《科技英语文献阅读与翻译》Unit-1-TextA
科技英语综合教程unit1、2、3、5、7参考译文及文章重点汇总
Unit 1搏弈论阿维纳什•迪克斯特&巴里•内尔巴夫搏弈是有关策略的科学。
它试图以数学和逻辑的方法来帮助搏弈者作出决策，在一系列纷繁复杂的搏弈中应采取何种策略来保证自己获得最大利益。
搏弈论研究的搏弈的范围包括了从下棋到抚育儿童，从网球竞技到公司转手。
但是所有的博弈都具有一个共同的特征：相互作用。
也就是说,每一个博弈者的博弈结果取决于所有博弈参与者的策略选择。
在零和搏弈中，搏弈者的利益之间是完全冲突的，因此一方的得利必然导致另一方的损失。
更多具有代表性的例子还有会导致共同得利(正和)搏弈和共同损失(负和)搏弈，同样的情况还会发生在另外一些冲突中。
搏弈论研究的先驱者是普林斯顿数学家约翰•冯•诺依曼。
在早先的一段时间里，研究的重点被放在了完全冲突(零和)搏弈(非合作搏弈)上，其他的搏弈当时被认为是以合作形式出现。
也就是说，搏弈要求参与者共同地选择和实施他们的行为.最近的研究则把重点放在了那些既不属于零和搏弈也不属于绝对合作搏弈的情况上，在这些搏弈中，搏弈者自主地选择搏弈行为，但他们之间的相互关系中充满了合作与竞争。
搏弈行为与我们在中性环境中所作的各种决定有着根本性的不同。
要说明这一点，我们可以思考一下伐木工人和军队将军所作决定之间的不同。
当伐木工人决定要如何砍树时，他不会考虑树木本身会有什么反抗，他所处的环境为中性。
而当将军决定要消灭敌军时，他必须提前预料到并消除敌军的反抗。
与这一例子中的将军相类似，一个搏弈者必须认识到他与其他机智且怀有争胜之心的竞争者之间的相互作用，他自己所作的决定也必须能够同时应对可能出现的合作或冲突。
搏弈的实质是搏弈者采取策略之间的相互依赖性。
这种策略性的相互依赖表现为两个不同的类别：连续策略之间的相互作用以及联立策略之间的相互作用。
就前者而言，搏弈者依次采取行动，每个人都会注意其他搏弈者先前的行为。
就后者而言，搏弈者同时采取行动，每个人都会忽略其他搏弈者当前的行为。
对连续策略博弈中的某一博弈这来说，一个普遍的原则就是放眼前方，及时反思和总结。
文献阅读与翻译 Unit 1李
Unit 1 General Description of Literature Reading and Translation (4hrs)1. Definition of LiteratureWhat is literature? There seems no substantial difference among its definitions in different dictionaries:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English: a set of works on a particular subject; printed material, esp. giving information. (p. 639)The Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary of Current English: the writing or the study of books, etc. (technical books and journalism); books dealing with a special subject. (p. 573)Webster‟s New Collegiate Dictionary: the body of writings on a particular subject (scientific literature). (p. 672)《英汉案头大字典》: literature——文献(P. 1038) 。
《新英汉词典》: literature——(关于某一不科或专题的)文献(p. 744)。
《新华词典》: 文献——有历史价值的、或同某一学科有关的图书资料(p.880)。
From the above interpretations, we can arrive at an identical definition of literature: a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations.As an important means for preserving knowledge, literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.Professional literatures have been regarded as “intangible assets” of the whole world because they are, on the one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievements obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies; and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literature are records of precious research findings and academic achievements, and the crystallization of human civilization.The word literature used in this textbook does not mean “文学”, but “文献” or “文献资料”, specifically referring to various documentations in the field of international industrial business and academic exchanges. Since literature is the general term for printed materials, it should be further classified according to what a specific documentary work is.2. Classification of LiteratureAs is known to all, we are now in an information era marked with the rapid development of science and technology. According to statistics, within the recent decade alone, the achievements in science and technology have amounted to the totality of inventions and discoveries of mankind since ancient times. Facing such a vast ocean of professional literature, how should we conduct our literature search, reading and translation? Here, we just put various literatures under the following headings:1) TextbooksIn general, a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning. Textbooks are compiled in a rigidly scientific,systematic and logical way. Comparatively, the content of a textbook is mature and well established, because it has been compiled through the writer‟s careful selection, verification, discrimination, integration and comprehensive study of the subject. If you intend to acquire a general knowledge of a certain subject over a larger area, or if you want to have a preliminary understanding of a certain issue, you‟d better go over the relevant textbooks, which proves the best policy.2) MonographsA monograph is “an arti cle or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply” (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, p. 704). It is also a “detailed scientific account, esp. a published report on some item of research” (The Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary of Current English, p. 632). The content of a monograph usually includes the history and present status of a particular subject, observed data, experimental methods and results, existing problems and the developing trend, various viewpoints and discussions of different schools of thought, research achievements and further exploration, and so on. A monograph usually functions as an important guide for the reader to understand the particular study comprehensively and deeply.3) PapersPapers are the most important and reliable sources for textbooks, monographs, and all the other documentary works. A complete paper is usually composed of the following elements: title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references, etc. (detailed description and exemplification of these elements in a professional paper are given in a separate textbook entitled Paper Writing and Publication, by Hu Gengshen, et al., Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2000.) A paper usually deals with a relatively specific topic, and with a comparatively narrow subject.4) EncyclopediasAn encyclopedia is “a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge, or with one particular branch, in alphabetical order.” The difference between a dictionary and an encyclopedia is that “A dictionary explains words and an encyclopedia explains facts.” (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, p.361) As a basic reference book of generalized and summarized knowledge, an encyclopedia is usually compiled by many experts of many branches through many years. The contents of an encyclopedia, therefore, are comparatively mature and correct. It virtually serves as an important information retriever, providing comprehensive and systematic information about everything.The information retriever as such also includes yearbooks, dictionaries, guides, handbooks, and the like.5) PeriodicalsA periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals. Periodicals are of various categories. From the perspective of names, for example, they are journals, acta, magazines, bulletins, rapid communications, letters, proceedings, records, abstracting services, reviews, indexes, etc., which constitute themain body of literature.Periodicals are characterized by being large in number and in variety, extensivein content and in circulation, mixed in language and in form, etc.Along with the rapid development of science and technology, periodicals have been rapidly increasing and have‟ been gradually professionalized, integrated and computerized.6) Special DocumentationThe so-called special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals. This special documentation mainly includes: standards, patent documents, trademarks, copyrights, contracts/agreements, reports, conference papers, dissertations (or theses), Product specifications, government publications, proposals, technical archives, electronic hypertexts, etc. Though neither books nor periodicals published regularly or publicly, the special documentation proves to be most effective resources for information retrieval. Insofar as literature search and reading are concerned, this kind of special documentation should not be overlooked. On the contrary, it calls for our special attention--that is why we have placed special emphasis on special documentation in the present textbook.Notes:1. journals, Acta, magazines, bulletins, rapid communications, letters, proceedings, records, abstracting services, reviews, indexes, etc. 会刊，学报，杂志，通报，快讯，通信稿，会议录，文献记录，世界文摘服务，评论，索引等2. hypertext 超级文本(指信息高速公路上的文件)3. Linguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureStylistically, literature is a kind of formal writing. Compared with an informal writing which usually utilizes an informal tone and colloquial language, a formal writing is a more serious approach to a subject of great importance and it avoids all colloquial expressions. Since the functions of scientific literature are to reveal creative research achievements, facilitate professional information retrieval, and help improve the development of science and technology, it deals objectively with the study of facts or problems; analyses on literature are based on relevant data, not on personal feelings, and discussions or conclusions are made on the basis of specific experiments or investigations.Syntactically, scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and in most cases is rather unitary. Frequently used are indicative sentences, imperative sentences, complex sentences, and “It be + adj. (participle) + that ...” sentence patterns, etc.Morphologically, scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word. There are more compound words, Latin and Greek words, contracted words, noun clusters and so on in scientific literature than in other informational writing.Besides, non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formulas, charts, tables, photos, etc. for the sake of accuracy, brevity, and clarity.Different literatures may have different linguistic features although they do havesimilar characteristics in common. The linguistic features of an individual literature will be discussed together with the specific category of documentation in the corresponding Unit of this textbook. To learn the linguistic features of various literatures will be beneficial not only to documentation reading but also to the translation and writing of such documentary works.4. Search for Relevant LiteratureThe search for relevant literature needed for professional study and research has become a practical skill for professionals. This is important because an effective way of literature search and reading will facilitate our information retrieval within a shorter period of time. In fact, everyone may have his/her own way of literature search and reading. And the following are some usual approaches:1) Global SearchBy “global search” we mean to search for materials around the subject in a larger dimension or within a wider range, i.e., conducting the extensive reading. For example:(1) Search for relevant books through the Classified and Specified Catalogues.(2) Search for periodicals through the Newspapers and Journals Indexing.(3) Search for domestic literature through the Domestic Sci-tech Data Catalogues.(4) Search for current foreign literature through the Sci-Tech Translation Bulletin.(5) Search for literature at home and abroad through INTERNET, WWW (World Wide Web), and other electronic retrieval means.2) Specific SearchBy “specific search” we mean to search for literature about a certain topic withina specific area or in a narrower scope. For example:(1) Select some most-related papers for intensive reading.(2) Expand the scope of the reading only on the basis of the references of the selected papers.(3) Try to find out relevant “reviews” on the topic so as to know the authoritative comments, the experts‟ views, the global developing trend and the general on-goings, etc.3) Processed SearchBy “processed search” we mean to accumulate and absorb essential information in the course of literature search and reading. For example:(1) Store the searched literature by careful note-taking and self-abstracting.(2) Sort out the searched documentation by timely putting them into different categories.(3) Digest/Absorb the searched information by creatively analyzing and synthesizing.It is very important to identify and then make generalization of the essential parts of the research papers, because the author of a paper should and must present his/her achievements or research findings through these parts. For this purpose, as a researcher, one has to be good at doing retrieval reading. By retrieval reading wemean retrospect reading of the manuscript in a very careful way so as to identify, register and generalize the gist or the main parts of work, or contributions we have made in a given paper. Literally, we mean reading the manuscript in a thorough manner and making notes: (1) as to the subjects dealt with, particularly subjects concerning with new information given incidentally; and (2) as to the new result and conclusive ideas reported. Material relating to each subject should then be gathered together in a logical way; and (3) all the sentences generalizing the main ideas of all the original materials should be put together so as to be well-versed, abstract-brief, condensed, complete, yet easily readable.In the final analysis, to digest and absorb useful information is the ultimate purpose of literature search and reading. This is a process of discarding the dross and selecting the essential, eliminating the false and retaining the true, proceeding from the easy to the difficult and from the outer to the inner. It is also a process of reading, selecting, sorting, synthesizing, commenting, rationalizing, systematizing, reprocessing, etc.One thing that needs to be mentioned is that an awareness of information discrimination is highly necessary, for the collection and absorption of erroneous knowledge and information is harmful. Just as a western scientist says: “The fool collects data and the wise man selects them.” This remark, th ough drastic, is indeed philosophical.Notes1. through the Classified and Specified Catalogues 通过《分类目录或专题目录》2. through the Newspapers and Journals Indexing 通过《全国报刊索引》3. through the Domestic Sci-Tech Data Catalogues 通过《国内资料科技目录》4. Sci-Tech Translation Bulletin 《科技译文通报》5. the fool collects data and the wise man selects them 愚者采集资料，智者选择资料5. Review of this chapterDefinition of Literature: a set of works on a particular subject; printed material, esp. giving information; the body of writings on a particular subject (scientific literature)Classification of Literature: textbooks, monographs, papers, encyclopedias, periodicals, special documentation, etc.Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature: stylistically, a kind of formal writing, with rigorous and unitary grammatical structure, highly specialized and unambiguous wording for semantic accuracy, etc.Search for Relevant Literature: global search, specific search, and processed search Supplementary Readings on Informational Retrieval: retrieval system, microfilm, internet. database, reformat, on, e-mail, information infrastructure, information superhighwayTranslation Skills (1): Translation in General and Translation of Special LiteratureTranslation is a rendering of ideas or concepts from one language into another,i.e., the faithful representation in the target language of what is written or said in the original language.As a means of communication, translation plays an important role in human civilization. In the West, literary translation can be traced back to 300 BC; while in China, recorded translation activities are even earlier, dating from Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC). However, not until the recent centuries, especially by the end of the 19th century did systematic study of translation get under way. The recent decades have seen rapid development in translation theories and translation activities both at home and abroad.A modern society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasions. Proper and dexterous translation helps promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds, whereas improper rendering of words or expressions leads to confusion. Take the ordinary word “menu” for example. Its original meaning is “a list of dishes in a meal or to be ordered as separated meals, esp. in a restaurant”, and the Chinese equivalent seems to be clear: 菜单. However, when it is used in computer science, its meaning shifts to “a list shown on the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation the computer is to perform.”Evidently the Chinese counterpart should be something like “选项、项目单” It is a pity that the initial translator neglected this definition, and as a result, this very popular term of computer science fails to convey its true meaning in Chinese--the translated term”菜单” sounds incongruous with its actual content. So is the rendering of “Renaissance”--commonly known as “文艺复兴” in Chinese. Although we know today that the movement extended far beyond the literature and art circle, and the connotation of “Renaissance” is much more profound than that of the Chinese term “文艺复兴”, yet it is generally accepted through common practice. Such improper rendering is not uncommon in Chines-English translation. A sweet and melodious trademark in Chinese, by improper translation, may cause uneasiness or even create a loathsome image in the mind of people of different social and cultural backgrounds. For example, a popular Chinese lipstick with the trademark “芳芳”, when transliterated into English as “Fangfang”, assumes a hideous image--the English word “fang” happens to have two disagreeable definitions: a, a long, sharp tooth of a dog; b.a snake‟s poisonous tooth. Consequently, this awkward transliteration has resulted in a complete failure in marketing. Similar translation blunders are not unusual in social or economic activities in our country. To name a few, translating “五讲四美、三热爱”into “five stresses, four beauties and three loves”, “抓紧施肥” into “grasp manure”, “街道妇女” into “street women”, “白酒”into “white wine”, etc. Had the translators had sufficient translation knowledge, such blunders would have been avoided.1. Nature and Scope of TranslationWhat is translation? Some people believe it is a science, others take it as an art; and yet many consider it a craft, or rather, a skill.Of these varied definitions, which one holds true for our purpose? The answer depends on how w e understand or interpret the word “translation”, for the very word “translation” itself is ambiguous. And the Chinese equivalent fanyi sounds even fuzzier. Fanyi, in Chinese, may either stand for a subject in the curriculum, a jobpeople engage in, a piece of literary work, or the translating or interpreting work itself. Sometimes, fanyi may even refer to the translator or interpreter himself/herself.If the word “translation” refers to a subject, namely, the study of translation theory and skills, it is no doubt a science, just as any subject is, with its own rules, laws and principles for the translators to observe; however, if it refers to some specific pieces of translation, then it is more like an art, with each piece of them manifesting its own charms and style in the creative hands of the translator; whereas, if it refers to a process, in which something is translated, then we may regard it as a craft or skill. For unlike any branch of natural science, the process of translation has its own nature, and none of its rules and principles are universally applicable. Therefore, it entails a lot of practice, and particular craftsmanship and skills are reflected by the touches of different translators.Translation covers a very broad range. In terms of languages, it can be divided into two categories: from native languages into foreign languages and vice versa; in terms of the mode, it can be divided into oral interpretation and written translation; in terms of materials to be translated, there are translation of scientific materials, translation of literary works such as novels, stories, prose, poetry, drama, etc., translation of political essays such as treatises on social problems, repons, speeches, etc., and translation of practical writing (as official documents, contracts and agreements, notices, receipts, etc.); in terms of disposal, it can be either full-text translation, abridged translation or adapted translation.2. Principles or Criteria of TranslationThe so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same coin. That is, on the part of the translator, he or she should follow them while translating; whereas on the part of the reader or critic, he or she may use the principles and criteria to evaluate translation works. Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu‟s “three-character guide”--xin, da, ya, namely, “faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅)”, which was first proposed in 1898, would evoke controversy.In the past decades, Mr. Yan‟s principle has always been regarded as aplumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a variety of new standards or criteria of translation.Despite a variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted by all, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these two criteria as the principles of scientific literature translation. By faithfulness/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries.3. Literal Translation and Free TranslationThe process of translation consists of two phases: comprehension and expression.Generally speaking, comprehension is of foremost importance, and expression is the natural consequence of thorough comprehension. However, in the practice we may find that now and then some words or phrases in their usual senses are very difficultto deal with because of the disparity between English and Chinese. In this case, we have to resort to some special means of translation. Literal translation (直译) and free translation (意译) are two dynamic approaches in dealing with such awkward situations.The so-called literal translation, superficially speaking, means “not to alter the original words and sentences”; strictly speaking, it strives “to keep the s entiments and style of the original.” It takes sentences as its basic units and takes the whole text (discourse) into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. Furthermore, it strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the original works and retains as much as possible the figures of speech. There are quite a lot of examples of successful literal translation that have been adopted as idiomatic Chinese expressions. For example, crocodile‟s tears (鳄鱼的眼泪), armed to the teeth (武装到牙齿), chain reaction (连锁反应), gentlemen‟s agreement (君子协定), and so on. Similarly, some Chinese idioms also find their English counterparts through literal translation. For example, 纸老虎(paper tiger),一国两制(one country, two systems ), and so on.Free translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. This approach is most frequently adopted when it is really impossible for the translator to do literal translation. For example:Adam‟s Apple 喉结at sixes and sevens 乱七八槽It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱Don‟t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心过早。
科技英语课文翻译和课后习题翻译
第一张机器人走进千家万户(1)比尔﹒盖茨设想一下:在一个新的产业诞生之际, 你目睹见证了这一切! 这个产业是在前所未有的新技术基础上发展起来的, 其中包括一些实力雄厚企业销售的高度专业化商务设备, 还有越来越多的新兴公司生产的新奇玩具、为玩具藏家青睐的机巧装置, 以及其他一些奇特有趣的特殊产品。
但同时, 这还是一个缺乏行业标准和平台的、尚不成规模的产业。
项目复杂, 进步缓慢, 实际应用更是少之有少。
事实上, 尽管对这个产业的未来充满热情和希望,但是没有人能明确地说出什么时间- 或究竟是否有可能-它能取得关键性的规模发展。
但是,若真能实现发展, 那么,它很可能改变整个世界。
当然, 上述描述可算是上世纪70 年代中期计算机产业的写照, 也就在那时, 保罗·艾伦和我成立了微软公司。
当时,部分大企业、政府部门和其他一些机构都在使用笨重、昂贵的主计算机进行后台运算。
知名大学和大型工业实验室的研究人员正试图建造出最基本的构件, 以使信息化时代的到来成为可能。
当时因特尔公司刚刚推出他们的8080 微处理器,安他利公司正在销售一款流行电子游戏Pong 。
而在一些自发组成的计算机俱乐部里,热忠于此的人们急切地努力探索这种新技术带来的好处究竟是什么。
但当时我脑海中所萦绕的则是更具前瞻性的问题:机器人产业即将作为一项新兴的产业而崛起,其当时的发展同30 年前计算机的发展如出一辙。
想想看, 目前汽车组装线上使用的制造型机器人已替代了昔日的主计算机。
这个产业其他的典型产品包括可进行外科手术的机器手, 在伊拉克和阿富汗用于路边及地面排雷的侦察机器人, 以及可以进行地板吸尘的家用机器人。
电子产品公司还推出了可模仿人类、或是狗、恐龙等的机器人玩具, 而玩具收藏者们正迫不及待地想要猎取一套乐高公司生产的最新机器人系列玩具。
与此同时, 世界尖端科技人员正试图解决机器人技术中最棘手的难题, 诸如视觉识别、远程操控、以及学习型机器等问题, 而且他们正在不断获得成功。
科技英语阅读与翻译全文
科技英语阅读与翻译全文Humanitarian Aid in SpaceSpace exploration technology will benefit developing countries in a variety of ways. Whether it's information about climate change or communication technologies that give remote areas access to the world outside, space science can come to the aid of vulnerable people in many countries.For the past two decades, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has been sending humanitarian aid dispatched from its space platform. This ambitious project has proved successful, and it’s been praised for its achievements in various aspects.The two strategic areas set forth for JAXA’s humanitarian aid effort are science and education. JAXA’s donations of books and puzzle sets are enabling elementary and junior high school kids in India to study science and math. There are plans to utilize remote sensing data to map out natural resources in Nepalese countryside and expand education related to environmental issues in Vietnam. In addition the agency is sending educational videos to the island nation of Palau tobetter understand their own local wildlife.JAXA is considered to be a pioneer in this area since the launch of their humanitarian aid initiative in 1997. The organization strives to make use of space applications for social welfare and reduce disparities in the world through a number of practical endeavors. The effort currently has a global reach, with projects taking place in seven continent, from Latin America to Africa.JAXA’s humanitarian aid programs will continue to grow with better technology and increased resources. The ongoing work reinforces the concept that space science and technology have the potential to contribute to enhancing the lives of people on Earth.人道主义援助在太空太空探索技术将在各个方面受益于发展中国家。
《科技英语文献阅读与翻译》Unit-1-TextA
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Unit One
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约翰·冯·诺依曼 (1903-1957)
匈牙利裔美国数学家, 普林斯顿大学和普林斯顿 高等研究所教授,曾任研制原子弹的顾问，并参 加研制计算机,被称为计算机之父,1954年成为 美国原子能委员会委员.作为二十世纪最杰出的 数学家之一, 他在数理逻辑, 测度论, 格论和连 续几何学方面都有开创性的成果;在博弈论和控 制论,力学,经济学和计算机研制等领域做出了杰 出的贡献. 他同莫根·施特恩合作，写出《博弈 论和经济行为》(Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, 1947)一书，这是博弈论
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it One
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博弈论
博弈论有时也称为对策论是应用数 学的一个分支, 是研究具有斗争或竞 争性质现象的数学理论和方法,也是 运筹学的一个重要学科。目前在社 会学,生物学，经济学，国际关系， 计算机科学, 政治学，军事战略和其 他很多学科都有广泛的应用。
26.03.2021
Unit One
Princeton has traditionally focused on undergraduate education and academic research, it now offers a large number of top-rated professional Master's degrees and PhD programs in a range of subjects.
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Princeton
Princeton is a city in Green Lake County, NJ, United States.
26.03.2021
科技英语论文阅读及翻译PPT课件
科技英语论文
论文摘要（abstract）
摘要有长有短，通常为100～150 个词左右，约为原文长度的1%～ 5%。
美国有些高校规定，硕士论文提要以 250词为宜，博士论文以350词为宜。
论文摘要（abstract）
简明扼要，通常只有一段话。 主要内容： 研究目的：该研究的背景、重要性 完成的工作：方案选择、研究内容、关 键技术、 主要成果及其意义：重要的关键性的结 果，结论性的意见
Key words : hybrid electric vehicle petroleum substitution Battery
论文内容本身（text）
1）引言（introduction） 简要介绍文章的主题、目的和背景，有
关本项研究的目前状况、存在的问题， 本文解决了什么问题，取得的结果及其 意义。
论文摘要（abstract）
摘要的语言结构：
谓语动词简单而句子的其余成分却十分复杂 大量使用be和have的变化形式做谓语动词 大量使用被动句
描述自己的工作时态用过去时或完成时，但 陈述理论或事实要用现在时。
研究目的、研究对象 This paper presents
/discusses/ studies/ deals with/ investigates This paper presents an analysis of principles of magnetic refrigeration with application to air conditioning. A comparison with conventional evaporation-condensation gas cycle device is presented. Conclusions concerning the applicability of magnetic refrigeration to air conditioning are made.
科技英语课文翻译
Unit 1大规模研究发现：地球的“健康”每况愈下有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析结果表明，地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。
由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出，由于不可持续的使用，地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统（包括干净的水源、纯净的空气以及稳定的气候）正遭受破坏。
以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。
据报告分析，随着人类对食物、淡水、木材、纤维以及燃料等资源的需求日趋激增，环境发生了极大的变化，引发了诸如滥伐森林、化学污染等问题。
因此，该报告的作者警告说，照此下去，本已岌岌可危的生态环境将会在21世纪的上半叶进一步恶化。
这项历史性的研究由来自世界95个国家的政府部门以及民间组织的1,300多位科学家共同完成。
四年来，他们考察了地球上许多生物的生长环境、物种以及将他们联系起来的生态体系。
联合国环境规划署对该报告进行了编辑整理并于昨天在中国北京公布了研究结果。
在公布该报告的新闻发布会上，联合国秘书长科菲·安南指出：“只有了解环境及其运作过程，我们才能制定出必要的措施加以保护它。
”他还说，“只有珍惜所有宝贵的自然资源和人类资源，我们才有希望去建设一个可持续发展的未来。
”对社会经济的影响该报告对自然界的大部分生物多样性持悲观态度，地球上可能有10%—30%的哺乳动物，鸟类以及两栖动物濒临灭绝。
这次大规模生态调查是根据安南的《千年发展目标》展开的，该发展目标是由联合国发起的，旨在2015年之前大幅减少饥饿与极度贫困等社会经济问题。
总部位于内罗毕的联合国环境规划署执行主席克劳斯·托普弗说：“从某些方面来说，《千年生态系统评估综合报告》让我们首次认识到生态系统服务功能的经济价值，并使我们对尊重和保护地球生命维护系统有了新的见解。
”目前由于人类社会对地球环境的开发利用，食物供应不断增加，然而增长的速度仍然太慢，难以完成联合国制定的在2015年之前消除全球一半饥饿人口的目标。
科技英语阅读与翻译
第1章 科技英汉翻译基础
⑤用多种方式表达数字及否定； e.g. The temperature at the sun’s center is as high as 10,000,000℃.
太阳中心的温度高达1千万摄氏度。 The voltage has dropped five times.
电压降低了五分之四。[减少/降低了N分之(N-1)] The object did not move because I pushed it. 不是因为我推它，该物体才移动。(否定转移) There is nothing like mineral water to quench one’s thirst.
第1章 科技英汉翻译基础
①大量使用名词化结构；
e.g.
Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.
电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。
During the two and half-hour talk, the two sides
the world today. Worldwide,哥。
the number of large cities 目前，世界人口总数为69.09亿，
will multiply.
其中只有12.37亿人生活在较发达地区。
Exercise
Now 26 cities have 5 million or more residents each and a combined population of 252 million. By the end of the decade, the number will escalate to 60, with an estimated total of almost 650 million people. Ray of hope: The world population now is growing by 1.8 percent a year; by 2000, the rate is expected to drop to 1.6 percent as individual women have fewer children in their lifetime.
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2021/3/12
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John Forbes Nash
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John Forbes Nash
John Forbes Nash, Jr. (born on June 13, 1928) is an American mathematician who works in game theory and differential geometry.
Unit One
Mathematics
Text A
Game Theory
Background Information
Text Organization Language Study
Further Reading and Practice
Interests
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Background Information
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Nash equilibrium
纳什均衡，又称为非合作博弈均衡，是博弈论 的一个重要术语，以约翰·纳什命名。在一个博 弈过程中，无论对方的策略选择如何，当事人 一方都会选择某个确定的策略，则该策略被称 作支配性策略。如果两个博弈的当事人的策略 组合分别构成各自的支配性策略，那么这个组 合就被定义为纳什均衡。一个策略组合被称为 纳什均衡，当每个博弈者的均衡策略都是为了 达到自己期望收益的最大值，与此同时，其他 所有博弈者也遵循这样的策略。
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Nash equilibrium
Nash equilibrium, has become the cornerstone of game theory.
Nash equilibrium abstracts the way we reason about strategies in a competitive situation: it codifies "I think he will do X because he thinks I will do Y, so I should do Z...."
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Prisoners’ Dilemma
The Prisoner's Dilemma is one of the best-known models in game theory.
It illustrates the paradoxical nature of interaction between mutually suspicious participants with opposing interests.
Along with Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam, von Neumann worked out key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb.
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John von Neumann
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John von Neumann
He was a Hungarian-born American mathematician and who made contributions to quantum physics, functional analysis, set theory, economics, computer science, topology, numerical analysis, hydrodynamics (of explosions), statistics and many other mathematical fields as one of world history’s outstanding mathematicians.
（又称对策论）中的经典著作，使他成为数理 经济学的奠基人之一。
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tic-tac-toe
Tic-tac-toe is a game in which two players alternately put crosses and circles in one of the compartments of a square grid of nine spaces; the goal is to get a row of three crosses or three circles before the opponent does. 井字棋, 一种益智游戏。
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John von Neumann
Most notably, von Neumann was a pioneer of the modern digital computer and the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics, a member of the Manhattan Project and the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, and creator of game theory and the concept of cellular automata.
Cortés was part of the generation of European colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
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Princeton
Princeton is a city in Green Lake County, NJ, United States.
2021/3/12
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Princeton
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Princeton University
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Avinash Dixit and Barry Nalebuff
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Avinash Dixit and Barry Nalebuff
Avinash Dixit is the John J. Sherred Professor of Economics at Princeton University. Barry Nalebuff is Milton Steinbach Professor of Management at Yale University, School of Organization and Management.
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约翰·冯·诺依曼 (1903-1957)
匈牙利裔美国数学家, 普林斯顿大学和普林斯顿 高等研究所教授,曾任研制原子弹的顾问，并参 加研制计算机,被称为计算机之父,1954年成为 美国原子能委员会委员.作为二十世纪最杰出的 数学家之一, 他在数理逻辑, 测度论, 格论和连 续几何学方面都有开创性的成果;在博弈论和控 制论,力学,经济学和计算机研制等领域做出了杰 出的贡献. 他同莫根·施特恩合作，写出《博弈 论和经济行为》(Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, 1947)一书，这是博弈论
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Prisoners’ Dilemma
囚徒困境，博弈论的经典案例。囚徒困境是博 弈论的非零和博弈中具代表性的例子，反映个 人最佳选择并非团体最佳选择。虽然困境本身 只属模型性质，但现实中的价格竞争、环境保 护等方面，也会频繁出现类似情况。单次发生 的囚徒困境，和多次重复的囚徒困境结果不会 一样。在重复的囚徒困境中，博弈被反复地进 行。因而每个参与者都有机会去“惩罚”另一个参 与者前一回合的不合作行为。这时，合作可能 会作为均衡的结果出现。欺骗的动机这时可能 被受到惩罚的威胁所克服，从而可能导向一个 较好的、合作的结果。
He shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Economics wቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱth two other game theorists, Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi.
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John Forbes Nash
He is best known in popular culture as the subject of the Hollywood movie, A Beautiful Mind, about his mathematical genius and his struggles with schizophrenia.