加勒比地区英文介绍
波多黎各
中文名称：波多黎各自由邦 英文名称： The Commonwealth ofPuerto Rico简称： 波多黎各所属洲：北美洲 首都： 圣胡安 主要城市：马亚圭斯，蓬塞 国庆日：7月4日 国歌： 《波多黎各之歌》国家代码：PUR 官方语言： 西班牙语、英语 货币： 美元政治体制： 共和制 国家领袖： 美国总统，总督路易斯·福尔图尼奥· 布尔塞特 人口数量： 399.4万(2007年) 人口密度： 438人/平方公里 主要民族： 白人，黑人 主要宗教： 天主教 国土面积： 9104平方千米 水域率： 1.6% 国际电话区号： +1-787，+1-939 国际域名缩写：.pr年西班牙人J.庞塞·德·莱昂在岛上建立殖民据点，次波多黎各的第一位总督为胡安·蓬塞·德莱昂，任期为1509-1512年，在美西战争中，西班牙失败，波多黎各将波多黎各割让给美国，1900年，美国总统麦金利任命查尔斯·赫伯特·艾伦为第一任驻波多黎各文职总督，波多黎各自由邦建立以后，1949年，路易斯·穆尼奥斯当选为自由邦第一任总督。
此后的总督列表如下：1949-1965 路易斯·穆尼奥斯(Luis Muñoz Marín，1898-1980，人民民主党人，波多黎各第一、二、三、四届总督，同时也是记者、诗人）1965-1969 罗贝托·桑切斯(Roberto Sánchez Vilella，1913-1997，人民民主党人，波多黎各第五届总督，工程师）1969-1973 路易斯·费雷(Luis Ferré Aguayo, 1904-2003，新进步党人，波多黎各第六届总督，工程师）1973-1977 拉斐尔·埃尔南德斯·科隆(Rafael Hernández Colón，1936-，人民民主党，波多黎各第七、十、十一届总督，律师）波多黎各1977-1985 卡洛斯·罗梅罗(Carlos Romero Barceló, 1932-，新进步党人，波多黎各第八、九届总督，律师）1985-1993 拉斐尔·埃尔南德斯·科隆（第二次任职）1993-2001 佩德罗·罗塞约·冈萨雷斯(Pedro Rosselló González, 1944-，新进步党人，波多黎各第12、13届总督，儿科医师）2001-2005 西拉·玛丽亚·卡尔德隆(Sila María Calderón Serra, 1942-, 人民民主党人，波多黎各第14届总督，商人）2005-2009 阿尼瓦尔·阿塞维多(Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, 1962-, 人民民主党人，波多黎各第15届总督，法官）美元。
加勒比海蓝色天堂的海域
加勒比海蓝色天堂的海域加勒比海，这片被誉为“蓝色天堂”的海域，地处大西洋的西北部，包括众多海岛和沿岸地区。
清澈碧蓝的海水、美丽绝伦的海滩、丰富多样的海洋生物，使得加勒比海成为世界上最受欢迎的旅游胜地之一。
本文将介绍加勒比海蓝色天堂的海域，带您领略这片神秘而美丽的海洋世界。
一、加勒比海的地理概况加勒比海位于北美洲、南美洲和中美洲之间，面积约为257万平方公里。
它由大西洋、巴哈马群岛和大安地列斯群岛等多个海洋区域组成。
这片海域的水域由多个持久暖流影响，从而形成了独特的气候和生态环境。
加勒比海区域拥有200多个岛屿和沿岸地区，其中包括波多黎各、牙买加、古巴、巴哈马等知名旅游胜地。
每个地方都有其独特的魅力和特色，吸引着无数游客前来探索和享受。
二、加勒比海的蓝色天堂之美1. 清澈碧蓝的海水加勒比海的海水清澈而透明，呈现出了迷人的碧蓝色。
潜入水中，仿佛置身于一个天然的游泳池中，可以尽情欣赏大自然为我们呈现的美丽景色。
游客们可以在这片蓝色海域中畅游，感受大自然的恩赐，亲密接触与海洋的和谐。
2. 美丽绝伦的海滩加勒比海的海岸线上遍布着一望无际的白色沙滩，琳琅满目的海滩景色美不胜收。
沙滩上洁白的沙粒与蔚蓝的海水交相辉映，构成了一副绝美的画面。
游客们可以在这里沐浴阳光，享受海滩带来的轻松和宁静。
3. 丰富多样的海洋生物加勒比海是一个充满生命力的海洋生态系统。
在这片海域中，可以观赏到五彩斑斓的珊瑚礁、各种热带鱼、海龟、海豚等多样的海洋生物。
潜水爱好者们也可以来到这里进行潜水活动，一睹潜水背后的奇妙世界。
三、加勒比海的旅游活动1. 水上运动在加勒比海蓝色天堂的海域，游客们可以尽情享受各种水上运动的乐趣。
比如，冲浪、帆板、划船、浮潜等等。
这些活动不仅能够让人体验刺激和兴奋，还能感受大海的浩渺和力量。
2. 海岛度假加勒比海的众多海岛提供着豪华而独特的度假胜地。
游客们可以选择在这里度过一个休闲、舒适的假期。
度假村的设施完备，服务周到，让人感受到别样的奢华和宠爱。
美国概况--英文介绍
Introduction to British and American Culture
Boston Tea Party 波士顿倾茶事件
Before the Colonial
Period
1.在两万多年前, 有一批来自亚洲的流浪者,经由北美到中 南美洲,这些人就是印第安人Indians的祖先。 2.大约1万年前, 又有另一批亚洲人, 移居到北美北部, 这 是后来的爱斯基摩人Eskimo 3.最早到美洲的白种人大概是维京人 the Vikings, 他们 是一群喜好冒险的捕渔人。 4.1492年10月12日 哥伦布发现美洲大陆 （十五世纪）。
The Founding of the Thirteen Colonies
• During the first 150 years, the British colonies in North America became a “melting pot”.
• By the early 1760s, English settlers had established 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast.
Amerigo Vespucci
阿美利哥韦斯普奇（意大利航海家，商人，美洲新大陆以其命名为
A•mHereica）first confirmed the fact that a new continent had been discovered.
• The New World was named America to honor Amerigo Vespucci.
各大洲英文
亚洲Asia（48个国家）东亚：中国China、蒙古Mongolia、朝鲜Korea、韩国South Korea、日本Japan（5）东南亚：菲律宾Philippines、越南Vietnam、老挝Laos、柬埔寨Cambodia、缅甸Myanmar、泰国T hailand、马来西亚Malaysia、文莱Brunei Darussalam、新加坡Singapore、印度尼西亚In donesia、东帝汶east Timor（11）南亚：尼泊尔Nepal、不丹Bhutan、孟加拉国Bengal、印度India、巴基斯坦Pakistan、斯里兰卡Sri Lanka、马尔代夫Maldives（7）中亚：哈萨克斯坦Kazakhstan、吉尔吉斯斯坦Kyrgyzstan、塔吉克斯坦Tajikistan、乌兹别克斯坦Uzbekistan、土库曼斯坦Turkmenistan（5）西亚：阿富汗Afghanistan、伊拉克Iraq、伊朗Iran、叙利亚Syria、约旦Jordan、黎巴嫩Lebano n、以色列Israel、巴勒斯坦Palestine、沙特阿拉伯Saudi Arabia、巴林Bahrain、卡塔尔Q atar、科威特Kuwait、阿拉伯联合酋长国（阿联酋）United Arab Emirates、阿曼Oman、也门Yemen、格鲁吉亚Georgia、亚美尼亚Armenia、阿塞拜疆Azerbaijan、土耳其Turke y、塞浦路斯Cyprus（20）注：锡金Sikkim现已并入印度成为其一个邦，所以这里不出现，详细请看：欧洲Europe（43个国家/1个地区）北欧：芬兰Finland、瑞典Sweden、挪威Norway、冰岛Iceland、丹麦Danmark 法罗群岛Faroe Islands（丹）（6）东欧：爱沙尼亚Estonia、拉脱维亚Latvia、立陶宛Lithuania、白俄罗斯Belarus、俄罗斯Russia、乌克兰Ukraine、摩尔多瓦Moldova（7）中欧：波兰Poland、捷克Czech、斯洛伐克Slovakia、匈牙利Hungary、德国Germany、奥地利A ustria、瑞士Switzerland、列支敦士登Liechtenstein(LIE)（8）西欧：英国Britain、爱尔兰Ireland、荷兰Holand、比利时Belgium、卢森堡Luxemburg、法国F rance、摩纳哥Monaco（7）南欧：罗马尼亚Romania、保加利亚Bulgaria、塞尔维亚Serbia、马其顿Macedonia、阿尔巴尼亚Albania、希腊Greece、斯洛文尼亚Slovenia、克罗地亚Croatia、波斯尼亚Bosnia和墨塞哥维那Herzegovina(波黑)。
(首都：马纳瓜) Location： Central America, bordering both the
巴拿馬共和國-Republic of Panama
Nation： Republic of Panama (國家：巴拿馬共和國) Capital：Panama City (首都：巴拿馬市) Location： Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica (地理位置：位於中美洲，西北臨加勒比海， 南瀕太平洋，西接哥斯大黎加，東與哥倫比亞 為界) Languages： Spanish (語言：西班牙語)
多明尼加共和國Dominican Republic
Nation： Dominican Republic (國家：多明尼加共和國) Capital： Santo Domingo (首都：聖多明哥) Location： between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean , small offshore islands and cays that are part of the Dominican territory (地理位置：東臨加勒比海，西濱洋，外海島嶼 及沙洲為其領土) Languages：Spanish (語言：西班牙語)
海地共和國-Republic of Haiti
Nation： Republic of Haiti (國家：海地共和國) Capital：Port-au-Prince (首都：太子港) Location： Caribbean, west of the island of Hispaniola (Spain), west of the Dominican Republic (地理位置：位於加勒比海，伊斯巴紐拉（西班 牙）島西部，東鄰多明尼加) Languages： French 、 Creole (語言：法語、克雷奧語)
The kingdom of the Netherlands(国家介绍)大纲英文
The kingdom of the NetherlandsGeneral Information:The Netherlands / Dutch / Netherland (Low Country)Windmill(风车)kingdom / tulip(郁金香) kingdom. / country of the pasture(牧场)Location: mainly in north-west Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean(加勒比海) Capital city: AmsterdamThe seat of government: the Hague海牙（International Court of Justice）Polity: Constitutional monarchy(君主立宪制)Demographics人口统计资料Principal Government OfficialsHead of State--Queen BeatrixPrime Minister--Mark Rutte(马克吕特)Geography:Landform: low land →floods Delta Works[三角洲工程] coastal reclamation project[围海造陆]Climate: moderate maritime climate moist soil →sabot[木鞋]History：Dutch Republic 1581-1795French domination 1795-1814Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815-1940Second World War1940-1945Recent history 1945-presentPolitics:Home affairs -----------Constitutional monarchy (1815)The monarch is the titular(有名无实的) head of state.The Queen's function is largely ceremonial（礼仪的）, but she does have some influence deriving（源自）from the traditional veneration（尊敬，崇拜）of the House of Orange（王室，王朝）, from which Dutch monarchs for more than 3 centuries have descended. Her influence also derives from her personal qualities and her power to appoint the "formateur," who forms the Council of Ministers following elections States General (1848, legislative powers).House of Representatives (150, The Lower house )The Senate (75, the upper house)CabinetIn practice, the executive power is formed by the ministerraad, the deliberativecouncil of the Dutch cabinet.The cabinet consists usually of 13 to 16 ministers and a varying numbers of state secretaries. The head of government is Prime Minister of the NetherlandsPolitical Parties (multi-party system)Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) ------ Christian DemocratsLabour Party (PvdA) -----social DemocratsPeople’s Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) ---liberals Foreign affairs Foreign relations-------------Foreign policy------neutrality→promoting a wide variety of goalsInternational organizations -----EU, NA TO(北约), UN,WTO,OECD(经济发展与合作组织)With China—⑴the policy of reformation and opening →the development in economic and trade relations⑵Two government sign agreements about shipping ,aviation(航空),economy , technology ,and culture.Economy:capitalist market-based economyEconomic Status (leading European nations, developed economy, a special role in the European countries, largest port in Europe)(Traditional Industry, New Industry, Agriculture,Service sector) TravelWindmills (a symbol of the Dutch)The oldest mill -----watermill( 水磨,水利磨粉机) 8th century.Functions------to pump(抽水) dry hundreds of lakes and swamps (沼泽)to prevent land from flooding.Cheese (largest cheese exporter in the world)Output: 650 million kilos of cheese per year.On average the Dutch eat 14,3 kilos of cheese per person per year. No wonder Holland has a worldwide reputation for being a cheese country.History of Dutch Cheese------------The Dutch association with cheese dates back to pre-Christian times. Archaeologists have found remains of cheese-making equipment dating back to 200 B.C.By the Middle Ages, making and trading cheese had assumed a central position in Dutch life. Cheese markets flourished (繁荣，兴盛) and towns that were granted weighing rights were able to build Weigh Houses and enjoyed special status. De Waag in Gouda is one of the most beautiful weigh houses in Holland. From that time on, Holland further developed as a world leader in the dairy industry（乳制品业）.Wooden Shoes （typically Dutch souvenir）Benefits: keep your feet dry / very safe / wearing them is considered to be healthy The European Union acknowledged this and gave the clog a CE mark.Currently, there are 25 traditional clog makers who like to demonstrate the profession of clog making.Tulips（national flowers）Holland and tulips are inseparable(不可分离的)The first bulbs arrived in Holland several centuries ago from Turkey and Iran.They immediately became very popular in Holland and their arrival was the beginning of a prosperous flower industry.Today Holland is the main producer of commercially sold flowers and plants. Canals of AmsterdamA visit to Amsterdam isn’t complete without enjoying the canals. They are a symbol of Amsterdam and of great cultural and historical value.Millions of bicyclesPeople sometimes say that the Dutch are born on their bikes! Fact is, Holland is a perfect country for cycling, and counts more bicycles than people. More than 20,000 kilometers of cycle paths are waiting for you throughout the country, and in the rare spots where there are no cycle paths, motorists are very aware of cyclists.Getting to NetherlandsTravel to Holland by AirAmsterdam Airport Schiphol（史基浦机场）is Holland’s largest airport and one of the most modern airports in Europe.Travel to Holland by TrainHolland is easily accessible by high speed train from various European cities. Utrecht Central Station and Amsterdam Central Station are the main arrival and transfer railway stations for the international routesTravel to Holland by Car/BusThe Netherlands is very well suited for car travel. The roads are well-maintained and the road markings and signpost make it easy to find your way around.Traveling to Holland by Ferry（渡船）The Netherlands is located on the North Sea and can easily be reached by sea.W elcome Criticism Correction。
世界各国和地区英文简写
世界各国和地区英文简写世界各国和地区英文简写序号缩写中文英文1 AE 阿联酋 United Arab Emirates2 AF 阿富汗 Afghanistan3 AL 阿尔巴尼亚 Albania4 AO 安哥拉 Angola5 AR 阿根廷 Argentina6 AT 奥地利 Austria7 AU 澳大利亚 Australia8 AZ 亚塞拜然 Azerbaijan9 BD 孟加拉 Bangladesh10 BE 比利时 Belgium11 BG 保加利亚 Bulgaria12 BH 巴林 Bahrain13 BI 蒲隆地 Burundi14 BJ 贝南 Benin15 BM 百慕大 Bermuda16 BN 汶莱 Brunei17 BO 玻利维亚 Bolivia18 BR 巴西 Brazil19 BS 巴哈马 Bahamas20 BT 不丹 Bhutan21 BW 波札那 Botswana22 CA 加拿大 Canada23 CF 中非共和国 Central Africa24 CG 刚果 Congo25 CH 瑞士 Switzerland26 CK 库克群岛 Cook Is.27 CL 智利 Chile28 CM 喀麦隆 Cameroon29 CN 中国 China30 CO 哥伦比亚 Colombia31 CR 哥斯大黎加 Costa Rica32 CU 古巴 Cuba33 CV 维德角群岛 Cape Verde Is.34 CY 塞普勒斯 Cyprus35 CZ 捷克共和国 Czech36 DE 德国 Germany37 DK 丹麦 Denmark38 DZ 阿尔及利亚 Algeria39 EC 厄瓜多 Ecuador40 EE 爱沙尼亚 Estonia41 EG 埃及 Egypt42 ES 西班牙 Spain43 ET 衣索比亚 Ethiopia44 FI 芬兰 Finland45 FJ 斐济 Fiji46 FR 法国 France47 GA 加彭 Gabon48 GB 英国 Great Britain49 GD 格瑞那达 Grenada50 GH 迦纳 Ghana51 GM 甘比亚 Gambia52 GN 几内亚 Guinea-Bissau53 GQ 赤道几内亚 Equatorial Guinea54 GR 希腊 Greece55 GT 瓜地马拉 Guatemala56 GU 关岛 Guam57 GY 盖亚那 Guyana58 HK 香港 Hong kong59 HN 宏都拉斯 Honduras60 HR 克罗埃西亚 Croatia61 HT 海地 Haiti62 HU 匈牙利 Hungary63 ID 印度尼西亚 Indonesia64 IE 爱尔兰 Ireland65 IL 以色列 Israel66 IN 印度 India67 IQ 伊拉克 Iraq68 IR 伊朗 Iran69 IS 冰岛 Iceland70 IT 义大利 Italy71 JM 牙买加 Jamaica72 JO 约旦 Jordan73 JP 日本 Japan74 KE 肯亚 Kenya75 KH 柬埔寨 Cambodia76 KP 韩国 R.O.Korea77 KR 北朝鲜 D.P.R.Korea78 KW 科威特 Kuwait79 KZ 哈萨克 Kazakhstan80 LA 寮国 Laos81 LB 黎巴嫩 Lebanon82 LT 立陶宛 Lithuania83 LU 卢森堡 Luxembourg84 LV 拉托维亚 Latvia85 LY 利比亚 Libya86 MA 摩洛哥 Moroo87 MC 摩纳哥 Monaco88 MD 摩尔多瓦 Moldova89 MG 马达加斯加 Madagascar90 ML 马里 Mali91 MN 蒙古 Mongolia92 MO 澳门 Macao93 MR 茅利塔尼亚 Mauritania94 MT 马耳他 Malta95 MU 模里西斯 Mauritius96 MV 马尔地夫 Maldives97 MX 墨西哥 Mexico98 MY 马来西亚 Malaysia99 MZ 莫三比克 Mozambique100 NA 奈米比亚 Namibia101 NE 尼日 Niger102 NG 奈及利亚 Nigeria103 NI 尼加拉瓜 Nicaragua104 NL 荷兰 Netherlands105 NO 挪威 Norway106 NP 尼泊尔 Nepal107 NZ 纽西兰 New Zealand108 OM 阿曼 Oman109 PA 巴拿马 Panama110 PE 祕鲁 Peru111 PG 巴布亚纽几内亚 Papua New Guinea 112 PH 菲律宾 Philippines113 PK 巴基斯坦 Pakistan114 PL 波兰 Poland115 PT 葡萄牙 Portugal116 PY 巴拉圭 Paraguay117 QA 卡达 Qatar118 RO 罗马尼亚 Romania119 RU 俄罗斯 Russia120 RW 卢安达 Rwanda121 SA 沙乌地阿拉伯 Saudi Arabia 122 SD 苏丹 Sudan123 SE 瑞典 Sweden124 SG 新加坡 Singapore125 SK 斯洛伐克 Slovakia126 SM 圣马利诺 San Marino 127 SN 塞内加尔 Senegal128 SO 索马利亚 Somalia129 SY 叙利亚 Syria130 TH 泰国 Thailand131 TJ 塔吉克 Tadzhikistan132 TM 土库曼 Turkmenistan 133 TN 突尼西亚 Tunisia134 TO 汤加 Tonga135 TW 台湾 Taiwan136 TZ 坦尚尼亚 Tanzania137 UA 乌克兰 Ukraine138 UG 乌干达 Uganda139 UK 英国 United Kingdom 140 US 美国 United States141 UY 乌拉圭 Uruguay142 UZ 乌兹别克 Uzbekistan143 VA 梵蒂冈 Vatican City144 VE 委内瑞拉 Venezuela145 VN 越南 Viet Nam146 YE 叶门 Yemen147 YU 南斯拉夫 Yugoslavia148 ZA 南非 South Africa149 ZM 尚比亚 Zambia150 ZR 扎伊尔 Zaire151 ZW 辛巴威 Zimbabwe世界各国英文简称阿尔巴尼亚Albania Lek ALL阿尔及利亚第纳尔 DZD安道尔法郎 FRF亚美尼亚 AMD安第列斯群岛盾 ANG安哥拉 AON阿根廷比索 ARP奥地利先令 ATS澳大利亚元 AUD安圭拉东加勒比海元 XCD阿鲁巴岛弗罗林 AWF安地卡及巴布达岛东加勒比海元 XCD亚塞拜然 AZM波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 BAK巴贝多元 BBD比利时法郎 BEF保加利亚列弗 BGL蒲隆地法郎 BIF巴哈马群岛元 BSD汶莱元 BND玻利维亚 BOB巴西 BRL不丹卢比 BTR波札那 BWP宏都拉斯元 BZD 加拿大元 CAD贝南法郎 XAF刚果法郎 CDF瑞士法郎 CHF智利比索 CLP中国人民币 CNY 哥伦比亚比索 COP 哥斯大黎加 CRC 捷克克郎 CZK古巴比索 CUP维德角 CVE塞普路斯镑 CYP 英镑 GBP德国马克 DEM丹麦克郎 DKK多美尼加比索 DOP 布吉纳法索 XAF 厄瓜多 ECS缅甸元 MMK爱沙尼亚 EEK埃及镑 EGP厄利垂亚 ERN西班牙彼萨塔 ESP 柬埔寨 KHR衣索比亚 ETB喀麦隆 XAF欧元 EUR芬兰 FIM斐济元 FJD法国法郎 FRF中非共和国 XAF 查德 XAF乔治亚 GEL迦纳塞第 GHC直布罗陀 GIP甘比亚 GMD几内亚法郎 GNF 希腊 GRD瓜地马拉 GTQ盖亚那 GYD港币 HKD纽西兰元 NZD克罗埃西亚 HRK 海地 HTG匈牙利福林 HUF 印尼卢比 IDR爱尔兰 IEP以色列 ILS印度卢比 INR伊拉克第纳尔 IQD 伊朗里亚尔 IRR 冰岛克郎 ISK荷兰盾 NLG义大利里拉 ITL牙买加元 JMD约旦第纳尔 JOD 日圆 JPY肯亚先令 KES萨尔瓦多El SVC朝鲜 KPW赤道几内亚 XAF韩国 KRW衣索比亚 ETB科威特第纳尔 KWD 哈萨克 KZT寮国 LAK黎巴嫩镑 LBP斯里兰卡卢比 LKR 赖比瑞亚元 LRD赖索托 LSL立陶宛 LTL卢森堡法郎 LUF拉托维亚 LVL利比亚第纳尔 LYD 摩洛哥迪拉姆 MAD 摩尔多瓦 MDL马达加斯加 MGF 马其顿第纳尔 MKD 加彭 XAF甘比亚 GMD蒙古 MNT澳门 MOP茅利塔尼亚 MRO 马耳他 MTL模里西斯卢比 MUR 马尔地夫 MVR希腊德拉玛 GRD 墨西哥比索 MXP 格陵兰 DKK马来西亚 MYR莫三比克 MZM奈米比亚 NAD奈及利亚奈拉 NGN 尼加拉瓜 NIO瓜地马拉 GTQ挪威克郎 NOK几内亚 GNF尼泊尔卢比 NPR 纽西兰 NZD阿曼 OMR巴拿马 PAB祕鲁 PEN菲律宾比索 PHP 巴基斯坦卢比 PKR 波兰 PLZ巴拉圭 PYG卡达 QAR罗马尼亚 ROL俄罗斯卢布 RUR 卢安达法郎 RWF 沙乌地阿拉伯 SAR 苏丹 SDD瑞典克郎 SEK新加坡 SGD斯洛维尼亚 SIT斯洛伐克 SKK塞拉里昂 SLL约旦 JOD索马利亚 SOS叙利亚 SYP史瓦济兰 SZL泰铢 THB塔吉克 TJR土库曼 TMM突尼西亚 TND拉托维亚 LVL汤加 TOP土耳其 TRL台湾 TWD坦尚尼亚 TZS乌克兰 UAH乌干达 UGX乌拉圭 UYU美圆 USD乌兹别克 UZS委内瑞拉 VEB越南 VND万那杜 VUV叶门 YER南斯拉夫 YUN世界各国家英文简称中国 china谁能给我世界各国和地区的英文名AF Afghanistan 阿富汗AL Albania 阿尔巴尼亚AD Andorra 安道尔AO Angola 安哥拉AI Angola 安圭拉AQ Antarctica 南极洲AG Ntigua and Barbuda 安地卡及巴布达AR Argentina 阿根廷AM Armenia 亚美尼亚AW Aruba 阿鲁巴AU Australia 澳大利亚AT Austria 奥地利AZ Azerbaijan 亚塞拜然AN Netherlands AntillesAE United Arab Emirates 阿联酋BS Bahamas 巴哈马BH Bahrain 巴林BD Bangladesh 孟加拉BB Barbados 巴贝多BY White Russia 白俄罗斯BZ Belize 贝里斯BE Belgium 比利时BJ Benin 贝南BM Bermuda 百慕大BT Bhutan 不丹BO Bolivia 玻利维亚BA Bosnia Hercegovina 波黑BW Botswana 波札那BV Bouvet Island 布维岛BR Brazil 巴西BN Brunei Darussalam 汶莱BG Bulgaria 保加利亚BF Burkina Faso 布其纳法索BI Burundi 蒲隆地BY Byelorussian SSR 白俄罗斯CM Cameroon 喀麦隆CA Canada 加拿大CV Cape Verde,Republic of 维德角CF The Central African Republic 中非共和国CL Chile 智利CN China 中国CX Christmas Island 圣诞岛CC COCOS Islands 可可岛CO Colombia 哥伦比亚CH Switzerland 瑞士CG Congo 刚果CK Cook Island 库克群岛CR Costa rica 哥斯大黎加CI Lvory Coast 象牙海岸CU Cuba 古巴CY Cyprus 塞普勒斯CZ Czech Republic 捷克共和国DK Denmark 丹麦DJ Djibouti 吉布提DM Gominica 多明哥DE Grmany 德国DO Dominica 多明尼加DZ Algeria 阿尔及利亚EC Ecuador 厄瓜多EC Ecuador 厄瓜多EG Egypt 埃及EH West Sahara 西撒哈拉ES Spain 西班牙EE Estonia 爱沙尼亚ET Ethiopia 衣索比亚FJ Fiji 斐济FK Falkland Islands 福克兰群岛FO Faroe IslandsFI Finland 芬兰FR France 法国FM Micronesia 密克罗尼西亚GA Gabon 加彭GQ Equatorial Guinea 赤道几内亚GF French Guiana 法属盖亚那GM Gambia 甘比亚GE Geia 乔治亚GH Ghana 迦纳GI Gibraltar 直布罗陀GR Greece 希腊GL Greenland 格陵兰GB United Kingdom 英国GD Grenada 格瑞那达GP Guadeloupe 瓜德罗普GU Guam 关岛GT Guatemala 瓜地马拉GN Guinea 几内亚GW Guinea-Bissau 几内亚比索GY Guyana 盖亚那HR Croatia 克罗埃西亚HT Haiti 海地HM Heard and McDonald Islands HN Honduras 宏都拉斯HK Hong Kong 中国香港HU Hungary 匈牙利IS Iceland 冰岛IN India 印度ID Indonesia 印度尼西亚IR Iran 伊朗IQ Iraq 伊拉克IO British Indian Ocean Territory 英联邦的印度洋领域IE Ireland 爱尔兰IL Israel 以色列IT Italy 义大利JM Jamaica 牙买加JP Japan 日本JO Jordan 约旦KZ Kazakstan 哈萨克KE Kenya 肯亚KI Kiribati 吉里巴斯KP North Korea 朝鲜KR Korea 韩国KH Cambodia 柬埔寨KM Comoros 葛摩KW kuwait 科威特KG Kyrgyzstan 吉尔吉斯斯坦KY Cayman Islands 开曼群岛KN St. Kitts and NevisLA Laos 寮国LK Sri Lanka 斯里兰卡LV Latvia 拉托维亚LB Lebanon 黎巴嫩LS Lesotho 赖索托LR Liberia 赖比瑞亚LY Libya 利比亚LI Liechtenstein 列支敦斯登LT Lithuania 立陶宛LU Luxembourg 卢森堡LC St. Lucia 圣露西亚MO Macao 中国澳门MG Malagasy 马达加斯加MW Malawi 马拉维MY Malaysia 马来西亚MV Maldives 马尔地夫ML Mali 马里MT Malta 马尔他MH Marshall Islands 马绍尔群岛MQ MauritaniaMR Mauritania 茅利塔尼亚MU Mauritius 模里西斯MX Mexico 墨西哥MD Moldova,Republic of 摩尔多瓦MC Monaco 摩纳哥MN Mongolia 蒙古MS MontserratMA Moroo 摩洛哥MZ Mozambique 莫三比克MM Burma 缅甸MP Northern Nariana Islands NA Namibia 奈米比亚NR Naura 诺鲁NP Nepal 尼泊尔NL Netherlands 荷兰NT Neutral ZoneNC New Caledonia 新喀里多尼亚NZ New Zealand 纽西兰NI Nicaragua 尼加拉瓜NE Niger 尼日NG Nigeria 奈及利亚NU Niue 纽埃NF Norfolk IslandNO Norway 挪威OM Oman 阿曼PK Pakistan 巴基斯坦PF French Polynesia 法属玻里尼西亚PW Palau 帛琉PA Panama 巴拿马PG Papua,Territory of 巴布亚纽几内亚PY Paraguay 巴拉圭PE Peru 祕鲁PH Philippines 菲律宾PN Pitcairn Islands 皮特开恩群岛PL Poland 波兰PT Portugal 葡萄牙PR Puerto Rico 波多黎各（美）PM St.Pierre and MiquelonQA Qatar 卡达RE Reunion IslandRO Romania 罗马尼亚RU Russia 俄罗斯联邦RW Rwanda 卢安达SV El Salvador 萨尔瓦多SH St.Helena 圣赫勒那SM San Marino 圣马利诺ST Sao Tome and Principe 圣多美与普林西比SA Saudi Arabia 沙乌地阿拉伯SN Senegal 塞内加尔SC Seychelles 塞席尔SL Sierra leone 狮子山SG Singapore 新加坡SK Slovakia 斯洛伐克SI Slovene 斯洛维尼亚SB Solomon Islands 索罗门群岛SO Somali 索马利亚SD Sudan 苏丹SR Surinam 苏利南SJ Svalbard and Jan Mayen IslandsSZ Swaziland 史瓦济兰SE Sweden 瑞典SY Syria 叙利亚SU USSR(formerly) 苏联(前)TD Chad 查德TF French Southern Territoties 法属南方领土TW Taiwan 中国台湾TJ Tsjikistan 塔吉克TZ Tanzania 坦尚尼亚TH Thailand 泰国TG Togo 多哥TK Tokela 托克劳TO Tonga 汤加TT Trinidad and T obago 千里达及托巴哥TN Tunisia 突尼西亚TR Turkey 土尔其TP East Timor 东帝TM Turkomanstan 土库曼TC Turks and Caicos IslandsTV Tuvalu 吐瓦鲁UG Uganda 乌干达UA Ukiain 乌克兰UK England 英国（正式程式码为GB）US America 美国UM 美国边远小岛UY uruguay 乌拉圭UZ Uzbekstan 乌兹别克VA Vatican 梵蒂冈（罗马教庭）VE Venezuela 委内瑞拉VN Vietnam 越南VG Virgin Islands(British) 不列颠岛(英) VI Vigin Islands(U.S.) 不列颠岛(美)VC St. Vincent and the GrenadinesWS Western Samoa 西萨摩亚WF Wallis and Furtuna IslandsYE Yemen 叶门YU Yugoslavia 南斯拉夫ZA South Africa 南非ZR Zaire 扎伊尔ZM Zambia 尚比亚ZW Zimbabwe 辛巴威急求世界各国国名的英文（三个字母）简写？CHN, AUS, CAN, FRA,GB,RUS世界舞台的英文，和英文简写world arenaWA求世界各国（地区）国花亚洲中国--国花蕙芷、牡丹（未定）台湾--区花梅花香港--区花紫荆花澳门--区花莲花朝鲜--国花朝鲜杜鹃（金达莱）韩国--国花木槿日本--国花樱花、菊花寮国--国花鸡蛋花缅甸--国花龙船花泰国--国花素馨、睡莲马来西亚--国花扶桑印度尼西亚--国花毛茉莉新加坡--国花万带兰菲律宾--国花毛茉莉印度--国花荷花、菩提树尼泊尔--国花杜鹃花不丹--国花蓝花绿绒蒿孟加拉--国花睡莲斯里兰卡--国花睡莲阿富汗--国花郁金香巴基斯坦--国花素馨伊朗--国花大马士革月季伊拉克--国花月季（红）阿拉伯联合大公国--国花孔雀、百日草叶门--国花咖啡叙利亚--国花月季黎巴嫩--国花雪松以色列国--国花银莲花、油橄榄土耳其--国花郁金香欧洲挪威--国花欧石楠瑞典--国花欧洲白蜡芬兰--国花铃兰丹麦--国花冬青冰岛--国花三色堇俄罗斯--国花向日葵波兰--国花三色堇捷克--椴树斯洛伐克--国花石竹、玫瑰德国--国花矢车菊塞尔维亚--国花桃花克罗埃西亚--国花天竺葵马其顿--国花矢车菊匈牙利--国花郁金香罗马尼亚--国花狗蔷薇保加利亚--国花玫瑰、突厥蔷薇英国--国花玫瑰爱尔兰--国花白车轴草法国--国花鸢尾荷兰--国花郁金香比利时--国花虞美人、杜鹃花卢森堡--国花月季摩纳哥--国花石竹西班牙--国花香石竹葡萄牙--国花雁来红、薰衣草瑞士--国花火绒草奥地利--国花火绒草义大利--国花雏菊、月季圣马利诺--国花仙客来马耳他--国花矢车菊希腊--国花油橄榄、老鼠?北美洲加拿大--国花糖槭美国--国花玫瑰墨西哥--国花大丽花、仙人掌瓜地马拉--国花爪哇木棉萨尔瓦多--国花丝兰宏都拉斯--国花香石竹尼加拉瓜--国花百合（姜黄色）哥斯大黎加--国花卡特兰古巴--国花姜花、百合牙买加--国花愈疮木海地--国花刺葵多明尼加共和国--国花桃花心木南美洲哥伦比亚--国花卡特兰、咖啡厄瓜多--国花白兰花祕鲁--国花金鸡纳树、向日葵玻利维亚--国花向日葵巴西--国花卡特兰、毛蟹爪莲智利--国花野百合阿根延--国花刺桐乌拉圭--国花商陆、山楂大洋洲澳大利亚--国花金合欢、桉树纽西兰--国花桫椤、四翅槐斐济--国花扶桑非洲埃及--国花睡莲利比亚--国花石榴突尼西亚--国花素馨阿尔及利亚--国花夹竹桃、鸢尾摩洛哥--国花月季、香石竹塞内加尔--国花猴面包树赖比瑞亚--国花胡椒迦纳--国花海枣苏丹--国花扶桑坦尚尼亚--国花丁香、月季加彭--国花火焰树尚比亚--国花叶子花马达加斯加--国花凤凰木、旅人蕉塞席尔--国花凤尾兰辛巴威--国花嘉兰，梅花也是国花之一。
the galapagos island英文介绍
the galapagos island英文介绍The Galapagos Islands, located in the Pacific Ocean, are a group of volcanic islands that belong to Ecuador. These islands are renowned for their unique biodiversity and played a significant role in Charles Darwin's development of the theory of evolution.The Galapagos Islands are home to a diverse range of plant and animal species that are found nowhere else in the world. This isolation from the mainland and the often harsh environmental conditions on the islands have led to the evolution of distinct species that are well-adapted to their specific habitats. For example, the famous Galapagos finches have different beak shapes depending on the type of food they eat.The islands are also known for their abundance of marine life. The surrounding waters are a haven for numerous species of fish, turtles, sea lions, sharks, and marine iguanas. This makes the Galapagos Islands a prime destination for snorkeling and scuba diving, allowing visitors to witness the incredible underwater ecosystem firsthand.Visitors to the Galapagos Islands have the opportunity to explore the unique landscapes and observe the fascinating wildlife up close. Whether hiking through volcanic terrain, exploring lava tunnels, or swimming with sea turtles, every step reveals a new and extraordinary discovery.The conservation of the Galapagos Islands is of utmost importance. Due to its fragile ecosystem, the islands face various conservation challenges such as invasive species and pollution. Efforts to protectthese islands have been in place for several decades, with strict regulations in place to preserve the wildlife and natural habitat.Tourism in the Galapagos Islands is carefully regulated to minimize the impact on the environment. Visitors are required to be accompanied by licensed guides to ensure respect for the delicate ecosystem and wildlife.In conclusion, the Galapagos Islands are a remarkable destination for nature enthusiasts and those interested in evolutionary biology. The islands' unique flora and fauna, coupled with their significant role in scientific history, make them a truly extraordinary place to explore and appreciate the wonders of the natural world.。
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Caribbean Overview⏹25 countries and dependent territories⏹Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, PuertoRico)⏹Large mountains (DR: 10,000‘; Jamaica Blue Mtns. 7000‘,Cuba 6000‘ (refuges for runaway slaves)⏹Fertile farmlands, but fragile⏹Lesser Antilles⏹Double arc⏹Netherlands Antilles (ABC islands)⏹Setting boundaries not easy:⏹Sometimes Belize/ Guyana's (Guyana, Suriname and FrenchGuiana)⏹Sometimes the ―rimlands‖ of Central American countriesBahamas included even though they are technically in the AtlanticGreater AntillesLesser AntillesLesser AntillesWhy a region?⏹Commonalities: Cultural and economic history different than Latin America⏹Diverse European influence⏹Strong African imprint and slavery⏹Virtually no indigenous legacy⏹Export plantation economy⏹Grossly uneven distribution of land and resources⏹Environmental impacts⏹Environmental/physical geographies⏹Names:⏹The Indies, the Spanish Main, Mar del Norte18th C: first use of the name CaribbeanCaribbean Diversity ⏹Territorial Size:⏹Cuba:: 101,000 Km. Sq.⏹Montserrat: 100 km. Sq.⏹Population⏹Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic): 16 million⏹Turks and Caicos: 12,000 pop⏹Cultural Heritage⏹Spanish: Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic⏹French: Haiti, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Martin⏹Dutch: ABC, St. Maartin⏹English:⏹Patois: many islands⏹Economic and social indicatorsCaribbean Overview⏹Historically: ―proxy‖ battleground for European rivalries⏹Plantation economies⏹Sugar, sugar, sugar⏹Bananas, citrus, coffee, spices⏹By 1900‘s: US dominates the region politically and economically⏹Other and more recent economic development⏹timber⏹nickel and bauxite, gold⏹tourism⏹Non traditional exports⏹Off shore bankingCaribbean Overview⏹Contradictions:⏹―Island Paradise‖ v. impoverishment anddependency⏹―Isolated proximity‖⏹Fertility washed away⏹Cyclical migration: migrants returningEnvironmental Geographies⏹Geologies, climate and vegetation⏹Tectonic Plates⏹Tropical, wet climate that supports forests⏹Palm savannas—best soils⏹Mangrove swamps⏹Arid zones (rain shadows)⏹Hurricanes⏹Reworked landscapes⏹Environmental degradation⏹Deforestation⏹→Sugarcane fields⏹Jamaica and DR still have 30%⏹Cuba has 20% (charcoal production for energy needs)⏹Rimlands are much more intact⏹Belize and Guyana had successful environmental initiativesPlantation economies⏹Spanish discoveries⏹Jumping off point for exploration and ports for trading from Mexico,CA and SA⏹Colonists→demographic collapse of indigenous Arawaks and Caribs⏹Fragments survive only on the rimland⏹Competition from France, England, Holland; Pirates ⏹―Plantation America‖ from Brazil up through SE US.⏹Mono crop system: sugar⏹Insatiable demand for sugar and rum⏹Asian migrants→indentured labor⏹Suriname: 1/3 pop is of S. Asian descent, 16% Javanese⏹Guyana and Trinidad: India⏹English colonies: Chinese‗Plantation America‖Caribbean Cultures⏹Much diversity, but also many similarities which provide glue⏹European plantation economies→similarsocial structures (like CA)⏹African influence⏹Creolization⏹Culture, language, musicAfrican heritages⏹African diaspora⏹West Africa: Senegal to Angola⏹Est. 10 million crossed the Atlantic (2 million died onthe way) between 16th and 19th c.⏹Intentional mixing so no one source would dominate⏹→hybridity of cultures, religions, and languages⏹Maroon societies (palenques)⏹Maintenance of historical religions⏹Obi, Obeah⏹Bush Negroes⏹African religions⏹Voodoo, Santeria, Obeah⏹Extensive useAfrican heritage and hybridity⏹Creolization⏹Rich forms (VS Naipal, Bob Marley)⏹Garifuna or Black Carib⏹African/Carib on St. Vincent forcibly resettled by British to Bay Islands ofHonduras⏹Maintain Indian religion, eat manioc⏹Languages⏹Spanish: 24 million⏹French: 8 million⏹English: 6 million⏹Dutch: .5 million⏹Alternatives: papiamento, patois,⏹Music⏹Reggae, calypso, merengue, rumba, zouk, steel drums of Trinidad,etc.⏹Haitian ra-ra musicians have been exiled when too politicalPolitical Histories⏹Independence:⏹Haiti is the first in 1804 (v. US in 1776)⏹But it was seen as a threat by other islands andshunned by the mainland CA countries⏹Dominican Republic in 1844⏹Cuba and PR in 1898 from Spain→USinvolvement⏹British colonies: revolts starting in 1930‘s butindependence in 1960‘s, 70‘s and 80‘sCountry Independence Jamaica, Trinidad andTobago1962Barbados1966Bahamas1973Grenada 1974Dominica1978St. Vincent and theGrenadinesSt. Lucia1979Antigua and Barbuda Belize 1981Selected British colonies: dates of independencePresent day political status⏹British colonies:⏹Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos, Anguilla, Montserrat—21,000pop.⏹High standard of living: offshore banking⏹French islands:⏹some remain connected to colonial rulers and use thisas an asset.⏹Martinique, Guadeloupe and French Guyana are ―departments‖of France (900,000 pop)⏹Dutch former colonies⏹Curacao, Bonaire, St. Martin, Saba, St. Eustatius⏹―Federation of the Netherlands Antilles‖⏹Autonomous, yet part of the Kingdom of theNetherlandsUS influence after 1898:⏹Monroe Doctrine No tolerance for European powers in the Western hemisphere⏹Spanish-American war 1898⏹―America‘s Backyard‖US asserts neocolonial control over persistent colonies of the English, French and Dutch⏹―Free it from European tyranny an foster democraticgovernance‖ BUT:⏹Roosevelt: Panama canal and open sea-lanes⏹Good Neighbor Policy (1930‘s)⏹Alliance for Progress (1960‘s)⏹Caribbean Basin Initiative (1980‘s)⏹FTAA possibilitiesEconomic Development⏹Decline of agriculture:⏹Turbulent and declining commodity prices⏹Decline in preferential trade agreements withformer colonial countries⏹Soils are overworked/No frontier⏹Mechanization of sugar→less labor needed⏹Examples:⏹Haiti⏹1955: 70% of foreign exchange through coffee⏹1990: 11%⏹DR:⏹1955: 60% of foreign exchange through sugar⏹1990: 20%Economic DevelopmentAgriculture today⏹Exception to complete decline: Cuba⏹sugar 80% of foreign exchange 1950‘s-1990‘s.⏹Diversification after 1989.⏹Now Cuba grows about 30% of the world‘s coffee ⏹Coffee is grown by small producers⏹Interspersed with subsistence crops⏹Bananas⏹NTEX cropsEconomic DevelopmentBananas and Banana wars⏹Banana production⏹Most in CA⏹Vulnerable to hurricanes,⏹Still, several states are dependent on bananas (Dominica, St.Vincent, St. Lucia)⏹Landowners are the laborers→2-4x income⏹1996: WTO case⏹US, Mexico, Ecuador, Guatemala and Honduras sue EUover preferential trade agreements with Caribbean countries⏹Exacerbated by consumer preferences⏹Result: Non traditional exports:⏹Okra, tomatoes, avocados, marijuanaEconomic DevelopmentExport Processing Production⏹1950‘s in Puerto Rico ―Operation Bootstrap‖⏹By 1970, 40% of GDP comes from manufacturing⏹Today, 50%, but competition from other islands andlocations is threatening PR‘s lead⏹Other EPZ‘s or Free Trade Zones⏹Jamaica—15% of GDP⏹DR: ―Hong Kong of the Caribbean‖⏹MapDR EPZ/ free trade zonesEconomic DevelopmentOffshore Banking⏹Specialized services that are confidential and tax-exempt⏹Localities make money through registration fees⏹Began in Bahamas in 1920s⏹Competition from other islands, Hong Kong and Singapore--Cayman Islands is current leader⏹50,000 registered companies⏹Est. Cayman banks $800 billion on deposit.⏹Highest per capita PPP in region⏹Concerns about corruption and money laundering of drug funds→reforms⏹But still, drug influences=drug consumption, corruptionand violenceOff shore bankingEconomic DevelopmentTourism⏹Began in 19th C.⏹1930‘s: Cuba is a leader⏹Bahamas distant second⏹5 leaders:⏹Puerto Rico:⏹after commonwealth status 1952⏹Largest home port for cruise lines⏹Bahamas:⏹30% of pop employed in tourism, mainly American⏹Dominican Republic:⏹many visitors are nationals who live overseas⏹$2.5 billion, leading foreign exchange earner⏹Jamaica⏹$1.2 billionEconomic DevelopmentRegional Initiatives⏹Caribbean Basin Initiative⏹CARICOM⏹1973⏹13 member states:⏹Former English colonies⏹Haiti⏹Other associate members⏹Caribbean Development Bank⏹University of the West Indies⏹Limited successModern Demographics ⏹Varied population densities⏹Demographic trends⏹Fertility decline⏹Rise of HIV/AIDS⏹Emigration ―Caribbean diaspora‖⏹Barbadians--England⏹Surinamese--Netherlands⏹PR—NY⏹Cubans—Miami⏹Intraregional migration⏹Haitians–DR⏹Circular migration⏹Chain migration⏹Rural-Urban migrationCaribbean cities⏹Initially, just administrative centers for business of the plantations⏹Most people lived in rural areas⏹Only Havana has extensive colonial architecture and urban design(the key colonial city in the region)⏹Paramailbo (Suriname) looks like a tiny Holland⏹Recent migrations caused by⏹Mechanization of agriculture⏹Offshore industrialization⏹Rapid population growth⏹Only 4 are >1 million (Santo Domingo 2.6 m; Havana 2.2 m; Port-au-Prince 1.5m; San Juan 1m)⏹Modern cities reflect historical rural social and economic patterns:。