2020职称英语真题及答案-综合类A补全短文
2020年职称英语综合类考试补全短文习题(9)
2020年职称英语综合类考试补全短文习题（9）General Elections in Britain are usually held only once every five ernments can seem to be remote from the people they represent.The process of protesting about government actions is very slow,even though everyone is permitted direct contact to their member of Parliament.（46）Pressure groups will seek to influence those who have political power,such as members of Parliament.（47） If members of a pressure group feel that there is public support from outside their group for their demands,they will tell members of Parliament about this.Pressure groups will thus seek to get support from the public.A powerful way of doing this is by making use of the mass media.（48） Meanwhile,the group will have to be sure of its facts,and fact-finding is thus an important part of its work.Up-to-date information can be made known to members of Parliament and to the general public.Pressure groups will not only seek to make their causes known to government,but also try to inform and influence the public.（49）Pressure groups may support political parties,but will lay stress only on some of their policies.For instance,the Monday Club will support the more right-wing policies of the Conservative Party.（50）A A good example of this sort of activity is provided by the educational work of "Shelter",which fights for better housing for poor peopleB They will want to tell them what policy their interest demandsC For all these reasons there is something of a vacuum between government and the governed,which pressure groups help to fD There can also be public meetings,demonstrations,etcE Governments always stay close to the people.F However,a pressure group is not a politicalparty,because it does not seek complete or continuous political power.答案：46.C 47.B 48.D 49.A 50.F。
2020年职称英语考试《综合A》阅读理解真题及答案
2020年职称英语考试《综合A》阅读理解真题及答案Black Holes Trigger Stars to Self-DestructScientists have long understood that supermassive black holes weighing millions or billions of suns can tear apart stars that come too close. The black hotels gravity pulls harder on the nearest part of the star, an imbalance that pulls the star apart over a period of minutes or hours, once it gets close enough.Scientists say this Uneven pulling is not the only hazard facing the star. The strain of these unbalanced forces can also trigger a nuclear explosion powerful enough to destroy the star from within. Matthieu Brassart and Jean-Pierre Luminet of the Observatoire de Paris in Meudon, France, carried out computer simulations of the final moments of such an unfortunate star's life,as it veered towards a supermassive black hole.When the star gets close enough, the uneven forcesflatten it into a pancake shape. Some previous studies had suggested this flattening would increase the density and temperature inside the star enough to trigger intense nuclear reactions that would tear it apart. But other studies had suggested that the picture would be complicated by shock waves generated during the flattening process and that no nuclear explosion should occur.The new simulations investigated the effects of shock waves in detail,and found that even when their effects are included,the conditions favor a nuclear explosion. "Therewill be an explosion of the star-it will be completelydestroyed," Brassart says. Although the explosion obliterates the star, it saves some of the star's matter from being devoured by the black hole. The explosion is powerful enough to hurl much of the star's matter out of the black hole's reach, he says.The devouring of stars by black holes may already have been observed, although at a much later stage. It is thought that several months after the event that rips the star apart,its matter starts swirling into the hole itself. It heats up as it does so, releasing ultraviolet light and X-rays.If stars disrupted near black holes really do explode, then they could in principle allow these events to be detected at a much earlier stage, says Jules Hatpern of Columbia University in New York, US. "It may make it possible to see the disruption of that star immediately if it gets hot enough," he says.Brassart agrees. "Perhaps it can be observed in the X-rays and gamma rays, but it's something that needs to be more studied," he says. Supernova researcher Chris Fryer of the Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, US, says the deaths of these stars are difficult to simulate, and he is not sure whether the researchers have proven their case that they explode in the process.36.【题干】Something destructive could happen to a star that gets too close to a black hole. Which of the following destructive statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?【选项】A.The black hole could tear apart the star.B.The black hole could trigger a nuclear explosion in the star.C.The black hole could dwindle its size considerably.D.The black hole could devour the star.【答案】C【解析】37.【题干】According to the third paragraph, researchers differed from each other in the problem of_____【选项】A.whether nuclear reaction would occur.B.whether the stars would increase its density and temperature.C.whether shock waves would occur.D.whether the uneven forces would flatten the stars.【答案】A【解析】38.【题干】According to the fourth paragraph, which ofthe following is NOT true?【选项】A.No nuclear explosion would be triggered inside the star.B.The star would be destroyed completely.。
2020职称英语《综合类》阅读理解练习题及答案(1)
2020职称英语《综合类》阅读理解练习题及答案(1) Technology Transfer in GermanyWhen it comes to translating basic research into industrial success, few nations can match Germany. Since the 1940s, the nation's vast industrial base has been fed constant stream of new ideas and expertise from science. And though German prosperity (繁荣) has faltered (衰退) over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as the global economic decline, it still has an enviable record for turning ideas into profit.Much of the reason for that success is the Fraunhofer Society, a network of research institutes that exists solely to solve industrial problems and create sought-after technologies. But today the Fraunhofer institutes have competition. Universities are taking an ever larger role in technology transfer, and technology parks are springing upall over. These efforts are being complemented by the federal programmes for pumping money into start-up companies.Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success, but it is not without its critics. These people worry that favouring applied research will mean neglecting basic science, eventually starving industry of fresh ideas. If every scientist starts thinking like an entrepreneur(企业家), the argument goes, then the traditional principles of university research being curiosity-driven, free and widely available will suffer. Others claim that many of the programmes to promote technology transfer are a waste ofmoney because half the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years.While this debate continues, new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germany's research networks, which bear famous names such as Helmholtz, Max Planck and Leibniz. Yet it is the fourth network, the Fraunhofer Society, that plays the greatest role in technology transfer.Founded in 1949, the Fraunhofer Society is now Europe's largest organisation for applied technology, and has 59 institutes employing 12,000 people. It continues to grow. Last year, it swallowed up the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Communication Technology in Berlin. Today, there are even Fraunhofers in the US and Asia.1What factor can be attributed to German prosperity?ATechnology transfer.BGood management.CHard work.DFierce competition.2Which of the following is NOT true of traditional university research?AIt is free.BIt is profit-driven.CIt is widely available.DIt is curiosity-driven.3The Fraunhofer Society is the largest organisation for applied technology inAAsia.BUSA.CEurope.DAfrica.4When was the Fraunhofer Society founded?AIn 1940.BLast year.CAfter the unification.DIn 1949.5The word "expertise" in line 3 could be best replaced byA"experts".B"scientists".C"scholars".D"special knowledge".01. A 02. B 03. C 04. D 05. D。
职称英语综合类A补全短文历年真题
职称英语综合类A补全短文历年真题职称英语历年真题《综合A》补全短文真题精选题一：Saving a City's Public ArtAvoiding traffic jams in Los Angeles may be impossible, but the city's colorful freeway murals ( 壁画 ) can brighten even the worst commute. Paintings that depict (描述) famous people and historical scenes cover office buildings and freeway walls all access the city. With a collection of more than 2,000 murals, Los Angeles is theunofficial mural capital of the world.But the combination of graffiti (涂鸦), pollution, and hot sun has left many L.A. murals in terrible condition. __________ (46) in the past, experts say, little attention was given to caring for public art. Artists were even expected to maintain their own works, not an easy task with cars racing by along the freeway.__________ (47) The work started in 2003. So far,16 walls have been selected and more may be added later. Until about 1960, public murals in Los Angeles were rare. But in the 1960s and 1970s, young L.A. artists began to study early 20th-century Mexican mural painting.__________ (48)The most famous mural in the city is Judith Baca's "The Great Wall", a 13-foot-high(4-meter-high) painting that runs for half a mile (0.8 kilometer) in North Hollywood.__________ (49) it took eight years to complete--400 underprivileged teenagers painted the designs--and is probably the longest mural in the world.One of the murals that will be restored now is Kent Twitchell's "Seventh Street Altarpiece" which he painted for the Los Angeles Olympics in 1984. __________ (50) Twitchell said, "it was meant as a kind of gateway through which the traveler to L.A. must drive. The open hands represent peace."Artists often call murals the people's art. Along a busy freeway or hidden in a quiet neighborhood, murals can teach people who would never pay money to see fine art in a museum,"Murals give a voice to the silent majority," said one artist.A. The city trying to stop the spread of graffiti, has painted over some of the murals complete.B. This striking work depicts two people facing each other on opposite sides of the freeway near downtown Los Angeles.C. Artists like murals because they like the work of Mexican artitsts.D. Now the city is beginning a huge project to restore thecity's murals.E. The mural represents the history of ethnic proups in California.F. Soon their murals became a symbol of the city's cultural expressions and a showcase for LA's cultural diversity.职称英语历年真题《综合A》补全短文真题精选题二：The Tough Grass that Sweetens Our LivesSugar cane was once a wild grass that grew in New Guinea and was used by local people for roofing their houses and fencing their gardens. Gradually a different variety evolved which contained sucrose (蔗糖) and was chewed on for its sweet taste. Over time, sugar cane became a highly valuable commercial plant, grown throughout the world. __________ (46)Sugar became a vital ingredient in all kinds of things, from confectionery (糖果点心 ) to medicine, and, as the demand for sugar grew, the industry became larger and more profitable.__________ (47) Many crops withered( 枯萎)and died, despite growers' attempts to save them, and there were fears that the health of the plant would continue to deteriorate.In the 1960s, scientists working in Barbodos looked for ways to make the commercial species stronger and more able to resist disease. They experimented with breeding programmes, mixing genes from the more delicate, commercial type. __________(48) This sugar cane is not yet ready to be sold commercially, but when this happens, it is expected to be incredibly profitable for the industry.__________(49) Brazil, which produces one quarter of the world's sugar, has coordinated an international project under Professor Paulo Arrudo of the Universidade Estaudual de Campinas in Sao Paulo. Teams of experts have worked with him to discover more about which parts of the genetic structure of the plant are important for the production of sugar and its overall health.Despite all the research, however, we still do not fully understand how the genes function in sugar cane __________ (50) This gene is particularly exciting because it makes the plant resistant to rust, a disease which probably originated in India, but is now capable of infecting sugar cane across the world. Scientist believes they will eventually be able to grow a plant which cannot be destroyed by rust.A. Eventually, a commercial plant was developed which was 5 percent sweeter than before,but also much stronger and less likely to die from disease.B. One major gene has been identified by Dr Angelique D'Hont and her team in Montpelier,France.C. Sugar cane is now much more vigorous and the supply of sugar is therefore moreguaranteed.D. Since the 1960s, scientists have been analyzing the mysteries of the sugar cane's genetic code.E. The majority of the world's sugar now comes from this particular commercial species.F. Unfortunately, however, the plant started to become weaker and more prone to disease.答案与解析：综合类A补全短文历年真题精选一：46.A。
2020年职称英语考试《综合A》完形填空真题及答案
2020年职称英语考试《综合A》完形填空真题及答案2020年职称英语考试《综合A》完形填空真题及答案An Early Form of Jazz MusicMusic comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own. At the turn of the last century, _____(51)jazz was born , America had no prominent_____(52)of its own. No one knows exactly when was invented or by whom. But it began tobe _____(53)in the early 1890s. Jazz is America'scontribution to_____(54)music. In contrast to classical music, which_____(55)formal European traditions, jazz is spontaneous and free in form. It bubbles with energy, _____(56)the moods, interests, and emotions of the people. In the' 1920sjazz_____(57)like America. And so it does today.The_____(58)of the music are as interesting as the music itself. American Negroes, or blacks, as they are called today, were the jazz pioneers. They were brought to the Southern states_____(59)slaves. They were sold to plantation ownersand forced to work long hours. When a Negro died his friends and relatives_____(60)a procession to carry to body to the cemetery. In New Orleans, a band often accompaniedthe_____(61). On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music, suited to the occasion. _____(62)on the way home the mood changed. Spirits lifted. Death had removed oneof their number, but the living were glad to be_____(63). The band played_____(64)music, improvising on both the harmonyand the melody of the tunes_____(65)at the funeral. Thismusic made everyone want to dance. It was an early form of jazz.51.【题干】_____【选项】A.whileB.whenC.sinceD.as【答案】B【解析】52.【题干】_____【选项】A.musicB.songsC.melodiesD.tunes【答案】A【解析】53.【题干】_____【选项】A.listenedB.noticedC.heardD.found【答案】C【解析】54.【题干】_____【选项】A.classicalB.sacredC.popularD.serious【答案】C【解析】55.【题干】_____【选项】A.introducesB.followsC.takesD.approaches 【答案】B【解析】56.【题干】_____【选项】A.disclosingB.explainingC.expressingD.exposing【答案】C【解析】57.【题干】_____【选项】A.soundedB.feltC.lookedD.seemed【答案】A【解析】58.【题干】_____【选项】A.discoveriesB.originalsC.resourcesD.origins【答案】D【解析】59.【题干】_____【选项】A.likeB.forC.asD.by【答案】C【解析】60.【题干】_____【选项】posedB.formedC.hostedD.demonstrated 【答案】B【解析】61.【题干】_____【选项】A.bodyB.demonstrationC.processionD.march【答案】C【解析】62.【题干】_____【选项】A.FurthermoreB.SimilarlyC.ButD.Therefore【答案】C【解析】63.【题干】_____【选项】A.liveB.aliveC.lifeD.there【答案】B【解析】64.【题干】_____【选项】A.sadB.solemnC.happyD.funeral【答案】C【解析】65.【题干】_____【选项】A.sungB.showedC.playedD.expressed【答案】C【解析】。
2020年职称英语《综合A》阅读理解真题及答案
2020年职称英语《综合A》阅读理解真题及答案Don't Rely on Indirect EvidenceConversations may be miscalcuting the numbers of the threatened animals such as elephants, say African and American researchers. The error occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the piles ofdung(粪)the creatures leave behind.The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as there really are in some regions according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conversation Society (wcs) in New York.Biologist Katy Payne of Conrell University in Ithaca, New York, agrees. "We really need to know elephant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect" says Payne, who electronically tracks elephants.Counting elephants from aeroplanes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area. They also need to know the rate at which dung decays because it's extremely difficult to determine these rates, however, researchers tallying(统计) elephants in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates established elsewhere.But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region depending on the climate and environment. Using the wrong values can lead the census astray(离开正道), says Plumptre.He said his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forests of Banyang-Mbo Widlife Sanctuary(禁猎区)in Southweat Cameroon. They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 percent more slowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon. If researchers use decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon, they would probably find more elephants than are actually around.This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates celcalated locally, says Plumptre "However accurate your dung density estimate is the decay rate can severly affect the result."Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to an elephant's natural range. The usual technique of monitoring only small, protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out of these regions, he says "If the elephant population increases within the protected area, you can not determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in because they are being poached(偷猎)outside."Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that rely on indirect evidence such as nests, tracks or burrows(地洞).31.【题干】The word "threatened" in Paragraph 1means_____【选项】A.frightenedB.angeredC.killedD.endangered【答案】D【解析】32.【题干】The way elephant numbers are estimated is_____【选项】A.technicalB.theoreticalC.unhelpfulD.mistaken【答案】D【解析】33.【题干】Counting piles of elephant dung is not reliable because they differ in_____【选项】A.sizeB.shapeC.track locationD.decay rate【答案】D【解析】34.【题干】According to Plumptre, a dung-pile census be conducted in a_____【选项】A.natural rangeB.small regionC.protected areaD.monitored place【答案】A【解析】35.【题干】In making an animal census study, Plumptre advises researchers noy to rely on_____【选项】A.monitoring techniquesB.electrical devicesC.areoplanesD.indirect evidence【答案】D【解析】。
2020职称英语真题及答案-综合类A概括大意
2020职称英语真题及答案-综合类A概括大意第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23——30题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23——26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2——5 段每段选择1个标题；（2）第27——30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个选项。
Tunguska Event1 A hundred years ago this week, a gigantic explosion ripped (撕裂) open the day y above a forest in western Siberia, leaving a scientific riddle that endures to this day.2 A dazzling light pierced the heavens,followed by a shock wave as strong as 1,000 atomic bombs. The explosion flattened 80 million trees across an area of 2,000 square kilometers. The fireball was so great that, a day later, Londoners could read their newspapers under the night sky. What caused the so-called Tunguska Event, named after the nearby Podkamennaya Tunguska river, still remains a mystery.3 Experts suspect it was a rock that, after traveling in space for millions of years, was destined to crash to Earthat exactly 7：17 a.m. on June 30, 1908. This possibility worries scienti sts.“Imagine an unspotted asteroid (小行星) hitting a significant chunk(块) of land ... and imagine if that area, unlike Tunguska, were populated,” the British science journal Nature commented recently.4 But no fragments of the “rock” have ever been found. Finding such evidence would be important, for it would increase our knowledge about the risk posed by dangerous NearEarth Objects (NEOs), say Italian researchers Luca Gasperini, Enrico Bonatti and Giuseppe Longo. When the next Tunguska NEO approaches, scientists will have to decide whether to try to deflect (使偏转) it or blow it up in space.5 However, several rival theories for the Tunguska Event exist. Wolfgang Kundt, a professor at Germany's Bonn University,believes the Tunguska Event was caused by a massive escape of 10 million tons of methane(甲烷)-rich gas from deep within earth's crust. Some people hold that the explosion was caused by an alien spaceship crash, or a black hole in the universe.23. Paragraph 2 C24. Paragraph 3 F25. Paragraph 4 E26. Paragraph 5 AA. Competing ExplanationsB. Unknown AttacksC. Mysterious ExplosionD. Star WarE. Importance of Finding EvidenceF. Explanation that Worries Scientists27. The gigantic explosion that occurred a hundred years ago A28. The shock wave which followed the dazzling light D29. The hypothesis that the explosion was caused by a rock colliding with the Earth B30. Wolfgang Kundt, who has developed an alternative theory CA. has remained a puzzleB. lacks sufficient evidenceC. is a university professorD. was generated by the explosionE. will kill many animalsF. are attacked by aliens。
2020年职称英语综合类A类补全短文练习(4)
2020年职称英语综合类A类补全短文练习(4)Five-year-old Lani still takes seven medicines with her breakfast every morning。
“She’s very good about it ”saysher father ni is alive today because of her father David,in more than one way;when she was one year old she received part of her fathe r’s liver in a liver—transplant ni was born with a liver illness . __________ (46) Doctors advised that a transplant was the only way in which she would live.The operation lasted 12 hours and needed two teams,onefor the father and one for thedaughter __________ (47)Inthese cases,the donor’s liver grows to normal size in about eight weeks。
and t11e child’s liver becomes smaller.Lani spent three weeks in hospital after theoperation.Because the receiver’s body tries to reject thenew organ,the patient has to be given special drugs__________ (48)Although David left hospital after 10 days,he didn’t return to work until after three months.In order to reach the liver, the doctors have to cut through the stomach wall,which is strong and full of muscle.It therefore takes a long timeto recover after this operation. __________ (49)So far,only16 of these liver—transplant operations have been carriedout in Britain. __________ (50)Doctors say,“If possible,we prefer to take a liver from a dead don not, usually a parent.”Lani still has to look after her health,and she gets more tired than other children of the same age,but doctors hopethat she will continue to get stronger and stronger.A She had one operation when she was six weeks old,which was not successful.B While these drugs are given,it is important that the patient does not catch any illness,not even a cold.C In this operation a piece of liver, weighing about 250--300 grams,was removed from the father and transplanted into the daughter.D David quickly recovered from the operation.E However, they are more common in North America and Japan.F David was finally able to ride his bike again after about a year.答案解析46 A 文章第一段介绍说,如今五岁的Iani在一岁的时候做了肝移植手术,父亲将自己的肝的一部分给了女儿。
2020职称英语理工类A真题包括答案.doc
2020 职称英语理工类 A 真题及答案第 1 部分：词汇选项 ( 第 1～15 题，每题 1 分，共 15 分)下面每个句子中均有 1 个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定 1 个意义最为接近的选项。
1.I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.A. controlB. observeC. regulateD. accept2.She showed a natural aptitude for the work.3.Most people find rejection hard to accept.A. excuseB. clientC. refusalD. destiny4.The organization was bold enough to face the press.A. pleasedB. powerfulC. braveD. sensible5.They were locked in mortal combat.A. deadlyB. openC. actualD. active6.We were attracted by the lure of quick money.A. amountB. supplyC. temptD. sum7.The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent.8.The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling.9.He believes that Europe must change or it will perish.A. surviveB. lastC. dieD. move10.There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next build.A. fairB. full C .coexisting D. public11.They promote assimilation of ethnic groups intothe main-stream culture.A. policyB. value C .equality D. integration12.A salesman ’s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers. A.principal B. official C. simple D. legal13.I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation14.We lived for years in a perpetual state of fearA. emotionalB. nervousC. terribleD. Continuous15.The starving children were a pathetic sight.A. commonB. unexpectedC. unforgettableD. pitiful第 2 部分：阅读判断 ( 第 16～22 题，每题 l 分，共 7 分)下面的短文后列出了 7 个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是准确信息，请选择 A; 如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择 B; 如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择 C。
2020年职称英语真题及答案：《综合A》阅读判断
2020年职称英语真题及答案：《综合A》阅读判断For many young Americans, graduating from college means finding a job, moving out of the dorm room and beginning to register one's annual earnings with the US government.That last item is the law, though sometimes it's ahassle(难事)to obey.Independent tax advisor Bob Gilbert calls the US income tax system "amazingly complicated". But he adds that "very little of the complicated tax law applies to young people who are just beginning their careers". According to Gilbert, 80 to 90 percent of Americans are not really burdened by the system's complications.Still, all the numbers and forms can be a little confusing to those who are just starting their careers. Some pull out their calculators and try to do the math alone. Some use income tax software. Others just hand the whole responsibility over to tax firms like Gilbert's. According to income tax law expert Linda Beale, young people will often follow their parents' lead when filling their income forms."Young people who grow up in wealthy households typically use professional tax services because their parents have always done so," said Beale, a professor at Wayne State University in Michigan State."On the other hand, most poorer young people probably try to do their own taxes, unless they want a quick 'refund' with the help of a tax advisor".In fact, obeying the law has its benefits. For one, many young people can expect a tax refund. This means that, over the course of the year, they have paid too much in monthly federal or state taxes and are entitled to the difference.Bob Thalman, a 20-year-old university student, expects he will get a refund of about 100, which will probably go in the bank, or perhaps be used to pay for car insurance or credit card bills.Thalman called the whole process a "hassle", but added that he didn't wat to test the law by not filling his income tax papers."I'm worried about what would happen if I failed to file," he said. "I know one individual who did not report his income tax for many years, and he's now in federal prison. I certainly don’t want that."16.【题干】A college student with a part-time job is not required to file an income tax form.【选项】A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】C【解析】17.【题干】The US income tax system does not wholly apply to a college graduate who is just beginning his or her career.【选项】A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】A【解析】18.【题干】It's pretty easy for a beginner to report his or her income tax.【选项】A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】B【解析】19.【题干】When young people file their income tax form, they will often follow in their parents' footsteps.【选项】A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】A【解析】。
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2020职称英语真题及答案-综合类A补全短文
第5部分：补全短文（第46——50题，每题2分，共10分）
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，请根据短文内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
Sauna
Ceremonial (仪式性的) bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna.The Finns have perfected the steam bath, or sauna, which may be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. (46) Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges.
The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna, “savusauna”, is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. (47) Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available.
Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving.Those with muscle aches or arthritis (关节炎) may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation (炎症).
Asthma (气喘) patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion (阻塞) arid speed recovery time. The body’s core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating a slight fever. (48)The sauna could be considered to follow the old saying “feed a cold, starve a fever”. The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place.
Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the body’s physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system gets a work out as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. (49) Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute.
A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor’s advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in the first three months. (50) Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.。