《物种灭绝》阅读答案

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江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2025届初三下学期回头考试语文试题含解析

江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2025届初三下学期回头考试语文试题含解析

江苏省南京市南师附中江宁分校2025届初三下学期回头考试语文试题注意事项:1.答卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2.回答选择题时,选出每小题答案后,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑,如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其它答案标号。

回答非选择题时,将答案写在答题卡上,写在本试卷上无效。

3.考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

一、积累1.阅读下列文字,回答下列小题。

在较长一段稔熟地相处之后,我家厨房来了一个不速之客....,那是一缕咖啡的香气。

这是另一路的气味,和他们家绝无相干。

它悄悄地,夹在花椒炸.锅的油烟里,进来了。

这是一股子虚无的气息,有一种(奢华/浮华)的意思在里面,和他们家实惠的风格大相径庭....。

因此,我断定,这又是一户新入位的人家,很没经验地,也将管子接进了烟道,又恰逢顺时顺风,于是,来到我家厨房(凑/瞧)热闹了。

这一路的风格显然要温和、光滑一些,比较具有装饰感,唤起人的瑕想..。

和它不那么实用的性格相符,它并不是按着一日三餐来,不大有定规,显得有些孱.弱似的。

而那先来的,从来一顿不落.,转眼间,油烟全面铺开,又转眼间,油烟席卷而去,总是(风起云涌/叱咤风云)的气势。

但是,有时候,夜已经很深了,那新来的,悄然而至。

咖啡的微苦的香味,弥蔓..开来。

1.文中加点字的字音和加点词语的字形,都正确的一项是()A.稔.熟(niǎn)不速之客B.炸.锅(zhà)大相径庭C.孱.弱(cán)瑕想D.不落.(là)弥蔓2.依次选用文中括号里的词语,衔接最恰当的一项是()A.奢华凑风起云涌B.奢华瞧叱咤风云C.浮华瞧风起云涌D.浮华凑叱咤风云2.将下列句子组成语意连贯的一段话,语序排列正确的一项是( )①全民阅读率的上升,显然是一件好事。

②因此,全民阅读质量的真正提升之路还很漫长。

③但有必要思考的是:现在提升的到底是整体式阅读还是碎片式阅读,到底是深阅读还是浅阅读?④或者把问题进一步简化为:到底是高质量的阅读还是低质量的阅读?⑤在这方面,并没有准确的数字区分,但就我们眼中所见而言,高质量阅读,可能并不尽如人意。

部编版八年级语文下册专题14说明文阅读(解析版)

部编版八年级语文下册专题14说明文阅读(解析版)

专题14 说明文阅读(一)阅读下面的文章,完成问题。

山西光村村居文化放异彩梁冬①光村位于吕梁山脉姑射峰东南麓,是国家历史文化名城山西省新绛县的一个村落。

其美丽的村名,有一段神奇的传说。

相传,五彩缤纷,耀眼夺目,获名光村。

早在新石器时代,这里就有人类繁衍生息,2011年被授予全国历史文化名村。

②有着3000年辉煌历史的光村,经过历代村贤志士的不断创建与修葺,至20世纪40年代③光村深厚古老的文化积淀,还体现于巍然深厚的城垣堞门及城外的环城林。

它们作为光村文化的载体,不仅具有为护村安民提供优良环境的物质作用,是造就一代代光村优秀人才的文化基石。

④光村城垣呈正方形,东西、南北之长皆为一百二十丈。

村围四周城垣完整,高约四丈,车马可以环行。

东、西城墙端南正北一线贯通,不留旁门,子午为轴,南北呼应。

东、西二门又各分南、北城墙为三等份近似..黄金分割。

竖立于村四周的城垣门标新立异,城门各有寓意。

⑤西北,乾元门。

有两重含义:其一是追溯本村的起源;其二是强调这西北方向的重要。

东南,照是耀射。

“继照”二字力沉千钧,任重百世。

其含义十分明显:寄厚望于后昆,广汉门。

广者宽大也,汉可解为汉朝或银汉。

光村始建于北齐可排除汉朝说(天河),又可引申为地上的江河。

西南,大武门。

提醒本村后辈,弃燕雀之小志,学有用之大技,干利国之大业,建为民之丰功。

⑥“地上文物看山西”,在三晋大地,要找出“王家大院”那样的豪宅大院户并非难事,并不多见。

⑦因此,2008年,时任中国文联副主席冯骥才来光村感慨道:“没想到这里的文化遗产这么地道,这些是时间的产物,别看这些门楼已破败,但历史的价值都写在它的上面。

”⑧光村的民居院落以四合院居多,其中最为称奇的是赵家十八座院。

该院始建于乾隆初年,建筑风格有四奇:奇一,一线建起,凡墙接处皆互相咬合绝无垂向接缝,不论面阔几间,皆用通檩;奇三,整个十八座院落院院有门;奇四,全院都是砖木结构,都是四面插廊,檐下花板雕柱,或人虫鸟兽,或山水花木,呼之欲出。

安徽省合肥市第八中学等校2023-2024学年高二下学期期末检测语文试卷(含解析)

安徽省合肥市第八中学等校2023-2024学年高二下学期期末检测语文试卷(含解析)

合肥市第八中学等校2023-2024学年高二下学期期末检测语文试题卷全卷满分150分,考试时间150分钟。

注意事项:1.答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息。

2.请将答案正确填写在答题卡上。

一、现代文阅读(35分)(一)现代文阅读Ⅰ(本题共5小题,18分)阅读下面的文字,完成下面小题。

植物为人类和其他动物提供食物和住所,还能调节气候,给地球带来生机和活力。

但由于人类活动对环境的影响,地球上的物种正在加速灭绝,植物也不例外。

据统计,从1753年至2018年,全球范围内已经有571种种子植物在野外灭绝。

一种植物的消失,对我们来说,并不仅仅是单一物种的消亡,也将会引发一系列连锁反应。

地球上的生物并不是孤立存在的,一种植物的灭亡可能会导致几十种伴生物种的消失,植物的大量灭绝将会动摇人类生存和发展的塔基。

在人类历史上,曾发生过多次由于遗传基础狭窄而引起的粮食安全事件。

拥有相同基因的植物,一旦遭受疾病侵袭,很容易“全军覆没”。

有专家认为,从野生植物的基因中或许能找到解决办法。

如籼稻是由野生稻驯化而来的,在漫长的驯化过程中,籼稻获得了人们所期望的性状,但也失去了部分野生稻特有的基因,其中包括抗病虫、抗逆、高蛋白含量等优良基因。

因此,对于育种专家而言,不适合食用的野生稻可以为改良栽培稻储备丰富的基因源,对解决粮食安全、维护人类生存发展具有重大意义。

因此,为了保护野生植物资源,科学家想出了建造植物“诺亚方舟”的方法,将野生植物的种子提前保存起来,以备不时之需。

现在,很多国家都在努力建设自己的种子库。

而坐落于云南昆明的中国西南野生生物种质资源库,是我国重大科学工程、亚洲最大的野生生物种质资源库。

种质资源是指有活力、有生命力、可以传递给后代的遗传资源,如植物的种子。

种子大约出现在3.6亿年前,是陆地植物在与环境相互适应的过程中不断演化出的高度复杂而精妙的结构,包含植物的全部遗传信息。

通常,成熟的种子会在适宜的条件下开始萌发。

托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文15--2 Mass Extinctions物种灭绝

托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文15--2 Mass Extinctions物种灭绝

托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO15(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Mass Extinctions物种灭绝托福阅读原文【1】Cases in which many species become extinct within a geologically short interval of time are called mass extinctions. There was one such event at the end of the Cretaceous period(around 70 million years ago). There was another, even larger, mass extinction at the end of the Permian period (around 250 million years ago). The Permian event has attracted much less attention than other mass extinctions because mostly unfamiliar species perished at that time.【2】The fossil record shows at least five mass extinctions in which many families of marine organisms died out. The rates of extinction happening today are as great as the rates during these mass extinctions. Many scientists have therefore concluded that a sixth great mass extinction is currently in progress.【3】What could cause such high rates of extinction? There are several hypotheses, including warming or cooling of Earth, changes in seasonal fluctuations or ocean currents, and changing positions of the continents. Biological hypotheses include ecological changes brought about by the evolution of cooperation between insects and flowering plants or of bottom-feeding predators in the oceans. Some of the proposedmechanisms required a very brief period during which all extinctions suddenly took place; other mechanisms would be more likely to have taken place more gradually, over an extended period, or at different times on different continents. Some hypotheses fail to account for simultaneous extinctions on land and in the seas. Each mass extinction may have had a different cause.Evidence points to hunting by humans and habitat destruction as the likely causes for the current mass extinction.【4】American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski, who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest that episodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximately every 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period. The late Cretaceous extinction of the dinosaurs and ammonoids was just one of the more drastic in a whole series of such recurrent extinction episodes. The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with along-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth as meteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact.【5】Of the various hypotheses attempting to account for the late Cretaceous extinctions, the one that has attracted the most attention in recent years is the asteroid-impact hypothesis first suggested by Luis andWalter Alvarez. According to this hypothesis, Earth collided with an asteroid with an estimated diameter of 10kilometers, or with several asteroids, the combined mass of which was comparable. The force of collision spewed large amounts of debris into the atmosphere, darkening the skies for several years before the finer particles settled. The reduced level of photosynthesis led to a massive decline in plant life of all kinds, and this caused massive starvation first of herbivores and subsequently of carnivores. The mass extinction would have occurred very suddenly under this hypothesis.【6】One interesting test of the Alvarez hypothesis is based on the presence of the rare-earth element iridium (Ir).Earth’s crust contains very little of this element, but most asteroids contain a lot more. Debris thrown into the atmosphere by an asteroid collision would presumably contain large amounts of iridium, and atmospheric currents would carry this material all over the globe. A search of sedimentary deposits that span the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods shows that there is a dramatic increase in the abundance of iridium briefly and precisely at this boundary. This iridiumanomaly offers strong support for the Alvarez hypothesis even though no asteroid itself has ever been recovered.【7】An asteroid of this size would be expected to leave an immense crater, even if the asteroid itself was disintegrated by the impact. The intenseheat of the impact would produce heat-shocked quartz in many types of rock. Also, large blocks thrown aside by the impact would form secondary craters surrounding the main crater.To date, several such secondary craters have been found along Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, and heat-shocked quartz has been found both in Mexico and in Haiti.A location called Chicxulub, along the Yucatan coast, has been suggested as the primary impact site.托福阅读试题1.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about mass extinctions?A.They take place over a period of 70 million years.B.They began during the Cretaceous period.C.They eliminate many animal species that exist at the time they occur.D.They occur every 250 million years.2.According to paragraph 2, scientists base their belief that a mass extinction is going on at present on which of the following?A.The speed with which mass extinctions are happening today is similar to the speed of past extinctions.B.The number of species that have died out since the last extinction event is extremely large.C.Mass extinctions occur with regularity and it is time for another one.D.Fossil records of many marine species have disappeared.3.The word extended in the passage is closest in meaning toA.specific.B. unlimited.C.reasonable.D. long.4.According to paragraph 3, each of the following has been proposed asa possible cause of mass extinctions EXCEPTA.habitat destruction.B.continental movement.C.fierce interspecies competition.D.changes in Earth's temperature.5.Paragraph 3 supports which of the following ideas about mass extinctions?A.Scientists know the exact causes of most mass extinctions.B.Mass extinctions are unlikely to happen again in the future.C.Insects, flowering plants, and bottom-feeding predators in the oceans tend to be the first organisms to disappear during episodes of mass extinctions.D.Some mass extinctions occurred on land and in the seas at the same time.6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the underlined sentence (Paragraph 4)in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Based on their studies of extinction rates of numerous fossil groups, paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski have determined that mass extinctions occur about every 26 million years.B.David Raup and John Sepkoski studied extinction rates of numerous fossil groups and suggest that mass extinctions during the Cretaceous period continued for 26 million years.C.Studies that paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski conducted of various fossil groups have revealed that extinction rates have increased over the past 26 million years.D.The studies conducted by paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski of the fossil remains of species suggest that the extinction rate of species started to increase by the middle of the Cretaceous period. 7.According to paragraph 4, what aspect of extinction episodes does the companion-star hypothesis supposedly clarify?A.Their location.B.Their frequency.C.Their duration.D.Their severity.8.The phrase account for in the passage(Paragraph 5)is closest in meaning toA.describe.B.challenge.C.explain.D.test.9.According to paragraph 6, what made iridium a useful test of the Alvarez hypothesis?A.Its occurrence in a few locations on Earth against several locations on other planets.B.Its occurrence in limited quantities on Earth against its abundance in asteroids.C.Its ability to remain solid at extremely high temperatures.D.Its ease of detection even in very small amounts.10.In stating that no asteroid itself has ever been recovered, the author emphasizes which of the following?A.The importance of the indirect evidence for a large asteroid.B.The fact that no evidence supports the asteroid impact hypothesis.C.The reason many researchers reject the Alvarez hypothesis.D.The responsibility of scientists for not making the effort to discover the asteroid itself.11.The word intense(Paragraph 7)in the passage is closest in meaningtoA.sudden.B.unusual.C.immediate.D. extreme.12.What is the purpose of paragraph 7 in the passage?A.It proposes a decisive new test of the Alvarez hypothesis.B.It presents additional supporting evidence for the Alvarez hypothesis.C.It explains why evidence relating to the Alvarez hypothesis is hard to find.D.It shows how recent evidence has raised doubts about the Alvarez hypothesis.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? In general, it is believed that these two extinctions resulted from drastic environmental changes that followed meteorite impacts or massive volcanic eruptions.■Cases in which many species become extinct within a geologically short interval of time are called mass extinctions. ■There was one such event at the end of the Cretaceous period (around 70 million years ago). ■There was another, even larger, mass extinction at the end of the Permian period (around 250 million years ago). ■The Permian event has attracted muchless attention than other mass extinctions because mostly unfamiliar species perished at that time.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.There have been many attempts to explain the causes of mass extinctions.A.Asteroid impacts, evolutionary developments, and changes in Earth's climate and in the positions of the continents have all been proposed as possible causes of mass extinctions.B.Researchers have observed 26-million-year cycles in extinction rates of a number of fossil groups that could all be attributed to the same cause.C.According to the Alvarez hypothesis, much of the iridium originally present on Earth was thrown into the atmosphere as a result of an asteroid impact that also caused a mass extinction.D.The unusual distribution of iridium on Earth and the presence of craters and heat-shocked quartz are central to the theory that an asteroid impact caused the late Cretaceous event.E.The collision between Earth and a large asteroid resulted in massive damage and generated enough heat to cause irreversible changes inEarth's atmosphere.F.There was a particularly large mass extinction that occurred around 250 million years ago at the end of the Permian period, whose cause could not be determined.托福阅读答案1.以mass extinctions做关键词定位至第一句,说大量生物在短时间内灭绝的这种现象叫做大灭绝事件,C是原文的同义替换,所以是正确答案。

初中语文(统编版)八年级下册同步测试:阿西莫夫短文两篇(同步测试)【含答案及解析】

初中语文(统编版)八年级下册同步测试:阿西莫夫短文两篇(同步测试)【含答案及解析】

6阿西莫夫短文两篇知能演练活用夯基达标1.下列加点字的注音全都正确的一项是()A.潮汐.(xī)劫.难(jué)天衣无缝.(fènɡ)B.褶.皱(zhě) 地震.(zhèn) 海洋深渊.(yuān)C.追溯.(sù) 陨.落(yǔn) 地壳.运动(ké)D.彗.星(huì) 衍.射(yǎn) 两栖.动物(xī)2.选择恰当的词语填空。

(1)是大陆在(漂移迁移)而不是恐龙自己在(漂移迁移)。

(2)由于原子之间结合得极为致密,所以这种反弹变化进行得非常(缓慢迅速)。

3.下面这段文字横线处应填入的一组句子,排序恰当的一项是()南极也有自己的恐龙、两栖动物和其他在恐龙时代繁盛的植物和动物。

然而,这些生物的命运比其他同类要悲惨得多,因为板块把它们向南携带到了极地。

大约经历了一亿年,夏天短而且冷,最后成为冰天雪地。

①气候变得越来越寒冷②气候逐渐变冷③动物的种类和数量也大量减少④植物慢慢越来越稀少A.②④③①B.②④①③C.④②③①D.①③④②4.指出下列句子运用的说明方法。

(1)“板块构造”理论很快为地质界几乎所有的问题提供了答案,如火山、地震、岛屿链、海洋深渊等等,这些在以前一直是不解之谜。

()(2)位于南极中心部位的南极洲是全球的大冰箱。

()(3)一立方英寸被压扁的沙子比一立方英寸普通的沙子要重得多。

()(4)如果在850 ℃的温度下把斯石英加热30分钟,它将变为普通沙子。

()5.填空。

(1)本课两篇短文的作者是,他是国作家、科幻小说家。

(2)《恐龙无处不有》依据在南极发现恐龙化石的事实,佐证了;《被压扁的沙子》通过对“被压扁的沙子”的反思,证明。

课内品读阅读下面的文字,完成第6~9题。

①在过去的9年里,科学家们一直对6 500万年前恐龙灭绝的一个新观点争论不休,这个问题最终也许会得到解决。

②1980年,曾经有报道说,在一个6 500万年前形成的沉积物薄层中,发现了稀有金属铱,它的含量异常丰富。

人类灭绝了多少物种阅读答案

人类灭绝了多少物种阅读答案

人类灭绝了多少物种阅读答案【篇一:人类与物种灭绝】txt>我们美丽的星球上生活着很多不同的物种。

根据美国《科学》杂志网站上报道的最新研究结果,地球上已经被定义、命名的生物约有1000万种左右。

包括我们人类在内,这些物种还算和谐地生活在地球上。

每个物种都有自己的天敌,通过相互制约来达到自然界的生态平衡。

自工业革命以来,由于人类的破坏,地球上的物种开始锐减。

近日美国《新科学家》杂志网站上刊登的一项里程碑式的研究结果告诉我们:我们只知道人类史破坏自然界的最大凶手,却可能不知道,对于物种灭绝,人类的的效率是自然的1000倍。

物种灭绝,人类的效率是自然的1000倍这绝对不是危言耸听,北卡罗莱纳州杜汉姆市的杜克大学的研究人员斯图尔特?皮姆早已致力于研究物种多样性科学20多年。

此次关于全球物种灭绝速率的新的估计数据依然是来自斯图尔特?皮姆和他的同事们。

这一项里程碑式的研究成果又一次给人类敲响警钟。

其实早在1995年,皮姆就曾估计,人类活动造成物种灭绝的速率是环境背景绝灭速率的100到1000倍。

然而事实上,皮姆当年的研究既低估了物种目前消失的速率,也同时高估了在过去1000万年到2000万年中环境因素造成物种灭绝的“背景速率”。

他们近日公布的研究成果将这个数字定在了当年的最高上限。

有人可能会好奇,科学家是怎样得知大自然对于物种的灭绝效率。

其实计算自然对于物种的灭绝效率是个巨大的工程,主要通过化石记录和遗传数据。

其中的各项步骤繁琐而复杂,需要很多科学家研究团队来共同协作完成。

皮姆称:“物种灭绝的自然速率很难衡量,但还是有办法的。

在我们开始破坏栖息地之前,新物种出现的速率似乎比原有物种消失的速率要快。

换言之,自然灭绝的速率不会超过自然形成新物种的速率。

”来自国际自然保护联盟瑞士格兰德团队的成员托马斯?布鲁克简单地向《新科学家》杂志记者解释了物种起源的计算方法:“通过研究动物的dna,动物学家们可以得出很多动物种群的家谱,这样就让他们可以计算新物种要花多久才会出现。

2024届山西省太原市高三一模语文试题

2024届山西省太原市高三一模语文试题

太原市2024年高三年级模拟考试(一)语文试卷(考试时间:上午9:00—11:30)注意事项:1.答题前,考生务必将自己的姓名、考试编号填写在答题卡上。

2.回答选择题时,选出每小题答案后,用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑,如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时,将答案写在答题卡上,写在本试卷上无效。

3.考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

一、现代文阅读(35分)(一)现代文阅读Ⅰ(本题共5小题,19分)阅读下面的文字,完成1~5题。

材料一:在今天,地球上生活的每一个人都对应着2亿只昆虫。

你坐在那里阅读这句话的同时,有无数只昆虫正在这个星球上迤逦、爬行,或是展翅飞舞,比全世界所有海滩上的沙砾还多。

无论你喜欢与否,它们都包围着你,因为地球本就是昆虫的星球。

它们的数量多到让人难以想象,而且它们无处不在:森林和湖泊、草原和河流、冻原和高山。

石蝇居住在喜马拉雅山脉海拔约6000米高的寒冷之地,而水蝇则生活在黄石公园滚热的泉水中,那里的温度高于50℃。

世界上最深的山洞那永恒的黑暗里生活着盲眼的穴居蚊,也有昆虫生活在洗礼池、计算机和原油坑里,或者在马胃里的酸液和胆汁之中。

它们还生活在沙漠里、冻海的冰层之下、雪中,以及海象的鼻孔里。

昆虫也许很小,但它们的成就是绝对不容小觑的。

远在人类踏足这个星球之前,昆虫就已经开始从事农业和畜牧业了:白蚁培养真菌作为食物,而蚂蚁则将蚜虫当作奶牛圈养起来;胡蜂是最早用纤维素造纸的生物。

昆虫在千百万年前就解决了空气动力学和导航方面的复杂问题,并且学会了——即使不算是驯服火,至少也算是驯服光,甚至将光掌控在了它们自己的身体里。

不管我们是选择一只一只地数,还是一种一种地数,都可以很有底气地说出昆虫是这个星球所有动物当中最为繁盛的一个纲。

昆虫不仅拥有令人难以置信的个体数量,而且拥有大约100万个不同的种类。

我们来做一个简单的思维实验吧:想象一下,如果世界上所有已知的物种——无论大小——都被授予联合国会员国的席位,那么会议大厅里将会挤成一锅粥,因为即使每个物种只派一位代表,加起来仍然超过150万位。

考研阅读解析1简介

考研阅读解析1简介

31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that提及大型史前动物的灭绝是为了说明[A] large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment.大型动物容易受到环境变化的影响。

[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared.当大型动物消失的时候小型物种存活了下来。

[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today. 大型海洋动物今天面临相同的威胁。

[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones. 成长缓慢的鱼要比成长快速的鱼活得长。

【答案】 C 【考点】推断题。

【分析】通过题干关键词“大型史前动物的灭绝”可以定位到第一段。

作者提到它们的灭绝是由于人类的捕杀,作者在第一段最后一句提到,“如今类似的事情可能会发生在海洋中”。

因此可以得出结论,即,作者是为了引用大型史前动物的灭绝来引出海洋物种同样面临着由于人类过度捕捞而灭绝的这个话题,故正确答案是[C]。

[A]、[B]、[D]选项都没有能够表达出作者的这个意图,而只是很浅层去分析表象。

32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that从迈尔斯博士和沃尔姆博士的论文中我们可以推断出[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%.一些老渔场里大型捕食类鱼种的贮存量已经减少了90%。

[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago.现在渔场的数量只有15年前数量的一半。

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物种灭绝
①地球上的生命正处于又一次大灭绝的时期。

世界上11%的鸟类已经芳影不存,非洲一些地方的类人猿减少了50%,亚洲40%的动物和植物将很快消失,到2025年,全球2/3的海龟也将与我们永别。

②这仅仅是物种灭绝的冰山一角,科学家估计可能每20分钟就有一个物种灭绝或者说一年灭绝27000个物种,很多物种也许人类还闻所未闻便永远从这个星球上消失。

③自然灾害是地质史上前五次物种大灭绝的主要原因,但当前的第六次灭绝却由一种智慧但不理性的物种--人类所驱动。

60亿人口蜂拥在这个星球上,以各种方式消灭着生物多样性。

物种的形成和灭亡本是自然进化的组成部分,然而一些科学家推测当前物种灭绝速度是这种自然进化过程中灭绝速度的100倍甚至1 000倍,而这正是人类破坏力触目惊心的显现。

④随着农业的开发,人类成为一种破坏生态系统的主要力量。

今天在全世界范围内,每年有90000平方千米的森林在消失。

南美亚马刊、河区的雨林正在以每年24000平方千米的速度消失,这相当于每小时消失六个天安门广场的面积。

据统计,目前超过四分之一的地球土地正在开垦,54个国家90%的森林已经消失。

⑤狩猎、捕捞是导致物种灭绝的又一原因。

美洲野牛在欧洲人到来之前有3000万头,由于不断捕猎,1890年只剩下了750头;蓝鲸最初有30万条,大肆捕杀使其在上世纪六十年代就只剩下了几千条。

今天人类继续通过过度捕捞蹂躏着海洋,联合国声称最主要的17种鱼类有15种数量已大幅下降,过度捕捞也必然影响海洋生物的生存。

⑥稀有物种的国际贸易对物种灭绝也起到了推波助澜的作用。

这是一项规模比非法军火贸易还大而仅次于毒品交易的买卖,其一年的净利润达100亿美元。

巨大的利益驱使一些盗猎的犯罪分子铤而走险,如象牙贸易虽在1990年被国际禁止,但每年仍有4000头大象遭遇到猎杀。

⑦环境污染对物种生存而言也是一个严重的威胁。

重金属、阻燃剂、合成激素、杀虫剂和其他碳氢化合物(如DDT和聚氯联二苯)现在到处散播、无处不在。

致癌污染物、污水、酸雨、放射性废物、油污正在不断蹂躏海洋和生态系统。

⑧面对当前的物种大灭绝,人类要清醒地认识到它的危机,但最重要的是人类应走下凌驾于自然的神坛,重新融入自然的怀抱,尊重和善待生命,以对人的理性和道德来对待大自然,唯有此,人类方能感受到大自然馈以的博大之爱,今天的物种灭绝方不会成为拉开人类明日终结的帷幕!
阅读题:
1.根椐文章内容,概括物种灭绝的人为因素。

(4分)
2.文章第①段到2025年,全球2/3的海龟也将与我们永别一句中的将字能否删去?为什么? (3分)
3.第④段除了列数字的说明方法外,还运用了哪些说明方法?请简述其作用。

(3分)
参考答案:
1.(1)农业的开发 (2)狩猎、捕捞 (3)稀有物种的国际贸易(4)环境污染
2.不能。

因为将是表示推测,如果删去,句子意思就变为:到2025年,则全球三分之二的海龟一定会与我们永别,这与实际不符。

原句体现了说明文语言的准确性与严密性。

3.举例子、作比较。

作用:通过举例和比较,更具体地突出了农业的开发是人类破坏生态系统的主要力量。

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