通信工程项目毕业材料外文翻译
通信项目工程规划项目毕业材料外文翻译

用于多跳认知无线电网络的分布式网络编码控制信道Alfred Asterjadhi等著1 前言大多数电磁频谱由政府机构长期指定给公司或机构专门用于区域或国家地区。
由于这种资源的静态分配,许可频谱的许多部分在许多时间和/或位置未使用或未被充分利用。
另一方面,几种最近的无线技术在诸如IEEE802.11,蓝牙,Zigbee之类的非许可频段中运行,并且在一定程度上对WiMAX进行操作;这些技术已经看到这样的成功和扩散,他们正在访问的频谱- 主要是2.4 GHz ISM频段- 已经过度拥挤。
为了为这些现有技术提供更多的频谱资源,并且允许替代和创新技术的潜在开发,最近已经提出允许被许可的设备(称为次要用户)访问那些许可的频谱资源,主要用户未被使用或零星地使用。
这种方法通常被称为动态频谱接入(DSA),无线电设备发现和机会性利用未使用或未充分利用的频谱带的能力通常称为认知无线电(CR)技术。
DSA和CR最近都引起了无线通信和网络界的极大关注。
通常设想两种主要应用。
第一个是认知无线接入(CW A),根据该认知接入点,认知接入点负责识别未使用的许可频谱,并使用它来提供对次用户的接入。
第二个应用是我们在这个技术中研究的应用,它是认知自组织网络(CAN),也就是使用用于二级用户本身之间通信的无许可频谱,用于诸如点对点内容分发,环境监控,安全性等目的,灾难恢复情景通信,军事通信等等。
设计CAN系统比CW A有更多困难,主要有两个原因。
第一是识别未使用的频谱。
在CW A中,接入点的作用是连接到互联网,因此可以使用简单的策略来推断频谱可用性,例如查询频谱调节器在其地理位置的频谱可用性或直接与主用户协商频谱可用性或一些中间频谱经纪人另一方面,在CAN中,与频谱调节器或主要用户的缺乏直接通信需要二级用户能够使用检测技术自己识别未使用的频谱。
第二个困难是辅助用户协调媒体访问目的。
在CW A中存在接入点和通常所有二级用户直接与之通信(即,网络是单跳)的事实使得直接使用集中式媒体接入控制(MAC)解决方案,如时分多址(TDMA)或正交频分多址(OFDMA)。
通信工程毕业设计 外文翻译

东华理工大学长江学院毕业设计外文翻译学生姓名:张伟学号:09323119专业:信息工程系别:信息工程指导教师:谌洪茂职称:讲师二0一三年六月五日OriginalOptical Fiber CommunicationsThe General System Communication may be broadly defined as the transfer of information from one point to another. When the information is to be conveyed over any distance a communication system is usually required. Within a communication system the information transfer is frequently achieved by superimposing or modulating the information onto an electromagnetic wave which acts as a carrier for the information signal. This modulated carrier is then transmitted to the required destination where it is received and the original information signal is obtained by demodulation. Sophisticated techniques have been developed for this process by using electromagnetic carrier waves operating at radio frequencies as well as microwave and millimeter w ave frequencies. However, ‘communication’ may also be achieved by using an electromagnetic carrier which is selected from the optical range of frequencies.An optical fiber communication system is similar in basic concept to any type of communication system.The communication system therefore consists of a transmitter or modulator linked to the information source, the transmission medium,and a receiver or demodulator at the destination point. In electrical communications the information source provides an electrical signal, usually derived from a message signal which is not electrical (e.g. sound), to a transmitter comprising electrical and electronic components which converts the signal into a suitable form for propagation over the trans-mission medium. This is often achieved by modulating a carrier, which, as mentioned previously, may be an electromagnetic wave. The transmission medium can consist of a pair of wires, a coaxial cable or a radio link through free space down which the signal is transmitted to the receiver, where it is transformed into the original electrical information signal (demodulated) before being passed to the destination.However, it must be noted that in any transmission medium the signal is attenuated, or suffers loss, and is subject to degradations due to contamination by random signals and noise, as well as possible distortions imposed by mechanisms within the medium itself. Therefore, in any communication system there is a maximum permitted distance between the transmitter and the receiver beyond which the system effectively ceases to give intelligible communication. For long-haul applications these factors necessitate the installation of repeaters or line amplifiers atintervals,both to remove signal distortion and to increase signal level before transmission is continued down the link.For optical fiber communications system shown in Figure (a) may be considered in slightly greater detail, as given in Figure (b).Fig(a) The general communication system(b)The optical fiber communication systemIn this case the information source provides an electrical signal to a transmitter comprising an electrical stage which drives an optical source to give modulation of the light wave carrier. The optical source which provides the electrical–optical conversion may be either a semiconductor laser or light-emitting diode (LED). The transmission medium consists of an optical fiber cable and the receiver consists of an optical detector which drives a further electrical stage and hence provides demodulation of the optical carrier. Photodiodes (p–n, p–i–n or avalanche) and, in some instances, phototransistors and photoconductors are utilized for the detection of the optical signal and the optical–electrical conversion. Thus there is a requirement for electrical interfacing at either end of the optical link and at present the signal processing is usually performed electrically.The optical carrier may be modulated using either an analog or digital information signal. In the system shown in Figure (b) analog modulation involves the variation of the light emitted from the optical source in a continuous manner. Withdigital modulation,however, discrete changes in the light intensity are obtained (i.e. on–off pulses).Although often simpler to implement, analog modulation with an optical fiber communication system is less efficient, requiring a far higher signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver than digital modulation. Also, the linearity needed for analog modulation is not always provided by semiconductor optical sources, especially at high modulation frequencies. For these reasons,analog optical fiber communication links are generally limited to shorter distances and lower bandwidth operation than digital links.Figure (c) shows a block schematic of a typical digital optical fiber link. Initially, the input digital signal from the information source is suitably encoded for optical transmission. The laser drive circuit directly modulates the intensity of the semiconductor laser with the encoded digital signal. Hence a digital optical signal is launched into the optical fiber cable. The avalanche photodiode (APD) detector is followed by a front-end amplifier equalizer or filter to provide gain as well as linear signal processing and noise bandwidth reduction.Fig(c)A digital optical fiber link using a semiconductor laser source and an avalanche photodiode(APD) detectorFinally, the signal obtained is decoded to give the original digital information. However, at this stage it is instructive to consider the advantages provided by light wave communication via optical fibers in com-parison with other forms of line and radio communication which have brought about the extensive use of such systems in many areas throughout the world.译文光纤通信一般来说把信息从一点传送到另一点就称为通信。
通信工程专业英语课文翻译

Technology of Modern CommunicationText A: BluetoothBluetooth wireless technology is a short-range communications technology intended to replace the cables connecting portable(轻便的)and fixed devices while maintaining high levels of security.The key features of Bluetooth technology are robustness(稳健), low power, and low cost .The Bluetooth specification defines a uniform structure for a wide range of devices to connect and communicate with each other.蓝牙无线技术是一种小范围无线通信技术,旨在保持高安全级的基础上,在便携式设备与固定设备之间实现无线连接。
蓝牙技术的主要特点是稳健,低功耗和低成本。
蓝牙规范定义了一个统一的结构,适用范围广的设备连接并相互沟通。
Bluetooth technology has achieved global acceptance such that any Bluetooth enable device, almost everywhere in the world, can connect to other Bluetooth enabled devices in proximity. Bluetooth enabled electronic devices connect and communicate wirelessly through short-range, ad hoc(特别)networks known as piconets Each device can simultaneously communicate with up to seven other devices within a single piconet. Each device can also belong to several piconets simultaneously. Piconets are established dynamically and automatically as Bluetooth enabled devices enter and leave radio proximity.蓝牙技术已取得全球认可,使得任何支持蓝牙的设备,几乎在世界各地,可以连接到其他支持蓝牙的邻近装置。
数据通信 毕业论文外文文献英文翻译

郑州轻工业学院本科毕业设计(论文)——英文翻译题目差错控制编码解决加性噪声的仿真学生姓名专业班级通信工程05-2 学号 12院(系)计算机与通信工程学院指导教师完成时间 2009年4月26日英文原文:Data communicationsGildas Avoine and Philippe OechslinEPFL, Lausanne, Switzerlandfgildas.avoine, philippe.oechsling@ep.chAbstractData communications are communications and computer technology resulting from the combination of a new means of communication. To transfer information between the two places must have transmission channel, according to the different transmission media, there is wired data communications and wireless data communications division. But they are through the transmission channel data link terminals and computers, different locations of implementation of the data terminal software and hardware and the sharing of information resources.1 The development of data communicationsThe first phase: the main language, through the human, horsepower, war and other means of transmission of original information.Phase II: Letter Post. (An increase means the dissemination of information)The third stage: printing. (Expand the scope of information dissemination)Phase IV: telegraph, telephone, radio. (Electric to enter the time)Fifth stage: the information age, with the exception of language information, there are data, images, text and so on.1.1 The history of modern data communicationsCommunication as a Telecommunications are from the 19th century, the beginning Year 30. Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831. Morse invented telegraph in 1837. Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in 1833. Bell invented the telephone in 1876. Marconi invented radio in 1895. Telecom has opened up in the new era. Tube invented in 1906 in order to simulate the development of communications.Sampling theorem of Nyquist criteria In 1928. Shannong theorem in 1948. The invention of the 20th century, thesemiconductor 50, thereby the development of digital communications. During the 20th century, the invention of integrated circuits 60. Made during the 20th century, 40 the concept of geostationary satellites, but can not be achieved. During the 20th century, space technology 50. Implementation in 1963 first synchronized satellite communications. The invention of the 20th century, 60 laser, intended to be used for communications, was not successful. 70 The invention of the 20th century, optical fiber, optical fiber communications can be developed.1.2 Key figuresBell (1847-1922), English, job in London in 1868. In 1871 to work in Boston. In 1873, he was appointed professor at Boston University. In 1875, invented many Telegram Rd. In 1876, invented the telephone. Lot of patents have been life. Yes, a deaf wife.Marconi (1874-1937), Italian people, in 1894, the pilot at his father's estate. 1896, to London. In 1897, the company set up the radio reported. In 1899, the first time the British and French wireless communications. 1916, implementation of short-wave radio communications. 1929, set up a global wireless communications network. Kim won the Nobel Prize. Took part in the Fascist Party.1.3 Classification of Communication SystemsAccording to type of information: Telephone communication system, Cable television system ,Data communication systems.Modulation by sub: Baseband transmission,Modulation transfer.Characteristics of transmission signals in accordance with sub: Analog Communication System ,Digital communication system.Transmission means of communication system: Cable Communications,Twisted pair, coaxial cable and so on.And long-distance telephone communication. Modulation: SSB / FDM. Based on the PCM time division multiple coaxial digital base-band transmission technology. Will gradually replace the coaxial fiber.Microwave relay communications:Comparison of coaxial and easy to set up, low investment, short-cycle. Analog phone microwave communications mainly SSB / FM /FDM modulation, communication capacity of 6,000 road / Channel. Digital microwave using BPSK, QPSK and QAM modulation techniques. The use of 64QAM, 256QAM such as multi-level modulation technique enhance the capacity of microwave communications can be transmitted at 40M Channel 1920 ~ 7680 Telephone Rd PCM figure.Optical Fiber Communication: Optical fiber communication is the use of lasers in optical fiber transmission characteristics of long-distance with a large communication capacity, communication, long distance and strong anti-interference characteristics. Currently used for local, long distance, trunk transmission, and progressive development of fiber-optic communications network users. At present, based on the long-wave lasers and single-mode optical fiber, each fiber road approach more than 10,000 calls, optical fiber communication itself is very strong force. Over the past decades, optical fiber communication technology develops very quickly, and there is a variety of applications, access devices, photoelectric conversion equipment, transmission equipment, switching equipment, network equipment and so on. Fiber-optic communications equipment has photoelectric conversion module and digital signal processing unit is composed of two parts.Satellite communications: Distance communications, transmission capacity, coverage, and not subject to geographical constraints and high reliability. At present, the use of sophisticated techniques Analog modulation, frequency division multiplexing and frequency division multiple access. Digital satellite communication using digital modulation, time division multiple road in time division multiple access.Mobile Communications: GSM, CDMA. Number of key technologies for mobile communications: modulation techniques, error correction coding and digital voice encoding. Data Communication Systems.1.4 Five basic types of data communication system:(1)Off-line data transmission is simply the use of a telephone or similar link to transmit data without involving a computer system.The equipment used at both ends of such a link is not part of a computer, or at least does not immediately make the data available for computer process, that is, the data when sent and / or received are 'off-line'.This type of data communication is relatively cheap and simple.(2)Remote batch is the term used for the way in which data communication technology is used geographically to separate the input and / or output of data from the computer on which they are processed in batch mode.(3)On-line data collection is the method of using communications technology to provide input data to a computer as such input arises-the data are then stored in the computer (say on a magnetic disk) and processed either at predetermined intervals or as required.(4)Enquiry-response systems provide, as the term suggests, the facility for a user to extract information from a computer.The enquiry facility is passive, that is, does not modify the information stored.The interrogation may be simple, for example, 'RETRIEVE THE RECORD FOR EMPLOYEE NUMBER 1234 'or complex.Such systems may use terminals producing hard copy and / or visual displays.(5)Real-time systems are those in which information is made available to and processed by a computer system in a dynamic manner so that either the computer may cause action to be taken to influence events as they occur (for example as in a process control application) or human operators may be influenced by the accurate and up-to-date information stored in the computer, for example as in reservation systems.2 Signal spectrum with bandwidthElectromagnetic data signals are encoded, the signal to be included in the data transmission. Signal in time for the general argument to show the message (or data) as a parameter (amplitude, frequency or phase) as the dependent variable. Signal of their value since the time variables are or not continuous, can be divided into continuous signals and discrete signals; according to whether the values of the dependent variable continuous, can be divided into analog signals and digital Signal.Signals with time-domain and frequency domain performance of the two most basic forms and features. Time-domain signal over time to reflect changing circumstances. Frequency domain characteristics of signals not only contain the same information domain, and the spectrum of signal analysis, can also be a clear understanding of the distribution ofthe signal spectrum and share the bandwidth. In order to receive the signal transmission and receiving equipment on the request channel, Only know the time-domain characteristics of the signal is not enough, it is also necessary to know the distribution of the signal spectrum. Time-domain characteristics of signals to show the letter .It’s changes over time. Because most of the signal energy is concentrated in a relatively narrow band, so most of our energy focused on the signal that Paragraph referred to as the effective band Bandwidth, or bandwidth. Have any signal bandwidth. In general, the greater the bandwidth of the signal using this signal to send data Rate on the higher bandwidth requirements of transmission medium greater. We will introduce the following simple common signal and bandwidth of the spectrum.More or less the voice signal spectrum at 20 Hz ~ 2000 kHz range (below 20 Hz infrasound signals for higher than 2000 KHz. For the ultrasonic signal), but with a much narrower bandwidth of the voice can produce an acceptable return, and the standard voice-frequency signal gnal 0 ~ 4 MHz, so the bandwidth of 4 MHz.As a special example of the monostable pulse infinite bandwidth. As for the binary signal, the bandwidth depends on the generalThe exact shape of the signal waveform, as well as the order of 0,1. The greater the bandwidth of the signal, it more faithfully express the number of sequences.3 The cut-off frequency channel with bandwidthAccording to Fourier series we know that if a signal for all frequency components can be completely the same through the transmission channel to the receiving end, then at the receiving frequency components of these formed by stacking up the signal and send the signal side are exactly the same, That is fully recovered from the receiving end of the send-side signals. But on the real world, there is no channel to no wear and tear through all the Frequency components. If all the Fourier components are equivalent attenuation, then the signal reception while Receive termination at an amplitude up Attenuation, but the distortion did not happen. However, all the transmission channel and equipment for different frequency components of the degree of attenuation is differentSome frequency components almost no attenuation, and attenuation of some frequency components by anumber, that is to say, channel also has a certain amount of vibrationIncrease the frequency characteristics, resulting in output signal distortion. Usually are frequency of 0 Hz to fc-wide channel at Chuan harmonic lost during the attenuation does not occur (or are a very small attenuation constant), whereas in the fc frequency harmonics at all above the transmission cross Decay process a lot, we put the signal in the transmission channel of the amplitude attenuation of a component to the original 0.707(that is, the output signal Reduce by half the power) when the frequency of the corresponding channel known as the cut-off frequency (cut - off frequency).Cut-off frequency transmission medium reflects the inherent physical properties. Other cases, it is because people interested in Line filter is installed to limit the bandwidth used by each user. In some cases, because of the add channel Two-pass filter, which corresponds to two-channel cut-off frequency f1 and f2, they were called up under the cut-off frequency and the cut-off frequency.This difference between the two cut-off frequency f2-f1 is called the channel bandwidth. If the input signal bandwidth is less than the bandwidth of channel, then the entire input signal Frequency components can be adopted by the Department of channels, which the letter Road to be the output of the output waveform will be true yet. However, if the input signal bandwidth greater than the channel bandwidth, the signal of a Frequency components can not be more on the channel, so that the signal output will be sent with the sending end of the signal is somewhat different, that is produced Distortion. In order to ensure the accuracy of data transmission, we must limit the signal bandwidth.4 Data transfer rateChannel maximum data transfer rate Unit time to be able to transfer binary data transfer rate as the median. Improve data transfer rate means that the space occupied by each Reduce the time that the sequence of binary digital pulse will reduce the cycle time, of course, will also reduce the pulse width.The previous section we already know, even if the binary digital pulse signal through a limited bandwidth channel will also be the ideal generated wave Shape distortion, and when must the input signal bandwidth, the smaller channel bandwidth, output waveformdistortion will be greater. Another angle Degree that when a certain channel bandwidth, the greater the bandwidth of the input signal, the output signal the greater the distortion, so when the data transmissionRate to a certain degree (signal bandwidth increases to a certain extent), in the on-channel output signal from the receiver could not have been Distortion of the output signal sent to recover a number of sequences. That is to say, even for an ideal channel, the limited bandwidth limit System of channel data transfer rate.At early 1924, H. Nyquist (Nyquist) to recognize the basic limitations of this existence, and deduced that the noise-free Limited bandwidth channel maximum data transfer rate formula. In 1948, C. Shannon (Shannon) put into the work of Nyquist 1 Step-by-step expansion of the channel by the random noise interference. Here we do not add on to prove to those now seen as the result of a classic.Nyquist proved that any continuous signal f (t) through a noise-free bandwidth for channel B, its output signal as a Time bandwidth of B continuous signal g (t). If you want to output digital signal, it must be the rate of g (t) for interval Sample. 2B samples per second times faster than are meaningless, because the signal bandwidth B is higher than the high-frequency component other than a letter has been Road decay away. If g (t) by V of discrete levels, namely, the likely outcome of each sample for the V level of a discrete one, The biggest channel data rate Rm ax as follows:Rmax = 2Blog 2 V (bit / s)For example, a 3000 Hz noise bandwidth of the channel should not transmit rate of more than 6,000 bits / second binary digital signal.In front of us considered only the ideal noise-free channel. There is noise in the channel, the situation will rapidly deteriorate. Channel Thermal noise with signal power and noise power ratio to measure the signal power and noise power as the signal-to-noise ratio (S ignal - to -- Noise Ratio). If we express the signal power S, and N express the noise power, while signal to noise ratio should be expressed as S / N. However, people Usually do not use the absolute value of signal to noise ratio, but the use of 10 lo g1 0S / N to indicate the units are decibels (d B). For the S / N equal 10 Channel, said its signal to noise ratio for the 1 0 d B; the same token, if the channel S / N equal to one hundred, then the signal to noiseratio for the 2 0 d B; And so on. S hannon noise channel has about the maximum data rate of the conclusions are: The bandwidth for the BH z, signal to noise ratio for the S / N Channel, the maximum data rate Rm ax as follows:Rmax = Blog 2 (1 + S / N) (bits / second)For example, for a bandwidth of 3 kHz, signal to noise ratio of 30 dB for the channel, regardless of their use to quantify the number of levels, nor Fast sampling rate control, the data transfer rate can not be greater than 30,000 bits / second. S h a n n o n the conclusions are derived based on information theory Out for a very wide scope, in order to go beyond this conclusion, like you want to invent perpetual motion machine, as it is almost impossible.It is worth noting that, S hannon conclusions give only a theoretical limit, and in fact, we should be pretty near the limit Difficult.SUMMARYMessage signals are (or data) of a magnetic encoder, the signal contains the message to be transmitted. Signal according to the dependent variable Whether or not a row of values, can be classified into analog signals and digital signals, the corresponding communication can be divided into analog communication and digital communication.Fourier has proven: any signal (either analog or digital signal) are different types of harmonic frequencies Composed of any signal has a corresponding bandwidth. And any transmission channel signal attenuation signals will, therefore, Channel transmission of any signal at all, there is a data transfer rate limitations, and this is Chengkui N yquist (Nyquist) theorem and S hannon (Shannon) theorem tells us to conclusions.Transmission medium of computer networks and communication are the most basic part of it at the cost of the entire computer network in a very Large proportion. In order to improve the utilization of transmission medium, we can use multiplexing. Frequency division multiplexing technology has many Road multiplexing, wave division multiplexing and TDM three that they use on different occasions.Data exchange technologies such as circuit switching, packet switching and packetswitching three have their respective advantages and disadvantages. M odem are at Analog phone line for the computer's binary data transmission equipment. Modem AM modulation methods have, FM, phase modulation and quadrature amplitude modulation, and M odem also supports data compression and error control. The concept of data communications Data communication is based on "data" for business communications systems, data are pre-agreed with a good meaning of numbers, letters or symbols and their combinations.参考文献[1]C.Y.Huang and A.Polydoros,“Two small SNR classification rules for CPM,”inProc.IEEE Milcom,vol.3,San Diego,CA,USA,Oct.1992,pp.1236–1240.[2]“Envelope-based classification schemes for continuous-phase binary Frequency-shift-keyed modulations,”in Pr oc.IEEE Milcom,vol.3,Fort Monmouth,NJ,USA,Oct.1994,pp. 796–800.[3]A.E.El-Mahdy and N.M.Namazi,“Classification of multiple M-ary frequency-shift keying over a rayleigh fading channel,”IEEE m.,vol.50,no.6,pp.967–974,June 2002.[4]Consulative Committee for Space Data Systems(CCSDS),Radio Frequency and Modulation SDS,2001,no.401.[5]E.E.Azzouz and A.K.Nandi,“Procedure for automatic recognition of analogue and digital modulations,”IEE mun,vol.143,no.5,pp.259–266,Oct.1996.[6]A.Puengn im,T.Robert,N.Thomas,and J.Vidal,“Hidden Markov models for digital modulation classification in unknown ISI channels,”in Eusipco2007,Poznan,Poland, September 2007,pp.1882–1885.[7]E.Vassalo and M.Visintin,“Carrier phase synchronization for GMSK signals,”I nt.J.Satell. Commun.,vol.20,no.6,pp.391–415,Nov.2002.[8]J.G.Proakis,Digital Communications.Mc Graw Hill,2001.[9]L.Rabiner,“A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speechrecognition,”Proc.IEEE,vol.77,no.2,pp.257–286,1989.英文译文:数据通信Gildas Avoine and Philippe OechslinEPFL, Lausanne, Switzerlandfgildas.avoine, philippe.oechsling@ep.ch摘要数据通信是通信技术和计算机技术相结合而产生的一种新的通信方式。
通信工程移动通信中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文翻译附件1:外文资料翻译译文通用移动通信系统的回顾1.1 UMTS网络架构欧洲/日本的3G标准,被称为UMTS。
UMTS是一个在IMT-2000保护伞下的ITU-T 批准的许多标准之一。
随着美国的CDMA2000标准的发展,它是目前占主导地位的标准,特别是运营商将cdmaOne部署为他们的2G技术。
在写这本书时,日本是在3G 网络部署方面最先进的。
三名现任运营商已经实施了三个不同的技术:J - PHONE 使用UMTS,KDDI拥有CDMA2000网络,最大的运营商NTT DoCoMo正在使用品牌的FOMA(自由多媒体接入)系统。
FOMA是基于原来的UMTS协议,而且更加的协调和标准化。
UMTS标准被定义为一个通过通用分组无线系统(GPRS)和全球演进的增强数据技术(EDGE)从第二代GSM标准到UNTS的迁移,如图。
这是一个广泛应用的基本原理,因为自2003年4月起,全球有超过847万GSM用户,占全球的移动用户数字的68%。
重点是在保持尽可能多的GSM网络与新系统的操作。
我们现在在第三代(3G)的发展道路上,其中网络将支持所有类型的流量:语音,视频和数据,我们应该看到一个最终的爆炸在移动设备上的可用服务。
此驱动技术是IP协议。
现在,许多移动运营商在简称为2.5G的位置,伴随GPRS的部署,即将IP骨干网引入到移动核心网。
在下图中,图2显示了一个在GPRS网络中的关键部件的概述,以及它是如何适应现有的GSM基础设施。
SGSN和GGSN之间的接口被称为Gn接口和使用GPRS隧道协议(GTP的,稍后讨论)。
引进这种基础设施的首要原因是提供连接到外部分组网络如,Internet或企业Intranet。
这使IP协议作为SGSN和GGSN之间的运输工具应用到网络。
这使得数据服务,如移动设备上的电子邮件或浏览网页,用户被起诉基于数据流量,而不是时间连接基础上的数据量。
3G网络和服务交付的主要标准是通用移动通信系统,或UMTS。
通信工程外文资料翻译2篇

南京理工大学毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院(系):电子工程与光电技术学院专业:通信工程姓名:学号:外文出处:1. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ONANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION,VOL. 53,NO.9, SEPTEMBER 20052. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ONMICROWA VE THEORY ANDTECHNIQUES, VOL. 53,NO.6,JUNE 2005附件:1.外文资料翻译译文一;2.外文资料翻译译文二;3.外文原文一;4.外文原文二;注:请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1:外文资料翻译译文一在单封装超宽波段无线通信中使用LTCC技术的平面天线作者:Chen Ying and Y.P.Zhang摘要:此通讯提出了一个使用低温度共烧陶瓷技术的平面天线用于超宽频带(UWB)无线通信的单封装解决方案。
该天线具有一个通过微带线反馈的椭圆形的辐射体。
该辐射体和微带线拥有与其它UWBR电路相同的接地板。
实验结果表明原型天线已达到110.9%的带宽,从1.34到5.43 dBi的增益,宽模式和频率从3到10.6GHz 的相对恒定的群延迟。
更多地还发现,标准化天线辐射功率谱密度基本符合FCCS 对于室内UWB系统的发射限制。
关键词:低温共烧陶瓷(LTCC),平面天线,超宽频带(UWB)。
一、引言现在,发展用于窄范围高速度的无线通信网络的超宽频带(UWB)无线电是一个研究热点。
超宽带无线电利用一个7.5 GHz的超宽带宽来交换信息。
使用这样大的带宽,在使U超宽带无线电发挥它最大的作用上存在一些问题.其中的一个主要问题是用于移植系统的超宽带天线的设计。
好的超宽带天线应具有较低的回波损耗,全向辐射模式,从3.1至10.6 GHz的超宽带宽下的高效率,同时也应当满足FCCS规定的发射限制。
现在已经有一些超宽带天线,如钻石偶极子和互补缝隙天线。
它们已被证明适用于超宽带无线电[1] - [4]。
通信工程外文文献翻译

毕业设计(论文)的外文文献翻译原始资料的题目/来源:Fundamentals of wireless communications by David Tse翻译后的中文题目:无线通信基础专业通信工程学生王晓宇学号110240318班号1102403指导教师杨洪娟翻译日期2015年6月15日外文文献的中文翻译7.mimo:空间多路复用与信道建模本书我们已经看到多天线在无线通信中的几种不同应用。
在第3章中,多天线用于提供分集增益,增益无线链路的可靠性,并同时研究了接受分解和发射分解,而且,接受天线还能提供功率增益。
在第5章中,我们看到了如果发射机已知信道,那么多采用多幅发射天线通过发射波束成形还可以提供功率增益。
在第6章中,多副发射天线用于生产信道波动,满足机会通信技术的需要,改方案可以解释为机会波束成形,同时也能够提供功率增益。
章以及接下来的几章将研究一种利用多天线的新方法。
我们将会看到在合适的信道衰落条件下,同时采用多幅发射天线和多幅接收天线可以提供用于通信的额外的空间维数并产生自由度增益,利用这些额外的自由度可以将若干数据流在空间上多路复用至MIMO信道中,从而带来容量的增加:采用n副发射天线和接受天线的这类MIMO 信道的容量正比于n。
过去一度认为在基站采用多幅天线的多址接入系统允许若干个用户同时与基站通信,多幅天线可以实现不同用户信号的空间隔离。
20世纪90年代中期,研究人员发现采用多幅发射天线和接收天线的点对点信道也会出现类似的效应,即使当发射天线相距不远时也是如此。
只要散射环境足够丰富,使得接受天线能够将来自不同发射天线的信号分离开,该结论就成立。
我们已经了解到了机会通信技术如何利用信道衰落,本章还会看到信道衰落对通信有益的另一例子。
将机会通信与MIMO技术提供的性能增益的本质进行比较和对比是非常的有远见的。
机会通信技术主要提供功率增益,改功率增益在功率受限系统的低信噪比情况下相当明显,但在宽带受限系统的高信噪比情况下则很不明显。
通信工程 毕业设计 外文文献翻译:超宽带系统的数据通信

英文资料Ultra-Wideband Systems for Data CommunicationsG. Racherla, J.L. Ellis, D.S. Furuno, S.C. LinGeneral Atomics, Advanced Wireless Group10240 Flanders Ct. San Diego CA 92121WebsitABSTRACTUltra-Widebandt (UWB) is a radio transmission scheme that uses extremely low power pulses of radio energy spread across a wide spectrum of frequencies. UWB has several advantages over conventional continuous wave radio communications including potential support for high data rates, robustness to multipath interference and fading. We present an overview of UWB technology and its use in data communications and networking. We look at design considerations for UWB based networks at various layers of the protocol stack.1.INTRODUCTIONUltra-Wideband [1-6]一also known as baseband or impulse radio一is a carrier-free radio transmission that uses narrow, extremely low power pulses of radio energy spread across a wide spectrum of frequencies. UWB has recently gained a great deal of interest due to the recent Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Report and Order which allocates the UWB band一7.5 GHz of unlicensed spectrum for indoor and outdoor communication applications. UWB communications are required to have a -10 dB fractional bandwidth of more than 20% or a -10 dB bandwidth of more than 500 MHz [7]. It is important to note that the FCC has not defined a specific modulation scheme to be used. UWB systems offer the promise of high data rate, low susceptibilityto multipath fading, high transmission security low prime power requirements, low cost, and simple design [1,2,5,6].UWB has been used in military applications for the past several years for ground-penetrating precision radar applications and secure communications [3,8]. For the past few years, UWB has been developed for commercial applications [1,2,5,6]. With the recent FCC [7] report and order for theuse of UWB technology, there has been an added impetus to this endeavor. Other notable UWB applications include collision avoidance radar, tagging/identification; geolocation [9] and data communications in personal area networks (PAN) and local area network (LAN) environments.There are several future challenges to the wide adoption of UWB for wireless data communications including the infancy of the technology in the commercial arena, lack of reliablechannel models, the early stages of standardization effort and lack of low-cost system on chip (SoC) implementations. In this paper, we look at UWB technology for data communications and inside a UWB physical (PHY) layer characteristics. We also briefly introduce other related wireless standards such as 802.11 [10], 802.15.3 [11-13] Bluetooth [14], HomeRF [15] and HIPERLAN [16] and present a brief synopsis of the regulatory effort worldwide with special emphasis on the FCC. We also present the design considerations for UWB based data networking.2.ULTRA-WIDEBAND TECHNOLOGYThe basic waveform that employed in a UWB system is an approximation to an impulse, such as that shown in Fig. 1. The short duration of the pulse is associated with large inherent bandwidth; hence, the nomenclature "Ultra-Wideband". Typical attributes of UWB waveforms are summarized in Table 1.Fig. 1. UWB waveform example.The high spectral content of the UWB waveform gives rise to one of the primary advantages UWB operation for communications where a UWB system is robust against multipath fading[17] and narrowband interference [18]. In multipath fading, where the transmitted radio frequency (rt) signal can reflect off objects in its transmission path and can cause destructive interferences at the receiver, a loss of reception can occur. ThisTable 1: Characteristics of Typical UWB SystemsFractional Bandwidth > 20%Pulse Width 0.1-2 asPulse Repetition Frequency 1 kHz-2 GHzAverage Transmitted Power<1mWeffect is particularly problematic indoors where there are many reflecting surfaces. In the frequency domain, multipath is shown as frequency selective fading. Because UWB communications systems spreads the transmitted data over a broad frequency band if destructive interference occurs at a specific frequency, whether due to multipath or narrowband interference, the information can still be recovered over the good frequencies.UWB implementations can provide low complexity, low cost solutions [19], thus enabling vast deployments of the technology. A critical component that reaffirms a low cost solution is noting that UWB signals, being carrier-less, have greater simplicity over narrowband transceivers and require smaller silicon die sizes [20]. UWB can be designed to achieve very high bit rates while still achieving low power consumption, a feature set which will be exploited by the consumer electronics industry [21]. UWB schemes can further be designed to be very scalable in terms of complexity, bit rate, power consumption, and range.UWB technology can support many applications. Different UWB modulation schemes offer different advantages for communication, radar, and precisiongeo-location applications. UWB technology, which operates between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz, intrinsically offers an efficient reuse of precious spectrum by operating stealthily at the noise floor [22]. This UWB system operates at low power, to be compliant with operating under FCC Part 15 emissions, across a wide range of frequencies. As a spread spectrum technology, UWB offers a low probability of intercept and a low probability of detection [8]. Thus, it is particularly well suited for covert military or sensitive usage seenarios [8]. Because UWB signals have extremely short bursts in time (e.g., durations of 1 ns or less) they are suited for precision geo-location applications. Though UWB intrinsically offers the above-mentioned features, application optimization and improvements on these characteristics are left to specific designs and implementations, most notably by careful consideration of modulation schemes.2.1. UWB System Design ConsiderationsSeveral considerations are needed when designing a PAN. First, low power design is necessary because the portable devices within the network are battery powered. Second, high data rate transmission is crucial for broadcasting multiple digi\tal audio and video streams: Lastly, low cost is a prerequisite to broadening consumer adoption. In addition to these criteria, the UWB system designer must address synchronization and coexistence. Capturing and locking onto these short pulses make synchronization a non-trivial task. Coexisting peacefully with other wireless systems without interference is important;In particular, one needs to pay attention to the 802.1 la wireless LANs that operate in the 5 GHz ISM bands.At the physical layer, additional challenges lie in the transceiver and antenna design. At the transmitter, pulse shaping is required to produce flat and wideband emission in the desired frequency bands. Although new integrated circuits provide less expensive forms of integration, the pulses can be affected by the parasitics from the component and packaging [23]. To accommodate the high data rates, tradeoffs between high and low pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and modulation schemes must be considered. The low PRF system with higher modulation (more bits per symbol) may require a more complex receiver, while the high PRF system with lower modulation may lead to performance degradation for delay spread in the channel. Finally, traditional antenna designs gear towards narrow band systems. To avoid dispersion at the receiver, the new wideband antennas need phase linearity and a fixed phase center [23].3. UWB STANDARDIZATION ANDREGULATORY EFFORTSThere are several standards bodies presently considering, at some level, UWB technologies. The standards body most advanced in the consideration of UWB is study group "a" of IEEE 802.15.3, which was formed in November 2001 [11-13]. A serious effort is well underway to define a UWB channel model, and numerous UWB tutorials have been given. Many hallway conversations talk to a physical layer standard being ratified in 2004 (though there is no formal knowledge or position on this) and will accompany the soon to be approved 802.15.3 Medium Access Control (MAC) which supports quality of service (QoS) for real-time multimedia applications [12]. The technical requirements presently call for bit rates of 110 to 200 Mbps at ranges up to 10 m, with the option to achieve 480 Mbps possibly at shorter distances. The powerconsumption requirement is presently set at 100 to 250 mW with lOe 5 bit error rate at the top of the physical layer. Complexity/cost are presently expected to be comparable to Bluetooth and the physical layer is required to support four collocated piconets. Coexistence is presently crucial (e.g., IEEE 802.1 la) and the ability to scale the technology is key to a long lasting and widely adopted standard. These technical requirements come from documents that are still being revised; additionally, it is not possible to predict if proposals may fall short of meeting some of the desired requirements.The United States FCC issued a report and order in the early part of 2002. This landmark decision to permit UWB operation in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz spectrum under Part 15 emis- sion limits, with some additional restrictions, has catalyzed development and standardization processes as is evident by the sheer number of entities (companies, academic and government institutions) associated with UWB and through the serious efforts of the IEEE 802.15.3 group. The FCC carefully chose the frequency band of operation to be above 3.1 GHz to avoid interfering with GPS and other life critical systems. Furthermore, the FCC ruled that emissions below Part 15 would pro-vide for peaceful coexistence, the ability to have narrowband and UWB systems collocated on a non-interfering basis, because unintentional emissions from devicessuch as laptops are also limited to Part 15 rules. This ruling makes it possible to have up to 15 UWB frequency bands in the 7.5 GHz allocated unlicensed spectrum [7]. Extensive efforts are being conducted throughout Europe (CEPT, ETSI, and the European Commission), Korea, and Japan (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses, and the Japanese Ministry of Telecommunications).4. NETWORKING WITH UWB SYSTEMSThere is a significant interest in the ability to perform location determination and tracking of assets and people throughout warehouses, factories, ships, hospita梦,business environments, and other buildings or structures. The ability for UWB technologies to operate within such intense multipath environments in conjunction with the ability for UWB to provide very accurate geo-location capability at low cost and long battery life justifies the increasing technological activity in this market [20].As the rf tags [24] are distributed, it is also recognized tha they can be coordinated and networked. To further reduce the cost of the transceivers, position determination can occur at networked computer terminals. Additionally, it is quite conceivable that tag complexity can be further simplified by installink transmitters that chirp periodically [8]. Just as UWB demonstrates many benefits for rf tags, the technology equally lends itself to distributed sensor networks [9]. Sensor network applications include feedback controls systems and environmental surveillance for commercial, industrial,_ and military applications.In the data communication area, UWB technology may be used to implement ad-hoc networks. An ad-hoc network [25-27] is characterized by a collection of hosts that form a network "on-the-fly". An ad-hoc network is a multi-hop wireless network wherein each host also acts as a router. Mobile TRANSPORT Ad-hoc NETworks (MANETs) [25-27] are ad-hoc networks wherein the wireless hosts have the ability to move. Mobility of hosts in MANETs has a profound impact on the topology of the network and its performance. Figure 2 illustrates how the various layers of the OSI protocol stack have to operate in order to successfully complete a communication session. We look at some of relevant design issues at the different layers for UWB-based sensor networks and MANETs.4.1. Design Issues for Layers of the Protocol StackThere are several design considerations of sensor networks setup (including rftags) [24]. The sensors typically work on batteries and need be low cost, low power, with LPI/LPD and the ability to do geo-location. All of these requirements are satisfied by a UWB PHY.The PHY layer [26,27] is a very complex layer which deals with the medium specification (physical, electrical and mechanical) for data transmission between devices. The PHY layer specifies the operating frequency range, the operating temperature range, modulation scheme, channelization scheme. channel switch time, timing, synchronization, symbol coding, and interference from other systems, carrier-sensing and transmit/receive operations of symbols and power requirements for operations. The PHY layer interacts closely with, the MAC sublayer to ensure smooth performance of the network. The PHY layer for wireless systems (such as MANETs) has special considerations to take into account as the wireless medium is inherently error-prone and prone to interference from other wireless and rf systems in the proximity. Multipath is important to consider when designing wireless PHY layer as the rf propagation environment changes dynamically with time; frequent disconnections may occur. The problem is exacerbated when the devices in the network are mobile because of handoffs and new route establishment. It should be noted that there is a concerted effort by several UWB companies muster supportfor a UWB-based high data rate PITY in the IEEE 802.15.3 working group.The data link layer consists of the Logical Link Control (LLC) and the MAC sub layers. The MAC sublayer is responsible for channel access and the LLC is responsible for link maintenance, framing data unit, synchronization, error detection and possible recovery, and flow control. The MAC sublayer tries to gain access to the shared channel to prevent collision and distortion of transmitted frames with frames sent by the MAC sublayers of other nodes sharing the medium. TheMAC sublayer in sensor networks and MANETs needs to be power-aware, self-organizing and support mobility and handoffs.The network layer of such networks should perform routing so as to minimize power and the number of node hops in the route. In some cases, flooding/gossiping may be required to increase chances of the packets reaching the destination. Data aggregation/fusion may be used for. data-centric routing [24] in the network layer. The network layer needs to allow for route maintenance and updates for fast changing network topology.The transport layer is responsible for the end-to-end integrity of data in thenetwork. The transport layer performs multiplexing, segmenting, blocking, concatenating, error detection and recovery, flow control and expedited data transfer. In the MANET environment, the mobility of the nodes will almost certainly cause packets to be delivered out of order and a significant delay in the acknowledgements is to be expected as a result. Retransmissions are very expensive in terms of the power requirements. Transport protocols for MANETs and sensor networks need to focus on the development of feedback mechanisms that enable the transport layer to recognize the dynamics of the network and adjust its retransmission timer, window size and perform congestion control with more information on the network.Fig. 2. Issues at each layer of the protocol stackThe application layer needs support for location-based services, network management, task assignment, query and data dissemination for sensor networks and possible MANETs.5. RELATED TECHNOLOGIESIn order to better understand UWB-based technologies, we look at some related technology standards. More information on these technologies can be found in Ref. 27.5.1. BluetoothBluetooth [14] is a short-range radio technology standard originallyintended as a wireless cable replacement to connect portable computers, wireless devices, handsets and headsets. Bluetooth devices operate in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. Bluetooth uses the concept of a piconet which is a MANET with a master device controlling one or several slave devices. Bluetooth also allow scatternets wherein a slave device can be part of multiple piconets. Bluetooth has beed designed to handle both voice and data. traffic.5.2. HIPERIANl1 and HIPERIANIlHIPERLAN/I and HIPERLAN/2 [16] are European wireless LAN (WLAN) standards developed by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). HIPERLAN/1 is a wireless equivalent of Ethernet while HIPERLAN/2 has architecture based on wireless Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). Both the standards use dedicated frequency spectrum at -5 GHz. HIPERLAN/I provides a gross data rate of 23.5 Mb/s and net data rate of more than 18 Mb/s while HIPERLAN/2 provides gross data rates of 6/16/36154 Mb/s and a maximum of 50 Mb/s net data rate. Both standards use 10/100/1000 mW of transmit power and have a maximum range of 50 m. Also, the standards provide isochronous and asynchronous services with support for QoS. However, they have different channel a-ss and modulation schemes.5.3. IEEE 802]]This IEEE family of wireless Etherdet standards is primarily intended for indoor and in-building WLANs. There are several varities of this standard. The current available versions are the 802.1 la, 802.11b and 802.llg (emerging draft standard) with other versions which are starting to show on the horizon [10]. The 802.11 standards support ad-hoc networking as well as connections using an access point (AP). The standard provides specifications of the PHY and the MAC layers. The MAC specified uses CSMA/CA for access and provides service discovery and scanning, link setup and tear down, data fragmentation, security, power management and roaming facilities. The 802.1 la PHY is similar to the HIPERLAN/2 PHY. The PHY uses OFDM and operates in the 5 GHz UNII band. 802.1 la supports data rates ranging from 6 to 54 Mbps. 802.11 a currently offers much less potential for rf interference than other PHYs (e.g., 802.11b and 802.11g) that utilize the crowded 2.4 GHz ISM band. 802.11 a can support multimedia applications in densely populated user environments.' The 802.11b standard, proposed jointly by Harris and Lucent Technologies, extends the 802.11 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) PHY to provide 5.5 and 11 Mb/s data rates.5.4. IEEE 802.75.3The emerging draft standard [11-13] defines MAC and PHY (2.4 GHz) layer specifications for a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN). The standard is based on the concept of a piconet which is a network confined to a 10 m personal operating space (POS) around a person or object. A WPAN consists of one or more collocated piconets. Each piconet is controlled by a piconet coordinator (PNC) and may consist of devices (DEVs). The 802.15.3 PHY is defined for 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz band and has two defined channel plans. It supports five different data rates (11 to 55 Mb/s). The base uncoded PHY rate is 22 Mb/s5.5. HomeRFHomeRF [15] working group was formed to develop a standard for wireless data communication between personal computers and consumer electronics in a home environment. The HomeRF standard is technically solid, simple, secure, and is easy to use. HomeRF networks provide a range of up to 150 ft typically enough for home networking. HomeRF uses Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP) to provide efficient delivery of voice and data traffic. SWAP uses a transmit power of up to 100 mW and a gross data rate of 2 Mb/s. It can support a maximum of 127 devices per network. A SWAP-based system can work as an ad-hoc network or as a managed network using a connection point6. CONCLUSIONIn this paper, we presented an overview of UWB technology and its characteristics and advantages over conventional, continuous wave transmissions. We presented how UWB is well suited for several applications like sensor networks and MANETs. UWB technology has garnered a lot of interest among vendors who are looking at standardizing the use of the technology in various forums including IEEE.中文翻译超宽带系统的数据通信G. Racherla, J.L. Ellis, D.S. Furuno, S.C. LinGeneral Atomics, Advanced Wireless Group10240 Flanders Ct.San Diego CA 92121E-mail: {gopal.racherla, jason.ellis, susan.lin,超宽带(UWB)是一种在宽频谱范围内使用超低功耗传播无线脉冲能量的无线电传输方案。
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用于多跳认知无线电网络的分布式网络编码控制信道Alfred Asterjadhi等著1 前言大多数电磁频谱由政府机构长期指定给公司或机构专门用于区域或国家地区。
由于这种资源的静态分配,许可频谱的许多部分在许多时间和/或位置未使用或未被充分利用。
另一方面,几种最近的无线技术在诸如IEEE802.11,蓝牙,Zigbee之类的非许可频段中运行,并且在一定程度上对WiMAX进行操作;这些技术已经看到这样的成功和扩散,他们正在访问的频谱- 主要是2.4 GHz ISM频段- 已经过度拥挤。
为了为这些现有技术提供更多的频谱资源,并且允许替代和创新技术的潜在开发,最近已经提出允许被许可的设备(称为次要用户)访问那些许可的频谱资源,主要用户未被使用或零星地使用。
这种方法通常被称为动态频谱接入(DSA),无线电设备发现和机会性利用未使用或未充分利用的频谱带的能力通常称为认知无线电(CR)技术。
DSA和CR最近都引起了无线通信和网络界的极大关注。
通常设想两种主要应用。
第一个是认知无线接入(CW A),根据该认知接入点,认知接入点负责识别未使用的许可频谱,并使用它来提供对次用户的接入。
第二个应用是我们在这个技术中研究的应用,它是认知自组织网络(CAN),也就是使用用于二级用户本身之间通信的无许可频谱,用于诸如点对点内容分发,环境监控,安全性等目的,灾难恢复情景通信,军事通信等等。
设计CAN系统比CW A有更多困难,主要有两个原因。
第一是识别未使用的频谱。
在CW A中,接入点的作用是连接到互联网,因此可以使用简单的策略来推断频谱可用性,例如查询频谱调节器在其地理位置的频谱可用性或直接与主用户协商频谱可用性或一些中间频谱经纪人另一方面,在CAN中,与频谱调节器或主要用户的缺乏直接通信需要二级用户能够使用检测技术自己识别未使用的频谱。
第二个困难是辅助用户协调媒体访问目的。
在CW A中存在接入点和通常所有二级用户直接与之通信(即,网络是单跳)的事实使得直接使用集中式媒体接入控制(MAC)解决方案,如时分多址(TDMA)或正交频分多址(OFDMA)。
相反,预计CAN将跨越多跳,缺少集中控制器;而对于传统的单通道多跳自组织网络而言,这个问题的几个解决方案是已知的,因为假设我们处理允许设备访问的具有成本效益的最先进技术的状态,因此将它们重用于CAN是不直接的一次只能限制频谱的一部分,中间访问将在多个信道上执行,而且可用于二次通信的实际信道可能会随着位置和时间而变化。
由于刚刚描述的两个问题,CAN中出现了几个实际的设计挑战,如实现控制信道,辅助用户对媒体接入的协调,实现用于检测未使用频谱的可靠方案等。
在这篇文章中,我们将讨论这些挑战,我们显示,在以前的文献中,有几个很好的解决方案可以有效地解决一个或者一些这些问题。
在讨论之后,我们提出了我们设计的方案,以克服CAN缺乏完整的解决方案。
我们的方案是基于一个虚拟控制通道,利用用户以伪随机方式访问信道,并在任何频道遇到任何情况时交换控制信息。
通过网络编码实现对所有用户的控制信息的高效传播。
用户交换的控制信息包括根据预定义的确定性算法确定信道切换模式以及数据通信的资源分配所需的所有信息(带宽要求,主要用户存在和位置等)。
我们通过提出和讨论模拟结果来讨论所提出的方案的性能,表明它是CAN实际实现的有效解决方案。
2 多功能CAN中的技术挑战我们在CAN中遇到的第一个问题是鸡蛋问题:二次设备需要彼此协调来执行频谱接入,但是它们还需要访问频谱以便通信和实现协调。
这个问题通常被称为控制频道问题,不幸的是,在与DSA相关的工作中往往被忽视。
事实上,大多数DSA相关出版物更侧重于主要用户检测和/或高效频谱分配的问题,并且在这样做时,假设某些控制信道实现对于次要用户是可用的。
为了实际实现控制通道,一些作者提出静态分配一些频谱带。
这个实际提出了两个主要问题:一是需要静态频谱调节,这正是DSA旨在避免的一个问题。
第二,选择的控制带可能很容易成为瓶颈。
这在多跳场景中尤其如此,其中对控制信息交换的需求潜在地非常高(例如,不仅对于媒体访问,而且用于路由目的)。
已经提出了一些其他解决方案,其尝试通过动态地选择未使用的许可频带来执行次要用户控制来解决第一个问题沟通;然而,这些建议没有解决控制瓶颈问题。
当然,CAN的理想解决方案不仅需要解决控制信息交换的问题,而且还要有效地实现对可用频谱资源的有效利用。
在这方面,应该注意的是,先前讨论的多重会合策略最初被提出作为单通道技术的扩展,最着名的是IEEE 802.11;特别地,在这些解决方案中看到的优点是仅仅通过使用多个通道,可以在单通道情况下实现网络容量的显着增加。
然而,要注意的是,多通道网络的容量限制还远远没有达到多重交会方案,这更是解决问题的实际方法,而不采取系统的方法来最大限度地提高信道利用效率。
应该考虑到频谱有效使用的一个方面是在多跳网络中,通常只有一部分用户处于给定用户的干扰范围内。
这通过频率重用来提高频谱利用率的可能性。
不幸的是,在实践中,这需要更复杂的频谱分配策略,以及更多信息的可用性(例如每个用户的位置知识)。
以分布式的方式是非常具有挑战性的。
与此相关的问题是链路调度和路由问题:传统的自组织网络路由策略在多信道网络中是无效的,主要是因为给定的链路在任何时候都不能被激活,因为要求发送方和接收器在同一个通道上。
理想情况下,应共同执行信道分配,链路调度和路由,以最大化频谱利用效率和网络性能。
在这方面,已经提出了一些有趣的解决方案,但是它们具有要求集中式调度器的缺点。
鉴于CAN的性质,需要一种分布式解决方案来实现实施。
到目前为止,我们还没有处理可能最具特色的CAN的特征:适用于二次频谱接入的频谱的这些部分的识别必须由次要用户自己使用感测技术来执行。
从最近的文献中已经深入研究了从单个二次用户的角度进行感测的主题,并且已经提出了从简单的能量或匹配滤波器检测到复杂的循环平稳特征检测技术的几种解决方案。
然而,如对于无线电接入频谱的情况所讨论的,对主要用户的二次干扰维持在一定阈值以下的要求转化为对单用户检测策略的灵敏度要求高到不符合成本效益,或者甚至完全不切实际,用现有技术实现这种检测器。
3 多功能CAN中的DSA方案我们考虑每个次要用户具有单个收发器的情况,因此可以在任何给定时间仅在单个信道上进行调谐。
我们有一套次要用户和一组可用于无牌访问的渠道。
为了设计在这种情况下有效的频谱接入方案,我们需要解决以下两个问题:如何使二级用户彼此协调,以及如何以有效的方式为这些用户分配频谱资源。
如上一节所述,这一领域的大多数以前的工作只解决了其中一个问题;相反,我们的方法旨在同时解决这两个问题。
直观地,频谱分配和传输调度最好使用关于特定通信需求(例如,服务质量[QoS]要求)和频谱可用性的知识来执行(例如,由主用户检测信息)。
将这些知识称为控制信息,通过收集所有用户生成的控制包获得。
在文献中,当完整的控制信息用于资源分配时,通常假定集中式方案。
这意味着有一个集中控制器收集所有用户生成的控制包,确定全球资源分配,然后告诉每个用户什么资源用于数据通信。
为了得出分布式方法,我们选择不同的策略:每个用户收集完整的控制信息,并为整个网络独立地确定资源分配。
关键在于,如果相同的控制信息成功传播给所有用户,并且资源分配算法是确定性的,则每个用户将能够确定相同的资源分配,而无需用户之间的任何进一步的交互。
这是我们首先提出的单跳多通道网络的多通道方案的基本原理,并在此讨论在多跳CAN中的使用。
在本节的其余部分,我们提供更多关于我们的计划如何工作的细节;本文的其余部分更侧重于多机场和机场频谱接入问题。
控制信息的确切性质由所选择的特定调度算法确定。
作为一个例子,在我们讨论了一种相对简单的单跳网络统一资源分配算法。
该算法仅需要参与参与分配的用户组的知识以及用于确定伪随机信道切换模式的随机数发生器的种子。
因此,由每个用户生成的控制信息分组仅包括用户的唯一标识符(例如,其MAC 地址)和使用的随机比特串以及所有其他用户的比特串来确定公共种子为随机数发生器。
我们的方案正常工作的一个重要要求是控制信息的传播到达所有用户。
每当特定用户在分配周期结束时无法检索控制信息时,该用户将潜在地确定用于后续分配周期的错误的信道切换模式和传输调度,可能开始使用资源(某些信道中的传输时隙)的传输将其分配给其他用户。
在本文的其余部分中,我们将此事件称为频谱冲突,并参考无法将控制信息检索为误传用户的用户。
一般来说,频谱冲突的机会,因此频谱资源浪费的平均数量随着用户数量的错误而增加。
因此,我们想要一种传播方案,其中定义为普通用户从所有其他用户成功检索控制信息的概率的检索成功概率很高。
我们建议使用网络编码,以便为控制信息实施可靠而有效的传播方案。
网络编码是最近推出的用于数据传播的范例,根据该模式,由多个源产生的分组在中间节点处共同编码并在最终目的地解码。
该编码策略可以在增加吞吐量,减少延迟和提高鲁棒性方面非常有效。
为了实现网络编码的实际,我们提到,作者提出了一种网络编码分布式方案,消除了对编码和解码功能的集中化知识的需要,同时允许节点间的异步数据交换。
根据该方法,每个节点将所有传入的分组存储在内部缓冲器中,并且在其自己的缓冲器中发送包含所有分组的随机线性组合的编码分组。
在传输时间,该分组被转发到位于传输范围内的所有节点。
现在,如果编码矢量是随机生成的,并且符号位于足够大小的有限伽罗瓦域,则信息将以高概率传播给所有用户。
基于这种方法,每当节点接收到编码的分组时,它必须知道用于执行编码的系数,以便恢复原始信息分组。
一个简单的解决方案包括在每个编码包中附加对应的编码矢量,该编码矢量描述了其包含的信息包的哪个线性组合。
这样,解码存储在编码包中的信息所需的编码系数可以在编码包本身内找到。
任何节点都可以恢复信息包由所有节点简单地通过反转存储在数据传播期间接收的分组的所有系数的矩阵来产生。
将编码向量追加到数据包引起额外的开销,这将需要在确定我们的DSA解决方案的总体控制开销时予以考虑;有关这个问题的详细讨论,请参阅读者。
最后,为了实现网络编码的实际,我们采用缓冲模型。
如我们以前的工作中所讨论的,网络编码大大优于其他策略,以便在单跳多通道网络中传播控制信息。
换句话说,使用网络编码与伪随机信道切换模式相结合,为我们提供了一个虚拟控制信道,允许用户有效地共享控制信息。
该网络编码的虚拟控制信道对于分组丢失和链路故障是鲁棒的,并且最重要的是不需要存在专用于交换控制信息的静态频谱资源。
对于适用于二次接入的未使用频谱资源的检测,我们注意到,网络编码控制信道自然适合实施协同主用户检测解决方案。
4。
结论在本文中,我们讨论了CAN中出现的主要挑战,并提出了基于虚拟网络编码控制通道的这些挑战的实际解决方案。