Assignment1_OceanCarriers
墨菲物流学英文版第12版课后习题答案
PART IIANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONSCHAPTER 14: INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS14-1. Discuss some of the key political restrictions on cross-border trade.Political restrictions on cross-border trade can take a variety of forms. Many nations ban certain types of shipments that might jeopardize their national security. Likewise, individual nations may band together to pressure another country from being an active supplier of materials that could be used to build nuclear weapons. Some nations restrict the outflow of currency because a nation,s economy will suffer if it imports more than it exports over a long term. A relatively commonpolitical restriction on trade involves tariffs, or taxes that governments place on the importation of certain items. Another group of political restrictions can be classified as nontariff barriers, which refer to restrictions other than tariffs that are placed upon imported products. Another political restriction involves embargoes, or the prohibition of trade between particular countries.14-2. How might a particular country,s government be involved in international trade?Governments may exert strong control over ocean and air traffic because they operate as extensions of a nation,s economy and most of the revenue flows into that nation's economy. In some cases, import licenses may restrict movement to a vessel or plane owned or operated by the importing country. In addition, some nations provide subsidies to develop and/or maintain their ocean and air carriers. Governments also support their own carriers through cargo preference rules, which require a certain percentage of traffic to move on a nation,s flag vessels. Although federal governments have often owned ocean carriers and international airlines, some government-owned international carriers are moving toward the private sector.14-3. Discuss how a nation,s market size might impact international trade and, in turn,international logistics.Population is one proxy for market size, and China and India account for about one-third of the world's population. As such, these two countries might be potentially attractive markets because of their absolute and relative size. Having said this, India has a relatively low gross domestic product per capita, and because of this some customers buy singleuse packets of products called sachets. From a logistical perspective, single-use packets require different packaging, and are easier to lose and more prone to theft than products sold in larger quantities.14-4. How might economic integration impact international logistics?Potential logistical implications of economic integration include reduced documentation requirements, reduced tariffs, and the redesign of distribution networks. For example,Poland and the Czech Republic have become favorite distribution sites with the eastward expansion of the European Union.14-5. How can language considerations impact the packaging and labeling of international shipments?With respect to language, cargo handlers may not be able to read and understand the language of the exporting country, and it would not be unusual for cargo handlers in some countries to beilliterate. Hence, cautionary symbols, rather than writing, must be used. A shipper,s mark, which looks like a cattle brand, is used in areas where dockworkers cannot read but need a method to keep documents and shipments together.14-6. What is a certificate of origin, a commercial invoice, and a shipper,s export declaration?A certificate of origin specifies the country or countries in which a product is manufactured .This document can be required by governments for control purposes or by an exporter to verify thelocation of manufacture. A commercial invoice is similar in nature to a domestic bill of lading in the sense that a commercial invoice summarizes the entire transaction and contains (or should contain) key information to include a description of the goods, the terms of sale and payment, the shipment quantity, the method of shipment, and so on. A shipper,s export declaration contains relevant export transaction data such as the transportation mode(s), transaction participants, and a description of what is being exported.14-7. Discuss international terms of sale and Incoterms.International terms of sale determine where and when buyers and seller will transfer 1) the physical goods; 2) payment for goods, freight charges, and insurance for the in-transit goods; 3) legal title to the goods; 4) required documentation; and 5) responsibility for controlling or caring for the goods in transit. The International Chamber of Commerce is in charge of establishing, and periodically revising, the terms of sale for international shipments, commonly referred to as Incoterms. The most recent revision, Incoterms 2010, reflects the rapid expansion of global trade with a particular focus on improved cargo security and new trends in cross-border transportation. Incoterms 2010 are now organized by modes of transport and the terms can be used in both international and domestic transportation.14-8. Name the four methods of payment for international shipments. Which method is riskiest for the buyer? For the seller?Four distinct methods of payment exist for international shipments: cash in advance, letters of credit, bills of exchange, and the open account. Cash in advance is of minimal risk to the seller, but is the riskiest for the buyer-what if the paid-for product is never received? The open account involves tremendous potential risk for the seller and minimal risk for the buyer.14-9. Discuss four possible functions that might be performed by international freight forwarders.The text describes eight functions, such as preparing an export declaration and booking space on carriers, so discussion of any four would be appropriate.14-10. What is an NVOCC?An NVOCC (nonvessel-operating common carrier) is often confused with an international freight forwarder. Although both NVOCCs and international freight forwarders must be licensed by the Federal Maritime Commission, NVOCCs are common carriers and thus have common carrier obligations to serveand deliver, among other obligations. NVOCCs consolidate freight from different shippers and leverage this volume to negotiate favorable transportation rates from ocean carriers. From the shipper's perspective, an NVOCC is a carrier; from an ocean carrier,s perspective, an NVOCC is a shipper.14-11. What are the two primary purposes of export packing?One function is to allow goods to move easily through customs. For a country assessing duties on the weight of both the item and its container, this means selecting lightweight packing materials. The second purpose of export packing is to protect products in what almost always is a more difficult journey than they would experience if they were destined for domestic consignees.14-12. Discuss the importance of water transportation for international trade.A frequently cited statistic is that approximately 60 percent of cross-border shipments move by water transportation. Another example of the importance of water transportation in international trade involves the world,s busiest container ports as measured by TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units) handled; 9 of the 10 busiest container ports are located in Asia, with 7 of the busiest ports located in China.14-13. Explain the load center concept. How might load centers affect the dynamics of international transportation?Load centers are major ports where thousands of containers arrive and depart each week. As vessel sizes increase, it becomes more costly to stop at multiple ports in a geographic area, and as a result, operators of larger container ships prefer to call at only one port in a geographic area. Load centers might impact the dynamics of international trade in the sense that some ports will be relegated to providing feeder service to the load centers.14-14. Discuss the role of ocean carrier alliances in international logistics.In the mid-1990s, ocean carrier alliances, in which carriers retain their individual identities but cooperate in the area of operations, began forming in the container trades. These alliances provide two primary benefits to participating members, namely, the sharing of vessel space and the ability to offer shippers a broader service network. The size of the alliance allows them to exercise considerable clout in their dealings with shippers, port terminal operators, and connecting land carriers.14-15. How do integrated air carriers impact the effectiveness and efficiency of international logistics?Integrated air carriers own all their vehicles and the facilities that fall in-between. These carriers often provide the fastest service between many major points. They are also employed to carry the documentation that is generated by—and is very much a part of— the international movement of materials. The integrated carriers also handle documentation services for their clients.14-16. How do open-skies agreements differ from bilateral agreements?Bilateral agreements generally involved two countries and tended to be somewhat restrictive in nature. For example, the bilateral agreements would specify the carriers that were to serve particular city pairs. By contrast, open skies agreements liberalize aviation opportunities andlimit federal government involvement. For example, the Open Aviation Agreement between the United States and 27 European Union (EU) member states allows any EU airline as well as any U.S. airline to fly between any point in the EU and any point in the United States.14-17. Discuss the potential sources of delays in certain countries with respect to motor carrier shipments that move across state borders.One source of delays is that certain countries limit a motor carrier,s operations to within a particular state,s borders; as a result, multi-state shipments must be transferred from one company,s vehicle to another company,s vehicle whenever crossing into another state. Another source of delays is that certain countries conduct inspections of trucks as they move from one state to another. This can include physical counting and inspection of all shipments, inspection of documentation, and vehicle inspection, as well as driver inspection.14-18. Define what is meant by short-sea shipping (SSS), and discuss some advantages of SSS.Short-sea shipping (SSS) refers to waterborne transportation that utilizes inland and coastal waterways to move shipments from domestic ports to their destination. Potential benefits to SSS include reduced rail and truck congestion, reduced highway damage, a reduction in truck-related noise and air pollution, and improved waterways utilization.14-19. What are some challenges associated with inventory management in cross-border trade?Because greater uncertainties, misunderstandings, and delays often arise in international movements, safety stocks must be larger. Furthermore, inventory valuation on an international scale isdifficult because of continually changing exchange rates. When a nation,s (or the world's) currency is unstable, investments in inventories rise because they are believed to be less risky than holding cash or securities.Firms involved in international trade must give careful thought to their inventory policies, in part because inventory available for sale in one nation may not necessarily serve the needs of markets in nearby nations. Product return policies are another concern with respect to international inventory management. One issue is that, unlike the United States where products can be returned for virtually reason, some countries don,t allow returns unless the product is defective in some respect.14-20. What is the Logistics Performance Index? How can it be used?The Logistics Performance Index (LPI) was created in recognition of the importance of logistics in global trade. The LPI measures a country,s performance across six logistical dimensions:•Efficiency of the clearance process (i.e., speed, simplicity, and predictability of formalities) by border control agencies, including customs;•Quality of trade- and transport-related infrastructure (e.g., ports, railroads, roads, and information technology);•Ease of arranging competitively priced shipments;•Competence and quality of logistics services (e.g., transport operators and customs brokers);•Capability to track and trace consignments;•Timeliness of shipments in reaching the destination within the scheduled or expected delivery time.The LPI is a potentially valuable international logistics tool because the data can be analyzed from several different perspectives. First, the LPI can be analyzed for all countries according to the overall LPI score as well as according to scores on each of the six dimensions. Second, the LPI can be analyzed in terms of an individual country's performance over time, relative to its geographic region, and relative to its income group.PART IIICASE SOLUTIONSCASE 14-1: Nurnberg Augsburg Maschinenwerke (N.A.M.)Question 1: Assume that you are Weiss. How many viable alternatives do you have to consider regarding the initial shipment of 25 buses?The answer to this question can vary depending on how students define “viable alternatives.” If we take a broad perspective and just focus on the primary cities, Bremerhaven does not appear to be an option because there is no scheduled liner service in the desired time frame. That leaves us with Prague to Santos through Hamburg and Prague to Santos through Rotterdam. Several of the vessel departure dates for both alternatives are not feasible. For example, the 18-day transit time from Hamburg eliminates both the October 31 and November 3 departures; likewise, the 17-day transit time from Rotterdam eliminates the November 2 departure. And although the October 27 departure from Hamburg or the October 28 departure from Rotterdam should get the buses to Santos by November 15, neither departure leaves much room for potential transit delays (e.g., a late season hurricane). As such, it appears that Weiss has but two viable alternatives: the October 24 departure from Hamburg and the October 23 departure from Rotterdam.Question 2: Which of the routing alternatives would you recommend to meet the initial 90-day deadline for the 25-bus shipment? Train or waterway? To which port(s)? What would it cost?If one assumes that rail transport is used from Prague to either Hamburg or Rotterdam, then thetotal transportation costs of the two alternatives are virtually identical. Although rail costs to Rotterdam are €300 higher than to Hamburg, the shipping costs from Rotterdam are €300 lower than from Hamburg (based on €6000 x .95). Because the total transportation costs are essentially the same, the decision likely needs to be based on service considerations. The initial shipment is extremely important. It might be suggested that Prague to Hamburg by rail and Hamburg to Santos by ocean vessel is the preferred alternative. Our rationale is that the provided transit times with Hamburg are definitive— that is, 3 days by rail and 18 days by water. With Rotterdam, by contrast, the rail transit time is either 4 or 5 days, although water transportation is 17 days.Question 3: What additional information would be helpful for answering Question 2?A variety of other information would be helpful for answering Question 2. For example, the case offers no insight about port congestion issues and how this congestion might impact the timeliness of shipment loadings. There also is no information about port performance in terms of loss and damage metrics. In addition, although the case indicates that rail transit time from Prague iseither four or five days, it might be helpful to know what percentage of shipments is completed in four days. Students are likely to come up with more suggestions.Question 4: How important, in fact, are the transport costs for the initial shipment of 25 buses?Clearly, with ocean shipping costs of either €5700 or €6000 per bus, transportation costs cannot be ignored. Having said this, the initial shipment holds the key to the remainder of the order (another 199 buses) and appears to be instrumental in securing another order for 568 buses (for a total of 767 more buses). As such, N.A.M might be somewhat flexible with respect to transportation costs for the initial shipment. Suppose, for example, that N.A.M. can earn a profit of €5000 per bus (such profit on a €120000 bus is by no means exorbitant). A profit of €5000 x 767 buses yields a total profit of €3,835,000. Because of such a large upside with respect to additional orders,N.A.M. might focus on achieving the specified metrics for the initial shipment without being overly concerned with transportation costs.Question 5: What kinds of customer service support must be provided for this initial shipment of 25 buses? Who is responsible?Although a number of different constituencies is involved in the initial shipment (e.g., railroads, dock workers, ocean carrier, etc.), the particular customers—the public transit authorities—are buying product from N.A.M. Because of this, N.A.M. should be the responsible party with respect to customer service support. There are myriad customer service support options that might be provided. Real-time shipment tracking should be an option so that the customers can know, at any time, the location of the shipment. N.A.M. might also provide regular updates of shipment progress; perhaps N.A.M. could email or fax important progress points (e.g., the shipment has left Prague; the shipment has arrived in Hamburg, etc.) to the customers. Because successful performance on theinitial shipment is crucial to securing future business, N.A.M. might have one of its managers actually accompany the shipment.Question 6: The Brazilian buyer wants the buses delivered at Santos. Weiss looks up theInternational Chamber of Commerce,s Incoterms and finds three categories of “delivered” terms:DAT (Delivered at Terminal). In this type of transaction, the seller clears the goods forexport and bears all risks and costs associated with delivering the goods and unloading them at the terminal at the named port or place of destination. The buyer is responsible for all costs and risks from this point forward including clearing the goods for import at the named country of destination.DAP (Delivered at Place). The seller clears the goods for export and bears all risks and costs associated with delivering goods to the named place of destination not unloaded. The buyer is responsible for all costs and risks associated with unloading the goods and clearing customs to import goods into the named country of destination.DDP (Delivered Duty Paid). The seller bears all risks and costs associated with delivering the goods to the named place of destination ready for unloading and clearing for import.How should he choose? Why?Again, given the importance of the initial shipment, it would appear that the more control thatN.A.M. has over the process, the better. Although the DDP option is likely the costliest option, it also affords N.A.M. more control later into the shipment process. Moreover, a willingness by N.A.M. to take on the additional costs associated with DDP might be viewed in a positive fashion by the customers.Question 7: Would you make the same routing recommendation for the second, larger (199 buses) component of the order, after the initial 90-day deadline is met? Why or why not?Time pressures do not appear to be as critical for the larger component of the order, so this might argue for use of water transportation between Prague and Hamburg. The rationale would be that even though water transportation is slower, it saves money (€48 per bus) over rail shipments. Alternatively, given that the selling price per bus is likely to be around €120000, trading off three days of transit time in exchange for a savings of €48 might not be such a good idea.Question 8：How important, if at all, is it for N.A.M. to ship via water to show its support of the European Union,s Motorways of the Seas concept?This question may generate a variety of opinions from students. For example, some students might argue that Question 75s answer also applies to Question 8. Having said this, the case doesn,t delve too deeply into potential environmental considerations associated with water transportation, so a pure cost-benefit analysis (such as Question 7) might be insufficient. Furthermore, because the European Union (EU) continues to be a contentious issue for many Europeans, the answer to Question 8 might depend upon one,s view of the EU. Thus, someone who is supportive of the EU might lean toward supporting the Motorways of the Seas concept, while someone not supportive of the EU might lean against supporting the Motorways of the Seas concept.。
国际经济法三国际货物运输
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（2）提单是承运人出具的接收货物的收 据。
提单在托运人手中时只是初步证据，但在 托运人将提单背书转让给第三人的情况下， 对于提单受让人来说，提单就成了终结性 的证据
初步证据
托 运 人
承 运 人
转 让
最终证 据
提单持 有人
提单的证据效力
• 某轮根据CIF条件将15，000袋咖啡豆从巴西运往中国
例题1
在国际海上货物运输中，如承运人签发的是 指示提单，下列关于该提单的表述中哪些 是正确的？ A.提单正面载明了收货人的名称 B.提单在转让时不需要背书，只要将提单交 给受让人即可 C.提单的转让必须经过背书 D.提单中的收货人一栏没有具体的收货人名 称，而是载明“凭指示”的字样
例题2
• 在信用证支付方式中，除信用证明确规定 可以接受外，银行办理结汇时一般拒绝接 受下列哪几种提单？ A．不清洁提单 B．收货待运提单 C．已装船提单 D．清洁提单
4、近因原则
• 近因原则是常用的确定保险人对保险标的 的损失是否负保险责任以及负何种保险责 任的一条重要原则。近因是指主要的、决 定性的、直接的原因。
Case 2
• 1936年,Segundo货轮运加拿大公司的稻米从缅甸 到哥伦比亚，投保了平安险，承保海难损失。船 到达后，加拿大公司发现稻米有过熟的情况。加 拿大公司要求保险公司对过熟的损失进行赔偿。 而保险公司认为损失是由于限制通风。由于天气 不好（11级大风），舱口和通风机不得不关闭， 使货物得不到通风，造成了稻米的过熟，这是船 长人为的行为，而非海难原因所致，因此不在承 保范围内。 • 海难是否是损失的近因？保险公司是否应该赔偿？
Case 1
• 中国C公司同美国F公司签订了一份FOB出口合同。 合同规定，由C公司向F公司提供5000kg茉莉花茶。 美国F公司委托C公司代F公司向中国人民保险公司 为货物投保了一切险，保险单载明的被保险人是F 公司，并采用“仓至仓条款“，C公司于4月10日 将货物备好，存于青岛港仓库内。4月15日，青岛 遭受暴雨袭击，仓库漏雨，货物被雨水浸泡，根 本无法出售。货物遭到损失，C公司无法履行合同， C公司要求保险公司进行赔偿，遭到保险公司的拒 绝。 • 问，保险公司的拒绝是否有理？
海运货代知识
海运货代知识公司内部档案编码：[OPPTR-OPPT28-OPPTL98-OPPNN08]海运货代知识船公司－Carrier，即承运人，负责把货从一个港口运到另一个港口，赚取他的海运费。
货主－Shipper，即货主，把自己的货，托付给船公司，由船公司运到目的地，交给收货人。
收货人-Consignee，即收货人，坐在家里收货主的货，当然，得给货主钱。
象写作文一样，现在三要素全了，就这么简单。
海运的本质就是货主委托船公司把货运给收货人的过程。
为了对货进行唯一的标示，还需要知道：船－Ship，即船，分为集装箱船和散杂货船，这里只提集装箱船，每条船都一个船名，比如“银河号”。
航次－Voyage，有点像火车的车次，但是航次只发生一次，就像铁达尼号只能有一次处女航一样。
提单－B/L，即Bill of lading，是提货的凭据，每一张提单都有一个提单号。
这下差不多了。
不过，因为远洋运输涉及国与国之间的贸易，所以还没那么简单。
还得接着名词解释：船代－负责联系帮船靠到码头上，负责一船船员靠岸期间的生活饮食卫生，负责联系装货卸货。
货代－负责帮货主把货装到船上去，街上叫货运代理、海运代理的公司差不多都是货代。
一关三检－海关，商检，卫检，动植物检。
三检要合并成一检，不知合了没有，也许名字就叫“三检局”。
堆场－货物装进集装箱的地方。
悲惨的是：也是偷渡的人藏进集装箱的地方。
啊，还有顶顶重要的码头公司，负责提供码头给船靠岸，装货卸货。
国内的码头公司一般隶属于港务局，只在本地混。
比如大连、天津、青岛、上海、广州。
不过，小超人的爸爸李嘉诚，开办的和记黄埔码头公司，不但在香港是老大，而且已经把脚伸到了上海和巴拿马。
好了，终于可以进入正题了。
货主联系到货代，或者货代联系到货主，从一张委托书开始，海运就真正开始了。
货主委托货代，即表示货代今后要代表货主和码头、船代、一关三检、堆场打交道，帮货主交海运费，帮货主交船前费。
呵呵，是不是有点像移民公司接着看下去，就会知道移民公司有多黑。
航母carriers
尼米兹号March 24, 2014 Rear Adm. Dee L. Mewbourne relieved Rear Adm. Michael S. White as Commander, Carrier Strike Group (CSG) 11, during a change-of-command ceremony aboard the Nimitz at Naval Station Everertt.2014年3月24日海军少将迪宽慰少将迈克尔·s·l·Mewbourne洁白如指挥官,航母战斗群(CSG)11日在海军尼米兹号航母指挥官就职仪式的Everertt站。
April 28, The Nimitz departed Naval Station Everett for flight deck certification in the SOCAL Op. Area. Inport NAS North Island from May 1-2 and May 8-9; Returned to Everett on May 12.4月28日,尼米兹号航母离开海军基地埃弗雷特在南加州作品区域号飞行甲板认证。
指令格式NAS北岛从5月1 - 2和5月8日至9日,回到埃弗雷特5月12日。
June 13, USS Nimitz anchored at Royal Roads Anchorage D, off Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Esquimalt for a three-day port visit to Victoria, British Columbia. The aircraft carrier departed homeport today for a Friends and Family Day Cruise en route to Nanoose torpedo test range in support of CNO project; Departed Nanoose Bay, B.C. , on June 18; Returned to Everett on June 27.尼米兹号航母锚定在6月13日皇家路安克雷奇D,从加拿大(CFB)Esquimalt空军基地进行为期三天的访问维多利亚港口,不列颠哥伦比亚省。
教你看船公司SO文件和集装箱上的英文
教你看船公司SO文件和集装箱上的英文船公司SO文件的英文简单解释Booking number：订舱号码Vessel：船名Voyage：航次CY Closing DATE：截柜日期，截关日closing Date/Time：截柜日期SI CUT OFF date/time：截提单补料日期/时间Expiry date：有效期限，到期日期Sailing date：航行日期/ 船离开港口的日期ETA（ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL）：预计到达时间，到港日（船到目的港日期）ETD（ESTIMATED TIME OF DELIVERY）：开船日（起运港船离港日期）ETC（ESTIMATED TIME OF CLOSING）：截关日Port of loading（POL）：装货港Full Delivery Pickup Terminal: 提重柜码头Empty Cntainer Depot:交空柜场站Loading port：装货港From City:起运地EXP（export)：出口Final destination：目的港，最终目的地Place of Delivery（POD）或To City：目的地，交货地Port of discharge：卸货港Discharge port：卸货港Load Port:卸货港Dry：干的/不含液体或湿气Quantity：数量cargo type：货物种类container number：集装箱号码container：集装箱specific cargo container:特种货物集装箱Number of container：货柜数量container Size：货柜尺寸CU.FT：立方英尺Cont Status:货柜状况seal number：封条号码seal No：封条号码seal type：封条类型weight：重量Gross weight：总重（一般是含柜重和货重）Net Weight：净重Actual weight:实际重量，货车，集装箱等运输工具装载后的总重量Laden：重柜remarks：备注remarks for Terminal：堆场/码头备注piace of receipt：收货地Commodity：货物品名intended：预期ETD:预计开船日期Booking NO: SO号码/订仓号码Shipper:发货人Container No（Number）:集装箱号码Equipment Number：货柜号码Reefer Tetails:冷柜参数contact：联络人,联系方式contact person：联络人intended fcl container delivery CUT-OFF：指定的重柜交柜时间，装箱整箱交付截止intended shipping instruction CUT-OFF：指定的文件结关时间，航运指示截止DOC CUT-OFF：文件结关时间(可能没有额外指定,按船公司一般的规律)像上面都是有特指的）Cargo nature：货物种类service contract NO：服务合同编号，SI CUT:截提单补料或截关BKG Staff: BKG是Booking的简写，那就是订舱人员Regional BKG#:预订区域，Sales Rep:销售代表BILL of Lading#:提单号，提单方案Empty Pick up CY:提空柜地点Empty Pick up Date:提空柜时间，提柜有效期Pre Carrier:预载Est.Arrival Date:EIS到达时间CY CUT:结关时间（具体还不清楚是码头截重柜还是截海关放行条时间）CY open:整柜开仓时间Port of delivery：交货港口Receive Term:接收期限Delivery Term:交货期限Ocean Route Type:海运路线类型，多指印度洋航线类型EQ Type/Q＇ty:集装箱数量，类型EQ是Equipment的简写Address:地址Special cargo information:特别货物信息Please see attached,if exists:如果有,请见附档/如果存在，请参阅附件Shipper＇own container:托运人自己的集装箱Dangerous:危险或危险品/危险标志Internal：中心的，内部的Released: 释放，放行MT就是指吨，英文叫METRE TONECustomer:客户FCL full container load：整柜FCL：整箱，整箱货LCL less than container load ：拼箱，拼箱货Carrier：承运人Trucker:拖车公司/运输公司Tractor NO：车牌号码Depot:提柜地点Pickup Location：提柜地点Stuffing:装货地点Terminal:还柜地点Return Location：交柜地点Full Container Address:还重柜地点revised:修改后，已经校正，已经修订Size/Type:柜型尺寸尺寸/种类Discharge Port:卸货港Destination:目的地Special Type:特殊柜型S/O No:订舱号Shipping Order No. :托运单号码Temp:温度Vent:通风Humidity:湿度PTI:检测Genset:发电机Instruction:装货说明Special Requirement:特殊要求GWT：（货物毛重）限重/柜，一般是柜和货物的总重量SOC：货主的集装箱Feeder Vessel/Lighter：驳船航次WT(weight)：重量G.W.(gross weight) ：毛重N.W.(net weight) ：净重MAX (maximum)：最大的、最大限度的MIN (minimum)：最小的，最低限度M 或MED (medium)：中等，中级的P/L (packing list)：装箱单、明细表船公司的集装箱箱门上英文表示：1.GROSS WT 71，650 LB. 32，500 KG总重/ 表示该柜的柜重和可以装载货物重量之和的总重是71650磅或32500千克2.PAYLOAD 60，850 LB. 27600 KG有效载荷 /表示该柜容许装载的最大货物重量，27600千克但是并不表示进口的货物就能够装那么重3.TARE WT. 10，800 LB 4，900 KG车身重量的扣除 / 表示该柜的自身重量 4900千克4.CUBE 3，040 CU.FT. 86.0 CU.M立方 /表示该柜可以的内容积，也就是可以装货的最大体积是 3040立方英尺祸6立方米5.MAX.G.W. 30.480 KGS 67.200 LBS总重/ 表示该柜的柜重和可以装载货物重量之和的总重 30480千克6.TARE 4.850 KGS 10.690 LBS车身重量的扣除 / 表示该柜的自身重量 4850千克7.MAX.C.W 25.630 KGS 56.510 LBS有效载荷 /表示该柜容许装载的最大货物重量， 25630千克但是并不表示进口的货物就能够装那么重8.CU.CAP. 86.0 CU.M 3，040 CU.FT.立方 /表示该柜可以的内容积，也就是可以装货的最大体积 86立方米9. MGW. 32，500 KGS 71.650 LBS总重/ 表示该柜的柜重和可以装载货物重量之和的总重 32500千克. 28，600 KGS 63.050 LBS净重 / 有效载荷 /表示该柜容许装载的最大货物重量，28600千克但是并不表示进口的货物就能够装那么重。
Shipping Instructions
Packing & Shipping Instructions15 May 2009LO-A-100Revision 12.0United States Antarctic Program National Science FoundationPRSS 0000373Office of Primary Responsibility: Supply Chain ManagementOffices of Corollary Responsibility: Area Directorate, DSG, Science SupportThis publication may contain copyrighted material, which remains the property of respective owners. Permission for any further use or reproduction of copyrighted material must be obtained directly from the copyright holder.Printed in the U. S. A.Information contained in this document may be subject to change without notice.Raytheon Technical Services CompanyPolar Services7400 South Tucson WayCentennial, Colorado303.790.8606Revision Change HistoryRev Date Section Author ChangeDetails8.0 2006 ALL USAP Cargo, Supr. Annual Update. Revise definitions. Revise grantee responsibilities. Notification of hand-carried samples. Changes to TSA air shipment policy.9.0 1 June 2007 ALL USAP Cargo, Supr. Update vessel ROS dates, for South Pole. Clarify Direct Commercial Shipping procedure. Revise Radioactive Consignment (NZ) and direct shipping address.10.0 11 July 2008 ALL USAP Cargo, Supr.with PMO (DTW)Convert to current document format; addMandate & Authority.Revise shipping dates for upcoming season.Incorporate Direct Commercial Shipping.Update phytosanitary requirements with IPPCrequirements which replace APHIS standard.Expand details on hazardous materials, clarifyhand-carried samples & refrigerant, and travelby COMAIR in retrograde with sciencesamples.Clarify source material for exports underU.S. Dept. of Commerce.Incorporate changes for MOCA at McMurdoSta.(delete form LO-M-193).Excess baggage waiver.Specify weights & metric equivalents; listrelated documents; expanded Glossary.11.0 22 September 2008 App. 2 Director, LOGTWS (PMO)Review by Sr. Mgt.Verify costs from actuarial rate table.Incorporate all changes submitted to date.12.0 15 May 2009 ALL USAP Cargo, Supr.Peninsula Logistics Supr.Annual update with notes from last season.Revise shipping dates for upcoming season.Revised the Baggage Allowance for USAPParticipants.Public Page iTable of Contents Introduction (1)Mandate (2)Authority (3)Risk (3)Port Hueneme, CA (4)Indirect Air Carrier Program Change (4)South Bound Cargo Shipping (5)Address For Cargo Shipments (5)Example Address (5)Station Abbreviations and Station Project Codes (6)Shipping to Port Hueneme From Foreign Locations (6)Register Foreign Manufactured Articles (7)Importing Technical Equipment to New Zealand (7)Direct Commercial Shipping (8)New Zealand (9)Chile (10)Preparing Cargo for Shipment (11)Packing Material (11)Wood Packing Material, New Zealand (11)Wood Packing Material, Chile (12)Wood Packing Material, United States (12)Packing Containers (12)Conditions (13)Weight & Volume (13)Marking and Labeling (13)Required Documentation (14)Special Handling (14)Do Not Freeze (14)Hazardous Material (15)Montreal Protocol (15)Packaging (15)Shipping (16)Waivers (16)MSDS (16)Examples of Hazardous Substances (17)Dry Ice (17)Liquid Nitrogen Dewars (18)Explosives (18)Radioactive Materials, New Zealand (18)Unsealed (19)Page ii PublicSealed (20)Radioactive Materials, Chile (20)Cargo Damage, Insurance, & Customs Inspections (22)Reporting Damage or Loss (22)Insurance & Customs (22)Customs Value (22)Dept. of Commerce (23)Padlocks (23)Shipping Dates (24)RDD, Peninsula Area (24)Vessel Schedules (24)Cut-Off Dates for RV/IB Nathaniel B. Palmer (24)Cut-Off Dates for AR/SV Laurence M. Gould (24)RDD, Continental Area (25)COMAIR Shipping (26)COMSUR Shipping (26)Baggage (27)Excess Baggage Allowance (27)Hazardous Material (27)Retrograde Movement (28)Government Owned Equipment (29)Hazardous Material (29)Packing for Retrograde (29)McMurdo Station & the South Pole (30)Peninsula Area & Palmer Station (30)Science Samples through McMurdo Station (31)Geological (31)Biological (31)Science Samples from Peninsula Areas (32)Samples Through Chile (32)Temperature Sensitive Shipping (35)COMAIR (35)Keep Chilled (36)Keep Frozen (36)Hand-Carry (37)Dry Shippers (38)Peninsula Area & Palmer Station (39)Feedback & Contacts (40)Port Hueneme (40)U.S. Customs (41)New Zealand (41)Chile (41)Public Page iiiAppendix 1:Methods for Shipping Cargo (42)Resupply Vessel (42)Commercial Shipping (42)USAP Airlift (42)Appendix 2:Transportation Costs and Planning (43)Appendix 3:Vessel Required Delivery Dates (45)References (46)Supporting Documents (46)Glossary (47)List of TablesTable 1:Station Abbreviations & Station Project Codes (6)Table 2:Examples of Hazardous Substances (17)Table 3:RDD Continental Area (25)Table 4:General Dates (26)Table 5:Costs & Planning (43)Table 6:Vessel Delivery Dates (45)Table 7:Vessel Delivery Priority (45)Page iv PublicIntroductionThis manual contains instructions for documenting, packaging, marking, and shippingmaterials to-and-from all USAP locations, and research vessels. These instructions arepublished to assist USAP participants in preparing and forwarding their supplies andequipment to, and later their equipment, data, and specimens from, Antarctica in the most efficient manner. The logistic streams to Antarctica are some of the longest and mostdifficult cargo distribution routes in the world. The distance, the few transportationmodes, customs inspections through several countries, frequency of delivery, and volume limitations, all contribute to difficulties planning on-time delivery of needed materials.Because of these transportation difficulties, advance planning is critical.Your actions are the first of many in a long logistics pipeline. Improper documentation, poor packaging or labeling, failure to meet the required delivery dates — whether at Port Hueneme, CA Punta Arenas, Chile, or directly to Christchurch, New Zealand — all canresult in delay, which could jeopardize the accomplishment of planned work.All cargo receives normal handling, which is generally rough treatment characteristic of stevedoring and transportation aboard ocean going vessels. Cranes and forklifts are used for loading and unloading. To ensure safe arrival, all material should be packagedanticipating the rigors associated with transport by land, sea, and air over severalcontinents. Pack with greater care and mark all containers to indicate contents whichmay be sensitive to impact, temperature, moisture, orientation (e.g., “This End Up”), etc.All shipping costs for processing and transport between point of origin and PortHueneme, CA, are borne by the Principal Investigator's grant. The USAP contractor pays for shipping costs between Antarctica and the Continental United States (CONUS). Ifyou must exceed weight allowances preapproved in the Support Information Package(SIP), you will need prior authorization from the National Science Foundation (NSF).These are the typical methods for shipping to Antarctica, in order of most cost efficient: •Resupply vessel from Pt. Hueneme, CAto New Zealand, McMurdo Station, South Pole Station•Commercial Surface (COMSUR)•Commercial Air (COMAIR)Note Refer to USAP Transportation Costs and Planning Factors for additional planninginformation.Public Page 1MandateThe mandate for handling cargo comes from the Prime Contract PRSS 0000373, sectionC3.2.2 Logistics:Contract management responsibility to move program participants to and from Antarctica;transport the supplies and equipment needed to operate the stations, camps and vessels;control inventories at the stations; and operate and maintain staging areas in California,New Zealand, and Chile.Logistics support is central to the success of the USAP. Everything required to sustain lifein Antarctica must be imported while any planned activity on the continent or onboard aresearch vessel is totally dependent on a logistics network.That same source includes mandate for the following services:•C7.2.1 Logistics Management•C7.2.6 Port Hueneme Operations•C7.2.6.2. Freight Carriers•C7.2.6.3 Air Cargo Operations•C7.2.6.6 Hazardous Cargo•C7.2.6.7 Retrograde Operations•C7.2.7 New Zealand Operations•C7.2.7.9 Port Operations•C7.2.8 South America OperationsNote PRSS 0000373 section C6 refers to CTS, PTS, and ORT. This manual covers packaging and shipment of material reported in those systems. Further details on operating thosesystems are included in other manuals.The NSF is required by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-123Management’s Responsibility for Internal Control, to maintain an effective and efficientinternal control environment over its property, plant and equipment. This procedurehelps provide for reporting to maintain those controls by following General AccountingOffice (GAO) Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government. Also refer toFederal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) Part 44, Government Property, which applies toreporting and record keeping requirements of Government owned property.Note Any commercial procurement action shall meet the applicable FAR.The prime contract PRSS 0000373 section F-8 Management Manuals expects procedural manuals of this kind to support all facilities and operations throughout the Program. This manual meets that requirement.Page 2 PublicAuthorityThe NSF contract PRSS 0000373 provides requirements for USAP operations, to include the South Pole Station. These are summarized as citations, under Standards &Regulations, section C4.3 of the contract.Further, information presented here is mandated by ISO 9001:2000:• 4.2.2 Quality Manuals• 4.2.4 Control of Records• 5.5.1 Responsibility & Authority• 6.2.2 Competence, Awareness & Training•7.5.4 Customer PropertyThis manual provides a consolidated information source for Supply Chain Management.RiskThis manual carries a Risk Factor One (RFO) priority with a Probability rating of 1.The preparation and shipment of materials to and from Antarctica is a complex process.Failure to meet the packing and shipping requirements described here could result insignificant cargo delays or cargo damage, or regulatory violations that would impactresearch and station operations and budgets. Therefore, the contents of this manual areconsidered in the highest risk category.Public Page 3Port Hueneme, CAThrough contractual arrangements with Raytheon Polar Services Company (RPSC), theManager, Port Hueneme Operations, is responsible for the receipt and movement of allUSAP cargo shipments going to or received from Antarctica. Material going toAntarctica is first processed at Port Hueneme, California, where it is entered into theUSAP transportation system.The Manager, Port Hueneme Operations, is the point of contact (POC) for all mattersrelated to processing outgoing cargo, and can be reached at this address:Freight:National Science Foundationc/o Raytheon Polar Services, Port Hueneme OperationsNaval Base Ventura CountyBuilding 471, North EndPort Hueneme, CA 93043Correspondence:National Science Foundationc/o Raytheon Polar Services, Port Hueneme OperationsP.O. Box 338Port Hueneme, California 93041Telephone:805-985-6851800-688-8606, x33608Fax: 805-984-5432e-Mail:PH-CargoOps@Indirect Air Carrier Program ChangeFederal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations require the Manager, Port HuenemeOperations, to sign a Shipper’s Security Endorsement for all commercial air shipments.The endorsement states that the shipment does not contain any unauthorized explosives,destructive devices, or hazardous materials. The Manager, Port Hueneme Operations, isresponsible for preventing the unauthorized addition of explosives or hazardous materials to contents. The unauthorized shipment of hazardous materials via air carriers subjectsthe shipper to a personal liability of $25,000, five years in jail, or both. This penaltyapplies to the individual who certified the shipment for air transport along with theshipper’s employer.CAUTION All cargo is subject to inspection before entering the USAP Cargo stream.Finding undeclared hazardous materials can delay or prevent shipment.Page 4 PublicTherefore, each container arriving at the Port Hueneme facility is subject to inspectionbefore it can be forwarded via air transportation. Containers shipped with lockingdevices, such as padlocks, will also be inspected. Cargo will not be forwarded if thecontainer cannot be opened. Materials found to be unacceptable for commercial airtransportation will be diverted to commercial surface carriers, and take longer to reachtheir destination. Similar restrictions apply to retrograde shipment from Antarctica.South Bound Cargo ShippingAll USAP participants should send all shipments to Port Hueneme Operations fortransport to Antarctica. It is the most reliable method for delivery, and for trackingshipments to USAP research sites. Cargo entering the USAP Cargo stream at PortHueneme is assigned a Transportation Control Number (TCN). The TCN is used tomanagement the movement and staging of cargo just as a FedEx number is used to track movement of material shipped by this mode. The TCN can also be used for tracking, and identify the location of items in the cargo stream.Address For Cargo ShipmentsUse the following address and information for cargo shipments to Port Hueneme. Theinformation should be stenciled on each box; or the address may be typed onto 3”x5”white cards attached to each box or item. Make sure this information is clear and legible: NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATIONc/o Raytheon Polar Services, Port Hueneme OperationsBldg 471 — North EndNaval Base Ventura County — Port HuenemePort Hueneme, CA 93043ATTN: USAP <station abbreviation><Station code><Grantee><Event number> or <Project code><ROS>Note Everything in brackets (above) will be specific to your project or deployment.Example AddressThis is merely an example of an address, from a fictitious project:National Science Foundationc/o Raytheon Polar Services, Port Hueneme OperationsBldg 471 — North EndNaval Base Ventura County — Port HuenemePort Hueneme, CA 93043ATTN: USAP — NPXDR3E. RutherfordS-404-q9359Station Abbreviations and Station Project Codes Table 1: Station Abbreviations & Station Project CodesAntarctic Station StationAbbreviationScienceStation CodeRPSCStation CodeMcMurdo Station ZCM DR1 DW1South Pole Station NPX DR3 DW3Punta Arenas, Chile PUQ DR4 DW4Palmer Station & Peninsula PAL DR7 DW7RV/IB Nathanial B. Palmer NBP NBP NBPAR/SV Laurence M. Gould LMG LMG LMGShipping cargo outside of the USAP to an Antarctic gateway such as Christchurch, New Zealand, or Punta Arenas, Chile, may encounter delays in customs inspections, or other unforeseen reasons. These are beyond USAP control. The NSF and RPSC have instituted shipping procedures in order to reduce or eliminate delays in shipping materials to Antarctic research sites.If shipping directly to a gateway destination is unavoidable, be sure to explain that to your Science Planning and Support Manager point-of-contact (POC). Follow their direction. They may advise you to contact the Manager, Port Hueneme Operations, for further instruction.Shipping to Port Hueneme from Foreign LocationsEquipment shipped from a foreign country, then through the U.S. to Antarctica, is still entering the U.S. as imported material. When entering the United States, complete U.S. Customs Transportation Entry (T&E) form 7512. For a small fee, the form is available from U.S. Customs:U.S. Customs OfficeTreasury Department2100 K Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20037When shipping foreign goods through the United States, use a recognized customs broker to prepare the required documentation and forward these shipments. You must make prior contact with the Manager, Port Hueneme Operations, to facilitate processing through U.S. Customs, and shipment onward to Antarctica.Cargo consigned to the USAP at Port Hueneme, CA, will be re-exported from Port Hueneme, California (NBVC). Both are covered by U.S. Customs. To clear inspections by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), make sure the NSF is listed as consignee for these shipments. Start T&E shipments early enough to allow foroccasional short delays, while the carrier arranges local delivery witnessed by U.S. Customs officials.All cargo shipments from foreign countries to Port Hueneme, CA, must be shipped prepaid from point of origin. All transportation charges including surface or air cargo in the U.S., freight-forwarding fees, and brokerage commissions must be prepaid. Register Foreign Manufactured ArticlesTo avoid being subject to U.S. Customs payments, or delayed re-entry into the United States, all foreign manufactured articles leaving the U.S. should be registered with U.S. Customs. Obtain and complete a Certificate of Registration of Foreign Manufactured Item, U.S. Customs form 4455. Forward the completed form to the Manager, Port Hueneme Operations, with the shipment of the materials. On that form, be sure to include complete descriptions, model numbers, and serial numbers. Also, provide the country of origin for each item shipped.These forms will be maintained on file at Port Hueneme, to be used for re-entry into the United States.Importing Technical Equipment to New ZealandParticipants traveling through New Zealand planning to hand carry high-value technical equipment need to complete a New Zealand Customs Form #33.Note Copies of New Zealand Customs Form #33 are available from the Deployment Specialists Group (DSG). Be sure to have Form 33 completed before departure.•The form is non-transferable. New Zealand requires the individual whose name appears on form 33 be the same person to clear the item through Customs.⎯If in possession of high-value technical equipment without form 33, the individual (not the USAP) may be charged with import duties, fines, or that equipment may be seized.•If you plan to have one individual carry equipment down during deployment and another carry it back on redeployment, you need two forms. A form must be issued for each carrier.•Employees and contractors who carry equipment from DHQ also need a Temporary Property Hand Receipt (FI-A-017) in addition to New Zealand Customs Form #33.These are also nontransferable.⎯Return the equipment with the Hand Receipt to DHQ.⎯If the equipment will stay in Antarctica, notify property management on station by e-mail, so they can transfer the equipment to station inventory.Route the Hand Receipt to Property Admin as attachment to property records.Note Laptop computers are generally exempt from this classification. Check with the DSG.Direct Commercial ShippingAll USAP participants should use the NSF Port Hueneme facility for cargo shipmentssouthbound to Antarctica. It is the most reliable method for delivery, and for trackingshipments to Antarctic research sites. However, you may ship directly overseas.In some situations it may be more practical for cargo originating outside the United States to be shipped directly to New Zealand or South America. In these cases please consultwith the Manager, Port Hueneme Operations, for advice and to coordinate delivery.Note Neither the NSF nor RPSC can be responsible for any commercial shipments sent directly to these destinations.Recent changes in Transportation Security Administration (TSA) security policy mayaffect your direct cargo shipments. Please consult the TSA website to determine ifadditional information or measures are required for you to ship your cargo outside of the USAP supply chain. For more information please refer to the Air Cargo SecurityChanges letter issued by the TSA:/what_we_do/layers/aircargo/07102006_changes.shtmTo avoid Customs delays, put these instructions below the address:FOR FURTHER SHIPMENT TO ANTARCTICA<name><station abbreviation><station code><Grantee><Event number> or <Project code><ROS><box of number-of-boxes> for instance, “Box 1 of 4”Preparing material for direct commercial shipping is the same as preparing for shipment in the USAP supply chain — refer to other sections in this manual.Be sure to notify the USAP representatives at the destination that you have shippedmaterial to the addresses listed below. Ensure that the commercial invoice is includedwith your Bill of Lading, which outlines specific contents and dollar values. Theappropriate paperwork must be received prior to the arrival of the cargo. The following information must be identified on all correspondence:•Master Airway Bill Number (MAWB)•flight number•departure dates•Bill of Lading numbers (COMSUR)•number of boxes•contents of each box•commercial value in US$It is strongly recommended that the shipper confirm receipt of all communications with the transportation terminals listed below.New ZealandFor shipments to New Zealand, please e-mail CHC-CourierNotifications@ for advice and assistance.You must forward the original paperwork for shipments to New Zealand:e-mail: CHC-CourierNotifications@FAX: +64-3-358-1479To the attention of the Manager, New Zealand Operations.Please ensure that a commercial invoice is included with your Bill of Lading, which outlines specific contents and dollar values. The appropriate paperwork must be received prior to the arrival of the cargo. The following information must be identified on all correspondence:•Master Airway Bill Number (MAWB)•flight number•departure dates•Bill of Lading numbers (COMSUR)•number of boxes•contents of each box•commercial value in US$Note Some companies, such as Federal Express in New Zealand, do not operate 24 hours a day, and are closed on weekends — which may affect how quickly items can be deliveredto our Christchurch cargo operation.Use this address for shipping directly to New Zealand:National Science Foundationc/o Raytheon Polar Services (NZ) LimitedGate 1, Orchard Road NorthChristchurch International AirportChristchurch, New ZealandTel: +64-3-358-8139FAX: +64-3-358-1479ChileFor surface shipments, a first original copy of the Bill of Lading is required as FAX to the South American agent, AGUNSA.Please ensure that a commercial invoice is included with your Bill of Lading, which outlines specific contents and dollar values. The appropriate paperwork must be received prior to the arrival of the cargo. The following information must be identified on all correspondence:•Master Airway Bill Number (MAWB)•flight number•departure dates•Bill of Lading numbers (COMSUR)•number of boxes•contents of each box•commercial value in US$Use this address for shipping directly to Punta Arenas, Chile:Manager, Punta Arenas OperationsAGUNSADeposito Franco Zona AntarcticaAgencias Universales S.A.Punta Arenas, ChileTel: +56-61-247-503FAX: +56-61-226-095Preparing Cargo for ShipmentDuring the shipping process, your equipment and material will receive treatmentcharacteristic of stevedoring operations. Delicate or sensitive equipment must be wellpacked and protected by means of the packaging used. Grantees and their packing agents should not only give consideration for providing additional packing, but should alsoconsider the type of materials utilized for shock-absorbent packing.Packing MaterialAvoid using materials that are not easily degradable. That includes most plastics,especially polystyrene cushioning materials (common packing peanuts).CAUTION Polystyrene packing peanuts are banned under the Antarctic Conservation Act.Do not use any polystyrene packing material.Do not use polystyrene, polyurethane foam, or silicone sponge. Suitable alternatives are bubble wrap, shredded paper, corrugated cardboard, burlap, and packing tissue. Paperproducts are more easily recycled, and therefore, more suitable for shipping material toAntarctica. There are other restrictions on other packing material.Some cargo shipments have been delayed on entry to both New Zealand and Chile, due to the condition of the packing crates, when the outside material failed inspection. Wooden packaging material (WPM) like pallets, crates and boxes are often reused to returnmaterial to the United States, who has some of the most strict requirements.Wood Packing Material, New ZealandThe New Zealand government has strict controls and diligent inspections forimporting any wood products. They require clearance for imported timber, andforest products of any kind — sometimes with quarantine restrictions.Inspections are conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) toprevent accidentally introducing any insects or fungi that could damage NewZealand forests and timber industry. These inspections include all wooden andplywood packing cases: crates, pallets, wood packing blocks, and dunnage. Allwood products must be free of bark and visible signs of insects, worms, or fungi.Note Particleboard is not an acceptable packing material, because it hides surfaces which may show possible contamination.Wood products which can not be verified as being free of contaminants will bestopped at the port of entry and dealt with as directed by an MAF Inspector.Grantees and their shipping agents should ensure all packing material conforms toNew Zealand regulations:1.Wood packaging must comply with the import requirements.2.MAF will risk profile the whole shipment and select a subset for inspection.3.Any untreated or uncertified wood packaging found will be refused entry, ortreated as required, or destroyed — regardless of whether pests are found.4. A notice of non-compliance will be issued for any untreated or uncertifiedwood packaging.rmation from these non-compliances will feedback in to the risk profilingsystem — meaning that importers who develop a history of non-compliancewill be selected for inspection more frequently; further delaying cargo.For more information on the standard, please refer to the MAF website atWood Packing Material, ChileThe government of Chile has strict controls on importing wood products.Grantees should be sure that all wooden crates used for shipping through Chile, to Palmer Station and the Antarctic Peninsula area, are in good condition withoutstains or signs of fungi. An agriculture stamp indicating the wood is free ofcontamination will help expedite clearance through Customs.Wood Packing Material, United StatesThe following regulations have been put in place by the U.S. Department ofAgriculture (USDA) on all wood packing materials entering the United States.Please be aware that wood packaging materials used to ship cargo to Antarcticfield sites must comply with these regulations in order to be returned to the United States, as repackaging material or recycled material — all material in retrogrademovement from Antarctica.Wooden packaging material (WPM) like pallets, crates & boxes entering the U.S.must be treated or fumigated with methyl bromide and marked with theInternational Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) logo. Effective 16 September2005, the same requirements apply to regulated WPM arriving in the U.S. Alsorefer to WPM guidelines published by USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS): /Wood packing materials destined for the U.S. must comply with this statement:“The wood packaging materials used in this shipment are in compliance with theInternational Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, Publication 15, March 2002 (ISPM15). The material used consists of processed wood material and solid sawn woodsubjected to the approved heat treatment. Those packages that use heat treated woodhave been certified as being compliant with ISPM 15 and the Internal National PlantProtection Convention (IPPC) and are so marked by an approved and inspected agent(Number US-4522) of the American Lumber Standard Committee.”Packing ContainersAs often as possible, pack reusable containers with hinged, clamped, or screw-fastened tops. This is important if items are to be returned or reused in retrograde.Containers should be made to withstand hard contact sharp corners, crushing weight, and shock sustained by rough handling in transit; in the warehouse, aboard ship, and on station. Use sturdy material, well fastened, securely braced and reinforced. All boxes and containers should be banded with steel straps. The number of straps depends on the size of the box, but at least two straps per box.。
海洋回收流程英文说明
海洋回收流程英文说明Ocean Recycling Process.The ocean, covering approximately 71% of the Earth's surface, is a vast and critical component of our planet's ecosystem. However, with the increasing anthropogenic activities, the ocean is facing unprecedented threats, including pollution, plastic accumulation, and other forms of waste. To mitigate these issues and ensure the sustainability of our oceans, a comprehensive recycling process is essential.1. Collection of Ocean Waste.The first step in the ocean recycling process is the collection of waste from the ocean. This involves the use of various methods and technologies, such as fishing nets, trawls, and even specialized vessels designed for waste collection. The waste collected typically includes plastic, fishing gear, and other debris that has accumulated in theocean due to land-based activities and shipping.2. Sorting and Classification.Once collected, the waste undergoes sorting and classification to separate different types of materials. This step is crucial as it enables the recycling of specific materials while also identifying those that may require additional treatment or disposal. Materials like plastic, glass, and metal can often be recycled, while others, such as certain chemicals or toxic substances, may need to be handled separately.3. Processing and Recycling.The next step is the processing and recycling of the sorted materials. Plastics, for instance, can be shredded, washed, and melted down to create pellets that can be used to make new plastic products. Glass can be crushed and melted to form new glass products, while metals can be smelted and refined to produce new metal alloys.4. Quality Control and Standards.To ensure the quality and safety of the recycled products, rigorous quality control measures are implemented. This involves testing the recycled materials for impurities, contaminants, and other factors that may affect their performance or safety. Additionally, recycled products must meet specific standards and regulations set by governments and international organizations to ensure their suitability for use.5. End-Use Applications.The final step in the ocean recycling process is theuse of the recycled materials in various end-use applications. Recycled plastics, for example, can be usedin packaging, construction materials, and automotive parts. Recycled glass can be used in windows, bottles, and other glassware, while recycled metals can find their way intonew steel and alloy products.6. Education and Awareness.Apart from the physical recycling process, it iscrucial to raise awareness and educate people about the importance of ocean recycling. Public education programs, community events, and outreach activities can help create a culture of responsibility and sustainability, encouraging individuals and communities to reduce waste and support recycling efforts.In conclusion, the ocean recycling process is a comprehensive and multifaceted approach to tackling the growing problem of ocean waste. By collecting, sorting, processing, and recycling ocean waste, we can not only reduce the burden on our oceans but also create new opportunities for sustainable development and environmental protection. However, it is essential to note that recycling is only one part of the solution. To truly protect our oceans, we must also focus on preventing waste from entering the ocean in the first place, promoting sustainable practices, and enhancing our understanding of the impact of human activities on the marine environment.。
国际贸易术语中英文
国际贸易术语中英文内部编号：（YUUT-TBBY-MMUT-URRUY-UOOY-DBUYI-0128）外销员辅导物流货运费英文术语大全海运费?ocean?freight?集卡运费、短驳费?Drayage?订舱费?booking?charge?报关费?customs?clearance?fee?操作劳务费?labour?fee?or?handling?charge?商检换单费?exchange?fee?for?CIP?换单费?D/O?fee?拆箱费?De-vanning?charge?港杂费?port?sur-charge?电放费?B/L?surrender?fee?冲关费?emergent?declearation?change?海关查验费?customs?inspection?fee?待时费?waiting?charge?仓储费?storage?fee?改单费?amendment?charge?拼箱服务费?LCL?service?charge?动、植检疫费?animal?&?plant?quarantine?fee?移动式其重机费?mobile?crane?charge?进出库费?warehouse?in/out?charge?提箱费?container?stuffing?charge?滞期费?demurrage?charge?滞箱费?container?detention?charge?卡车运费?cartage?fee?商检费?commodity?inspection?fee?转运费?transportation?charge?污箱费?container?dirtyness?change?坏箱费用?container?damage?charge?清洁箱费?container?clearance?charge? 分拨费?dispatch?charge?车上交货?FOT?(?free?on?track?)?电汇手续费?T/T?fee?转境费/过境费?I/E?bonded?charge?空运方面的专用术语?空运费?air?freight?机场费?air?terminal?charge?空运提单费?airway?bill?fee?FSC?(燃油附加费)?fuel?surcharge?SCC（安全附加费）?security?sur-charge? 抽单费?D/O?fee?上海港常用术语?内装箱费?container?loading?charge(including?inland?drayage)?疏港费?port?congestion?charge?他港常用术语?场站费?CFS?charge?文件费?document?charge?AMS?Automated?Manifest?System?自运舱单系统?ACS/ACC?ALAMEDA?CORRIDOR?SURCHARGE?火车通道费（自洛杉矶转运）?BAF?BUNKER?AJUSTMENT?FACTOR?燃油附加费系数?BAF?燃油附加费，大多数航线都有，但标准不一。
航运有关英语术语
航运有关英语术语A. 承运人Shipping Lines 航运公司Common carriers 公共承运人OCC Ocean Common Carrier 远洋公共承运人VOCC V essel-Operating Common Carrier 船舶承运人V essel Sharing Carriers 共用舱位承运人NVOCC 无船承运人Master NVOCC 主装无船承运人Tendering NVOCC 交运货物的无船承运人Contract NVOCC 签约无船承运人MTO Multi-modal Transport Operator 多式联运经营人An MTO deals with all matters in relation to the conveyance of cargo entrusted to him from the point of shipment to the place of delivery, documentation and arrangements with sub-contractors at various breaking points to facilitate expeditious movement of cargo. In most cases it is necessary for him to appoint agents or correspondents at various points or even maintain subsidiary concerns at important transshipping points to attend to all the work necessary in connection with the movement of cargo. He assumes responsibility for the performance of the contract.MTO Marine Terminal Operator 海运码头经营者V essel Operation MTO 经营多式联运的船舶承运人NVO-MTO may be a road operator/rail operator/airline operator/freight forwarder 不营运船舶的多式联运经营人Controlled Carrier 受控承运人Rates must be “just and reasonable” - compensatory.运价必须是”公正的和合理的“－具有补偿性的30 days notice required to increase or reduce tariff rates.运价的上涨和下调登记30天后生效Conference Carrier 公会承运人Independent carriers 独立承运人9th largest carrier serving the US 美线第9大承运人Consortium ( Group of carriers pooling resources in a trade laneto maximize their resources effectively ) 联盟Alliance 联盟Ｂ. 竞争Competitors 竞争对手Player 竞争参与者（对手）Foreclose from 。
GMDSS英语(笔试类)
GMDSS 通信英语GMDSS常用缩写词一.英文缩写词1. ACK 收妥承认2. AMVER 自动互助船舶救助系统3. ARS 自动重复请求4. CCIR 国际无线电咨询委员会5. CES 海岸地球站6. CRS 海岸无线电台7. CSS 海面搜寻协调员8. DSC 数字选择呼叫9. DTE 数据终端设备10. EGC 增强群呼11. ELT 急示位发信机12. EPIRB 紧急无线电示位标13. FEC 前向纠错14. GMDSS 全球海上遇险和安全系统15. GPS 全球定位系统16. IMN 国际海事卫星移动号码17. IMO 国际海事组织18. INMARSAT 国际海事卫星19. IRS 信息接受机20. ISS 信息发送台21. ITU 国际电信联盟22. LES 陆地地球站23. LUT 本地用户终端24. MCC 任务控制中心25. MES 移动地球站26. MID 海上识别数字27. MMSI 海上移动业务识别28. MRCC 海上救助协调中心29. MRSC 海上救助分中心30. MSC 海上安全委员会31. MSI 海上安全数字32. NA VTEX 航警电传33. NCC 网络协调中心34. NCS 网络协调站35. NBDP 窄带直接印子电报36. OSC 现场指挥37. RCC 救助协调中心38. SAR 搜寻与救助39. SART 搜救雷达应答器40. SES 船舶地球站41. SOLAS 国际海上人命安全公约42. SPOS 搜救联络点43. SRR 搜救区44. SSB 单边带45. UTC 世界协调时46. VDU 视频显示单元47. VHF 甚高频48. WMO 世界气象组织49. WWNWS 世界航行警告业务50. OCC 运行控制中心51. MERSAR 商船搜救手册52. ALT—W 向西改向53. M/V 内燃机船54. MAX 最大55. NM 海里56. ASM 海上维修57. ID 识别58. FW 淡水59. COMSAT 通信卫星60. HP 马力61. AOR—E 大西洋东区62. AOR—W 大西洋西区63. ETA 预计抵港时间64. ETD 预计离港时间65. CCITT 国际电报电话咨询委员会66. CFM 确认67. DESTN 目的港68. DL Y 延迟69. DWT 总载重70. FAX 传真71. FEC 前线纠错72. FOC 免费73. GMT 格林尼治74. GRT 总登记吨位75. IHO 国际水道检测组织76. IRO 印度洋区77. LOA 总长78. MERSAR 商船救助手册79. NA V AREA 航警区域80. NTM 航海通告81. POR 太平洋区82. STCW 国际海员培训.发证和值班标准公约83. VLCC 超大型油轮84. USCG 美国海岸警卫队85. MF 中频86. HF 高频87. TGT 总吨位88. AFTN 自动固定电信网络89. WT 无线电报90. WH 无线电话91. PTT 邮局, 电报, 电话92. CPU 中央处理单元93. A.C 交流电94. D.C 直流电95. A.M 上午96. P.M 下午97. B/L 提单98. EXP 出口99. RPM 每分钟转速二.单选题1. _____is a generic term meaning, as the case may be uncertainty phase, alert phase or distress phase.A. Emergency phaseB. Distress phaseC. Alert phaseD. Uncertainty phase2.When apprtaching the SAR scene, ships should make full use of any radio direction finding facilities to______and to locate any transmissions from EIPIRB.A. findB. searchC. homeD.transmit3. It is important that_____for indicating the position of ships in distress or survivsl craft should be properly used.A. communication methodsB. signaling methodsC. rockets and hand flaresD. All are right4. The broadcast of MSI will be made_______A. continuouslyB. on terrestrial communication systemC. on satellite communication systemD.bothB and C5. The INMARSAT space segment consists of the satellite and support facilities operated by INMARSAT.these satellites_______A. are‘t movingB. are stationaryC. are in geostationary orbitsD. are in the polarts6. _______is an area within the radiotelephone coverage of at least one VHF coast station in which continuous DSC alerting is avable.A. Sea areaA1B. Sea area A2C. Sea area A3D. Sea area A47. ________is an area, excluding area A1, within the radiotelephone coverage of at lest one MF coast station in which continous DSC alerting is available.A. Sea areaA1B. Sea area A2C. Sea area A3D. Sea area A48. ________ is an area excluding area A1 and A2, within the coverage of an INMARSAT geostationary satellite in which continuous alerting is available.A. Sea areaA1B. Sea area A2C. Sea area A3D. Sea area A49. _________is safety communication between ships from the possition from which the ships are normally navigated.A. VHF communicationB. MF communicationC. INMARSAT communicationD. Bridge-to –bridge communication10. _______includes navigational and meterorological warnings, meteorological forecasts andother urgent safety related messages broadcast to ships.A. Distress trafficB. Urgency communicationC.Public crrespondenceD. Maritime Safety Information11. ______is a unit responsible for promoting efficient organization of SAR services and for coordinating the conduct of SAR operations with a SAR region.A. NCCB.RCCC. NSCD. LUT12. _______is a radiocommunication service in which transmissions are intended for direnct reception by the general public.A. Receiving service.B. AM serviceC. FM serviceD.Broadcasting service13. ________is a satellite-aided SAR system based on low-altitude near polar orbiting satellites and designed to locate distress beacons transmiting on the frequencies 121.5MHz and 406MHz.A. GPS systemB. INMARSAT systemC. NNSS systemD. COSPAS-SARSAT system14. ________is the coordinate broadcast and automatic reception on 518kHz of MSI be means of NBDP using the English Language.A. International NA VTEXB. N ational NA VTEXC. Broadcast of MSI reception of MSID. HF MSI Broadcast15. MCC is the abbreviation for Mission_______CentreA. CorrectionB. CertificateC. ControlD. Calling16. IDD is the abbreviation for International_____Dialing.A. DataB. CeneralC. DirectD. Distress17. The letter G in GMDSS is the abbreviation for the word______A. GlobalB. GeneralC. GroundD. Group18. The second letter S in SSB is abbreviation for the word____.A. SingleB. SideC. ShipyardD. Safety19. D/F is the abbreviation for Direction/_________A. FindingB. FoundC. FindD. Fist20. EEC is the abbreviation for Forward________Correction.A. EastB. ErrorC. EarthD. Easy21. The world wide navigational______service,is a coordinate golobe service for the boradcast by radio of vital information on hazzards to marine navigation.A. WeatherB. WatchC. WarningD. Wire22. VDU is the abbreviation for Visual______Unit.A. DateB. DirectC. DigitalD. Display23. The distress alert may also contain information regarding the_______the type of assistance required, the course and speed of the ship and the time at which the information was recorded.A.nation of distressB. series of distressC. degree of distressD. nature of distress24. Choice of HF bands will depend on the position of the ship in distress, the geographical.area to be alerted and current_______.A. communication congestionB. day and night characteristicsC. propagation characteristicsD. equipment conditions25. In gmdss, MSI broadcasts will be make on two_______which provide near continuous automated reception on board ships.A. dedicated systemsB. associated systemsC. different systemsD. equipment conditions26. The coverage area for a satellite difined as the area on earth‘s suface within which_______dan be made with the sasellilte.A. line of sight communicationB. servce commmunication.C. two-way communicationD. locating singnal27. The service of MSI provides a combined news broadcast suitable fpr________in allprincipal waters of The globe.A.a vesselB.some vesselsC.all shipsD.some specific ships28.Before an INMARSAT-A SES can be used in the INMARSAT system ,it must have been pro—perly ____.A.fixed and triedB.performed and confirmedC.observeyed and surveyedD.installed and commissioned29.COSPAS—SARSAT consists of ____satellites in polar orbit and a network of earth sattions.A.aB.a few ofC.4D.a constellation of30.Distress beacons transmit signals that are detected by COSPAS—SARSAT spacecraft in _____.A.polar orbit Bgeostationary orbit C.equator D.clouds31.Every ship,while at sea,____maintain continuous watch on VHF DSC channel 70.A.willB./C.shallD.should32.The appropriate certificate related to the GMDSS _____by the adminisration concerned.A.is soldB.is given or allowedC.is kept and editedD.issued or recongnized33.The communication arrangements are designed to enable distress alerting to be performed in____directions in all sea areas .A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four34.The SART should provied a ____indication of its correct operation and also inform the survivors when it is interrongated by radar.A.visualB.audibleC.smellingD.A or B35.Warnings arae transmitted at specified times and remain in force ____the information is valid .A.so thatB.even ifC.as long asD.other than36.DSC willf form the basis for distress alering and safety calling .The abbreviation DSC means _____.A.Distress safety ContorB.Difficult Standard CommunicationC.Digital Selective CalllingD.Different System Communication37.The_____is the nerve center of INMARSAT system,and it is located in the INMARSAT headquarters‘building in London.A.SESB.CESC.OCCD.NCS38.The_____consists of two part:the above deck equipment(ADE)and the below deck equipment(BDE0.A.SESB.CESC.OCCD.NCS39.The term_____es included in the generic name Land Earth Station(LES),which applies to earth stations used for either maritime or land-based communication.A.SESB.CESC.MESD.RCC40.Technical code(B1 B2 B3 B4)in NA VTEX appears in the _____A.starting of each messageB.ending of each messageC.preamble of each messageD.framework of each message41.In technical code(B1 B2 B3 B4),the_____is a single unique letter which is allocated to eachmessage transmitter.A.B1B.B2C.B3B4D.B1B242.Each ship station has its own unique_______MMSI which is included automatically in each DSC call.A.4-digitB.5-digitC.7-digitD.9-digit43.The_____respoonsible for controlling a SAR operation shall also coordinate the distress trafficA.NCSB.CESC.OCCD.RCC44.The urgency traffic shall be sent only on the authority of the_______responsible for the mobile unit.A.chief engineerB.masterC.duty officer Dtelegrapher45.There are at pressent three types of beacons,namely ELTs.EPIRBs_____is usually used on board ship.A.ELTsB.EPIRBsC.PLBsD.GPS46.On range of VHF,those transmitters and receivers within radio sight _____automatically guarantee that an acceptable signal will be received at the pointA./B.doC.don‘tD.does not47.The GMDSS will be fully implemented in ____,when except for a few remaining stations,use of Morse radiotelegraphy by ships will cease.A.1995B.1999C.2001D.201048.____is the Automatic Repetition request which is used in NBDP mode.A.FECB.SELCALLC.ARQD.RC49.____is napid and successful reporting of a distree incident to a unit which can provide or coordinate assistance.A.distress channelB.disteress alertingC.distress callD.distress priority50.All ship,according to the requirement for radiocommunication under _____,should be fitted with rediotelephone equipment.A.STCWB.IMOC.SOLASD.MARPOL51.Although satelites will play an important role in the GMDSS ,they will not completely replace the _____.A.Global systemB.SignalingC.Terresrial systemD.Transmiting sistem52.The GMDSS includes three sub-systems:INMARSAT system,COSPAS—sysetm, COSPAS—SARSAT system and _____.A.GPSB..Singnaling systemC.Terrestrial systemD.DSC system53.Coastal vessls will only have to carryminimal equipment if they do not operate beyondThe range of shore-based_____radio station.A.VHFB.MFC.HFD.UHF54.The transimssion of a _____ordicates that a ship is in distress and requires immediate assistance.A.urgent trafficB.distrdss alertC.routine rtafficD.safety traffic55.The satellites of INMARSAT are placed in a _____5700km over the major ocean regions.A.polar orbitB.geostationary orbitC.the Milsy wayD.the Moon56.A ses can communicate via that satelite with any CES that is also poined at _____.A.The same directionB.the MoonC.THE SAME SATELITED.the other satelite57.for ship equepped equepped with an INMARSAT SES ,sending a distress alrt is _____.A.both special and slowB.both complex and certainC.both general and giantD.both simple and certain58.There are based currently on ____operational regions,each with its own operational satellite, Will back—up satellite in the event of failure.A.TWOB.threeC.fourD.five59.One of the shortcomings of the using radio is that waves travel in _____A.curveB.threeC.fourD.five60.The present INMARSAT system isn‘t available in _____A.ahantic oceanB.Pacific oceanC.India ocean regionD.North polar ocean region61.for distess traffic by radiotelephony,call shall be _____by the distress signal MAYDAY.A.suffixedB.prefixedC.behind ofD.in the front62.____is commonly used in distress communication if it is not occupied by a distress message.A.channel 06B.Channel 12C.Channel 16D.channel 0863.when using VHF ,the users should avoid ____signals.A.necessaryB.importantC.superfluousD.sound64._____equipment may achieve bridge-to-bridge communication?A.HSDB.HFC.VHFD.LF65.A distress signal transmitted form from which EPIRB is relayed by an INMARSAT satelite to CESs?A.A-band EPIRBsB.L-band EPIRBsC.C-band EPIRBsD.406Mhz EPIRBs66.The Sart is required to have sufficient battery capacity to operate in the stand-by mode for what period of time?A.eighth hoursB.three daysC.four daysD.forty-eight hours67.The ships operate in all sea areas must carry _____equipment.A.VHFB.MFC.HFD.satellite EPIRB68._____is not available in the INMARSAT system.A.Automatic callingB.radiotelephoneC.direct-printingD.forty-eight hours69._____is not available in the INMARSAT system.A.DSCB.Direct-printing radiotelegraphyC.safetyNET MSID.HF MSI70.THE distrdss available in the VHF,MF and HF terrestrial systems.A.the recorder dateB.course and speed of the ship or call sign of the ships of the crew members71.The functional requirement of the GMDSS include transmitting and receiving_____distress alerts.A.ship to shipB.ship to shoreC.shore to shipD.A,Band C72.The _____provide the link between the satellits serve as NCSs.A.SESsB.CESsC.OCCsD.CSSs73.The COSPAS-SARSAT system is available to _____.A.Canada onlyB.the former USSR and USAC.ChinaD.all countries74.The _____small have absolute priority over all other messages.A.navigational warningB.medical messageC.urgency messageD.distress call75.The GMDSS can make sure the promulgation of distress alert in _____directions.A.5B.4C.3D.276.Coastal area of China lies in NA V AERA _____A.6B.8C.11D.1677.International NAVTEX must be carried out in_____A.ChineseB.englishC.spanishD.german78.Each radiotelegram should be transmitted_____by the sending station.A.twice a dayB.once onlyC.as many times as possbleD.continuously79.Every ship while at sea,shall be capable of transmitting those as listed below except_____A.ship to ship distress alertsB.shore to shoip distressC.ship to shore distress alertsD.on-scene communication80._____is used for locating of the ship or survival craft by searching ships and aircraft whe near the distress position.A.VHF equipmentB.NA VTEX equipmentC.SARTD.EPIRB equipment81.The equipment required to be carried to be carried by a ship will be detemined by the ships_____A.area of operationB.sizeC.SARTD.EPIRB equipment82.For commuications between a coast station and a ship station,the _____shall finally decide frequency or channel to be used.A.station calledB.calling stationC.coast stationD.ship station83.On hearing an urgent singnal,every sation shall take care_____mterfere with transmission of the message which follows it.A.do notB.toC.mustn‘tD.not to84.The equipments of the GMDSS required on a ship depend on _____in which they operate.A.its TGTB.its engine typeC.its trade areasD.its work condition85.Distress alert shall be addressed to _____you may reach.A.A mobile stationB.a coast stationC.a particular stationD.all the mobile and coast station86.All stations hearing the distress alert shall listen alert communication until they are satified that Message is _____to themA.of much concermedB.of no concernC.in relationD.directly related87.The EGC receiver will be dedicated to the EGC function which ensures a high probability of receipt of _____messages.A.ship-to-shipB.ship-to-shoreC.shore-to-shipD.shore-to-shore88.The FEC mode is for _____from_____station to two or more other stations when available.A.receiving messages/one coastB.transmission/one coast or shipmuicating/one shipD.contacting/other89.The EPIRBs should be mounted_____to be protected from harmful condintion.A.at a regular placeB.anywhere on boardC.at the higher place on the vesselD.in one hold90._____has the right to decide the msi ransmission charges.A.National telecommunication department and the CES relatedB.ITUC.WMOD.Inertnationalbuling and settlement bank91.If the suddenly sunk or the distress destroyed the radio station _____should be mainly used.A.the INMARSAT SEXB.the DSCC.the EPIRBD.the SART92.IMO in co-operation with IHE established the WWNYS for _____.A.the INMARSAT SESB.the co-ordination and broadcast of navigation warningC.the co-ordination of meteorological reportD.all are right93.It was in____that the first ship was fitted with radio.A.1899B.1912C.1914D.190694.When sailing in sea area A2 ships will carry_____.A.VHFB.MFC.EPERBD.A,BandC are required95.The contribution by the _____was crucial to the develolpment of the GMDSS.A.IMOB.WMOC.ITUD.INMARSAT96.Standard-CSESs cannot be used for _____.A.telephone communicationB.telex communicationsC.date serviceD.elecrtonic mail services97.On-scene communication are normally made on _____distress and safety frequency/ies.A.VHFB.MFC.HFD.VHF and MF98.The ERIRB signals processed by a LUT may relayed to the following units EXCEPT____.A.RCCB.MCCC.SAR authorrityD.NCC99.Which equipment of ships can connect COSPAS-SARSAT system?A.DSCB.SSBC.ERIRBD.NCC100.The MSI will be promulgated ______A.from shipsB.from shoresC.from both ships and shoresD.to coast stations101.The SOLAS vessles in coastal waters shall use ____to receive MSI.A.HF direct-printing telegraphyB.INMARSAT Safety NETC.NAVTXED.VHF DSC102.The DSC is a selective call,by which message canbe sent to_____.A .all station B. groups of stations C. a special ship station D. all are right103 .international NA VTEX service is provided to broadcast automatically receive MSI on the frequency_____A.500KHzB.518KHz.C.156.525MHz D 2187.5KHz.104 You are-------ship. You should go to assist the vessel on fireA. a close.B. the nearest C .a near D. a more nearer.105.156.8MHz frequency belongs to channel-------A 2 B. 6 C. 8 D 16106-------will apply to those ships which recive MSI.A Basic chargesB Some chargesC No chargesD Many charges107 there are---------NCSs of INMARSAT in total,one in each ocean region.A2 B 4 C 6 D 16108--------will carry an equipment for receiving broadcasts of MSI.A. Ships of 1600tgt and upwards B All shipsC All passenger ships D. All cargo ships.109 You can receive MSI broadcast via-------in the GMDSS.A NA VTEX receiverB INMARSAT SafetyNET serviceC HF radiotelephone with NBDP terminal D. A B or C110.The GMDSS will provide MSI to ======A all maritime enterprisesB all shipsC all ships in navigationD all mobile units111.A NA VTEX receiver receives MSI broadcast from --------A all coast stationsB all coast earth stationgC all coast stations and ship staionsD only NA VTEX stations112.in GMDSS,----------is usually used for receiving the MSI sent from coast stations.A.MF/HF radiotelephone B MF/HF radiotelephone with NBDP.C.MF/HF radiotelephone with DSC.D.MF/HF radiotelegraph.113.if you want to establish the call in the INMARSA T,you shall select the coast earth station---------A.which must be in the same ocean region that you are currently using.B.which must be in the por or iorC.which must belong to Chinese or have the good relationship with chinaD.which must be in western European waters.114.mariner should pay much attention in the overlapped area owing to -------------plicated circumstances.B.changeabale atmospheric pressureC strong unwanted signals D.the most powerful radio115.why are some stations asked to keep silence?A they are not in the distress trafficB they will affect the transmission of distress trafficC they are not responsible for serch and rescueD their powerful radio116.For communication between two stations the-------mode should be used when availableA.ARQB.FECC.SEL-CALLD.EGC117.The services provided by each station open to public correspondence shall be indicated in-------together with information on charging.A the newspapersB the marine magazinesC the list of coast stationsD the list of coast stations and list of ship stations 118.the EPIRB should be mounted ------to be protected from harmful conditionsA at a regularB the marine magazinesC the list of coast stationsD in one of the holds119.the COSPAS-SARSAT is primarily used for -------A transmitting MSI to vessels at seaB two-way communication between ships and coast stationsC improving communications in Polar Regions and non-polar regionsD search and rescue120.INMARSAT is an organization-----A which provides advanced terrestrial radiocommunicationsB which provides advances terrestrial radiocommunecationsC which provides a land radio systemD which manages the maritime radio traffic121.On receipt of a distress alert, the SARunits ashore and at sea will-------as soon as possibleA reach the distress areaB have a sector searchC report to the IMOD coordinate the sear and rescue operation122.It is a feature of the satellite communications that reception is not generally affected by-----A the position of the shipB atmospheric conditionsC the time of the dayD A,BandC123.Because the earth is curvy the reception that reception is not generally affected by-------A the position of the shipB atmospheric conditionsC the time of the dayD A,Band C124.When available ,we should use -----mode for transmissions from one coast or ship station to two or more other stations.A ARQB EGC C FECD R3E125.SOLAS ships should be fitted with a maritime VHF installation and, where practicable, maintain watch on -----A 2 channelB 4 channelC 8 channelD 16 channel 126.Vessels in distress shall indicate -----by any methodA their positionB their nameC their call signs or other identificationsD A,B,C127.The Chapter IV of SOLAS Convention is regarding the------A teams and definitionsB applicationC radiocommumicationsD exemptione128.The relaying of a distress alert from an RCC to ships in the vicinity of a distress incident will be made by______.A.satellite communicationB.terrestrial communicationsC.AorBD.AandB129.Vessels which have received the relay distress alert have their responsibility to ------A proceed to the distress area soonestB keep a lookout for the vessel in distressC keep in touch with the relevant rccD contact with the nearest coast staion 130.In the GMDSS , MSI will be sent on two dedicated systems, namely the INMARSAT safetyNET and ----A DSCB EPIRBC NA VTEXD VHF131.------allows the SAR party to locate the ship in distress by using 9GHz radarA EPIRB B SARTC VHED D/F132.Iin global mode, a EPIRB will emits the ship ignal by using =--------A 121.5MHzB 406MHzC 9GHzD 156.8MHz133 For communications using a telephone channel, off-peak rates are usually -----than peak ratesA higherB lowerC expensiveD slow134.The off-peak rate is not available for ------A telephone communicationB voice-band data serviceC telex communicationD facsimile calls135.--------generally the transmission of a specific message in one direction onlyA a distress alertB distress trafficC safety trafficD transmitting messages136.A principal aim of the gmdss Is to guarantee that SOLAS vessels will be able to------A communication with a shore station at any timeB communication with a shore station from any locationC exchange safety informationD A,B,C137 In distress , the distress messages may be transmitted by -------A a float-free EPIRB B an INMARSAT SES.C a radiotelephone with a DSC terminalD all suitable methods138.The international NA VTEX service transmits MSI on 518KHz by means of NBDP telegraphy using -----A ChineseB EnglishC languages as decided by the administrations concernedD the signal of communication139.The intenational NA VTEX service transmits MSI on 518KHz by means of NBDP telegraphy usingA highestB lowestC lowerD higher140.When possible,the_____transmitter power necessary for satisfactory communications is required.A,highest B,lowest C.lower D.higher141.Radio system ------more than 90 years agoA has been used at seaB was inventedC came into use at seaD has saved tens of thousands of persons142.When calling a VHF coast station operating on more than one channel,a ship station calling on a working channel should include the number of_____.A.all channel of coast stationB.all channels of ship stationC,that channel in the call D.that channel using for distress,urgency and safety traffic. 143.When searching a survival craft using a 9GHz radar, -------may result in reception at greater distanceA flat calmB thick fogC high sea wavesD no swell144.For maximum range of reception performance an unobstructed mounting of SART------requiredA as high as possibleB as low as possibleC as flat as possibleD as stable as possible145.All the distress message should be preceded by ------A PAN PANB SECURITEC MAYDAYD HELLO146.------is the final place of a distress call/message routed toA CESB NCSC the country where the distress was locatedD RCC 147.The COSPAS-SARSAT is used forA distress alertingB locating distress beaconC storing distress signalD A,B 148.Distress and safety communications rely on the use of______A.terrestrial radio communicationsB.satellite communicationsC.Morse telegraphyD.A and B149.The urgency signal consists of the words -----A PAN PANB SECURITEC MAYDAYD HELLO150.When you begin to transmit a distress message you shall push the button ----save on the plateA. EDIT B .SEND C. DIS D. SA VE151.All the urgency message should be preceded by ----A. PAN PAN B .SECURITE C. MAYDAY D. HELLO152.All the safty message should be preceded by -----------A. PAN PAN B .SECURITE C .MAYDAY D .HELLO153.The ITU Radio Regulations require service of every ship radio telephone station shall be controlled by ----------。
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Assignment 1 Ocean CarriersMScEcon 2014 SpringRC. LI (SID: ********)IShould Ms Linn purchase the $39M capsize? Make two different assumptions. First, assume that Ocean Carriers is a U.S. firm subject to a 35% statutory (and effective) marginal tax rate. Second, assume that Ocean Carriers is domiciled in Hong Kong for tax purposes, where ship owners are not required to pay any tax on profits made overseas and are also exempted from paying any tax on profit made on cargo uplifted from Hong Kong, i.e., assume a zero tax rate.Assumptions:1 Use constant discount rate of 9%.2 New ships depreciate on a straight-line basis over 25 years with a salvage value of zero.3 The market value of the ship in the second-hand market is the same to book value including capital expenditure for maintenance.4 After the year 2005, the new ship would continue operate at E[Daily Hire Rate] adjusted.5 Operation cost is initially 4,000 per day, and grows at the rate 4%.6 Net Working Capital is initially 500,000 and grows with inflation.7 Scrap value at 2017 is $5M, and adjusted by inflation rate when scrapping in other years.8 There is no default risk.9 There is no side effect such as erosion and synergy.10 When scrapping the ship at special survey year, the firm does not spend money on maintenance. At year 2027 the firm does not sell it in second-hand market and only scrap it.11 The firm would recover Net Working Capital before selling or scrapping the ship.12 Calculate one year as 365 days.1.1 Assume that the firm is a U.S. firm subject to a 35% marginal tax rate and scrap the ship after 15 years’ operation.The Net Present Value is $-11.59M. So reject the project.1.2 Assume that the firm is a U.S. firm subject to a 35% marginal tax rate and sell the ship in the second-hand market after 15 years’ operation.The Net Present Value is $-10M. So reject the project.1.3 Assume that the firm is domiciled in Hong Kong enjoying a zero tax rate and scrap the ship after 15 years’ operation.The Net Present Value is $-1.25M. So reject the project.1.4 Assume that the firm is domiciled in Hong Kong enjoying a zero tax rate and sell the ship in the second-hand market after 15 years’ operation.The Net Present Value is $1.20M. So accept the project.Summary: If the firm is domiciled in Hong Kong enjoying a zero tax rate and sell the ship in the second-hand market after 15 years’ operation, Ms Linn should purchase the $39M capesize.IIWhat do you think of the company’s policy of not operating ships over 15 years old? Assume that Ocean Carriers can fully utilize any tax benefit it derives from asset sales.Keep the assumptions in part I.2.1 Assume that the firm is a U.S. firm subject to a 35% marginal tax rate and scrap the ship after 25 years’ operation.The Net Present Value is $-11.52M. So reject the project.2.2 Assume that the firm is domiciled in Hong Kong enjoying a zero tax rate and scrap the ship after 25 years’ operation.The Net Present Value is $1.03M. But this value is lower than $1.20M of selling after 15 years. So the 15-year policy is better than 25-year policy.2.3 Real Option AnalysisNow we consider which year is the best to sell the ship given the above assumptions. Suppose the firm could sell the ship in the second-hand market at book value at any year after the charter contract, by the assumptions made in part I, the results are as follows:This graph shows that as the ship ages, the NPV of selling it after operation is increasing from age 6 on, reach a peak at age 14, and decrease thereafter. This result implies that the firm should sell it at age 14 rather than age 15.IIISuppose Ocean Carriers pays fixed annual dues of $500,000 to an association of ship owners that provides services to its members such as light houses, lobbying efforts, etc. Should a portion of these dues be included in the NPV calculation for the capesize? If so, what portion seems right?Answer:The annual due paid to an association of ship owners is a fixed cost which should be accounted to administrative expense of the firm but not the project. This is irrelevant to the decision so we should not include it in the NPV calculation for the capesize.IVSuppose that, two years ago, Ocean Carriers lost a large lawsuit related to a maritime accident where it allegedly caused a competitor’s ship to sustain extensive damage. As a result, Ocean Carriers was fined $10,000,000, which it settled to pay over 10 years. Should the balance of this fine (now standing at $8,000,000) be included in the NPV calculation for the capesize?Answer:The balance of this fine is irrelevant to the project so we should not include it in the NPV calculation for the capesize.。