2009年新东方考研英语笔记大总结
201 2009年考研英语真题注释+答案解析
2009年考研英语真题注释+答案解析（中英文对照版）一、完型填空文章大意：介绍了对动物智力研究所引发的思考。
Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 Consider“考虑”the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 tend to do表示“有…倾向，往往…”to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 dimmer比较暗淡的bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 advantage优势in not being too terrifically bright.通过对动物智力的研究，提出：聪明是要付出代价的。
Intelligence, it 5 turns out证明是out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 off 离开起点时the starting line because it depends on learning —a 7 gradual渐进的（学习是一个渐进的过程）process —instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to8 stop 停止(本文的主旨是智力需要昂贵的代价。
2009年真题背诵资料打印
dim adj.暗淡的，昏暗的，模糊的tend to do... 趋向于，往往······tendency n.倾向，趋势fear to do... 害怕，担心做某事······inclination n.倾向，爱好happen to do ... 碰巧做某事priority n.优先权threaten to do ... 威胁要做某事option n.选择（的自由）；选项；选择权it turns out 事实证明spontaneous adj.自发的put forward 提出gradual adj.渐进的it takes more upkeep 它需要更多的维护adaptive adj.适应的，有适应能力的slow off the starting line表示进展缓慢wistful adj.渴望的，沉思的，不满足似的instead of instinct 而不是本能upward adj.& adv.向上，上升cast a glance backward回顾forward adj.& adv.向前in the dust 死了，屈辱，入土backward adj.& adv. 向后perform experiments on 对·····做实验afterward adj.& adv. 此后，过后do experiments to 对·····做实验implicity adv.含蓄地，暗示地，无保留地on the mind of 思考，思索，在头脑中moderate vt.减轻，节制，适当in operant conditioning 在可操作的条件下fundamental adj.基本的，本源的be at 表示方位equivalent adj.等价的，相等的be after 表时间，作短语时为追求hostile adj.敌意的，敌对的be with 表伴随comprenhensive adj.综合性的，全面的what ...for 表为的是什么mindlessly adv.不加思索地better still 更好的是unreflecting adj.不思考的；不反省的；浅薄的above all 首先，最重要的是herd n.兽群；牧群；放牧人；<蔑>民众reach for 伸出…以触及implication n.含义at the end of adolescence 在青春期结束时innovative adj.革新的，创新的modes of thought 思维模式inherently adv.天性地，固有地be worn into 根植于industriousness n.勤劳trains of thought 思路，连串的念头thrift n.节俭rather than 相当于instead of在句首deliberately adv.故意地，有意地，深思熟虑地 a fascination with 着迷的，强烈的dowangrade 使降职，使降级，贬低，看不起comply with 服从，遵从；与······一致forseeable adj.可预见的take efforts of 努力illiterate n.目不识丁者；文盲；无知have fallen victim of 已经成为···的牺牲品counterpart n.相对物；极相似的人或物be derided as 被嘲笑yet conj.然而，但是pre-bubble peak 泡沫经济前期的顶峰assembly n.装配；集会；集合号，集合；组装as a result从而，因此automotive adj.自动的；汽车的be obsessed with痴迷于···recession n.经济衰退，不景气；后退，撤退 a decisive moment决定性的时刻ironically adv.嘲讽地，挖苦地；有讽刺意味地let alone更不用说radically adv.根本地；彻底地；完全地intellectual earnestness认真学习知识consistently adv.一贯地，坚持地，始终地in the pursuit of追求，奉行；在追求的过程中illusory adj.貌似真实的，虚幻的；虚无缥缈in keeping with ... 与···保持一致comparatively adv.对比地；相对地；比较地；有点normally means 通常意味着intervention n.介入，干涉，干预；调解，排解in American intellectual life在美国学术界confront vt.面对；使面对面；碰到，遇到attach to （使）贴[粘]在…上；（使）牵连clergyman n.神职人员reinforce social solidaarity加强社会团结superstitious adj.迷信的，有迷信观念的on the basis of 在···基础上extensively adv.广大地，广泛地attribute ... to ...把···归因于impressive adj.给人印象深刻的，引人注目的survival of the fittest 适者生存virtuosity n.（在艺术方面的）精湛技艺及爱好；cateagories of kinship血缘类别civility n.礼貌；客气；礼仪；客套change over time 随着时间而改变episode 插曲，片断；插话；一集all worldly phenomenon 世界上所有的现象circumstances n.境况；境遇；经济状况；环境（复）put forward 提出；将···提前；向前移unfold（ing）v.展现；展开，打开n.伸展，演变coincide with与···一致preoccupation n.全神贯注，入神；偏见，成见as ...and not as ...是，而不是minister n.大臣；部长；公使；牧师be led to 因而，因此，被引导thoroughly adv.彻底地；认真仔细地；完全地；leave ... wholly out of acount完全不考虑···adulthood n.成年期It maybe said that或许可以说integrate vt.使一体化使整合；使结合成为整体In the desire to希望signify vt.表示……的意思；意味；预示ward off v.避开，挡住；架；抵挡；ritual n.（宗教等）仪式；例行公事，老规矩for the most 在很大程度上diffuse adj.四散的；散开的；vt.扩散；传播in the conduct of 在进行中；在···过程中inadequate adj.不充足的；不适当的；不足胜任as compared with 同···相比peoples n.民族gains in importance 受到了重视virtually adv.实际上，实质上，事实上，几乎cannot help doing 情不自禁做某事dominant adj.占优势的；统治的，支配的make some headway in doing 在做某事方面有所进展anatomy n.解剖学peer review 同行审查uniqueness n.特殊性，独特性shut down 关闭，关掉instilling v.逐渐使某人获得（某种可取的品质）shell out 支付，交付distinctively adv.区别地，特殊地，独特的prescription n.处方；处方药；训令，指示disposition n.性情，性格；意向；安排，配置precision精确，准确度deliberate adj.专门的.ancestry 祖先，世系inciddental adj.偶然的inherent 继承express adj.明确的；迅速的；专门的appropriate 恰当的，相称的enlarge vt.& vi.扩大；扩展；丰富activate vt.使活动，触发；使开始作用gratify vt.使高兴；使满意derive 源于，来自；（从……中）提取appetites n.食欲commonness n.普通，平凡，共性perpetuity n.永久，永恒，永远perpetuate vt.使永存；使不朽；保持by-product n.副产品；副作用；意外结果analyitically adv.分析地，分析法地directive adj.指示性的，指导性的；管理的procedure n.程序，手续；工序，过程，步骤It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.。
考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2009年新题型(下)
考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2009年新题型（下）这是一篇人文科学类的文章，文章简要介绍了人类学的起源和发展，以及关于人类学的一些学术分歧，其中主要是伯恩斯和斯宾塞对人类文化起源以及传播的学说分歧。
文章内容十分规范专业，而且专业术语偏多，所以大家在理解过程中会有些困难，但是这个专业的背景知识大家都有所了解，可以很快理解文章内容。
以下是文章中的10个重点词汇，带大家一起学习一下。
1. 15reject [rɪ'dʒɛkt]vt.1.拒绝2.拒纳，退回，摈弃n.被拒货品，不合格产品【词根记忆】：re作为前缀表示“回来”，ject作为词根表示“扔”(扔回来，表示拒绝)。
【真题例句】：Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control.鼓励孩子们排斥精神生活，会使他们很容易被利用和控制。
(2004年阅读Text 4)2. 7diffuse [dɪ'fjus]vt.&vi.1.扩散，(使)弥漫 2.传播，散布a.1.(文章等)冗长的，漫无边际的2.四散的，弥漫的【词根记忆】：di=dis表示离开+fus熔→熔开了→扩散【真题例句】：For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. 比如，英国人类学家格拉夫顿·艾略特和W·J·斐瑞在研究资料不足的基础上，错误地指出，农耕、制陶、冶金都源于古埃及，然后传播至全世界。
2009年考研英语真题答案及解析
2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析本文是一个有关动物智力话题的文章。
文章第一段第一句就点名了文章中心，接着引用自然杂志上描述的实验论证这一观点。
从第二、三段作者从几个方面分析了产生这种情况的原因，最后一段从动物上升到对人的思考。
二、试题具体解析1.[A]Suppose假设猜想[B]Consider考虑[C]Observe观察[D]Imagine设想【答案】B【考点】固定搭配【解析】本题考查的是“consider+名词性词组”的用法，表示“以……为例”，显然与后面的试验搭配表示以该试验为例引出下文。
选项A、D同义，故排除。
选项C代入文中与上下文不合，故答案为B。
【补充】consider在这里等同于take…(as an example)。
2.[A]tended(to)倾向于……[B]feared害怕[C]happened(to)碰巧……[D]threatened(to)威胁要去做……【答案】A【考点】动词搭配【解析】从空格后面的to可首先排除B，因为fear不与to连用。
再结合文章题材看，文章是科技类，而科技类文章中通常为了表示说话客观性并避免绝对化，往往在主谓之间加一个tend to表示语气的弱化，故本题答案为A，其他两个代入文章语义不通。
3.[A]thinner较细的[B]stabler较稳定的[C]lighter更明亮的[D]dimmer较暗的【答案】D【考点】逻辑关系【解析】空前内容谈到聪明的果蝇寿命相对普通果蝇要短，这里拿灯泡做比喻，相对应的自然是光线的暗淡，即光线暗淡的灯泡使用时间更长。
下一句也有提示：no being too bright，故答案为D。
4.[A]tendency趋向[B]advantage优势[C]inclination倾向[D]priority优先【答案】B【考点】词汇辨析【解析】前文谈到暗淡的灯泡寿命更长，接着说“不太明亮也是”，对比四个选项，只有优势语义连贯，故答案为B。
2009考研英语真题单词
2009考研英语真题单词考研英语真题单词对于准备参加全国硕士研究生入学考试的考生来说，是必备的复习资料。
通过系统地学习和掌握这些单词，考生能够在考试中更好地理解和应用英语词汇。
本文将为大家介绍2009年考研英语真题中的一些重要单词，并提供适当的例句和解释，以帮助考生更好地掌握这些词汇。
1. AbandonDefinition: to give up or discontinue any further interest inExample Sentence: The company had to abandon its plans for expansion due to financial difficulties.2. AbstractDefinition: existing in thought or as an idea, but not having a physical or concrete existenceExample Sentence: The concept of love is abstract and can be interpreted differently by individuals.3. AccommodateDefinition: to provide with a place to live or stay, or to make room forExample Sentence: The hotel can accommodate up to 200 guests.4. AccumulateDefinition: to collect or gather over a period of timeExample Sentence: The company's profits continued to accumulate throughout the year.5. AcuteDefinition: extremely sharp or severe; criticalExample Sentence: The patient was diagnosed with acute appendicitis and required immediate surgery.6. AdaptDefinition: to adjust or modify for a new or different purposeExample Sentence: The company needed to adapt its marketing strategy to target a younger demographic.7. AdequateDefinition: sufficient or suitable for a specific purpose or requirementExample Sentence: The hotel provided adequate facilities for the conference.8. AdjacentDefinition: next to or adjoining something elseExample Sentence: The office building is adjacent to the park.9. AdministerDefinition: to manage or supervise the execution or application of somethingExample Sentence: The nurse will administer the medication to the patient.10. AdvocateDefinition: to publicly support or recommend a particular cause, policy, or actionExample Sentence: The organization advocates for equal rights for all citizens.以上是2009年考研英语真题中的一些重要单词及其解释和例句。
考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2009年翻译(上)
考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2009年翻译（上）这是一篇社会生活类教育学题材的文章，来源于John Dewey的专著Democracy and Education，主题围绕“对年轻人的教育”展开。
在试卷中，命题专家对部分句子进行了改写，以符合考研英语的考点。
相对于其他题材而言，教育类话题是更为考生们所熟悉的话题，语言和概念相对容易理解，并不特别抽象难懂。
以下是本文中出现的10个高频重点单词，就让我们一起来学习吧！1. 6deliberate [dɪ'lɪbərət]adj. 故意的;深思熟虑的;从容的vt. 仔细考虑;商议【词根记忆】：de(表示加强)+liber(=libra,拉丁文名词，“天平，磅”)+ate(动词后缀)→将事物定下来掂算重量→仔细考虑;商议→深思熟虑的→故意的;从容的【短语搭配】：take time to deliberate 做事要深思熟虑【真题例句】：There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others and the deliberate educating of the young. 在人们从与其他人相处中受到的教育和对年轻人的有意的教育之间，有着显著的不同。
(2009年翻译)2. 4incidental ['ɪnsə'dɛntl]adj. 附带的;偶然的;容易发生的n. 附带事件;偶然事件【词根记忆】：in(强调)+cid(忽然落下、降临)+ent(名词后缀)+al(形容词后缀)→忽然落下的事情→偶然的→偶然事件【真题例句】In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. 在前一种情况下，教育是偶然的，它自然而然地发生，而且至关重要，但它并不是(社会)联系的直接原因。
2009年考研英语真题和答案解析
2009年考研英语真题和答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday.Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly2to live shorter lives.This suggests that3bulbs burn longer,that there is an4in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence,it5out,is a high-priced option.It takes more upkeep,burns more fuel and is slow6 the starting line because it depends on learning—a gradual7—instead of instinct.Plenty of other species are able to learn,and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to8.Is there an adaptive value to9intelligence?That’s the question behind this new research.I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance10at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise,it implicitly asks what the real11of our own intelligence might be.This is12the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would13on humans if they had the chance.Every cat with an owner,14,is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning.we believe that15animals ran the labs,they would test us to16the limits of our patience,our faithfulness,our memory for terrain.They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really17,not merely how much of it there is.18,they would hope to study a19 question:Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?20the results are inconclusive.1.[A]Suppose[B]Consider[C]Observe[D]Imagine2.[A]tended[B]feared[C]happened[D]threatened3.[A]thinner[B]stabler[C]lighter[D]dimmer4.[A]tendency[B]advantage[C]inclination[D]priority5.[A]insists on[B]sums up[C]turns out[D]puts forward6.[A]off[B]behind[C]over[D]along7.[A]incredible[B]spontaneous[C]inevitable[D]gradual8.[A]fight[B]doubt[C]stop[D]think9.[A]invisible[B]limited[C]indefinite[D]different10.[A]upward[B]forward[C]afterward[D]backward11.[A]features[B]influences[C]results[D]costs12.[A]outside[B]on[C]by[D]across13.[A]deliver[B]carry[C]perform[D]apply14.[A]by chance[B]in contrast[C]as usual[D]for instance15.[A]if[B]unless[C]as[D]lest16.[A]moderate[B]overcome[C]determine[D]reach17.[A]at[B]for[C]after[D]with18.[A]Above all[B]After all[C]However[D]Otherwise19.[A]fundamental[B]comprehensive[C]equivalent[D]hostile20.[A]By accident[B]In time[C]So far[D]Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1Habits are a funny thing.We reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.“Not choice,but habit rules the unreflecting herd,”William Wordsworth said in the19th century.In the ever-changing21st century,even the word“habit”carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits,we create parallel synaptic paths,and even entirely new brain cells,that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits;once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus,they’re there to stay.Instead,the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,”says Dawna Markova, author of“The Open Mind”and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners.“But we are taught instead to‘decide,’just as our president calls himself‘the Decider.’”She adds,however,that“to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware,she says.Researchers in the late1960covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(or collaboratively)and innovatively.At puberty, however,the brain shuts down half of that capacity,preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure,meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.“This breaks the major rule in the American belief system—that anyone can do anything,”explains M.J.Ryan,author of the2006book“This Year I Will...”and Ms.Markova’s business partner.“That’s a lie that we have perpetuated,and it fosters commonness.Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.”This is where developing new habits comes in.21.The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA.casualB.familiarC.mechanicalD.changeable.22.The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA.predictedB.regulatedC.tracedD.guided23.”ruts”(in line one,paragraph3)has closest meaning toA.tracksB.seriesC.characteristicsD.connections24.Ms.Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing?A,prevents new habits form being formedB,no longer emphasizes commonnessC,maintains the inherent American thinking modelD,complies with the American belief system25.Ryan most probably agree thatA.ideas are born of a relaxing mindB.innovativeness could be taughtC.decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD.curiosity activates creative mindsText2It is a wise father that knows his own child,but today a man can boost his paternal(fatherly) wisdom–or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad.All he needs to do is shell our$30for paternity testing kit(PTK)at his local drugstore–and another$120to get the results.More than60,000people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years,according to Doug Fog,chief operating officer of Identigene,which makes the over-the-counter kits.More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public,ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than$2500.Among the most popular:paternity and kinship testing,which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots.Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing.All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical,“There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,”says Trey Duster,a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back.Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage,either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA,which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors,even though,for example,just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or,four generations back,14other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared.Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects.This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results.In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs1and2,the text shows PTK’s___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C]successful promotion[D]popularity with households27.PTK is used to__________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C]identify parent-child kinship[D]choose children for adoption28.Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B]rebuild reliable bloodlines[C]fully use genetic information[D]achieve the claimed accuracy29.In the last paragraph,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is__________.[A]disorganized data collection[B]overlapping database building30.An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B]DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D]lies behind DNA testingText3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social,political and intellectual development of these and all other societies;however,the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.We are fortunate that is it,because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations.The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and,as a result,radically higher standards of living.Ironically,the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States.Not long ago,with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak.The U.S.workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S.economic performance.Japan was,and remains,the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity.Yet the research revealed that the U.S.factories of Honda Nissan,and Toyota achieved about95percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S.workers received on the job.More recently,while examing housing construction,the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston,Texas,consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development?We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it.After all,that’s how education got started.When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers10,000years ago,they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food.Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved,humanity’s productivity potential,they could in turn afford more education.This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary,but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education.A lack of formal education,however,doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future.On the contrary,constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31.The author holds in paragraph1that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A]is subject groundless doubts[B]has fallen victim of bias[C]is conventional downgraded[D]has been overestimated32.It is stated in paragraph1that construction of a new education system__________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C]demands priority from the government[D]requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that__________.[A]the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B]the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D]]the U.S workforce is more organize34.The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged__________.[A]when people had enough time[B]prior to better ways of finding food[C]when people on longer went hung[D]as a result of pressure on government35.According to the last paragraph,development of education__________.[A]results directly from competitive environments[B]does not depend on economic performance[C]follows improved productivity[D]cannot afford political changesText4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was“So much important attached to intellectual pursuits”According to many books and articles,New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding,dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect.But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life,we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances.The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England.`Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop,an educated gentleman,lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.There men wrote and published extensively,reaching both New World and Old World audiences,and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget,however,that most New Englanders were less well educated.While few crafts men or farmers,let alone dependents and servants,left literary compositions to be analyzed,The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality.A tailor named John Dane,who emigrated in the late1630s,left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs.sexual confusion,economic frustrations,and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible,told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate,and read the magical words:“come out from among them,touch no unclean thing,and I will be your God and you shall be my people.”One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while,many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s,as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion.“Our main end was to catch fish.”36.The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A]Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B]intellectual interests were encouraged.[C]Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D]intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37.It is suggested in paragraph2that New Englanders__________.[A]experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B]brought with them the culture of the Old World[C]paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D]were obsessed with religious innovations38.The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A]were famous in the New World for their writings[B]gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C]abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D]created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39.The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A]influenced by superstitions[B]troubled with religious beliefs[C]puzzled by church sermons[D]frustrated with family earnings40.The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A]were mostly engaged in political activities[B]were motivated by an illusory prospect[C]came from different backgrounds.[D]left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions(41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the1860s,British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his owntheory of biological and cultural evolution.Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena,including human societies,changed over time,advancing toward perfection.41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late1800s.Morgan,along with Tylor,was one of the founders of modern anthropology.In his work,he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early1900s in North America,German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism.Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures,gave new direction to anthropology.43._____________.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology,largely through the influence of many students of Boas.But a number of anthropologists in the early1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism.Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few,especially gifted peoples that,according to diffusionists,then spread to other cultures.45.________________.Also in the early1900s,French sociologist?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology.Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity.An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European,and especially British, anthropology.[A]Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations,such as inventions,had a single origin and passed from society to society.This theory was known as diffusionism.[B]In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible,Boas became skilled in linguistics,the study of languages,and in physical anthropology,the study of human biology and anatomy.[C]He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the“survival of the fittest,”in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger,more advanced races and societies.[D]They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E]Thus,in his view,diverse aspects of culture,such as the structure of families,forms of marriage,categories of kinship,ownership of property,forms of government,technology,and systems of food production,all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G]For example,British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W.J.Perry incorrectly suggested,on the basis of inadequate information,that farming,pottery making,and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world.In fact,all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young.In the former case the education is incidental;it is natural and important,but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.Religious associations began,for example,in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences;family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity;systematic labor,for the most part, because of enslavement to others,etc.47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted,and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.Even today,in our industrial life,apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift,the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young,the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact,gains in importance.48While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition,it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.The need of training is too evident;the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account.49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50We are thus led to distinguish,within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering,a more formal kind of education--that of direct tuition or schooling.In undeveloped social groups,we find very little formal teaching and training.These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions.“White pollution”is still going on.Write a letter to the editor(s)of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about100words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e"Li Ming"instead.You do not need to write the address.Part B52.Directions:In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET2.(20points)答案Section I Use of English1—5BADBC6—10ADCBD11—15DBCDA16—20CBAACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21—25ABCAA26—30ACDAB31—35DBBAC36—40BBDACPart B41—45CEABGPart C46.可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。
2009年考研英语常见词汇与例句十七
2009年考研英语常见词汇与例句十七? fail in (=be unsuccessful in) 失败He failed his English examination.他的英语考试不及格。
? in good faith(=honestly, sincerely) 真诚地This report was published in good faith but we regret any confusion which may have been caused.? keep faith with 对...守信用He has made one of the most powerful American films of the year by keeping faith with his radical principles.? lose faith in 对...失去信心People have lost faith in the British Parliament.? on faith 毫无怀疑地, 依赖地Are you running on faith, or do you have reasons to think it will work?? faithful to (=loyal to) 对...忠诚Our company is faithful to the promised terms.我们公司忠实于自己承诺的条件。
? fall into the habit (of) 养成...习惯If you overlook such kind of mistakes and fall into the habit of spelling and writing without thinking carefully, you will most likely forget the Standard English and totally be confused eventually.? fall short of (=fail to reach a desired result, standard, etc) 没达到, 低于His income may fall short of his needs .他的收入达不到他的需求.? Live up to v. 实践, 做到(measure up to)We will live up to what our parents expect of us.我们决不辜负父母亲对我们的期望。
2009年考研英语text1
2009年考研英语Text 1的解读与分析Text 1是考研英语中非常重要的一部分，因为它主要考察学生的阅读理解、分析推理和词汇运用能力。
本文将用800字对2009年考研英语Text 1进行详细解读和分析。
首先，我们需要了解Text 1的背景和主题。
本文主要讨论了在线广告市场的竞争状况，以及广告商如何应对这一市场的变化。
文章通过分析几个案例，探讨了广告商如何利用网络平台和新技术来提高广告效果，并提出了对未来广告市场的预测。
在词汇和语法方面，本文使用了较为复杂的句式和表达方式，如长句、从句、插入语等。
这要求考生具备一定的语法知识和词汇量，以便更好地理解文章内容。
同时，考生还需要注意一些关键词汇的搭配和用法，以确保在理解文章的基础上进行正确的推理和分析。
接下来，我们分析文章的结构和逻辑关系。
本文采用了总分总的框架，开头简要介绍了在线广告市场的竞争状况，然后通过几个案例分析了广告商如何应对这一市场的变化，最后总结了广告市场的未来趋势。
在文章中，作者通过引用数据、对比分析、因果关系等手法，清晰地呈现了各个论点的层次和逻辑关系。
理解文章的关键在于分析作者的观点和态度。
本文的作者显然是支持广告商利用网络平台和新技术提高广告效果的。
作者通过引用案例、分析数据和比较不同观点等方法，支持了自己的观点。
考生需要仔细阅读文章，理解作者的观点和态度，以便在回答问题时能够准确地把握文章的主旨和要点。
对于题目设置的分析，我们可以看到考研英语对Text 1的考察主要集中在以下几个方面：词汇理解、句子理解、主旨把握和推理判断。
考生需要关注细节，理解句子的深层含义，同时注意文章的整体结构和逻辑关系。
对于一些推断题，考生需要具备一定的逻辑推理能力，并结合上下文进行合理推断。
在解题技巧方面，考生需要注意题目中的关键词和提示信息，如时间、数字、专业术语等。
同时，考生还需要注意题目与文章内容的匹配度，不要盲目猜测或主观臆断。
对于一些细节题和主旨题，考生可以通过快速阅读找到相关段落或句子，并结合上下文进行分析和推理。
新东方笔记2009笔记大总结
阅读一、主旨大意题1.问法： a.主题型 b.标题型 c.目的型2.命题规律：a.首段 b.尾段 c.中间段3.方法：首末句原则法（首段前两句+每段首句+尾段末两句）4.技巧：①结构 a. 2~4→尽可能用完 b.≥5→用过1/2部分②首段首句问句③首段尾段独句段：主旨题即为此句④首段举例/谚语：一定在首段两句5.选项分析：正确①具有概括性②语气不绝对③符合常识、逻辑错误①概括过度②以偏盖全③无关④对立6.词汇：同义词、四六级核心词汇、考研阅读高频词汇二、例证题1．问法：example; case; cite; mention; illustrate; prove/show2. 解题方法：跳开本句，左（90%）顾右（10%）盼3. 技巧：①准确定位②例子不看③90%→一句 10%→一句二句三、指代题1. 问法：“代”→it ①普通代词②形式主语③形式宾语↘which 一定向左，可以指代单词，也可以指代句子2. 方法：代入→语法功能→向左or向右四、长难句分析1.定义：30words左右，多个分词，多个从句2.分析：前→后寻找独立谓语→是否存在连词转折让步看一半，并列不用全看完，插入成分可跳过，定状细节尽量删五、文章来源题1.方法：中心思想法2.来源：①book view ②preface/forword ③popular science ④autobiography⑤news coverage ⑥speech/lecture 六、细节题㈠事实细节题1.问法：4W/H 实义题干+正确选项=原文一二句2.方法：寻读①key words（a.实词 b.一次）②research(a.顺序 b.关键词第一次出现的地方) ③position（a.过1/2 b.完整句子定位）④choice（同义转换/词性转换/上下文）3.命题规律：①转折词（but, yet, while, whereas / however, nevertheless, in fact, indeed, practically ）附近②专有名词（人名地名年代）③特殊标点符号④段落首末句4.技巧：①准确定位②遵守顺序原则③长选项竖读④坚持本本主义⑤细节不孤立⑥头不要摆，不要指着读5.选项分析:正确①同义改写②归纳总结③词性转变错误①张冠李戴②偷梁换柱③与原文内容对立④微调6.复习：①思路scan ②在找到的位臵达到择读㈡是非判断题1.问法： which； true； correct； mention； except2.命题规则：①中心思想法（3错1对）②并列列举（3对1错）3.方法：① 3错1对中心思想法②3对1错选项反定位法4.解题技巧：①判断是3对1错还是3错1对②看题目是否有指定段落③看是否有关键词七、论点论据题1.题型：①类比题②写作手法题③文章结构题2.文章结构：①花开两朵型（总分）②一枝独秀型③新闻报道型（倒序，结果常在开头）④问题解决型（常以问题开头）⑤层层递进（具体→概括中心常在最后一段）八、观点态度题情感词：褒positive, enthusiasm, optimistic, approving, sympathetic, praisable, complimentary贬negative, pessimistic, critical, ironic, sarcastic, skeptical, disgusted中objective, impartial, impersonal, neutral干扰词： indifferent, biased, contemptuous①口诀法：有客观选客观，没客观选乐观，没乐观选谨慎，没谨慎选惊讶②中心思想法：寻找情感技巧：①看清楚是问作者还是别人态度②作者观点态度常与中心思想有关③口诀法服从中心思想法④作者观点态度不极端⑤reserved+n.;partially+adj.;tempered+n.必正确⑥I hold,personally---表作者九、语义理解题1.命题规律：①一词多义②特殊词（符号/缩略词/拼缀词）③超纲词汇2.方法：看选项词性（浏览选项）→代入→搭配→逻辑→跳跃（跳开本句，左顾右盼）3.选项分析：正确答案常为引申含义，错误选项常为表面含义十、判断推论题（整体推论&局部推论）1.问法：infer, imply, conclude, suggest, learn, know2.方法：5→尾段末两句 1→首段首末句2/3/4→上下夹看是否有独立段落↘中心思想↘中心思想↘中心思想Ⅰ题顺序无顺序：主旨大意作者态度是非判断顺序：事实细节语义理解判断推论Ⅱ试卷做题顺序a.阅读A（80~100min）→作文（60min）→新阅读（20）→翻译（15）→完型（5）b.作文（60min）→阅读A（80~100min）→新阅读（20）→翻译（15）→完型（5）Ⅲ点面结合法（全读）①可防止乱序②符合阅读习惯③中心步骤：1.1min通读5个题干（语义单词、3错1对、作者观点态度单词、加看选项）2.通读全文（7~8min）标记题干，上下段首末句3.回读标记，选择答案（7~8min）四原则：a.时间对等读全文=做题 b.首段原则（关注首段，尤其是转折词之后）c.首末句原则d.路标原则（离出题处不远的转折词、特殊标点符号）Ⅳ解的结构⑴中心思想是解⑵some是解（sth , sb , certain ,some time ,some where）⑶趋势是解（trend to, tendency）⑷变化是解（convert, shift, alter, change）⑸重要是解（essential, significant, vital, improtant）⑹具体不是解，概括才是解⑺简单不是解，复杂才是解⑻绝对不是解，相对才是解⑼别出心裁是解⑽出乎意料是解⑾内容积极向上是解⑿常识是解⒀本质是解（natural,origin）⒁50%求解（选项相反、相近）⒂特征是解（chatacter）08年主旨3 观态1 是非1 推论4 语义1 事实细节10翻译redguard.**1.信（忠实原文）达（语言通达）雅（习惯修辞）技巧：不翻被动，换主语①硬翻②主宾颠倒③“是”“有”→实义④添主语2.考研翻译“八荣八耻”以勇于亮剑为荣，以跳过不做为耻；以直接翻译为荣，以通读全文为耻；以忠实原文的直译为荣，以天马行空的意译为耻；以宏观把握为荣，以斤斤计较为耻；以紧扣真题反复训练为荣，以盲目模拟为耻；以给出一个译文为荣，以给出多个译文为耻；以做到信达雅为荣，以通篇翻译为耻；以写对中文汉字为荣，以写错中文汉字为耻。
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一、主旨大意题1.问法： a.主题型 b.标题型 c.目的型2.命题规律：a.首段 b.尾段 c.中间段3.方法：首末句原则法（首段前两句+每段首句+尾段末两句）4.技巧：①结构 a. 2~4→尽可能用完 b.≥5→用过1/2部分②首段首句问句③首段尾段独句段：主旨题即为此句④首段举例/谚语：一定在首段两句5.选项分析：正确①具有概括性②语气不绝对③符合常识、逻辑错误①概括过度②以偏盖全③无关④对立6.词汇：同义词、四六级核心词汇、考研阅读高频词汇二、例证题1．问法：example; case; cite; mention; illustrate; prove/show2. 解题方法：跳开本句，左（90%）顾右（10%）盼3. 技巧：①准确定位②例子不看③90%→一句 10%→一句二句三、指代题1. 问法：“代”→it ①普通代词②形式主语③形式宾语↘which 一定向左，可以指代单词，也可以指代句子2. 方法：代入→语法功能→向左or向右四、长难句分析1.定义：30words左右，多个分词，多个从句2.分析：前→后寻找独立谓语→是否存在连词转折让步看一半，并列不用全看完，插入成分可跳过，定状细节尽量删五、文章来源题1.方法：中心思想法2.来源：①book view ②preface/forword ③popular science ④autobiography⑤news coverage ⑥speech/lecture六、细节题㈠事实细节题1.问法：4W/H 实义题干+正确选项=原文一二句2.方法：寻读①key words（a.实词 b.一次）②research(a.顺序 b.关键词第一次出现的地方) ③position（a.过1/2 b.完整句子定位）④choice（同义转换/词性转换/上下文）3.命题规律：①转折词（but, yet, while, whereas / however, nevertheless, in fact,indeed, practically）附近②专有名词（人名地名年代）③特殊标点符号④段落首末句4.技巧：①准确定位②遵守顺序原则③长选项竖读④坚持本本主义⑤细节不孤立⑥头不要摆，不要指着读5.选项分析:正确①同义改写②归纳总结③词性转变错误①张冠李戴②偷梁换柱③与原文内容对立④微调6.复习：①思路scan ②在找到的位置达到择读㈡是非判断题1.问法：which；true；correct；mention；except2.命题规则：①中心思想法（3错1对）②并列列举（3对1错）3.方法：① 3错1对中心思想法②3对1错选项反定位法4.解题技巧：①判断是3对1错还是3错1对②看题目是否有指定段落③看是否有关键词七、论点论据题1.题型：①类比题②写作手法题③文章结构题2.文章结构：①花开两朵型（总分）②一枝独秀型③新闻报道型（倒序，结果常在开头）④问题解决型（常以问题开头）⑤层层递进（具体→概括中心常在最后一段）八、观点态度题情感词：褒positive, enthusiasm, optimistic, approving, sympathetic, praisable, complimentary贬negative, pessimistic, critical, ironic, sarcastic, skeptical, disgusted中objective, impartial, impersonal, neutral干扰词：indifferent, biased, contemptuous①口诀法：有客观选客观，没客观选乐观，没乐观选谨慎，没谨慎选惊讶②中心思想法：寻找情感技巧：①看清楚是问作者还是别人态度②作者观点态度常与中心思想有关③口诀法服从中心思想法④作者观点态度不极端⑤reserved+n.;partially+adj.;tempered+n.必正确⑥I hold,personally---表作者九、语义理解题1.命题规律：①一词多义②特殊词（符号/缩略词/拼缀词）③超纲词汇2.方法：看选项词性（浏览选项）→代入→搭配→逻辑→跳跃（跳开本句，左顾右盼）3.选项分析：正确答案常为引申含义，错误选项常为表面含义十、判断推论题（整体推论&局部推论）1.问法：infer, imply, conclude, suggest, learn, know2.方法：5→尾段末两句 1→首段首末句 2/3/4→上下夹看是否有独立段落↘中心思想↘中心思想↘中心思想Ⅰ题顺序无顺序：主旨大意作者态度是非判断顺序：事实细节语义理解判断推论Ⅱ试卷做题顺序a.阅读A（80~100min）→作文（60min）→新阅读（20）→翻译（15）→完型（5）b.作文（60min）→阅读A（80~100min）→新阅读（20）→翻译（15）→完型（5）Ⅲ点面结合法（全读）①可防止乱序②符合阅读习惯③中心步骤：1.1min通读5个题干（语义单词、3错1对、作者观点态度单词、加看选项）2.通读全文（7~8min）标记题干，上下段首末句3.回读标记，选择答案（7~8min）四原则：a.时间对等读全文=做题 b.首段原则（关注首段，尤其是转折词之后）c.首末句原则d.路标原则（离出题处不远的转折词、特殊标点符号）Ⅳ解的结构⑴中心思想是解⑵some是解（sth , sb , certain ,some time ,some where）⑶趋势是解（trend to, tendency）⑷变化是解（convert, shift, alter, change）⑸重要是解（essential, significant, vital, improtant）⑹具体不是解，概括才是解⑺简单不是解，复杂才是解⑻绝对不是解，相对才是解⑼别出心裁是解⑽出乎意料是解⑾内容积极向上是解⑿常识是解⒀本质是解（natural,origin）⒁50%求解（选项相反、相近）⒂特征是解（chatacter）08年主旨3 观态1 是非1 推论4 语义1 事实细节10zhangshuai2000@1.信（忠实原文）达（语言通达）雅（习惯修辞）技巧：不翻被动，换主语①硬翻②主宾颠倒③“是”“有”→实义④添主语2.考研翻译“八荣八耻”以勇于亮剑为荣，以跳过不做为耻；以直接翻译为荣，以通读全文为耻；以忠实原文的直译为荣，以天马行空的意译为耻；以宏观把握为荣，以斤斤计较为耻；以紧扣真题反复训练为荣，以盲目模拟为耻；以给出一个译文为荣，以给出多个译文为耻；以做到信达雅为荣，以通篇翻译为耻；以写对中文汉字为荣，以写错中文汉字为耻。
3.做轻重：重---谓语核心轻---从、分、小动性词←动词不定式，分词，介词，动名词承载一个意群（动态意群拆分法）4.步骤:①找出动性词②圈定动性词所辐射的意群范围（引导词、关系词、标点符号）③逐个翻译意群（切块翻译意群）④按中文表达习惯调整语序（调语序做勾联）词法翻译①语境②汉语习惯③词根词缀1.词义选择---词无本义，意由境生（根据上下文or汉语表达习惯选择词义）2.中英思维区别：英式思维（直线性、重举例、重数据、自爱）中式思维 (迂回性、重说理、轻量化、博爱)3.词义引申：①抽象化引申②具体化引申③词性转化4.定语从句：which, that, who要么做主语，要么是宾语如果定语从句内容简单，信息负载量不大，可以提到中心词前翻译，引导词不需翻；如果句子内容复杂，信息负载量大，要翻到先行词之后，独立成句，重复先行词。
5.状语从句：when, while, that, for, although从句引导词及从句本身一般都按字面翻译，整个从句翻译后与原文没多大区别。
6.同位语从句：同位语从句中 that不充当句子成分简单的同位语从句往往译成定语，放在名词前；而复杂同位语从句往往独立成句，that→“：”一、并列结构：两个或两个以上的并列成分，有明显的连词或标点连接，翻译时常常需要重复并列成分.最常见的连词是：and, or, but, whether…or…, neither…or…,not only…but also二、否定结构：1.部分否定：指代词或副词，如all, both, every, everybody, every one,many,everything等与否定词not搭配使用，常翻译为“并非所有”，all…not…“不全是”；both…not…“并非两个都”；not always“不一定”，not ofen“不经常”；not necessary“未必”e.g. The situation is not necessary.情况并非如此。
2.全部否定：never, no, not, none, nobody, nothing, neither, nor, not at alle.g. He is no professor.他根本不是教授。
3.否定转移：1）否定的主语转为否定谓语No energy can be created, and none destroyed.能量不能创造，也不能消失。
2）主语的否定转为从句的否定She did not come because she wanted to see him.她来了不是因为她想见他。
3）否定主句的谓语转为否定宾语从句的谓语I don’t think that they must have arrived there by now.I don’t suppose they will object to my suggestion.三、比较结构的翻译1.AS系列1）As…as句型：同级比较，表示两者比较程度一样She is as much interested in music as ever.2）Not so…as句型：跟as…as…相反的结构3）Not so much…as…句型：与其说，不如说 = not only…but also…He was not so much angry as disappointed.4) Not so much as…句型：甚至没有，甚至不He didn’t so much as ask me to sit down.他甚至都没有让我坐下。
2.Than系列1）比较级+than to 不至于做You have more sense than to dump him.你不会把他甩掉吧。
2）More thanMore A than B :与其说，不如说He is more good than bad.More than: 比…多He more than smiled and laughed.她不仅笑，而且大笑。