fidel Castro.He was afraid that the United States would attack Cuba again after the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion.So he agreed that Soviet Union, which was led by Nikita Khrushchev at that time, could put missiles in Cuba.Because Cuba and United States are so close to each other, the missiles in Cuba werebig threat to US.After several days of discussion, the government of Kennedy imposed a naval quarantine aroundCuba and demanded that the Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba.After a series of negotiations between the United States, Soviet Union and Cuba, on October 28, 1962, the crisis eased after a no-invasion agreement was reached and the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the missiles.I think it will be best for me to explain this significant event using the interstate level of analysis and the theory of realism.Interstate level of analysis contains several categories which influence the Cuban missile crisis obviously.Power is the most apparent influence.Just like Cuban, Soviet and United States all competed and threatened each other with their military power.And between Cuba and Soviet Union, they formed an alliance against United States.During the crisis, IGOs, summit meetings, each side’s diplomacy and the bargaining happening among their negotiations all had important influences which should not be forgotten.Power is the ability to get someone to do what it would not otherwise have done(or not to do what it would have done)(Goldstein et al.).United States at that time could not stand that there is a communist country located so close to it.So a CIA trained force tried to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro on April 17, 1961.But it turned out a failure.After the Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuba found out that only by increasing its own power can it prevent another United States’ invasion.And, improvement of its military power is the best way.At that time, the biggest andstrongest communist country was Soviet Union.It possessed nuclear weapons.That was also the time when the United States and the Soviet Union were the major participants of the Cold War.They competed with each other in the fields of politics, military, economy, etc.Cuba is located only several miles awayfrom Florida.So, it would be a great threat to the United States by placing nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba and at the same time prevent the United States from starting another invasion of Cuba.Cuba agreed the nuclear missiles building is for the sake of its sovereignty, territory and organization of governing.As for the Soviet Union, the reason is its diplomatic recognition.They all did it for their own interests.During the event, in order to prevent the Soviet Union from shipping more nuclear missiles devices to Cuba, the United States blocked the sea around the island of Cuba.But, the United States actually had no right to do the quarantine.United States’ quarantine against Cuba, in my opinion, was realism.Every nation has its right to possess its weapon for defense.It is against the international law, the United Nation’s Charter and the right of passage in international wate rs.The United States’ action had implied that there is no central organizing authority in the international politics.Every entity seeks its self-interests.The United States has reported that the nuclear missiles which were being placed in Cuba were seriously offensive(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).So in order to keep its national security under control, the United States chose to use quarantine.And this quarantine greatly related to the power of the United States.It had strong economic and military power so that this restrict quarantine can be forced.The United Nations had noticed the possibility that the conflict between these two super powers could lead to a nuclear war which would be a huge disaster.So the United Nations was negotiating with these three nations trying to ease the tension.“The break in the crisis came on Sunday, October 28, when the Soviet Government finally agreed to dismantle its offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Unionsubject to United Nations’ verification”().When the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba were negotiating with each other, there was a lot of bargaining going on between them.There were a lot of letters and communications being exchanged between Khrushchev and Kennedy:On October 23 and 24, Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy indicatingthe deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the peaceful intentions ofthe Soviet Union.On October 26, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a longrambling letter seemingly proposing that the missile installations wouldbe dismantled and personnel removed in exchange for United Statesassurances that it or its proxies would not invade Cuba.On October 27,another letter to Kennedy arrived from Khrushchev, suggesting thatmissile installations in Cuba would be dismantled if the United Statesdismantled its missile installations in Turkey(Cold War: Cuban MissileCrisis).However the United States did agree the Soviet Union to remove the Jupiter missiles in Turkey.Just at that time this agreement didn’t go public.At the same time, the United States agreed to sign an agreement that promised not to invade Cuba.Sowe can tell from the information that the Soviet Union and the United States both were bargaining about their preferredoutcomes.And the Soviet Union had achieved its two main goals.Asking the United States to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey was for the sake of its national security;and forming an agreement which the United States would not invade Cuba was for its diplomatic recognition.Because at that time, the world media did not report the news that the United States had already agreed to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey and, which was very obvious that the Soviet Union had already removed its missile in Cuba.In public, it seemed that the Soviet Union lost and the United States won.However in reality, they both made concessions.I basically used the theory of realism and the interstate level of analysis to explain my point of view toward this event.And I pointed out a couple of key influences of the Cuban missile crisis, like the theory of power, UN’s interference, bargaining, summit meeting etc.In my point of view, these are the major factors I should think of when it comes to analyze the Cuban missile crisis.This Cuban missile crisis makes the world realize that how close we are to a nuclear war and how important the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is for the people around the world.We cannot afford the price of starting WWIII.So the best way to avoid it is to know, learn and study the possible causes and try to predict the outcome of complicated international event.Works Cited“The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).” Life(1962): 38-41.Print.Goldstein, Joshua S., and Jon C.Pevehouse.“Power.” International Relations.7th ed.Priscilla McGeehon, 2006.57-58.Print.“Cuban Missile Crisis.” .Web.20 Mar.2010.“Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis.” Library of Congress.Web.20 Mar.2010.“Vienna Summit.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.Web.20 Mar.2010.第三篇：英文注释MLA和APA格式Modern Language Association为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式，在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。
MLA正文格式样例
introduces the main character Santosh, who is a cook from Bombay, India. In Bombay, he is complimented by people everywhere for his employer ’s status and his capacity for cooking. However, when he leaves for Washington, he makes a lot of mistakes and can ’t adapt to that place in every aspect. He experiences the loss of dignity, identity, II. Edward Said’s O pinion on C ulture and O rientalismEdward·W Said was born in a Christian family in November 1st , 1935 in Jerusalem. People can know Said’s opinion clearly. First, he revealed the relationship between culture and imperialism. For example, from a variety of novels he cited, infer his thought in can observe his Culture and Imperialism.Although the western people think that the eastern world is backward and the My a political doctrinewilled over than the West,which elided a culturaland Said has studied What ’s more, he is Said’s work also has clear political describes various degrees.C. Said’s C riticism of O rientalismOrientalism is a book published in 1978 by Edward Said that has been highly influential and controversial in post-colonial studies and other fields. In the book, heⅢ. The Analysis ofPerspectiveThe above chapter has introduced what is orientalism and Said’s attitude towards orientalism. This chapter aims at analyzing One Out of Many from Said’s orientalism perspective. The main character of One Out of Many is Santosh. He is a cook in Bombay, India. 后几段已省略A. The Reappearance of Orientalism and Its Analysis of One Out of ManyClaiming to be a citizen of the world, V·S·Naipaul is one of the most famous writer in Britain who is awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 2001. 后几段已省2. The Loss of IdentityAlthough the Washington people show contemplation to Santosh, he doesn’t abandon the pursuit for freedom. He makes great efforts to make him adapt to the life in Washington. First, He buys a green suit and he decides to not tell his employer.以后部分省略当文中出现两个作者共同写的一本书时，格式如下：In the 1970s the Great Pyramid inspired a fad of pyramid enthusiasts, who . . . (Schul and Pettit 159). 或者Schul and Pettit draw attention to the fact that in the 1970s the Great Pyramid . . . (159).如作者姓名在文中出现，在括号中只写页码。
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.MLA 格式论文范文MLA论文格式（一）1 MLA 文献引用格式的基本描述：文学类论文通常使用MLA（Mden Lnguge Assiin）格式。
作者在正文中用括号夹注的形式注明参考文献的简要出处，即（作者姓氏+页码）。
Anien ies ibued he invenin f he nhd Pyhgs, h lived in he sixh enuy BC (Muse 19)而在论文末尾的参考文献部分（按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列），则可根据作者姓氏很容易的找出该引用文献的详细信息。
包括作者信息，书名信息，和出版信息（出版地：出版社，出版年）三个部分。
三个部分之间用“”分开。
Muse, Sibyl A Suvey f Musil Insuens Ne Yk: Hpe, 195引语（Quins）的格式—用方括号（sque bkes“[ ]”）和省略号（ellipses“…”）标明更动原文的地方。
—短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文，并且用双引号标明。
—双引号表示直接引语，单引号只用来标注引语中的引语。
—引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示（书名除外）。
在任何情况下（即使引语仅仅只有一个单词）：—句末、小句末的句号和逗号都必须放在引号之内（无论单引号还是双引号），—冒号（“:”）和分号（“;”）都必须放在引号之外，—引文是疑问句则问号应放在引号之内，否则问号（“?”）应放在引号之外。
—三行或以上的引语作为独立的引语段（blk quin）。
—引语段可以用单倍行距，但其首行和末行应与正文空15行。
—引语段左右两边均应较正文缩进5格或1个制表符（TAB）的距离。
—如果引语段原为一自然段，则其首行应进一步缩进4至5格或1个制表符的距离。
—引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。
—引语段的字体必须与正文相同。
）的格式：Penheil Ciin．夹注（3'..引文出处使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注）。
正文中，括号夹注（作者姓氏+页码）放在句末标点以内，但不得放在引文的引号以内。
引语段（blk quin）的括号夹注不属于单句，因而不得将其放在句末的标点以内。
直接引语都必须标明页码，以便读者查找。
31 引用整篇文献的观点引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时一般不用标注页码，有两种情况，—一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如：Chle nd Eily Bne ee pl ppsies, n nly in hei pesnliies bu in hei sues f inspiin f iing (Tyl)—另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，按MLA的规范不需要使用括号夹注，如：Tyl lis h Chle nd Eily Bne ee pl ppsies, n nly in hei pesnliies bu in hei sues f inspiin f iing在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：(Fng, 1)3 引用文献中具体观点或文字引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。
若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复。
Ading Muse, Anien ies ibued he invenin f he nhd Pyhgs, h lived in he sixh enuy BC (19)31 引用多位作者写作的同一文献二至三位作者：Ang ineninl spneiss, he “punlike ehesis f disinive feues y seve eld gehe ds eylgilly uneledbu lse in hei sund nd ening”(Jkbsn nd Wugh 34)（如果有三位作者，在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏，如：(Aln, Dvies, nd Rie 56)。
）The sudy s exended f yes, nd nly fe esuls ee evieed by n independen pnel did he esehespublish hei findings (Bline e l 35)3 引用同样姓氏的不同作者假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏，则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母，如：'..Alhugh se edil ehiiss li h lning ill led designe hilden (R Mille 1), hes ne h he dvnges f edileseh ueigh his nsidein (A Mille 46)引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多，应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分，如：(SR Wng 6) (JX Wng 3)3 3 引用团体作者（pe uh）引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称，如：I s ppen h he Aein helh e syse needed “be fixed nd pehps dilly dified”(Publi Agend Fundin4)34 引用无作者文献引用无作者文献，如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者（如果标题过长的话）使用该标题中的关键词组，如：An nnyus Wdsh ii ne gued h his pes ee einl (“Wdsh Is A Lse”1)在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。
无论是MLA还是APA的规范，独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出，出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品（讲演、论文等）的标题或者标题中的关键词组则用引号标出。
35 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字书信和谈话（含电子邮件、访谈、电话等）无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出，但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。
例如：Jesse Me (elephne nvesin, My 1, 1989) died he need f n in-deph nlysis f he heness expessedin he k36 引用同一作者的多篇文献按MLA规范，引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组，如：Lighen hs gued h pues e n useful ls f sll hilden (“T Sn”38), hugh he hs knledged h ely expsuepue ges des led bee sll skill develpen (“Hnd-Eye Develpen”1)或者Cpues e n useful ls f sll hilden (Lighen, “T Sn”38), hugh he hs knledged h ely expsue pueges des led bee sll skill develpen (Lighen, “Hnd-Eye Develpen”1)或者Lighen hs gued h pues e n useful ls f sll hilden, hugh he hs knledged h ely expsue pue ges'..des led bee sll skill develpen (“T Sn”38 nd “Hnd-Eye Develpen”1)3 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献，文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列（注意分号的使用），如：The dnges f unin lins huns hve been ell duened (Ryhnvsky 4; Seidensike 114; Willis 3)在MLA的规范中，如果不同作者的多篇文献过于冗长，则不用括号夹注，而使用脚注（见4）。
38 引用非直接文献（indie sue）论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献sendy sue），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献piy sue）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出，例如：Suel Jhnsn died h Edund Buke s n “exdiny n”(qd in Bsell : 45)（注意：“qd in”中的字母“i”不得大写。
）引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目（即上述实例中的“Bsell”和“Muzynski & Degeln, 1996”）。
39 引用文学作品和经典文献按MLA的规范，有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。
在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行，如：In his fus dvie plyes, Shkespee's Hle defines he pupse f hee, “hse end, bh he fis nd n, snd is, hld, s ‘ee, he i up nue”(31-3)（也可用IIIii3，来表示第三幕的第二场的第3行）这里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的1至3行。
（注意标点的使用。
）在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行，如：When He's Odysseus es he hll f Cie, he finds his en “ild / in he sf spell, fed n he dug f evil”(19-11)这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌第1节的9至11行。
对不分节的诗第一次引用时应说明括号里标的是行数，使用“line”，以后的引用则不需再说明。
例如：第一次引用：(lines 5-8)以后的引用：(1-13)'..在引用有章节、分册的小说的时候，应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节，如：One f Kingslve's ns, eenge Rhel, pushes he vbuly beynd is liis F exple, Rhel plins h being fedlive in he Cng ih he issiny fily is “shee pesy f jusie”beuse he hnes f finding byfiend e “dullnd vid”(11; bk , h 1)例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第11页。
（注意标点和缩略语的使用。
）在引用《圣经》、《可兰经》等经典文献的时候，应标出引文的篇、章、节，如：Cnside he ds f Sln: “If yu eneies e hungy, give he fd e If hey e hisy, give he e dink”(Bible,Pv 51)例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自旧约《圣经》的《箴言》篇第5章第1节。