论文 MLA 格式范文
m’la 格式参考文献模板
m’la 格式参考文献模板
MLA（Modern Language Association）格式是文学类论文常用的引用格式。
以下是MLA格式的参考文献模板：
一、书籍引用
1. 独著
姓，名. 书名. 出版地：出版社，出版年代.
例如：
Bambrugh, R. The Philosphy of Aristotle. New York: Free Press, 1962.
2. 合著
姓，名，同另一姓，名. 书名. 出版地：出版社，出版年代.
例如：
Gass, W., and P. Hendrix. The American Language. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977.
二、期刊文章引用
1. 一位作者写的文章
姓，名. "文章标题." 期刊名，卷号（年份），页码.
例如：
Stewart, D. "What is an English Major, and What Should It Be?" College English, 50 (1988), .
2. 多位作者写的文章
第一作者的姓，名，同第二作者的姓，名等."文章标题." 期刊名，卷号（年份），页码.
例如：
Johnson, R., and E. Smith. "The State of the Disciplines." English Journal, 88 (1998), 41-48.
请注意，在MLA格式中，使用完整句子形式在论文中出现引用观点的地方写出参考文献。
同时，务必确定老师要求的格式版本。
MLA正文格式样例
introduces the main character Santosh, who is a cook from Bombay, India. In Bombay, he is complimented by people everywhere for his employer ’s status and his capacity for cooking. However, when he leaves for Washington, he makes a lot of mistakes and can ’t adapt to that place in every aspect. He experiences the loss of dignity, identity, II. Edward Said’s O pinion on C ulture and O rientalismEdward·W Said was born in a Christian family in November 1st , 1935 in Jerusalem. People can know Said’s opinion clearly. First, he revealed the relationship between culture and imperialism. For example, from a variety of novels he cited, infer his thought in can observe his Culture and Imperialism.Although the western people think that the eastern world is backward and the My a political doctrinewilled over than the West,which elided a culturaland Said has studied What ’s more, he is Said’s work also has clear political describes various degrees.C. Said’s C riticism of O rientalismOrientalism is a book published in 1978 by Edward Said that has been highly influential and controversial in post-colonial studies and other fields. In the book, heⅢ. The Analysis ofPerspectiveThe above chapter has introduced what is orientalism and Said’s attitude towards orientalism. This chapter aims at analyzing One Out of Many from Said’s orientalism perspective. The main character of One Out of Many is Santosh. He is a cook in Bombay, India. 后几段已省略A. The Reappearance of Orientalism and Its Analysis of One Out of ManyClaiming to be a citizen of the world, V·S·Naipaul is one of the most famous writer in Britain who is awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 2001. 后几段已省2. The Loss of IdentityAlthough the Washington people show contemplation to Santosh, he doesn’t abandon the pursuit for freedom. He makes great efforts to make him adapt to the life in Washington. First, He buys a green suit and he decides to not tell his employer.以后部分省略当文中出现两个作者共同写的一本书时，格式如下：In the 1970s the Great Pyramid inspired a fad of pyramid enthusiasts, who . . . (Schul and Pettit 159). 或者Schul and Pettit draw attention to the fact that in the 1970s the Great Pyramid . . . (159).如作者姓名在文中出现，在括号中只写页码。
英文文献mla格式
英文文献mla格式Title: The Evolution of the Digital World: A Study in MLA Format.Abstract:This paper examines the significant transformations in the digital world, particularly focusing on the advancements in technology, social media, and the impact on modern society. The discussion is structured in accordance with the Modern Language Association (MLA) formatting style, emphasizing academic rigor and clarity.Introduction:The digital world has undergone a remarkable evolutionin recent years, shaping the way we live, communicate, and interact with one another. From the advent of the internetto the proliferation of smartphones and social media, technology has revolutionized our daily lives. In thispaper, we delve into the key developments that have shaped the digital landscape and assess their impact on contemporary society.Body Paragraph 1: Early Stages of the Digital Revolution.The early stages of the digital revolution can be traced back to the development of the internet in the late 20th century. Initially, the internet was a slow and cumbersome tool, primarily used by researchers and academics. However, as technology improved, the internet gradually became more accessible and user-friendly, paving the way for its widespread adoption.Body Paragraph 2: The Rise of Social Media.The rise of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram has been a pivotal moment in the evolution of the digital world. These platforms have revolutionized the way we share information, connect with others, and consume media. Social media has also given riseto new forms of communication, such as hashtags and emojis, further enhancing the digital experience.Body Paragraph 3: Impact on Modern Society.The impact of the digital revolution on modern society is profound. It has changed the way we work, learn, and socialize. People are now more connected than ever before, with the ability to stay in touch with friends and family across the globe. Additionally, the digital world has provided unprecedented access to information and resources, enabling individuals to learn and grow in unprecedented ways.Conclusion:The evolution of the digital world has been transformative, shaping the way we live and interact with one another. From the early stages of the internet to the rise of social media, technology hascontinuously pushed the boundaries of what is possible. The impact on modern society is profound, with the digital world playing acrucial role in how we work, learn, and socialize. As we continue to navigate this rapidly evolving landscape, it is important to remain aware of the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead.Works Cited:[Reference your sources in accordance with MLA formatting style.]Please note that this is a sample article and may not meet the exact requirements of your assignment. It is recommended that you consult your instructor or theofficial MLA Handbook for specific guidelines and requirements.。
MLA 格式论文范文
MLA 格式论文范文MLA论文格式（一）1 MLA 文献引用格式的基本描述：文学类论文通常使用MLA（Mden Lnguge Assiin）格式。
作者在正文中用括号夹注的形式注明参考文献的简要出处,即（作者姓氏+页码）.Anien ies ibued he invenin f he nhd Pyhgs，h lived in he sixh enuy BC (Muse 19）而在论文末尾的参考文献部分（按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列）,则可根据作者姓氏很容易的找出该引用文献的详细信息.包括作者信息，书名信息，和出版信息（出版地：出版社，出版年）三个部分.三个部分之间用“"分开。
Muse, Sibyl A Suvey f Musil Insuens Ne Yk: Hpe，195引语（Quins）的格式- 用方括号（sque bkes“[ ］")和省略号(ellipses“…”）标明更动原文的地方。
—短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文，并且用双引号标明.—双引号表示直接引语，单引号只用来标注引语中的引语.—引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示(书名除外）。
在任何情况下（即使引语仅仅只有一个单词)：—句末、小句末的句号和逗号都必须放在引号之内（无论单引号还是双引号），—冒号（“:”）和分号（“；"）都必须放在引号之外，—引文是疑问句则问号应放在引号之内，否则问号（“?”）应放在引号之外。
—三行或以上的引语作为独立的引语段(blk quin)。
—引语段可以用单倍行距，但其首行和末行应与正文空15行.—引语段左右两边均应较正文缩进5格或1个制表符（TAB)的距离。
- 如果引语段原为一自然段，则其首行应进一步缩进4至5格或1个制表符的距离.—引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。
- 引语段的字体必须与正文相同。
3．夹注（Penheil Ciin）的格式:引文出处使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注）。
MLA格式范文
M L A格式范文-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除M L A格式范文(总11页) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除Hua SuPolitical Science 101, Section009Professor Dighton M. Fiddner24 March 2010Brief Analysis of Cuban Missile CrisisI think the people who have at least a little bit concern about the world issues should know the famous Cuban Missile Crisis. It has being discussed and studied over and over again by many scientists, scholars and experts since it happened. On October 15, 1962, United States reconnaissance discovered and had photos to prove that there were missile bases being built in Cuba. “One of the most startling of the thousands of photographs---some 30,000 feet of film in all---analyzed by the President and his advisers is this one of a fully operating medium-range missile base, manned by Russian technicians and able to shoot its missiles as far into the . as Norfolk or Houston “(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)”. The next day, the president of United States was informed and organized a group of advisors, which is called Executive Committee of the National Security Council, short for EXCOMM, to discuss how to deal with this perilous event. In Cuba at that time, the government was led by communist Fidel Castro. He was afraid that the United States would attack Cuba again after the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion. So he agreed that Soviet Union, which was led by Nikita Khrushchevat that time, could put missiles in Cuba. Because Cuba and United States are so close to each other, the missiles in Cuba werebig threat to US. After several days of discussion, the government of Kennedy imposed a naval quarantine around Cuba and demanded that the Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba. After a series of negotiations between the United States, Soviet Union and Cuba, on October 28, 1962, the crisis eased after a no-invasion agreement was reached and the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the missiles.I think it will be best for me to explain this significant event using the interstate level of analysis and the theory of realism.Interstate level of analysis contains several categories which influence the Cuban missile crisis obviously. Power is the most apparent influence. Just like Cuban, Soviet and United States all competed and threatened each other with their military power. And between Cuba and Soviet Union, they formed an alliance against United States. During the crisis, IGOs, summit meetings, each side’s diplo macy and the bargaining happening among their negotiations all had important influences which should not be forgotten.Power is the ability to get someone to do what it would not otherwise have done (or not to do what it would have done) (Goldstein et al.). United States at that time could not stand that there is a communist country located so close to it. So a CIA trained force tried to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro on April 17, 1961. But it turned out a failure. After the Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuba found out that only by increasing its own power can it preventanother United States’ invasion. And, improvement of its military power is the best way. At that time, the biggest andstrongest communist country was Soviet Union. It possessed nuclear weapons. That was also the time when the United States and the Soviet Union were the major participants of the Cold War. They competed with each other in the fields of politics, military, economy, etc. Cuba is located only several miles away from Florida. So, it would be a great threat to the United States by placing nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba and at the same time prevent the United States from starting another invasion of Cuba. Cuba agreed the nuclear missiles building is for the sake of its sovereignty, territory and organization of governing. As for the Soviet Union, the reason is its diplomatic recognition. They all did it for their own interests.During the event, in order to prevent the Soviet Union from shipping more nuclear missiles devices to Cuba, the United States blocked the sea around the island of Cuba. But, the United States actually had no right to do the quarantine. United States’ quarantine against Cuba, in my opinion, was realism. Every nation has its right to possess its weapon for defense. It is against the international law, the United Nation’s Charter and the right of passage in international waters. The United States’action had implied that there is no central organizing authority in the international politics. Every entity seeks its self-interests. The United States has reported that the nuclear missiles which were being placed in Cuba were seriously offensive (The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).So in order to keep its national security under control, the United States chose to use quarantine. And this quarantinegreatly related to the power of the United States. It had strong economic and military power so that this restrict quarantine can be forced.The United Nations had noticed the possibility that the conflict between these two super powers could lead to a nuclear war which would be a huge disaster. So the United Nations was negotiating with these three nations trying to ease the tension. “The break in the crisis came on Sunday, October 28, when the Soviet Government finally agreed to dismantle its offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union subject to United Nations’ verification” .When the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba were negotiating with each other, there was a lot of bargaining going on between them. There were a lot of letters and communications being exchanged between Khrushchev and Kennedy: On October 23 and 24, Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy indicatingthe deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the peaceful intentionsof the Soviet Union. On October 26, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a longrambling letter seemingly proposing that the missile installations wouldbe dismantled and personnel removed in exchange for United Statesassurances that it or its proxies would not invade Cuba. On October 27,another letter to Kennedy arrived from Khrushchev, suggesting thatmissile installations in Cuba would be dismantled if the United Statesdismantled its missile installations in Turkey (Cold War: Cuban MissileCrisis).However the United States did agree the Soviet Union to remove the Jupiter missiles in Turkey. Just at that time this agreement didn’t go public. At the same time, the United States agreed to sign an agreement that promised not to invade Cuba. Sowe can tell from the information that the Soviet Union and the United States both were bargaining about their preferred outcomes. And the Soviet Union had achieved its two main goals. Asking the United States to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey was for the sake of its national security; and forming an agreement which the United States would not invade Cuba was for its diplomatic recognition.Because at that time, the world media did not report the news that the United States had already agreed to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey and, which was very obvious that the Soviet Union had already removed its missile in Cuba. In public, it seemed that the Soviet Union lost and the United States won. However in reality, they both made concessions.I basically used the theory of realism and the interstate level of analysis to explain my point of view toward this event. And I pointed out a couple of key influences of the Cuban missile crisis, like the theory of power, UN’s interference, bargaining, summit meeting etc. In my point of view, these are the major factors I should think of when it comes to analyze the Cuban missile crisis.This Cuban missile crisis makes the world realize that how close we are to a nuclear war and how important the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is for the people around the world. We cannot afford the price of starting WWIII. So the best way to avoid it is to know, learn and study the possible causes and try to predict the outcome of complicated international event.Works Cited"The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)." Life (1962): 38-41. Print.Goldstein, Joshua S., and Jon C. Pevehouse. "Power." International Relations. 7th ed.Priscilla McGeehon, 2006. 57-58. Print."Cuban Missile Crisis." . Web. 20 Mar. 2010."Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis." Library of Congress. Web. 20 Mar. 2010. "Vienna Summit." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 20 Mar. 2010.。
MLA格式文献示例
MLA格式参考文献例如期刊文章1. 一位作者写的文章Stewart, Donald C. "What is an English Major, and What Should It be""College position and munication 40 (1989): 188-202.Yu, Yongding. [余永定]. 财政稳定问题研究的一个理论框架. 世界经济, 2005(7): 25-29.2. 两位作者写的文章Brownell, Hiram H., and Heather H. Potter. "Inference Deficits in Right-Brain Damaged Patients." Brain and Language 27 (1986): 310-21. Li, Jianzhong, and Liu, *ianmin. [建中, 显敏]. 大数据的一个重要方面：数据可用性. 计算机研究与开展, 2013 (6): 1147-62.3. 三位及以上的作者写的文章Mascia-Lees, Frances E., et al. "Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer." American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): 101-14. Zhang, Peng, et al. [鹏等]. 云计算环境下适于工作流的数据布局方法. 计算机研究与开展, 2013 (3): 636-47.专著1.一位作者写的书籍Graff, Gerald. Professing Literature: An Institutional History. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987.Zhang, Zhijian. [志健]. 严复思想研究. : **师大, 1989.2.两位作者写的书籍Plant, Raymond, and Kenneth Hoover. Conservative Capitalism in Britain and the United States: A Critical Appraisal. London: Routledge, 2014. Yin, Di, and Shang, Hai. [隐地, 尚海]. 到绿光咖啡屋听巴赫读余秋雨. : 世界图书出版公司, 2001.3.三位作者写的书籍Chen, Weizheng, et al. [维政等]. 人力资源管理. : 理大学, 2006.Hall, Stuart, et al. Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-79 (Cultural Studies Birmingham). London: Routledge, 1991.4. 新版书Erikson, Erik. Childhood and Society. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1963.编著1. 一位主编编撰的书籍Loshin, David, ed. Big Data Analytics. Boston: Morgan Kaufmann, 2013. Zhong, Lanfeng. [钟兰凤] (编). 英文科技学术话语研究. : 大学, 2014.2. 两位主编编撰的书籍Kerckhove, Derrick De, and Charles J. Lumsden, eds. The Alphabet and the Brain: The Lateralization of Writing. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988. Zhang, Delu, and Zhang, Guo. [德禄, 国] (编). 英语文体学教程. : 高等教育, 2011.3. 三位及以上主编编撰的书籍Campbell, Colin. M., et al, eds. Groups St Andrews 2001 in O*ford: Volume2. New York: Cambridge UP, 2003.Zhang, Keding, et al. [克定等] (编). 系统评价功能. : 高等教育, 2007. 4. 书中的文章Glover, David. "The Stuff that Dreams are Made of: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Thriller." Gender, Genre and Narrative Pleasure. Ed. Derek Longhurst. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. 67-83.He, Jianmin, and Yu, Jianping. [何建敏, 于建平]. 学术论文引言局部的经历功能分析. 克定等 (编). 系统功能评价. : 高等教育, 2007, 93-101. Miao, *ingwei. [苗兴伟]. 英语的评价型强势主位构造. 克定, 王振华 (编).系统功能评价. : 高等教育, 2007, 163-69.翻译的书籍〔Translated book〕Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Norton, 1977.Le, Dailei. [勒代雷]. 释意学派口笔译理论. (和平译). : 中国对外翻译出版公司, 2001.Kontra, Miklos, et al. 语言: 权利和资源. (君, 满文静译). : 外语教学与研究, 2014.Wang, Rending, and Yu, Qiuyu. [王仁定, 余秋雨]. 吴越之间——余秋雨眼里的中国文化〔彩图本〕. (梁实秋, 董乐天译). : 文化, 2001.硕博士论文Hubert, Henry Allan. "The Development of English Studies in Nineteenth-Century Anglo- Canadian Colleges." Diss. U of British Columbia, 1988.Wang, *uanzi. [王璇子]. 功能对等视角下的英语长句翻译. 大学硕士学位论文, 2014.注：1.名称须使用缩写。
MLA格式说明（5篇）
MLA格式说明（5篇）第一篇：MLA格式说明MLA 2009 Formatting and Style GuideGeneral FormatMLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing.MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages.Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material.Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers.If you are asked to use MLA format, be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers(7th edition).Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing(3rd edition).The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries;it is also widely available in bookstores, libraries, and at the MLA web site.See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style.For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes, please visit the OWL's MLA Update 2009 resource.Paper FormatThe preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook, and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual.Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style.General Guidelineswhite 8.5 x 11-inch paper.•Double-space the text of your paper, and use a legible font(e.g.Times New Roman).Whateverfont you choose, MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable one from another.The font size should be 12 pt.• Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks(unless otherwise instructed by your instructor).• Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides.• Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin.MLA recommends that you use the T ab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times.• Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin.(Note: Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page.Always follow your instructor's guidelines.) •Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and, only when absolutely necessary, providing emphasis.•Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard,before your Works Cited page.Entitle the section Notes(centered, unformatted).Formatting the First Page of Your Paper • If you have any endnotes, include them on a separate pageDo not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested.your instructor's name, the course, and the date.Again, be sure to use double-spaced text.•Double space again and center the title.Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks;write the title in Title Case(standard capitalization), not in all capital letters.•Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play;Human Weariness in “After Apple Picking”•Double space between the title and the first line of the text.•Create a header in the upper right-hand corner thatincludes your last name, followed by a space with a page number;number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals(1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin.(Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last name/page number header on your first page.Always follow instructor guidelines.)Here is a sample of the top half of a first page in MLA style: A sample first page of an MLA-formatted paper.Section HeadingsWriters sometimes use Section Headings to improve a document’s readability.These sections may include individual chapters or other named parts of a book or essay.Essays MLA recommends that when you divide an essay into sections that you number those sections with an arabic number and a period followed by a space and the section name.1.Early Writings 2.The London Years 3.Traveling the Continent 4.Final YearsBooksMLA does not have a prescribed system of headings for books.If you are only using one level of headings, meaning that all of the sections are distinct and parallel and have no additional sections that fit within them, MLA recommends that these sections resemble• In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name,one another grammatically.For instance, if your headings are typically short phrases, make all of the headings short phrases(and not, for example, full sentences).Otherwise, the formatting is up to you.It should, however, be consistent throughout the document.If you employ multiple levels of headings(some of your sections have sections within sections), you may want to provide a key of your chosen level headings and their formatting to your instructor or editor.Sample SectionHeadingsThe following sample headings are meant to be used only as a reference.You may employ whatever system of formatting that works best for you so long as it remains consistent throughout the document.Numbered:1.Soil Conservation 1.1 Erosion 1.2 Terracing2.Water Conservation3.Energy ConservationFormatted, unnumbered:Level 1 Heading: bold, flush leftLevel 2 Heading: italics, flush leftLevel 3 Heading: centered, boldLevel 4 Heading: centered, italics How to Cite the Purdue OWL in MLA:Entire WebsiteThe Purdue OWL.Purdue U Writing Lab, 2008.Web.27 Dec.2008.Individual ResourcesPurdue OWL.“MLA Formatting and Style Guide.” The Purdue OWL.Purdue U Writing Lab, 10 May 2008.Web.15 Nov.2008.All Sections in MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide:1.MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide2.MLA 2009 In-Text Citations: The Basics3.MLA 2009 Formatting Quotations4.MLA 2009 Footnotes and Endnotes5.MLA 2009 Works Cited Page: Basic Format6.MLA 2009 Works Cited Page: Books7.MLA 2009 Works Cited: Periodicals8.MLA 2009 Works Cited: Electronic Sources(Web Publications)9.MLA 2009 Works Cited: Other Common Sources10.MLA 2009 Additional Resources11.MLA 2009 Abbreviations12.MLA 2009 Sample Works Cited Page13.MLA 2009 Sample Papers14.MLA 2009 Tables, Figures, and Examples15.MLA 2009 PowerPoint Presentation16.MLA 2009Undergraduate Sample Paper第二篇：MLA格式Hua SuPolitical Science 101, Section009Professor Dighton M.FiddnerMarch 2010Brief Analysis of Cuban Missile CrisisI think the people who have at least a little bit concern about the world issues should know the famous Cuban Missile Crisis.It has being discussed and studied over and over again by many scientists, scholars and experts since it happened.On October 15, 1962, United States reconnaissance discovered and had photos to prove that there were missile bases being built in Cuba.“One of the most startling of the thousands of photographs---some 30,000 feet of film in all---analyzed by the President and his advisers is this one of a fully operating medium-range missile base, manned by Russian technicians and able to shoot its missiles as far into the U.S.as Norfolk or Houston “(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)”.The next day, the president of United States was informed and organized a group of advisors, which is called Executive Committee of the National Security Council, short for EXCOMM, to discuss how to deal with this perilous event.In Cuba at that time, the government was led by communist Fidel Castro.He was afraid that the United States would attack Cuba again after the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion.So he agreed that Soviet Union, which was led by Nikita Khrushchev at that time, could put missiles in Cuba.Because Cuba and United States are so close to each other, the missiles in Cuba werebig threat to US.After several days of discussion, the government of Kennedy imposed a naval quarantine aroundCuba and demanded that the Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba.After a series of negotiations between the United States, Soviet Union and Cuba, on October 28, 1962, the crisis eased after a no-invasion agreement was reached and the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle the missiles.I think it will be best for me to explain this significant event using the interstate level of analysis and the theory of realism.Interstate level of analysis contains several categories which influence the Cuban missile crisis obviously.Power is the most apparent influence.Just like Cuban, Soviet and United States all competed and threatened each other with their military power.And between Cuba and Soviet Union, they formed an alliance against United States.During the crisis, IGOs, summit meetings, each side’s diplomacy and the bargaining happening among their negotiations all had important influences which should not be forgotten.Power is the ability to get someone to do what it would not otherwise have done(or not to do what it would have done)(Goldstein et al.).United States at that time could not stand that there is a communist country located so close to it.So a CIA trained force tried to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro on April 17, 1961.But it turned out a failure.After the Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuba found out that only by increasing its own power can it prevent another United States’ invasion.And, improvement of its military power is the best way.At that time, the biggest andstrongest communist country was Soviet Union.It possessed nuclear weapons.That was also the time when the United States and the Soviet Union were the major participants of the Cold War.They competed with each other in the fields of politics, military, economy, etc.Cuba is located only several miles awayfrom Florida.So, it would be a great threat to the United States by placing nuclear missiles on the island of Cuba and at the same time prevent the United States from starting another invasion of Cuba.Cuba agreed the nuclear missiles building is for the sake of its sovereignty, territory and organization of governing.As for the Soviet Union, the reason is its diplomatic recognition.They all did it for their own interests.During the event, in order to prevent the Soviet Union from shipping more nuclear missiles devices to Cuba, the United States blocked the sea around the island of Cuba.But, the United States actually had no right to do the quarantine.United States’ quarantine against Cuba, in my opinion, was realism.Every nation has its right to possess its weapon for defense.It is against the international law, the United Nation’s Charter and the right of passage in international wate rs.The United States’ action had implied that there is no central organizing authority in the international politics.Every entity seeks its self-interests.The United States has reported that the nuclear missiles which were being placed in Cuba were seriously offensive(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).So in order to keep its national security under control, the United States chose to use quarantine.And this quarantine greatly related to the power of the United States.It had strong economic and military power so that this restrict quarantine can be forced.The United Nations had noticed the possibility that the conflict between these two super powers could lead to a nuclear war which would be a huge disaster.So the United Nations was negotiating with these three nations trying to ease the tension.“The break in the crisis came on Sunday, October 28, when the Soviet Government finally agreed to dismantle its offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Unionsubject to United Nations’ verification”().When the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba were negotiating with each other, there was a lot of bargaining going on between them.There were a lot of letters and communications being exchanged between Khrushchev and Kennedy:On October 23 and 24, Khrushchev sent letters to Kennedy indicatingthe deterrent nature of the missiles in Cuba and the peaceful intentions ofthe Soviet Union.On October 26, Khrushchev sent Kennedy a longrambling letter seemingly proposing that the missile installations wouldbe dismantled and personnel removed in exchange for United Statesassurances that it or its proxies would not invade Cuba.On October 27,another letter to Kennedy arrived from Khrushchev, suggesting thatmissile installations in Cuba would be dismantled if the United Statesdismantled its missile installations in Turkey(Cold War: Cuban MissileCrisis).However the United States did agree the Soviet Union to remove the Jupiter missiles in Turkey.Just at that time this agreement didn’t go public.At the same time, the United States agreed to sign an agreement that promised not to invade Cuba.Sowe can tell from the information that the Soviet Union and the United States both were bargaining about their preferredoutcomes.And the Soviet Union had achieved its two main goals.Asking the United States to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey was for the sake of its national security;and forming an agreement which the United States would not invade Cuba was for its diplomatic recognition.Because at that time, the world media did not report the news that the United States had already agreed to remove the Jupiter missile in Turkey and, which was very obvious that the Soviet Union had already removed its missile in Cuba.In public, it seemed that the Soviet Union lost and the United States won.However in reality, they both made concessions.I basically used the theory of realism and the interstate level of analysis to explain my point of view toward this event.And I pointed out a couple of key influences of the Cuban missile crisis, like the theory of power, UN’s interference, bargaining, summit meeting etc.In my point of view, these are the major factors I should think of when it comes to analyze the Cuban missile crisis.This Cuban missile crisis makes the world realize that how close we are to a nuclear war and how important the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is for the people around the world.We cannot afford the price of starting WWIII.So the best way to avoid it is to know, learn and study the possible causes and try to predict the outcome of complicated international event.Works Cited“The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act).” Life(1962): 38-41.Print.Goldstein, Joshua S., and Jon C.Pevehouse.“Power.” International Relations.7th ed.Priscilla McGeehon, 2006.57-58.Print.“Cuban Missile Crisis.” .Web.20 Mar.2010.“Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis.” Library of Congress.Web.20 Mar.2010.“Vienna Summit.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.Web.20 Mar.2010.第三篇：英文注释MLA和APA格式Modern Language Association为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式，在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。
英语专业毕业论文MLA格式模版
The cultivation of cross-cultural communication in business negotiationByA Thesis Presented Tothe School of Foreign LanguagesChina West Normal UniversityIn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement Forthe Degree of Bachelor of ArtsUnder the Supervision of Prof./Mr.李刚Mar 2015OutlineI. IntroductionII. The case analysis of business negotiations. Cultural difference and conflictsIII. The feature of American culturefeature of Brittan cultureThe feature of the Middle East culturefeature of the Japan and KoreaThe feature of the Europe cultureIV. Cultural different on the influence of international business negotiationscommunication processnegotiation stylevaluesV. How to cultivate business negotiations and cultural differences. VI. Reference:[1] Cao Ling editor:”business English negotiations”“foreign language teaching and be search press”, 2004Your Title Goes HerePaper HaSchool of Foreign Languages, CWNU, Nanchong, China, 637002Abstract : How to write an abstract (The research background, the research method, the research results, limit it within 250 words) Keywords : happy, fun, money, intelligence (3-5 words orThe institution is responsible for the work (Lastname 38). This template contains pre-settings for the essential features of MLA format: margins, indentations, font, line spacing, and widow/orphan control (桂 21-26). To use this template, 冯志伟 [Feng Ziwei] selects "File--Save As" (106) and saves the template under a new name. Then 程曾厚 [Cheng Zenghou] uses type-over insertions toreplace the header, information block, and title (68). Finally, replace the text in the body of the template by using type-over insertions (Doe 112-28), or delete the body text in blocks (“plagiarism”). (Hint: Leave the sample block quotation in place to preserve its paragraph indentation as a model. Use type-over insertions in the bibliography to preserve the hanging indentations.) Here, then, is a sample block quotation:A quotation that occupies more than four typed lines shouldbe indented one inch (or ten spaces) from the left margin.It should be double spaced, without quotation marks at thebeginning and end of the quoted material. Its right marginshould be set at 1". Its parenthetical citation should beplaced after the block's last item of punctuation. (Dole16)Manner’s Women and Eighteenth-Century Literature suggests printing this template to make sure that your printer is properly configured to produce an MLA page. It should produce 27 lines onthis page, plus the header.Doe, John R. "Title of an Article." Title of a Scholarly Journal 18 (1987): 112-28.Dole, Jane Q. "Title of an Article." Title of a Magazine 12 Aug.1999: 16. Lastname, Firstname.Title of a Sample Book. City: Publisher, 2006.Maner, Martin. "Women and Eighteenth-Century Literature." 14 Apr.1999. Wright State University. 9 Aug. 1999 <" Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2007. . 26 Jul. 2007 <程曾厚. “普通语言学教程选读”. 胡明扬主编. 西方语言学名着选（第2 版).北京: 中国人民大学出版社, 1999.冯志伟.现代语言学流派(修订本). 西安桂灿昆.（1963）:21-26.。