华中科技大学儿科学2018年考博真题考博试卷
2018级博士生英语试卷(答)(1)
`English Final Exam for 2018 Doctoral Students(Dec. 27, 2018)Student NO.___________________ Name____________________Paper OneEnglish Writing for Biomedical PurposesPart IDirections: Choose the right one from the four choices marked A, B, C or D.1.Inconsistent with previous studies, our results from a large cohort of patients_____ this long-standing assumption.A. contrastB. compareC. reinforceD. challenge2.Patients who were receiving mechanical ventilation were considered _____ ifthey met the following modified criteria for acute lung injury or the acute respiratory distress syndrome.A. acceptableB. eligibleC. considerableD. credible3.However, results from several small studies in humans have yielded inconclusiveevidence of a beneficial _____ of ascorbic acid on lead toxicity.A. effectB. effectivenessC. affectionD. efficacy4. A _____ disease such as diabetes can affect the whole body.A. systematicB. systemicC. generalD. whole5.All tumours from AOM treated mice were _____ to histological examinationafter routine processing and haematoxylin and eosin staining.A. subjectB. subjectedC. injectedD. directed6.Serious arrhythmias are prevented whenever possible by _____ treatment ofpremonitory signs or otherwise controlled immediately after recognition byappropriate therapy.A. aggressiveB. recessiveC. abusiveD. successive7.CT scans and digital subtraction angiograms of these patients wereretrospectively reviewed by two investigators in _____ to evaluate tumor feeding vessels.A. agreementB. consentC. approvalD. consensus8.The beneficial effects of pharmacotherapy for chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease (COPD) are well _____.A. elusiveB. confirmedC. establishedD. achieved9.Chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rodents is also suppressed by _____of NSAIDs.A. treatmentB. administrationC. managementD. registration10.Thus, it _____ further investigation of whether mfat-1 expression in diseasemodels such as non-obese mice can mitigate the development of type 1 diabetes.A. elucidatesB. interpretsC. warrantsD. guarantees11.We used a _____ questionnaire to determine whether participants met theAmerican College of Rheumatology survey criteria for gout.A. supplementaryB. complimentaryC. complementaryD. sentimental12.Ubiquitinated p53 was detected _____ immunoblotting _____ the DO-1 p53antibody.A.by...withB.for...inC.with...forD.via...on13.Cells were placed _____ a 60Co Picker unit irradiator (1.56 Gy/min) andexposed _____ 8 Gy -irradiation.B.in...withC.in...toD.on...to14.Our aim was to _____ whether or not vitamin D supplementation or deficiencyin infancy could affect occurrence of type 1 diabetes.A. studyB. ascertainC. clarifyD. research15._____ intake of purine-rich vegetables or protein is not associated with anincreased risk of gout.A. IntermediateB. ModerateC. MediumD. Immediate16.We would like to express our _____ to all the interview partners at the WorldHealth Organization for their time, expertise, and confidence.A. magnitudeB. altitudeC. aptitudeD. gratitude17.Apoptosis was analyzed _____ a FACScan(Becton Dickinson) and quantified_____ percentage of annexin-V and PI-positive.A. in...asB. on...forC. on...asD. by...for18._____ primary culture, the cells were resuspended _____ Dulbecco’s modifiedEagle’s medium containing 10% (vol/vol) fetal bovine serum and gentamicin.A.By...withB.For...inC.To...byD.At...over19.Ebola virus can spread among humans primarily through unprotected directcontact of skin or mucous membranes with blood or body fluids of a person who is ill with EVD, or the _____ of a deceased patient who had EVD.A. corpusB. corpseC. corpsD. lupus20.Treatment _____ a low dose of cadmium chloride (1 mg/kg) showed no effect onthe testis, and DAZL staining was comparable _____ control (Fig.1B).A.of...toC.at...asD.at...with21.P-gp expression was strongly induced by SJW (400% increase at 300 µg ml-1)and by HYP (700% at 3 µM) _____ a dose-dependent manner.A.onB.inC.withD.by22.Baseline ADMA levels were higher in patients who had died than in patientswho were alive at 1 year follow-up (1.23［0.98 to 1.56］_____ 0.95［0.77 to 1.20］mmol/L, p＜0.001).A.fromB. B. versusC. C. toD.D. with23.The _____ for taking this approach is clear enough.A. rationaleB. notionC. hypothesisD. explanation24.This drug contains no _____ substances and has no side effects.A. toxinB. tonicC. toxicD. poisonous25.The risk of DVT and PE were significantly _____, and were highest in the firsttwo weeks, after urinary tract infection.A. roseB. raisedC. arousedD. arose26.Data was collected in the first year of life about frequency and dose of vitamin Dsupplementation and _____ of rickets.A. prescriptionB. absenceC. presentationD. presence27.Prostacyclin (PGI2) is produced from the endothelium throughcyclooxygenase-1, and binds to specific _____ in SMCs and activates adenylate cyclase.A. receiversB. receptorsC. receiptsD. recipient28.To _____ the hypothesis, experiments involving Western blots and RNAinterference were performed.A. testifyB. verifyC. justifyD. certify29.Over the past 5 decades, the proportion of DM-associated cardiovasculardiseases has been on the rise, thus _____ the need for more efforts to aggressively control the risk factors of CVDs.urgingA. urgingB. highlightingC. pressingD. enlightening30.Children _____ of having rickets during the first year of life had a RR of3.0(1.0-9.0) compared with those without the disease.A. doubtedB. suspectedC. diagnosedD. suspended31.Curcumin, a traditional medicine, exhibits anticarcinogenic andanti-inflammatory _____.A. asperityB. propertiesC. perspectivesD. prosperity32.In this study, we aimed to examine the rate of thrombolytic therapy in youngstroke patients with and without a history of migraine. We _____ that migraine would be associated with a lower rate of thrombolytic therapy.A. hypothesizesB. speculatedC. postulatedD. stipulated33.The mechanism by which PA28 exerts these effects has not been _____.A. anticipatedB. elucidatedC. remuneratedD. eliminated34.We utilized a previously described _____ to evaluate ubiquitination (Li et al,2013).A. agendaB. programC. portfolioD. protocol35.Surgical specimens of human colon cancer and adjacent normal colon mucosatissues were taken from eight Japanese patients who had _____ surgical operations for colorectal cancers at the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, and samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen.A. undertakenB. undergoneC. conductedD. performed36.It consists of 10 pages of text, 2 tables, 2 pages of ____ to figures, and 6photocopies of figures.A. legendsB. accountsC. descriptionsD. introductions37.There have been no reports ____ of rosiglitazone–associated elevations in theaminotransferase level or hepatotoxicity.A. to dateB. right nowC. for nowD. to go38.As shown in Table 1, p8 was overexpressed in 71.1% of PC and in 100% of PCcell lines, ____ it was not overexpressed in MC.A. howeverB. althoughC. whereasD. albeit39.The RT-PCR assay was repeated at least three times per each sample to confirmthe ____of the results.A. reproducibilityB. availabilityC. probabilityD. likelihood40.____ asthma, Th2 cytokines are a crucial contributing factor of allergic airwayinflammation and AHR.A. In the case ofB. In case ofC. Regardless ofD. Irrespective ofPart IIDirections: Choose the right one from the given four tenses marked A, B, C or D.ResultsZebrafish nkx2.5 Can Activate myo-2 Expression When Expressed in C. elegans Body Wall Muscle.To determine whether zebrafish nkx2.5 __46__ similarly to che-22, we __47__ nkx2.5 in C. elegans Body Wall Muscle and examined expressionof the endogenous myo-2 gene by antibody staining. The rationale for this approach __48__ as follows. In wild-type C. elegans, che-22 __49__ expressed exclusively in pharyngeal muscle, whereas it __50__ expression of the pharyngeal muscle-specific myosin heavy chain gene myo-2. However, ectopic expression of che-22 in body wall muscle __51__ expression of myo-2. Because myo-2 __52__ normally never expressed in body wall muscle, this extopic expression assay provides a sensitive test for che-22 function. We __53__ two transgenic lines expressing an nkx2.5 cDNA under the control of the unc-54 body wall muscle-specific promoter. In both lines, we __54__ myo-2 expression in the body wall muscles (Fig. 1 A and B). These results __55__ that nkx2.5 can function like che-22 to induce myo-2 expression.41.A. can function B. could function C. can have functioned D. could have functioned42.A. express B. expressed C. have expressed D. had expressed43.A. was B. is C. has been D. had been44.A. is B. was C. had been D. has been45.A. activates B. activated C. has activated D. had activated46.A. could activate B. can activate C. could have activated D. can have activated47.A. was B. has been C. had been D. is48.A. generate B. have generated C. had generated D. generated49.A. detected B. detect C. have detected D. had detected50.A. showed B. show C. had shown D. have shownPart IIIDirections: Choose the one that best fits into the Discussion Section from the four choices marked A, B, C or D.DISCUSSIONThe p8 gene is barely expressed in NP but is overexpressed in acute pancreatitis (4, 12) . It is also strongly __56__ in pancreatic development and regeneration (4) . We have demonstrated that p8 is overexpressed in PC in the__57__ study. The characteristic expression of p8 is mainly attributable to its mitogenic activity (5) .__58__, p8 expression in PC would not be cancer-specific. __59__, it should be clarified whether p8 overexpression in PC is simply attributable to the excessive growth activity of cancer cells or to some genetic change(s), such as mutations.We __60__ the correlation between p8 overexpression and various clinicopathological parameters in PC. Larger tumors (>2 cm) showed a significantly higher overexpression rate of p8, and less differentiated types, advanced stages, and cases characterized by shorter survival tended to show p8 overexpression. These results also reflect the mitogenic activity of p8.__61__ reports (4, 5) have shown that p8 expression is induced by various proapoptotic __62__. It is suggested that p8 has an anti-apoptotic function (4, 5) . The significance of apoptosis in cancer cells is controversial. High spontaneous apoptosis is __63__ to be correlated with poor prognosis in PC (13) . If p8 has anti-apoptotic activity, p8 overexpression in PC cells would lead to resistance against apoptosis. Although we have not demonstrated the relationship between p8 and apoptosis in PC, the tendency toward shorter survival in p8-overexpressing cases is not __64__ with the past report (13) . It should be investigated whether p8 promotes PC cell growth through its anti-apoptotic activity.It is __65__ that p8 is a DNA-binding protein. As a transcriptional factor, it has a role in some phosphorylation/dephosphorylation signal pathways that involve its translocation to the nucleus and specific binding to DNA (4) . Potentially, p8 is phosphorylated by various kinases (4, 5) . Recent reports (14) showed that some kinases, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinase, lead to inappropriate pancreatic cellular proliferation. Genetic mutations of K-ras, p16, and p53 in PC lead to cellular proliferation __66__ the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and/or the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways (14) . It is to be examined whether there is p8mutation in PC and how p8 participates in kinase signaling pathways.Recently, candidate of metastasis-1, a __67__ factor in human breast cancer, was identified (15) . Interestingly, p8 is structurally similar to candidate of metastasis-1 (15) . p8 might be __68__ in cancer metastasis, however, we could not find a significant difference in p8 expression between primary and metastatic lesions in our study. The relationship between p8 expression and cancer metastasis needs to be studied further.In __69__, we have demonstrated the overexpression of p8 in human pancreatic cancer. Our results suggest that p8 participates in the __70__ of pancreatic cancer, which reflects its mitogenic activity.51.A. induced B. reduced C. introduced D. seduced52.A. current B. / C. present D. former53.A. Thereafter B. Subsequently C. Additionally D. Therefore54.A. But B. Similarly C. However D. Consequently55.A. researched B. investigated C. discussed D. detected56.A. Previous B. Other C. Published D. Numerous57.A. stimuli B.stimulants C. stimulations D. simulations58.A. reported B. hypothesized C. concluded D. analyzed59.A. similar B. resilient C. consistent D. identical60.A. suggested B. confirmed C. recommended D. proposed61.A. via B. viz C. on D. along62.A. fresh B. risk C. novel D. contributing63.A. resolved B. dissolved C. immersed D. involved64.A. summarization B. summary C. end D. all65.A. attack B. onset C. development D. appearance Part IVDirections: Translate into English the Chinese phrases given in the brackets to complete the preceding sentences.1.After controlling for age, sex, race, preexisting coronary heart disease, mean arterial blood pressure,diabetes, glucose level, cholesterol level, smoking, body mass index, and study site, the presence of retinopathy____________. (与慢性心力衰竭发病危险增加2倍有关)2.Maximum mean relative enhancement ratio and mean slope of relative enhancement of lung cancerpatients____________. (明显低于健康人)3.____________ receive either alendronate (10 mg per day) or calcitriol (0.5 μg per day) a mean(±SD) of 21±11 days after transplantation. (149例病人被随机分组)4.These results establish Nrg4 as a brown fat–enriched endocrine factor ____________, includingtype 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). (对治疗肥胖相关疾病具有潜在作用)5.____________ reported GSPE strongly decreased NO and iNOS expression by LPS-stimulatedmacrophages. （我们的研究成果与Houde 等人之前所做的研究一致）6.Among 988 patients with gastric cancer, pernicious anemia ____________. (有11例原已确诊为恶性贫血)7.Background: Obesity____________. (被认为是结直肠癌发病的重要危险因素)8.The p8 was overexpressed (positive cells >25% in 1,000 cells) in 27 of 38 (71%) of PCs,____________. (而慢性胰腺炎中仅有17%)9.However, ____________.（几个小规模的临床研究结果没有产生充分证据证明抗坏血酸对铅毒性具有有益作用）10.____________.（使用长效β2激动剂大大改善了慢性阻塞性肺病患者的治疗效果）。
华中科技大学神经解剖学2018年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
华中科技大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：神经解剖学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（5 分 1 题，共 40 分） 1.纹状体 2.鼓索 3.蛛网膜下腔 4.睫状神经节 5.被盖 6.面神经丘 7.脑桥小脑三角 8.Willis 环 二、问答题（共 60 分） 1.脑干特殊内脏运动核的名称、位置及分布（16 分） 2.下颌神经的纤维成分、分支分布（12 分） 3.背侧丘脑腹后核的分布、纤维联系及功能（8 分） 4.延髓外侧综合征的病因、主要症状及其原因（16 分） 5.脑脊液的产生及循环途径（8 分）
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ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
博士儿科试题及答案
博士儿科试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 新生儿黄疸最常见的原因是：A. 溶血性疾病B. 先天性胆道闭锁C. 母乳性黄疸D. 肝脏疾病答案：C2. 小儿肺炎最常见的病原体是：A. 病毒B. 支原体C. 细菌D. 真菌答案：C3. 儿童生长发育迟缓的最常见原因是：A. 遗传因素B. 营养不良C. 慢性疾病D. 内分泌疾病答案：B4. 儿童期最常见的贫血类型是：A. 铁缺乏性贫血B. 地中海贫血C. 再生障碍性贫血D. 溶血性贫血答案：A5. 儿童哮喘的主要诊断依据是：A. 家族史B. 过敏史C. 反复发作的喘息D. 肺部听诊答案：C6. 儿童期最常见的肾脏疾病是：A. 急性肾小球肾炎B. 慢性肾小球肾炎C. 肾盂肾炎D. 肾结石答案：A7. 儿童糖尿病最常见的类型是：A. 1型糖尿病B. 2型糖尿病C. 妊娠糖尿病D. 特殊类型糖尿病答案：A8. 儿童期最常见的先天性心脏病是：A. 室间隔缺损B. 房间隔缺损C. 动脉导管未闭D. 法洛四联症答案：C9. 儿童期最常见的遗传性疾病是：A. 唐氏综合症B. 苯丙酮尿症C. 囊性纤维化D. 血友病答案：A10. 儿童期最常见的肿瘤是：A. 白血病B. 脑瘤C. 肾母细胞瘤D. 神经母细胞瘤答案：A二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 以下哪些是儿童期生长发育的重要指标？A. 体重B. 身高C. 头围D. 血压答案：ABC2. 儿童期常见的感染性疾病包括：A. 麻疹B. 风疹C. 水痘D. 腮腺炎答案：ABCD3. 儿童期常见的消化系统疾病包括：A. 腹泻B. 便秘C. 胃食管反流D. 肠套叠答案：ABCD4. 儿童期常见的神经系统疾病包括：A. 脑炎B. 癫痫C. 脑积水D. 脑肿瘤答案：ABCD5. 儿童期常见的内分泌疾病包括：A. 甲状腺功能亢进B. 糖尿病C. 生长激素缺乏症D. 性早熟答案：ABCD三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述儿童期生长发育的特点。
华中科技大学内科学(风湿内科)2007,2009,2012,2013,2017--2018年考博初试真题
一、急性坏死性胰腺炎的处理原则。
二、早期肺癌的
检查方法和诊断依据。
三、中枢性白血病的特点和防治。
四、1.急性左心衰竭的病理、临床表现处理原则。
2.变异型心绞痛的特点和治疗适宜药及禁忌药。
五、列表说明肾型高血压和原发型高血压的鉴别要点。
六、SLE的鉴别要点。
七、DIC的诊断依据。
八、常用肾功能检查方法及其临床意义。
九、131I在甲亢诊断中应用价值。
十、糖尿病酮症酸中毒的处理原则。
华中科技大学同济医学院内科学（专业）试题（1992）
一、试述急性胃粘膜病变的发病机理及幽门螺杆菌的致病机理。（10分）
二、简述肝性脑病的发病机理及治疗。（10分）
三、按类别举例常用抗心绞痛的药物6种，并说明各类药物的作用机理。（10分）
3病例分析简单
4GWAS含义？意义？举例
5基因诊断定义，分型，意义，举例6个说明
风湿方向
Fetly综合征
anti-ccp
sohobe试验
白塞病
成人still"s病的诊断依据
RA的诊断标准和进展
华中科技大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：风湿内科
注意：所
华中科技大学同济医学院
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（风湿内科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、公共部分（40分）
一、名词解释（5x4）
1. hepotic encepholopathy
2. contrast-induced nephropathy
华中科技大学内科学(心内科)2018年考博真题试卷
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华中科技大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（心内科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
公共部分（40分） 一、名词解释（hepotic encepholopathy 2. contrast-induced nephropathy 3. hyponatremia 4. leckemoid reaction 二、简答题（10*2分） 1. 急性左心衰的治疗。 2. 简述慢性肺源性心脏病的治疗原则。
华中科技大学儿科学2005,2008,2012,2015--2016,2018年考博真题
华中科技大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：儿科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（8*5分=40分） 1、PPHN 2、bitot^s spot 3、艾森曼格综合征 4、癫痫持续状态 5、髓外造血 6、somogyi现象 7、咽结合膜热 8、RTA 注：以上全为英文，先翻译成中文，再解释。 二、问答题（6*10分=60分） 1、新生儿窒息的病理生理机制。 2、营养不良引起迁延性腹泻和慢性腹泻的原因及治疗方法。 3、贫血的实验室检查及意义。 4、肾病综合征的主要并发症及机制。 5、苯丙酮尿症的发病机制及实验室检查。 6、重症手足口病的临床表现，需要与哪些疾病鉴别。
医学考博 历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
华中科技大学
2005年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：儿科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
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一、名词解释（5分×4题） 1. 持续胎儿循环 2. 差异性青紫 3. Koplik斑 4. 绿色瘤 二、问答题（10分×8题） 1.
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华中科技大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：儿科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
名词解释： 1DIC 2.新生儿呼吸窘迫综合症 3.Tuner 综合征 4. 原发综合征 （5分*4） 论述题： 1.肾病综合征的分类和治疗原则（20分） 2.儿童白血病的现代学诊断标准和治疗原则（20分） 3.新生儿黄疸的分类和病因（25分） 4.川崎病的诊断标准和治疗原则（15分）
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华中科技大学考博英语模拟题2018年(1)_真题无答案
华中科技大学考博英语模拟题2018年(1)(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Reading ComprehensionPassage OneThere are those whom we instantly recognize as clinging to the traditional values of travel, the people who endure a kind of alienation and panic in foreign parts for the after-taste of having sampled new scenes. On the whole, travel at its best is **fortless, but travel is never easy: you get very tired, you get lost, you get your feet wet, you get little co-operation, and—if it is to have any value at all—you go alone. Homesickness is part of this kind of travel. In these circumstances, it is possible to make interesting discoveries about oneself and one"s surroundings. Travel has less to do with distance than with insight: it is, very often, a way of seeing.The second group of travelers has only appeared in numbers in the best twenty years. For these people, paradoxically, travel is an experience of familiar things; it is travel that carries with it the illusion of immobility. It is going to a familiar airport and being strapped into a seat and held captive for a number of hours—immobile; then arriving at an almost identical airport; being whisked to a hotel so fast it is not like movement at all, and the hotel and the food are identical to the hotel and the food in the city one has just left. This is all tremendously reassuring and effortless; indeed, it is possible to go from, say, London to Singapore and not experience the feeling of having traveled anywhere.For many years in the past, this was enjoyed by the rich. It is wrong to call it tourism, because businessmen also travel this way; and many people, who believe themselves to be travelers, object to being called tourists. The luxury travelers of the past set an example for the package tourists of today. In this sort of travel you take your society with you: your language, your food, your styles of hotel and service. It is of course the prerogative of rich nations—America, Western Europe, and Japan. It has had a profound effect on our view of the world. It has made real travel greatly sought-after and somewhat rare. And I think it has caused a resurgence of travel writing.As everyone knows, travel is very unsettling, and it can be quite hazardous and worrying. One way of **ing this anxiety is to travel packaged in style: luxury is a great remedy for the alienation of travel. What helps calm us is a reminder of stability and protection, and what the average package tourist looks for in foreign surroundings is familiar sights.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.The travelers described in paragraph 1 ______.A travel great distancesB are afraid of new experiencesC learn a lot about new placesD receive more help from local peopleSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.According to the author, the "traditional" traveler ______.A feels at home in new placesB enjoys minor discomfortsC should expect to feel homesickD **panySSS_SINGLE_SEL3.The author suggests that the second group of travelers ______.A chooses boring destinationsB is afraid of anything newC would prefer to stay at homeD adapts quickly to fresh surroundingsSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.What gives travel an "illusion of immobility"?A The absence of new experiences.B The onset of fatigue.C The number of people traveling.D The length of the journey.SSS_SINGLE_SEL5.Which of the following statements best sums up the author"s attitude to travel?A Travel has to be tiring to be worthwhile.B The package holiday encourages interest in new places.C Modern travel has **fortable but boring.D Only the rich can travel in comfort.Passage TwoThe Bay filled the middle distance, stretching out of sight on both sides, and one"s eye naturally traveled in a great sight-seeing arc: skimming along the busy Shoreline Freeway, swerving out across the Bay via the long Esseph Bridge to the city"s dramatic skyline, dark downtown skyscrapers posed against white residential hills, from which it leapt across the graceful curves of the Silver Span suspension bridge, gateway to the Pacific, to alight on the green slopes of Miranda County.This vast panorama was agitated, even early in the morning, by every known form of transportation—ships, yachts, cars, trucks, trains, planes, helicopters and hovercrafts—all in simultaneous motion, reminding Philip of the brightly illustrated cover of a children"s book. It was indeed, he thought, a perfect marriage of Nature and Civilization, this view, where one might take in at a glance the consummation of man"s technological skill and the finest splendours of the natural world. The harmony he perceived in the scene was, he knew, illusory. Just out of sight to his left a cloud of smoke hung over the great military and industrial port of Ashland, and to his right the oil refineries of St Gabriel fumed into the limpid air. The Bay, which winked so prettily in the morning sun, was, people said, poisoned by industrial waste and untreated effluent.For all that, Philip thought, almost guiltily, framed by his living-room window and seen at this distance, the view still looked very good indeed.Morris Zapp was less entranced with his view—a vista of dank back gardens, rotting sheds and dripping laundry, huge ill-looking trees, grimy roofs, factory chimneys and church spires—but he had discarded this criterion at a very early stage of looking for accommodation in an English industrial town. You were lucky, he had quickly discovered, if you could find a place that could be kept at a temperature appropriate to human organisms, equipped with the more rudimentary amenities of civilized life, and decorated in a combination of colours and patterns that didn"t make you want to vomit on sight. He had taken an apartment on the top floor of a huge old house owned by an Irish doctor and his extensive family. Dr O"shea had converted the attic with his own hands for the use of an aged mother, and it was to the recent death of this relative, the doctor impressed upon him, that Morris owed the good fortune of finding such enviable accommodation vacant. Morris didn"t see this as a selling point himself, but O"shea seemed to think that the apartment"s sentimental associations were worth at least an extrafive dollars a week to an American torn from the bosom of his own family.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.What sort of movement is suggested by the verbs used to describe the eye"s progress in the first paragraph?A smoothB rapidC interruptedD reluctantSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.Why did Philip look "almost guiltily" at the view?A Because he realized its beauty was deceptive.B Because he felt responsible for the pollution.C Because he felt he was wasting time looking at it.D Because he knew he had a better view than most people.SSS_SINGLE_SEL3.Which factor did Morris consider the most important when choosing accommodation?A A tolerable view.B A pleasant landlord.C A reasonable rent.D An efficient heating system.SSS_SINGLE_SEL4.Dr O"shea expected Morris to find the history of the apartment______.A amusingB comfortingC depressingD excitingSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.What is Morris"s attitude towards accommodation in England?A He is charmed by the quaintness of the houses.B He finds the contrast with America interesting.C He is prepared to make the best of it.D He wishes he had stayed at home.Passage ThreeAll at once Hazel **ing in through the French windows, pulling off gardening gloves, and Bill was entering through the door, both at once. So I only had time to take one quick look at her before I turned to face him. All very confusing. What that first glimpse showed me was that time had thickened her figure but didn"t seem to have made much difference to her face. It still had good skin and youthful outlines. She was holding a bunch of roses—must have been cutting them in the garden while waiting for me. The gardening gloves lent a delightfully informal touch. It was quite an entrance, though Bill spoilt it a bit by making his at the same time.Bill seemed longer and thinner. His tightly massed hair had a tinge of grey. Apart from that, twenty years had done nothing to him, except deepen the lines of thoughtfulness that had already, when I knew him, begun to spread across his face. Or was that all? I looked at him again, more carefully, as he looked away from me at Hazel. Weren"t his eyes different somehow? More inward-looking than ever? Gazing in not merely at his thoughts, but at something else, something he was keeping hidden or perhaps protecting.Then we were chattering and taking glasses in our hands, and I came back to earth. For the first ten minutes we were all so defensive, so carefully probing, that nobody learnt anything. Bill had forgotten me altogether, that much was clear. He was engaged in getting to know me from scratch, very cautiously so as not to hit a wrong note, with the object of getting me to contribute a big subscription to his African project. I kept trying to absorb details about Hazel, but Bill was talking earnestly about African education, and the strain of appearing to concentrate while actually thinking about his wife proved so great that I decided it would be easier just to concentrate. So I did. I let him hammer away for about ten more minutes, and then the daughter, who seemed to be acting as parlour-maid, showed in another visitor. Evidently we were to be four at lunch.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.What effect had time had on Hazel and Bill?A They had both lost weight.B They were more withdrawn.C They hadn"t changed at all.D They had changed in subtle ways.SSS_SINGLE_SEL2.When they all started talking, the writer ______.A relaxed at lastB stopped dreamingC spoke most to HazelD began to remember thingsSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.The writer found the first part of their conversation ______.A sentimentalB irritatingC uninformativeD trivialSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.Why did Bill speak seriously?A Because he wanted some money from the writer.B Because he did not remember the writer.C Because his wife was present.D Because he was talking about the past.SSS_SINGLE_SEL5.In the end the writer found Bill"s conversation ______.A monotonousB convincingC thought-provokingD instructivePassage FourDiversity is a hallmark of life, an intrinsic feature of living systems in the natural world. The demonstration and celebration of this diversity is an endless rite. Look at the popularity of museums, zoos, aquariums and botanic gardens. The odder the exhibit, the more different it is from the **mon and familiar life forms around us, the more successful it is likely to be. Nature does not tire of providing oddities for people who look for them. Biologists have already formally classified 1.7 million species. As many as 30 to 40 million more may remain to be classified.Most people seem to take diversity for granted. If they think about it at all they assume it exists in endless supply. Nevertheless, diversity is endangered as never before in its history. Advocates of perpetual economic growth treat living species as expendable. As a result, an extinction crisis of unprecedented magnitude is under way. Worse yet, when diversity needs help most it is neglected andmisunderstood by much of the **munity that once championed it.Of the two great challenges to the legitimacy of this diversity, the familiar **es primarily from economists. Their argument, associated with such names as Julian Simon, Malcolm McPherson and the late Herman Kahn, can be paraphrased: "First, if endangered species have a value as resources—which has been greatly exaggerated—then we should be able to quantify that value so that we can make unbiased, objective decisions about which species, if any, we should bother to save, and how much the effort is worth. Secondly, the global threat to the diversity of species, particularly in the tropics, has been overestimated. Thirdly, we have good substitutes for the species and ecosystems that are being lost, and these substitutes will nullify the damage caused by the extinctions."The structure of the argument seems to me to be identical in form to that of an old joke from the American vaudeville circuit. One elderly **plained to another about her recent vacation at a resort in the Catskill Mountains in New York State. "The food was terrible", she moaned. "Pure poison. I couldn"t eat a bite. And the portions were so tiny!"Species may be valuable, but not especially so, and the threat to them has been exaggerated. But this does not matter anyway, say the economists, because we can replace any species that vanishes.It is not cleat how much of an impact this argument has on the informed public, but it has certainly provoked an outcry among scientific conservationists. It has set the terms for, and dominated, most of the pro-diversity literature of the past few years, making it a literature of response, thus limiting its scope and creative force.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.Which feature of the natural world do people find especially fascinating?A Its great variety.B Its ancient forms.C Its strange rituals.D Its unclassified species.SSS_SINGLE_SEL2.Which adjective best describes the writer"s attitude towards the**munity?A Respectful.B Supportive.C Critical.D Uncomprehending.SSS_SINGLE_SEL3.Which statement represents the views of economists?A It is important to conserve endangered species.B Endangered species have no value in themselves.C Only some parts of the natural world are under threat.D New species could be introduced as necessary.SSS_SINGLE_SEL4.What point is the writer trying to make about the economists" arguments by including the joke in paragraph 4?A Their case is overstated.B Their logic is unsound.C They are unduly pessimistic.D They ignore the views of ordinary people.SSS_SINGLE_SEL5.Of which paragraph is paragraph 5 a summary?A Paragraph 1B Paragraph 2C Paragraph 3D Paragraph 4Passage FiveWe threaded our way out of the noise and confusion of the Customs shed into the brilliant sunshine on the quay. Around us the town rose steeply, tiers of multi-coloured houses piled haphazardly, green shutters folded back from their windows like the wings of a thousand moths. Behind us lay the bay, smooth as a plate smouldering with that unbelievable blue.Larry walked swiftly, with head thrown back and an expression of such regal disdain on his face that one did not notice his diminutive size, keeping a wary eye on the porters who struggled with his trunks. Behind him strolled Leslie, short, stocky, with an air of quiet belligerence, and then Margo, trailing yards of muslin and scent. Mother, looking like a tiny, harassed missionary in an uprising, was dragged unwillingly to the nearest lamp-post by an exuberant Roger, and was forced to stand there, staring into space, while he relieved pent-up feelings that had accumulated in his kennel. Larry chose two magnificently dilapidated horse-drawn cabs,had the luggage installed in one, and seated himself in the second. Then he looked round irritably."Well?" he asked. "What are we waiting for?""We"re waiting for Mother," explained Leslie. "Roger"s found a lamp-post.""Dear God!" said Larry, and then hoisted himself upright in the cab and bellowed, "Come on, Mother, come on. Can"t the dog wait?" "Coming, dear," called Mother passively and untruthfully, for Roger showed no signs of quitting the post."That dog"s been a damned nuisance all the way," said Larry. "Don"t be so impatient," said Margo indignantly; "the dog can"t help it... and anyway, we had to wait an hour in Naples for you.""My stomach was out of order," explained Larry coldly."Well, presumably his stomach"s out of order," said Margo triumphantly.At this moment Mother arrived, slightly disheveled, and we had to turn our attentions to the task of getting Roger into the cab. He had never been in such a vehicle, and treated it with suspicion. Eventually we had to lift him bodily and hurl him inside, helping frantically, and then pile in breathlessly after him and hold him down. The horse, frightened by this activity, broke into a shambling trot, and we ended in a tangled heap on the floor of the cab with Roger moaning loudly underneath us."What an entry," said Larry bitterly. "I had hoped to give an impression of gracious majesty, and this is what happens... we arrive in town like a troupe of medieval tumblers."SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.What does the town appear to be like?A untidyB flatC picturesqueD modemSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.What did Mother"s behaviour suggest?A She was deliberately wasting time.B She was angry with Larry.C She preferred the dog to her children.D She couldn"t control the situation.SSS_SINGLE_SEL3.What made the dog panic?A The noise on the quay.B Larry"s shouting.C The horse-drawn cab.D The heat of the day.SSS_SINGLE_SEL4.Larry was disappointed at the end of the passage because ______.A the cabs were in poor conditionB the family were so slowC their arrival looked ridiculousD Margo kept arguingSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.The overall impression of Larry is that he was ______.A tolerantB self-importantC undignifiedD unintelligent1。
【精品】2018年 2019年华中科技大学考博 护理考博真题
2018年华中科技大学考博护理学综合（护理理论、护理管理、护理教育）一、名词解释（首先翻译成中文，再进行解释，每个5分）Organizational designSelf-concept modeControl processRole playNursingprocess二、简答题（每个题5分，共20分）1病人的权利有哪些？2请说出King的达标理论的基本观点？3护理专业教师的素养是什么？4请简述护理专业教自我调控能力的构成？三、试述护士长的理艺术在临床中的应用？（15分）四、Orem将护理系芬为哪三种，这三种护理系统的差别在哪里，试举例说明这三种护理系统适合何种病的护理。
（20分）五、论述社会学习的特点过程，影响因素，并结合实际举一例，社会学习理论在护理教育的应用。
（20分）2018年华中科技大学考博护理学研究方法真题一、名词解释（首先翻译成中文，再进行解释）Scientific misconductRCTSnowing ball samplingQ-sort methodEthnographicresearch二、简答题1简述护理研究中应值的伦理原则的具体内容。
2理论框架的概义、作用。
3简述研究信父度的概念及测定方法。
4实验性研究会验研究、非实验性研究的优点、缺点及局限性。
5系统评价与传统综述的区别。
三、论述题（30分）科研申请书（1500-2000字）包括研究背景（立题依据），研究目的、研究方法等。
4英文论文节选，根据该论文回答几个问题。
（20分）英文论文是一篇科研论文，包括研究背景，研究目的，实施方法，结局评价指标。
根据该短文，回答5个问题，例如列举该研究的研究目的，说明该研究的设计类型，统计方法，结局评价指标等。
可在原文中找答案。
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医学考博真题试卷
华中科技大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：儿科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（都是英语） 1. 热性惊厥 2. 婴儿肝炎综合征 3. 持续胎儿循环 4. 氮质血症 5. 疱疹性咽峡炎 6. 性早熟 7. 法洛四联症 8. 髓外造血 二、简答题 1. 肾病综合征并发症及机制。 2. 先天性甲减典型表现及鉴别诊断。 3. 生长发育规律及影响因素。 4. 新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病发病机制。 5. 支原体肺炎表现及影像特征。 6. 贫血辅检有哪些及意义。