华中科技大学药用分析化学2012年考博真题试卷
华中科技大学最近十年博士病理学试题
华中科技大学最近十年博士病理学试题华中科技大学2001年病理学（专基）（博士）一、名词解释（4*10）1、Mallory小体2、凋亡小体3、纤维素样坏死4、囊腺癌5、假结核结节6、肿瘤的异质性7、白色血栓8、区域性心肌梗死9、噬神经细胞现象10、白细胞附壁二、问答题1、试比较肥大和增生的形态学异同点（15分）2、何谓化脓性炎？可分为哪几型？各有何主要病变特点？（20分）3、发现一侧颈部肿块，有哪些可能的疾病？试述其主要病理诊断依据（25分）华中科技大学2002年病理学（专基）（博士）一、名词解释（3*10）1、凋落小体2、Biopsy3、稳定细胞4、Atypia5、逆行性栓塞6、调理素7、原癌基因8、假幽门腺化生9、Piecemeal necrosis10、噬神经细胞现象二、问答题1、举例说明梗死的类型及各型病变特点（10分）2、晚期胃癌患者，背部皮下肿块经病检证实为胃腺癌转移病灶，试分析其最可能的转移途径（10分）3、何谓化脓性炎？试比较试比较脓肿和蜂窝织炎的区别（14分）4、试述门脉性肝硬变的病理变化及其引起门脉高压的原因（16分）5、试述风湿性心脏病（风湿性全心炎）的主要病理变化及后果（20分）华中科技大学2003年病理学（专基）（博士）一、名词解释（4*10，英文翻译为汉语并加以解释）1、R-S细胞2、inflammatory mediator3、创伤性神经瘤4、heart failure cells5、羊水栓塞6、干线型肝硬变7、肿瘤的异质化8、冠状动脉性猝死9、假膜性炎10、新月体肾炎二、问答题（一）何谓肿瘤的转移？常见的转移途径有那几种？并举例说明之（20分）（二）简要比较下列各组病变的区别（8*3）1胃良性溃疡（溃疡病）与胃恶性溃疡（溃疡型胃癌）2 良性高血压与恶性高血压的细、小动脉病变3 侵蚀性葡萄胎与绒毛膜癌（三）试比较原发性肺结核病与继发性肺结核病的区别（16分）华中科技大学2004年病理学（博士）一、简答题1. 简述凋亡的基本过程2 .水中毒的病因和对机体的影响3 .低钾血症对机体的影响4 .心肌肥大的基本特点5 .简述钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制6 .何为缺血预处理？它有哪些保护作用？二、论述题1 .一例严重感染并发急性肾小管坏死的病人会出现哪些酸硷平衡紊乱，为什么？2 .何为自由基？试述它在体内的作用。
华科考博病理真题1990-2015
华中科技大学同济医学院考博病理学试题（1990-2015年）华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1990（1）1 凋落2 血栓再通3 化生4 浓性卡他5 非典型增生问答：1 修复过程中组织再生受哪些因素影响？2 试述肺动脉栓塞的原因及后果。
3 何谓吞噬作用？扼要说明吞噬过程。
4 试述肿瘤增生与非肿瘤增生的区别。
华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1990（2）一名词解释1淤血2渗出3肿瘤4葡萄胎5炎性息肉 6坏死7栓塞 8肿瘤的异型性 9单核吞噬细胞系统 10 动脉粥样硬化二简述细胞与组织常见损伤原因三试述良性高血压时心和肾的病理变化四试述脓肿的病因，病理变化和结局五原发肺结核与继发肺结核的病理变化有何不同？华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1991（1）1 试述凝固性坏死、液化性坏死、干酪样坏死和脂肪坏死的形态学特点及其相互区别。
2 试述畸胎瘤和癌肉瘤的异同点。
3 何谓肉芽肿性炎？常见病因。
各举两例说明其形态结构和结局。
4 纤维素性炎发生与哪些器官？哪些疾病（至少两种以上）？形态学有何特点？华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1991（2）一名词解释1吞噬溶酶体 2蜂窝织炎 3液化性坏死 4血栓形成 5梗死6免疫缺陷病 7结核结节 8尘肺 9肿瘤的异型性 10慢性萎缩性肾炎二举例说明恶性肿瘤的扩散途径三试述血吸虫性肝硬变的病变特征和临床表现四试述细菌性肺炎的病变特征华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1992一名词解释1细胞水变性 2微血栓 3蜂窝织炎 4缩窄性心包炎 5结核病6原位癌 7浆液性炎症 8粥瘤 9固缩坏死（凋落） 10交界性肿瘤二何谓坏疽？坏疽分哪几种类型？各型病变有何特征？三简述急性炎症和结局四试述急性（普通型）病理型肝炎的病理变化及临床联系五简述弥漫性新月体肾炎的病理变化及临床病理联系华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1993一名词解释1瘢痕组织 2风湿小节 3肠上皮化生 4混合血栓 5化脓性炎症6肿瘤的转移 7脑软化 8硅（矽）结节 9肝细胞碎片状坏死 10脓毒血症二试述肿瘤的生长方式及其临床意义三试述支气管炎的病理变化及其主要临床症状与病变的关系四简述结核病基本病变的转化规律五试述血栓对机体的影响，并各举一例加以说明同济医科大学一九九三年攻读博士学位研究生入学试题基础课：病理学一．解释常用病理学名词（每小题4分，共40分）1、肿瘤的异型性2、毛玻璃样肝细胞3、干酪样坏死4、栓塞 5、心肌梗死 6、嗜神经细胞现象 7、脂肪变性 8、organization 9、tuberculoma 10、化生二．何谓癌前病变？列举各种类型癌前病变并简要说明之。
武汉大学2012年药学考研试题及详解
A: B:凯库勒, 德国化学家。首先提出碳四价概念他的
另一重大贡献是第一次提出了苯的环状结构理论。 这一理论极大地促进了芳香族化学的发展和有机化 学工业的进步。 。 C:费歇尔，德国化学家。发现了苯肼，对糖类、嘌 呤类有机化合物的研究取得了突出的成就，因而荣 获1902年的诺贝尔化学奖。 D:布特列洛夫是俄国的化学家。他提出了化学结构 理论。
Br
Me2NH
TM
4.以环戊烷和必要的有机及无机试剂 为原料合成下列化合物
Br2/hv
Br
H2O OH-
OH
CrO3 H2SO4
O
Mg C6H6
OH OH
Al2O3 加热
TM
七、实验题
1.在如下贝诺酯的合成过程中：
OCOCH3 SOCl2 CO2H
OCOCH3
OCOCH3 COCl
+
COCl
ONa
2.在实验室中，邻硝基苯酚和对硝基苯酚 是用苯酚硝化制备的，其生成的混合物 通过水蒸气蒸馏，可将邻硝基苯酚从反 应混合物中蒸出而与对硝基苯酚分离。 为什么两种硝基苯酚只有邻硝基苯酚能 被水蒸汽蒸出？
邻硝基苯酚可以形成分子内氢键，沸点 降低，而对硝基苯酚可以形成分子间氢 键，沸点升高，因此邻硝基苯酚可用水 蒸汽蒸馏法进行分离。
2.二环己基碳二亚胺（DCC）在多肽合成 中的作用 A.活化氨基 B.活化羧基 C.保护氨基 D.保护羧基 解析：常温下，DCC首先与羧酸形成一种 活泼酯中间体，然后该中间体与氨基酸 的氨基反应生成肽键
3.亲核取代反应和亲电取代反应最主要的 区别是 A.反应的立体化学不同 B.反应动力学不同 C.反应进攻的活性中心的电荷不同 D.反 应热力学不同 解析：亲核取代是指亲核试剂进攻正碳离 子的反应，亲电取代指亲电试剂进攻负 碳离子的反应
华中科技大学诊断学2012年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：诊ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释3‘×10
1、Murphy's sign 2、chief complaint 3、vital sign
4、coma 5、opening snap 6、shifting dullness
7、vital capacity 8、histic proteinuria 9、APTT 10、ANCA
二、问答题70’
1、男，29岁，确诊为先天性主动脉瓣重度关闭不全，近1年来出现双下肢水肿和进行性劳力性呼吸困难。可出现哪些阳性体征，从全身、心脏、肺部、腹部、四肢，视触叩听方面简述（10’）
2、女，56岁，突发胸憋闷胀痛，伴头晕、乏力1小时。体检：焦躁不安，面色苍白，大汗淋漓。问题：①问诊；②重点体检；③根据题目给出的心电图分析并给出诊断（急性心肌梗死）（10‘）
3、女，31岁，高热、尿痛2天，初步诊断：急性尿路感染。请补充问诊内容。（10‘）
4、男，57岁，乏力、腹胀4月，加重伴腹痛、发热5天。[体征及检查提示：脾肋下3cm、贫血、腹水结果、肝功能等等，记不全了]
病例分析：初步诊断及诊断依据、鉴别诊断、进一步检查（15’）
5、男，22岁，车祸伤及左胸部、腹部，持续疼痛伴头晕、乏力4小时。[左下胸部皮肤瘀斑，腹穿抽出不凝血液]
病例分析：初步诊断及诊断依据、鉴别诊断、进一步检查（15’）
6、肺源性呼吸困难的发生机制及临床表现（10‘）
中科院应化所考博真题2012高等物理化学及答案
中国科学院长春应用化学研究所2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学试题高等物理化学一、选择题(包括8小题，每小题2分，共16分)1.298.15 K，已知气相反应2CO(g)﹢O2(g) → 2CO2(g)的r m ΔG﹦-514.2 kJ/mol，则发生1 mol 反应进度的Δr Am: （C）A. r m Δ A﹦-514.2 kJ/molB. r m Δ A﹦0C. r m Δ A>-514.2 kJ/molD. r m Δ A﹤－514.2 kJ/mol2.1mol 苯(l)在正常沸点完全变为蒸气时，一组不变的热力学函数是：（C）A. 温度、压力、定压热容B. 热力学能、温度、吉布斯函数C. 温度、总（系统和环境）熵、吉布斯函数D. 热力学能、焓、熵3.在一定压力下，纯A 的沸点、饱和蒸气压和化学势分别为b T∗，A p∗，A μ ∗，加入少量不挥发的溶质形成溶液后分别变成b T ，A p ，A μ ，因此有：（D）A. b T > b T∗，A p >A p∗，A μ > A μ∗B. b T < b T∗，A p <A p∗，A μ < A μ∗C. b T < b T∗，A p >A p ∗，A μ < A μ∗D. b T > b T∗，A p <A p ∗，A μ < A μ∗4.298 K，浓度均为0.01 mol·kg−1的下列电解质溶液，其γ±最大者是：（A）A.KC lB.CaC l2C l3D.ZnSO45.对于亲水性固体表面，其界面张力间的关系是：（B）A. s g σ < l s σB. s g σ > l s σC. s g σ﹦l s σD. g s σ< l g σ6.298 K 时有相同物质的量浓度的NaOH(l)和NaCl(2)溶液，两溶液中Na+的迁移数1 t 与2 t 之间的关系为：（C）A. 1 t ﹦2 tB. 1 t > 2 tC. 1 t < 2 tD.无法比较7.下面属于水包油型乳状液（O/W 型）基本性质之一的是：（A）A.有导电性B.易于分散在油中C.无导电性8.下列物质在水溶液中能发生正吸附的是：（D）A.烧碱B.蔗糖C.食盐D.肥皂二、填空题(包括10小题，每小题2分，共20分)1．下列四个过程：（a）物质的量为n的理想气体由始态（p1,V1,T）变化到末态（p2,V2,T）（b）实际气体的节流膨胀（c）物质的量分别为n B，n C的纯液体B，C在恒温恒压下形成理想状态混合物的混合过程（d）绝热，恒压，不做非体积功的化学反应过程。
2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：M: Well, just keep your arm straight there. Fine, there will be a little prick like a mosquito bite. OK? There we go. Ok, I will send that sample off and we’ll check it. If the sample is ok, we won’t need to go on seeing you anymore. W: So you think I’m getting better? M: Absolutely. Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?1．A．The woman’s condition is critical.B．The woman has been picking up quite well.C．The woman’s illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D．The woman won’t see the doctor any more.正确答案：B解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。
女士问医生是不是好转了，医生回答说当然，故答案为B。
选项C是干扰项，医生让女病人伸直手臂，并说会有向蚊子叮咬的刺痛，prick的含义是“刺痛”。
听力原文：W: It’s Mr. Cong, isn’t it?M: That’s right. I saw you six months ago with a broken finger.W: Yes, of course. And is that all healing well?M: It’s fine.W: What can we do for you today?M: Well, I’ve been having these headaches in the front, about my eyes. It started two months ago.They seem to come on quite suddenly, and I get dizzy spell as well. Q: What is the trouble in the man now?2．A．A broken finger.B．A terrible cough.C．Frontal headaches.D．Eye problem.正确答案：C解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。
2012华中科技大学考博英语真题
华中科技大学2012年博士研究生入学考试试题Part Ⅰ Cloze（0.5×20＝10％）Comedian George Carlin has a routine in which he talks about how humans seem to spend their lives accumulating "stuff." Once they've gathered enough stuff, they have to find places to store all of it. If Carlin were to update that routine today, he could make the same observation about computer information. It seems that everyone with a computer spends a lot of time acquiring data and then trying to find a way to store it.For some computer owners, finding enough storage space to hold all the data they've acquired is a real challenge. Some people invest in larger hard drives. Others prefer external storage devices like thumb drives or compact discs. Desperate computer owners might delete entire folders worth of old files in order to make space for new information. But some are choosing to rely on a growing trend: cloud storage.While cloud storage sounds like it has something to do with weather fronts and storm systems, it really refers to saving data to anoff-site storage system maintained by a third party. Instead of storing information to your computer's hard drive or other local storage device, you save it to a remote database. The Internet provides the connection between your computer and the database.On the surface, cloud storage has several advantages over traditional data storage. For example, if you store your data on a cloud storage system, you'll be able to get to that data from any location that has Internet access. You wouldn't need to carry around a physical storage device or use the same computer to save and retrieve your information. With the right storage system, you could even allow other people to access the data, turning a personal project into a collaborative effort.­So cloud storage is convenient and offers more flexibility, but how does it work? Find out in the next section.There are hundreds of different cloud storage systems. Some have a very specific focus, such as storing Web e-mail messages or digital pictures. Others are available to store all forms of digital data. Some cloud storage systems are small operations, while others are so large that the physical equipment can fill up an entire warehouse. The facilities that house cloud storage systems are called data centers.At its most basic level, a cloud storage system needs just one data server connected to the Internet. A client (e.g., a computer user subscribing to a cloud storage service) sends copies of files over theInternet to the data server, which then records the information. When the client wishes to retrieve the information, he or she accesses the data server through a Web-based interface. The server then either sends the files back to the client or allows the client to access and manipulate the files on the server itself.Cloud storage systems generally ­rely on hundreds of data servers. Because computers occasionally r equire maintenance or repair, it's important to store the same information on multiple machines. This is called redundancy. Without redundancy, a cloud storage system couldn't ensure clients that they could access their information at any given time. Most systems store the same data on servers that use different power supplies. That way, clients can access their data even if one power supply fails.Not all cloud storage clients are worried about running out of storage space. They use cloud storage as a way to create backups of data. If something happens to the client's computer system, the data survives off-site. It's a digital-age variation of "don't put all your eggs in one basket."Passage 1Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities - as well as new and significant risks.Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980's is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentiallycrippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts (a person, group, or thing used to mask the identity or true character or activity of the actual controlling agent)”with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming-and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their currentsuccess.1. The primary purpose of the text is to[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks.[C] propose a temporary solution to a problem.[D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm.[B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government.[D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.3.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible4 According to the text, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have[A] been especially vulnerable to government mismanagement of the economy.[B] been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors.[C] not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations.[D] not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers.5 The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should [A] avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding.[B] concentrating on securing even more business from that corporation.[C] use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns.[D] try to expand its customer bases to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation.Passage 2Years of research had educated me about how sugar, fat, and salt change the brain. I understood some of the parallels between hyperpalatable foods and drugs of abuse, and about the links among sensory stimulation, cues, and memory. I'd met enough people like Claudia and Maria to understand how even the thought of food could cause them to lose control.But I wasn't fully prepared for the discoveries I made about irresistibility and whoosh, the Monster Thickburger and Baked! Cheetos Flamin' Hot, about indulgence and purple cows. Without necessarily understanding the underlying science, the food industry has discovered what sells.I was sitting at Chili's Grill & Bar in Chicago's O'Hare Airport waiting for a late-night flight. At a nearby table a couple in their early forties was deep into a meal. The woman was overweight, with about 180 pounds on her five-foot-four-inch frame. The Southwestern Eggrolls she had ordered were listed as a starter course, but the enormous platter infront of her had been heaped with food. The dish was described on the menu as "smoked chicken, black beans, corn, jalape?o Jack cheese, red peppers, and spinach wrapped inside a crispy flour tortilla," and it was served with a creamy avocado-ranch dipping sauce. Despite its name, the dish looked more like a burrito than an egg roll, an only-in-America fusion approach.I watched as the woman attacked her food with vigor and speed. She held the egg roll in one hand, dunked it into the sauce, and brought it to her mouth while using the fork in her other hand to scoop up more sauce. Occasionally she reached over and speared some of her companion's french fries. The woman ate steadily, working her way around the plate with scant pause for conversation or rest. When she finally paused, only a little lettuce was left.Had she known someone was watching her, I'm sure she would have eaten differently. Had she been asked to describe what she had just eaten, she probably would have substantially underestimated her consumption. And she would probably have been surprised to learn what the ingredients in her meal really were.The woman might have been interested in how my industry source, who had called sugar, fat, and salt the three points of the compass, described her entree. Deep-frying the tortilla drives down its water content from 40 percent to about 5 percent and replaces the rest with fat."The tortilla is really going to absorb a lot of fat," he said. "It looks like an egg roll is supposed to look, which is crispy and brown on the outside."The food consultant read through other ingredients on the label, keeping up a running commentary as he did. "Cooked white meat chicken, binder added, smoke flavor. People like smoky flavor — it's the caveman in them." "There's green stuff in there," he said, noting the spinach. "That makes me feel like I'm eating something healthy." "Shredded Monterey Jack cheese.... The increase in per-capita consumption of cheese is off the chart."The hot peppers, he said, "add a little spice, but not too much to kill everything else off." He believed the chicken had been chopped and formed much like a meat loaf, with binders added, which makes those calories easy to swallow. Ingredients that hold moisture, including autolyzed yeast extract, sodium phosphate, and soy protein concentrate, further soften the food. I noticed that salt appeared eight times on the label and that sweeteners were there five times, in the form of corn-syrup solids, molasses, honey, brown sugar, and sugar."This is highly processed?" I asked."Absolutely, yes. All of this has been processed such that you can wolf it down fast...chopped up and made ultrapalatable.... Very appealing looking, very high pleasure in the food, very high caloric density. Rulesout all that stuff you have to chew."By eliminating the need to chew, modern food processing techniques allow us to eat faster. "When you're eating these things, you've had 500, 600, 800, 900 calories before you know it," said the consultant. "Literally before you know it." Refined food simply melts in the mouth.1. It can be inferred from the author's description of the woman eating in paragraph four that(A) The woman prefers to eat at Chili's vs. other restaurants.(B) The woman truly enjoys the foods that she chooses to eat.(C) The woman's efficiency at cleaning her plate adds to her dining experience.(D) The author is disgusted by the woman's consumption.(E) The author believes the woman should take a course in healthy eating.2. According to the passage, the main reason people overeat is(A) because salt and sweeteners, like corn-syrup solids and brown sugar, are added to the food.(B) because we don't have to chew our food very much(C) because people like smoky flavor(D) because sugar, fat and salt change the brain(E) because we are used to eating quickly in this modern society3. The following are all ingredients in the egg rolls, EXCEPT(A) salt (B) binders (C) honey (D) spinach (E) dark meat chicken4. Which of the following statements best describes the main idea of the passage?(A) If you eat too much food too quickly, you'll gain weight and become unhealthy.(B) Because refined food is irresistible and easy to eat, it masks how unhealthy it is, leaving people unaware of the poor food choices they're making.(C) Chili's is one of the restaurants in the U.S. serving unhealthy food to consumers today.(D) Food consultants and authors are making Americans aware of their unhealthy eating habits, thus, creating healthier generations for years to come.(E) Refined foods, with salt, sugar, and fat hidden inside, are less nutritious and more damaging than whole foods.5. In the first sentence of paragraph four, the word "vigor" most nearly means(A) pleasure (B) flamboyance (C) lethargy (D) energy (E) craftinessPassage 3No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given.The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it issubjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continent. Theoretically， this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a （conveyer belt） and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge.This view may be correct： it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.On the other hand， the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines， and it certainly does not occur long lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction， as the ridge is.It has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.Such a backoupling， in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it， could produce complicated and varying motionsAlso it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean.This plate is growing on both sides， and since there is no intermediate trench， the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the rising convectioncurrents kept exact pace with them.An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate， which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle， pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic， where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas， such as the Sea of apan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods.These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins.The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth's surface and seriously require explanation because， in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs， there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin，such as the Gulf of Mexico， the Black Sea， and perhaps the North Sea.1. According to the traditional view of the origin of the oceanbasins， which of the following is sufficient to move the continental plates？（A） Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors（B） Spreading of ocean trenches（C） Movement of mid-ocean ridges（D） Sinking of ocean basins（E） Differences in temperature under oceans and continents2. It can be inferred from the passage that， of the following， the deepest sediments would be found in the（A） Indian Ocean（B） Black Sea（C） Mid-Atlantic（D） South Atlantic（E） Pacific3. The author refers to a “conveyer belt ”in line 13 in order to （A） illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle（B） show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents（C） demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge（D） describe the complicated motions made possible by back-coupling （E） account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges4.According to the passage， which of the following are separated bya plate that is growing on both sides？（A） The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan（B） The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge（C） The Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic Ridge（D） The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean Ridge（E） The Black Sea and the Sea of Japan5. Which of the following titles would best describe the content of the passage？（A） A Description of the Oceans of the World（B） Several Theories of Ocean Basin Formation（C） The Traditional View of the Oceans（D） Convection and Ocean Currents（E） Temperature Differences Among the Oceans of the WorldPassage 4In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun (shogun: n.<日>幕府时代的将军) to the humblest samurai (samurai: n.(封建时代的)日本武士,日本陆军军官), found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords’failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords’control. Concentration of the samurai in castle-towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged toengage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords’income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in overlords’income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary office-holding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.It was difficult for individual samurai overlords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the income of Japan’s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constrained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. Cash profits from government-owned mines were already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation wastechnically unfeasible. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.Most of the country’s wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun’s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyo-kin; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount, they were high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shoguns’search for solvency for the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet.1. The passage is most probably an excerpt from(A) an economic history of Japan(B) the memoirs of a samurai warrior(C) a modern novel about eighteenth-century Japan(D) an essay contrasting Japanese feudalism with its Western counterpart(E) an introduction to a collection of Japanese folktales2. Which of the following financial situations is most analogous to the financial situation in which Japan’s Tokugawa shoguns found themselves in the eighteenth century?(A) A small business borrows heavily to invest in new equipment, but is able to pay off its debt early when it is awarded a lucrative government contract.(B) Fire destroys a small business, but insurance covers the cost of rebuilding.(C) A small business is turned down for a loan at a local bank because the owners have no credit history.(D) A small business has to struggle to meet operating expenses when its profits decrease.(E) A small business is able to cut back sharply on spending through greater commercial efficiency and thereby compensate for a loss of revenue.3. Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author toward the samurai discussed in lines 11-16?(A) Warmly approving (B) Mildly sympathetic(C) Bitterly disappointed(D) Harshly disdainful (E) Profoundly shocked4. The passage suggests that, in eighteenth-century Japan, the office of tax collector(A) was a source of personal profit to the officeholder(B) was regarded with derision by many Japanese(C) remained within families(D) existed only in castle-towns(E) took up most of the officeholder’s time5. The passage implies that which of the following was the primary reason why the Tokugawa shoguns turned to city merchants for help in financing the state?(A) A series of costly wars had depleted the national treasury.(B) Most of the country’s wealth appeared to be in city merchants’ hands.(C) Japan had suffered a series of economic reversals due to natural disasters such as floods.(D) The merchants were already heavily indebted to the shoguns.(E) Further reclamation of land would not have been economically advantageous.汉译英北京，7月11日-中国警方命令一个报道中国社会和经济发展超过10年的知名西方时事通刊物志停刊，该刊物的英国编辑如是说。
华中科大2231现代分析化学专业考博大纲及试题样题
华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试《现代分析化学》考试大纲一、考试性质：鉴于分析化学在生物医学工程和生物信息技术专业中的重要性，所以把现代分析化学列入生物医学工程和生物信息技术博士研究生考试科目中。
通过考试，保证所录取的考生具有较好的分析化学基础，满足新世纪生物医学工程和生物信息技术对本专业研究生的要求。
二、考试形式1、考试方式：闭卷、笔试2、考试时间：180分钟3、题型及比例：填空题30%左右选择题20%左右问答题40%左右计算题10%左右三、考查要点：1、定量分析概论：分析方法分类、定量分析过程、定时分析结果的表示、分析化学中的误差、有效数字和运算规则、滴定分析概论：基准物质、标准溶液、滴定分析计算2、酸碱平衡和酸碱滴定：浓度、活度和活度系数、酸碱平衡常数、分布系数及其计算、质子条件和pH计算、酸碱缓冲溶液、酸碱指示剂、酸碱滴定基本原理、滴定曲线、终点误差、酸碱滴定应用3、络合滴定法分析化学中常用的络合物、络合物的平衡常数、副反应系数和条件稳定常数、金属例子指示剂、络合滴定基本原理、络合滴定中的酸度控制、提高络合滴定选择性的途径、络合滴定方式和应用4、氧化还原滴定法氧化还原平衡、氧化还原滴定原理、氧化还原滴定的预处理、氧化还原滴定应用5、重量分析和沉淀滴定法重量分析概述、沉淀的溶解度及其影响因素、沉淀类型和沉淀形成过程、影响沉淀纯度的主要因素、沉淀条件的选择、有机沉淀剂、重量分析中的换算因素、沉淀滴定法、滴定分析小结6、吸光光度法概述、光度分析法的设计、光度分析法的误差、光度分析法的应用7、分析化学中的数据处理标准偏差、随机误差的正态分布、少量数据的统计处理、误差传递、回归分析法、提高分析结果准确度的方法8、分析化学中的分离和富集方法概述、液液萃取分离法、离子交换分离法、液相色谱分离法、气浮分离法、新型分离富集方法简介。
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医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：同济医学院药学院药用分析化学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
化学位移和偶合常数、特征峰和相关峰、
二、简答题
1、什么是基准物质？基准物质的要求
2、ESI和APCI的原理和特点
3、按分离机制分的四种色谱分离的机制
4、紫外光谱的定量基础是什么？该定律的使用条件
三ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้论述题
液相的条件、分离度、物质的极性以及液相和气相的优缺点。（是实际问题）