(完整版)英语语法全解之代词

(完整版)英语语法全解之代词
(完整版)英语语法全解之代词

代词

一、概说

代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。代词根据其用法特点可分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词等。

聚焦考点

与汉语不同,在英语中代词使用非常广泛。代词的数量有限,但种类和变化却非常繁多。正确的使用代词可以使文章更加简洁、生动、富于变化。代词是英语试题中考察较多的词类之一,考点在以下几个方面:形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的用法比较;人称代词的主格和宾格;不定代词的用法,特别是some,any,及其所构成的复合不定代词的考察,还有it的用法等。

二、人称代词

1. 人称代词的形式

2. 人称代词的用法

人称代词在句中可以用作主语(用主格)和宾语(用宾格):

He loves her, but she hates him. 他爱她,但她却讨厌他。

【说明】(1) 人称代词用作表语或用于than, as 之后时,可以用主格(较正式),也可用宾格(较口语化):

“Who is it?” “It’s me.” “是谁呀?”“是我。”

He gets up earlier than me. 他起床比我早。

He speaks English as well as her. 他说英语说得跟她一样好。

但是,若than, as 后的人称代词后跟有动词,则必须用主格:

He gets up earlier than I do.(此句不能用than me do)

(2) 单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格:

“I’d like a cup of tea.” “Me too.” “我想要杯茶。”“我也是。”

(3)在电话中常用主格。

I wish to speak to Daming.我想和大明通话。

This is he.我就是

3.常用人称代词的特殊用法。

(1)we they和you都可以指“人们”,因此不能翻译成“我们,你们,他们”

They speak English in that country. 在那个国家,人们说英语。

(2)she可以用来指国家,船只,大地,月亮等。

China will always do what she has promised to do.中国总会按照自己的承诺去做事。

The moon was bright and big that night. She made us very happy.

那晚的月亮又明又大,使我们非常高兴。

4. 人称代词的排列顺序

人称代词的排列顺序为:单数人称代词通常按“二三一”排列,即you, he and I;复数人称代词通常按“一二三”排列,即we, you and they。如:

You, he and I are all middle school students. 你,他和我都是中学生。

We , you and they will all go there. 我们,你们和他们都将去那儿。

但若是用于承担责任或错误等场合,则可把第一人称I 置于其他人称代词之前:

I and Tom are to blame. 我和汤姆该受批评。

三、物主代词

1. 物主代词的形式

2. 物主代词的用法

形容词性物主代词在句中只用作定语;名词性物主代词则不能用作定语,但可以用作主语、宾语、表语、连用of作定语:

My radio is cheaper than yours. 我的收音机比你的便宜。定

His sister is a friend of ours. 他的姐姐是我们的朋友。定

This is my seat. Yours is over there. 这是我的座位,你的在那儿。主

I have broken pencil. Please give me yours.宾

This computer is this. Where is mine? 表

The white skirt of hers is very beautiful. 与of连用作定语。

【说明】我们可以说 a friend of mine (ours, yours, hers, his, theirs),但是不能说 a f riend of me (us, you, her, him, theirs)。

3. 使用物主代词三个易错点

(1) 误将物主代词与冠词、指示代词等连用。如汉语可说“我的一个朋友”,但英语不能直译为my a friend,可说成a friend of mine;又如汉语可说“我的那个朋友”,但英语不能直译为my that friend,可说成that friend of mine。

(2) 受汉语影响混淆人称代词与物主代词。如汉语说“我校”,说成英语应是my scho ol,而不能是I school;汉语说“他妈”,说成英语应是his mother,而不能是he mother。

(3) 受汉语影响漏掉必用的物主代词。如汉语说“摇头”,说成英语应是shake one's h ead,而不是shake head;汉语说“照看父母”,说成英语可以是look after one's parents,但不能是look after parents。

(4)有时有无物主代词,意义相差很大。如:别灰心,再试一次。

[误]Don’t lose your heart, and try again.

[正] Don’t lose heart, and try again.

[析]lose heart 意为“灰心”,lose one’s heart heart意为“钟情于,爱上”

四、反身代词

3. 反身代词的句法功能

反身代词在句中主要用作宾语和同位语:

He taught himself English. 他自学英语。

She is too young to look after herself. 她年纪太小,不能照顾自己。

He himself was a doctor. 他本人就是一位医生。

【说明】用作同位语主要是为了加强被修饰词的语气,通常紧放在被修饰名词后, 若不引起误解,也可放在句末:

You yourself said so. / You said so yourself. 你自己是这样说的。

另外,反身代词有时还用作表语:

The poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。

I'm not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。

几个固定结构:for oneself亲自of oneself自动in oneself本身固有by oneself独自You’ll have to see if she has comes for yourself.你得亲自去看看去他是否来了。

The computer can shut off of itself.计算机会自动关机。

五、指示代词

1. 指示代词的形式与用法

英语中的指示代词主要的有this(这个), that(那个), these(这些), those(那些),其中this 和that为单数,these和those为复数;this和these为近指,that和those为远指。such(这样的人或事),same(同样的人或事)。指示代词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语:This is a very useful book. 这是一本很有用的书。

I don’t like that man. 我喜欢那个人。

I like these and he likes those. 我喜欢这些,他喜欢那些。

What I want to say is this. 我想说的就是这点。

【说明】指示代词用作主语和定语时,可指人或物;用作宾语和表语时,只指物。如T his is my father. this 在句中作作主语,可以指人,但是在Do you know this? 中,this作宾语,此句只能理解为“你知道这个情况吗?”不能理解为“你认识这个人吗?”

2. this 与that用法比较

两者的基本区别是this表近指,that表远指。另外,当要回指上文提到的事情时,可用this 或that,但是若要指下文叙述的事情,通常要用this:

She married Jim, and this [that] surprised me. 她嫁给了吉姆,这使我感到很吃惊。

I want to know this—Does he love her? 我想知道这一点:他爱她吗?

【说明】在打电话时,通常用this 指自己,用that 指对方:

Hello. This is Mary. Is that Jim? 喂,我是玛丽,你是吉姆吗?

不过,在美国英语中指对方时也可用this。

3. 表替代的that与those

有时为避免重复,通常用that和those来代替前面已提到过的事物:

The population of China are larger than that of Japan. 中国人口比印度人口多。

The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox. 兔子的耳朵比狐狸的耳朵长。

上面第一句中的that代替the population,第二句的those代替the ears。

4.such和same的用法

such所修饰的名词前如果有不定冠词,则不定冠词放在such之后。

I have never seen such an interesting film before.

such做主语的时候,句中谓语动词的单复数形式由后面的名词形式决定。

Such is the way to work out the problem.

Take such as you need.

such做表语时,常和as和that 连用

The people were such as I never saw before.这样的人,我从未见过。

same可以做主语,表语,宾语,定语,状语,无论哪种用法,前面都要the

The same is the case with me.我的情况也一样。

Those two girls are the same.那两个女孩是一样的,

We must all say the same.我们必须说同样的话。

六、不定代词

1. 不定代词概说

不明确指代某个人或事物的代词叫不定代词。不定代词是英语中最重要的一类代词,它不仅数量多、用法复杂,而且也是中考英语中的一类重要考点。不定代词主要有:all 全体,全部each 每个both 两个都either 任意一个

neither 两个都不one一个none 没有一个little 很少

few 很少many 许多much 许多other 另外的

another 另外一个some 一些any 一些,任何no 没有,无

enough 足够的every 每个someone 某人somebody 某人

something 某事anyone 任何人anybody 任何人anything 任何事

everyone 每人everybody 每人everything 一切no one 没有人

nobody 没有人nothing 没什么

2. one的用法

不定代词one指代可数名词,既可以指人,也可指物。其复数形式为ones,所有格形式为one’s,反身代词为oneself。

1)one可以代替前面提到的同一类的人或物。

I haven’t got a box. I’ll have to buy one.

2)如果one不带任何前置修饰语,而是单独使用时,其意义通常是泛指的。如:

I have no cup, I want to buy one.

3)不定冠词a/an不可直接和one连用,但a/an后面有形容词时候,可以和one连用:

Have you any apartments for rent? I need a small one.

4)当one(s)代替特指名词时,它前面总有定冠词或其他限定词。

This room and the one upstairs are being repaired.

【辨析】one , it , that , those的区别

1)one表泛指,代替前面提到的同一类的人或物。

My pen isn’t here. Will you please lend me one?

2)it表特指,用来代替前面出现或提到的那个人或物,强调它所指代的人或物就是前

面出现或提到的人或物。指人时常指婴儿或只听其声不见其人的人:

I have a bike. My uncle bought it for me.

Someone knocked at the door just know. Who’s it?

3)that表特指,用来指代前面出现的那个物,且通常是不可数名词,以避免重复,常

用that of结构:

The weather in Kunming is better than that in Wuhan.

4)those表特指,用来指代前面出现的那些人或物。以避免重复,且通常是可数名词

复数,常用those of结构。

The students of our class study harder than those of their class.

3. none的用法

不定代词none通常只有名词性质,在句中做主语、宾语等。

1)用于指代单数、复数可数名词和不可数名词。

None have got here yet.

I bought a lot of CDs in London, but he bought none.

2)none后常跟of短语,其后用复数可数名词或不可数名词,作主语时,若指代可数名

词,谓语动词用单复数均可;若指代不可数名词,谓语动词只能用单数形式。

None of his friends has/have ever been to America.

【辨析】no one和none的区别

1)none既可以致人也可以指物,表示三者或三者以上“一个也没有”;可以单独使用,

也可以与“of+可数或不可数名词名词”短语连用,作主语时,谓语动词用单复数均可,但与of短语连用时,且of后为不可数名词时,谓语动词只用单数;none还可以单独回答how many和how much问句:

——How many elephants did you see in the zoo?

——None.

2)no one用来指人,意为“没有人”,相当于nobody;no one不能和of短语连用;

no one作主语时,位于动词只能用第三人称单数形式;no one还可以单独回答含who, anyone, anybody的问句:

No one came here on time because of the rain.

——Did any one look for me this morning?

——No one.

4. every 与each的用法区别

两者均可表示“每一个”,every侧重于从总体上考虑相当于all,而each则侧重从个体方面考虑。在具体使用它们注意以下几点:

(1) each 既可单独使用,也可后接名词,还可后接of短语;而every 后必须接名词,既不能单独使用也不能后接of 短语:

Each is good. 每个都很好。(不能用every)

Each of the students has seen it. 每个学生见过它。(不能用every)

(2) each 指两者或两者以上的“每个”,every 指三者或三者以上“每个”,因此指两者时只能用each:

There are trees on each side of the road. 路两边都有树。

(3) every 可受almost, nearly 等副词的修饰,但each 却不能:

正:Almost every student has read the book. 差不多每个学生都读过这本书。

误:Almost each student has read the book.

【说明】each 可用于两者或多者,而every 只用于多者,因此用于两者时只能用eac h,不能用every。

(4).every还可以与表示数量的词语连用。表示时间或空间的间隔,而each没有这样的用法。

Every four years athletes from all over the world take part in the Olympic Games.

5.some 与any的用法区别

一般说来,some 用于肯定句中,any 用于否定句和疑问句中:

I have some friends here. 我在这儿有些朋友。

I don't have any friends here. 我在这儿没有朋友。

但是,在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,并且希望对方给予肯定回答。通常要用some 而不用any:

Would you like some cake? 吃点蛋糕吗?

Shall I get some paper for you? 要我帮你拿些纸来吗?

【说明】1)any 有时也用于肯定句中,此时表示“任何”:

You can buy it at any big store. 你可以在任何大商店里买到它。

2)some和any既可以修饰可数名词单复数,也可以修饰不可数名词。some修饰可数名词单数的时候意为“某一”。

Some person is downstairs asking to see you. 楼下有一个人找你。

6. many 与much的用法区别

两者都表示“许多”,但many 修饰或代替复数可数名词,而much 用来修饰或代替不可数名词:

How many people are there in your family? 你们家有几个人?

How much money did you spent on it? 你在这上面花了多少钱?

Many of us left early. 我们有许多人离开得很早。

Much work has been done. 许多工作都已经做了。

【注意】1)many作主语时谓语动词用复数,much作主语时谓语动词用单数。many和much后面都可以加of短语,此时many和much相当于名词。

Much of work has been done by my mother.

Many of us left early last night.

2)many , much前可有as ,so ,to 等进行修饰。

He has got too many questions to ask you.

As it happened so many years ago, I don’t remember it.

7. (a) few 与(a) little的用法区别

(1) few和a few 后接可数名词的复数形式。few 表示数量很少或几乎没有,强调“少”,含有否定意义;a few 表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有,强调“有”,含有肯定意义:Few people like such things. 没什么人喜欢那样的东西。

A few people like such things. 有少数人喜欢那样的东西。

【注意】当few受every, last, past, next, some, very等词修饰的时,表示肯定意义,f ew之前不再有不定冠词。

In the last few years, he has collected many stamps.

It took me some few days to repair his car.

(2) little 和a little 之后接不可数名词,其区别跟few 和a few 之间的区别相似:

He knows little English. 他几乎不懂英语。

He knows a little English. 他懂一点点英语。

8. other, the other, another与others的用法区别

这些不定代词不仅在含义上有单复数之分,而且在用法上有泛指(无the)和特指(有the)之别。其用法区别可归纳如下:

(1) 指单数时,若泛指用another(只能修饰单数可数名词),若特指用the other(后接单数名词):

Give me another (one). 另外给我一个。

Shut the other eye, please. 请把另一只眼睛也闭上。

(2) 指复数时,若泛指用other(后接复数名词),若特指用the other(后接复数名词):

There are other ways of doing it. 做这事还有其他的办法。

Where are the other students? 其他同学在哪里?

(3) others永远表示复数意义,且其后不能再接名词。其用法大致相当于“other+复数名词”,泛指“另外几个,其余的”,同样地the others 大致相当于“the other+复数名词”特指,某一范围内的“其他的人或物”:

Other people [Others] may not think that way. 别的人可能不这样想。

He is cleverer than the others [the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。

(4) another一般只能表单数,且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词或f ew 修饰时,则也可接复数名词:

I shall stay another few months. 我将再待几个月。

They'll give you another thousand dollars. 他们还会给你一千美元。

(5) 与some 对比使用时,用others(此时与some 同义):

Some say yes, and others say no. 有人说对,有人说不对。

【注意】the other后接day,night等名词时,表示“几天前”“几天前的一个晚上”等,如:

I met your sister in the street the other day.前几天我在街上看到你姐姐。

9. 指两者和三者的不定代词

有些不定代词用于指两者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代词用于指三者(如al l, any, none, every),注意不要弄混:

Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。

Neither of my parents knows English. 我父母都不懂英语。

There are trees on either side of the square. 路的两边都种有树。

There are trees on any side of the square. 广场的每一边都种有树。

【注意】all和both在句中做主语的同位语时,通常放在行为动词的前面,be动词的后面。Wang Lin and Li Ping both stand up.

My brothers and I are all at school.

10. 复合不定代词的用法特点

复合不定代词包括something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothin g, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等。它们在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语,但不能用作定语。使用时注意以下几点:

(1) something, someone 等和anything, anyone等的区别与some 和any 的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。(something可用于建议或请求的疑问句中,希望对方做出肯定回答。)

(2) 复合不定代词受定语修饰时,定语应放在它们后面:

Tell us something interesting. 给我们讲点有趣的事。

(3) 指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数he, him, his (不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词they, them, their:

Everyone knows this, doesn't he [don't they]? 人人都知道这一点,不是吗?

(4) 指事物的复合不定代词若用作主语,谓语动词只能用单数,相应的人称代词也只能用it,而不用they:

Everything is ready, isn't it? 一切都准备好了,是吗?

【辨析】everyone和every one

everyone指”每个人,人人”,只指人;every one指“每个,个个”,既可以致人,也可以指物。指人时everyone比every one常用。everyone后不能跟of短语,而every one后可加of短语。

Every one of us will know that lying is wrong.

Everyone/Every one has the right to seek love.每个人都有权利去追求爱。

11. 不定代词与部分否定

不定代词all, both, every 等与not 连用时构成部分否定;若要表示完全否定,则需换用none, neither, no one等。比较:

All of the students have read it. 所有这些学生都读过它。

Not all of the students have read it. 并不是所有这些学生都读过它。

七、相互代词

1. 相互代词的形式与用法

英语的相互代词只有each other和one another,均表示“相互”、“彼此”。它们在句中通常只用作宾语:

We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。

We've known each other for years. 我们已认识多年了。

2.相互代词的所有格

相互代词的所有格在后面一个词上加-'s:

We didn't know each other's names. 我们不知道彼此的名字。

They often stay in one another's house. 他们常常在彼此的家里住。

3. 使用相互代词注意点

(1) 相互代词在句中通常只用作宾语,不可用作主语,所以以相互代词为宾语的句子不能变为被动语态。

(2) 不要将相互代词误认为是副词,将其用作状语,如可说talk to each other,但不能说talk each other。

(3) 有人认为,each other用于两者,one another用于三者,但在现代英语中两者常可换用(即均可用于两者或三者):

The three women looked at each other. 这三个女人相互望了望。

八、疑问代词

1. 疑问代词的用法

用来表达疑问或构成疑问句的代词叫做疑问代词。英语中的疑问代词主要who, whom, whose, which, what等,它们通常位于句首,引出特殊疑问句:

What are you doing, Jim? 吉姆,你在干什么?

Whose wallet is this? 这是谁的钱包?

Which bike is yours? 哪辆自行车是你的?

2. 两组疑问代词的用法比较

(1) who 与whom:前者为主格,用作主语,后者为宾格,用作宾格:

Who said that? 那是谁说的?

Whom are you waiting for? 你在等谁?

当用作宾语的whom 位于句首时,通常可用who 代之:但是介词后只能用whom Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁?

To whom did you speak on the campus?你在校园里和谁说话了?

(2) what, which 与who:

①其后接名词时只用which和what,不能用who。which和what的区别是:前者用于选择范围较小或较明确的场合,后者用于选择范围较大或不明确的场合:Which color do you like, black or white? 黑色和白色,你喜欢哪种?

What color is your car? 你的汽车是什么颜色的?

但是,若指人,即使选择的范围不明确,也多用which:

Which [What] writers do you like? 你喜欢哪些作家?

②其后不接名词时,三者均可用,which和what的用法区别可参见上面的分析。至于who,它一般只用来指人,不管选择范围大还是小、明确还是不明确均可用:Who won ––Tom or Mike? 谁赢了,是汤姆还是迈克?

Who is your favorite poet? 你最喜欢的诗人是谁?

③另外,比较以下三句:

Who is he? 他是谁?(意即要了解他的情况)

What is he? 他是干什么的?(询问他的职业)

Which is he? 他是哪个?(用于在一群人辨别要找的人)

3. 两个疑问代词连用的情况

请看以下实例:

Where and when were you born? 你出生在何时何地?

When and how did he go there? 他是什么时候、怎么去那儿的?

"Where is it?" "Where is what?" “它在哪儿?”“什么在哪儿?”

九、连接代词

1. 连接代词的用法

连接代词指链接主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句的代词。连接代词主要包括who, whom, what, which, whose等,它们在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,可以引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句:

Do you know who he is. 你知道他是谁吗?

He asked me what I wanted. 他问我想要什么。

I don't know whose it is. 我不知道那是谁的。

1)主语从句

It hasn’t been known who won the prizes.还不知道谁获奖。

2)宾语从句

I don’t care what they think.他们怎么想,我不管。

3)表语从句

I want to know is which road we should take.我想知道的是我们应该走哪条路。

4)链接代词引起不定式时,用作动词或介词的宾语。

Lucy can’t decide which to choose.

【点播】当从句(宾、主、表)的主语和主句的主语一致,主句谓语动词是know, dec ide, forget, learn,时,从句(特殊疑问句)可简化为疑问词+不定式。结构。

2. what 的两种用法

what有时表示“什么”,带有疑问意味;有时表示“所…的一切事或东西”:

I don't know what he wants. 我不知道他想要什么。

What he says is right. 他所说的是对的。

I believe what she told me. 我相信她和我所说的话。

十. 关系代词

关系代词时用来引导定语从句的代词。常见的关系代词有:who, whom, that, which, whose等

关系代词的详细内容见第十五章复合句。

十一.重点代词it的用法

(1)it用做人称代词的用法

it用作代词,意为“它”,既可以指人,也可以指物。it做人称代词,可以用来代替一个名词、短语、从句或句子,以避免他们在句中的重复。这是可以指提到过的,也可以指未提到的,在句中做主语、表语和宾语。

1)指事物,it可以知道除人以外的任何事物或动物。

I dropped my watch and it broke.我把手表掉在地上摔坏了。

2)指人,it主用用于指性别不明的婴儿或只听其声不见其人的人,如:

Is it a boy or a girl?是男孩还是女孩?

There is a knock on the door. It must be the postman.

“Listen. Someone is crying..”“Oh, it must be Mary.”

3)代替某些代词。

代词it可以用于代替指示代词this, that以及复合不定代词something, anything, nothing 等,如:

“What’s this?”“It’s a new machine”

(2)it用作非人称代词的用法

1)it用作非人称代词主要用来指时间、距离、价值、天气、气温及温度等自然现象。如

It’s too late to go there now.现在去那已经太迟了。

It rained all day yesterday.昨天下了一整天雨。

2)用于某些句型。

It’s time for sth. 该做某事了。

It’s to do sth. 是时候该做某事了。

It’s time for sb to do sth. 某人该干某事了。

It’s (about/high) time +that--从句。某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式,有时候用should+动词原形)

It’s first(second)time +that--从句。某人第几次干某事。(从句谓语动词用现在完成时)It’s +时间段+since从句。自从…以来有一段时间了。

It’s +时间段+before 从句。过多长时间才…

(3)it用作形式主语的用法。

1)当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分做句子主语时,为保持句子的平衡,通常把真正的主语放在句末,而句首使用形式主语it。如

It’s very important to remember this.

It’s hard work climbing mountains.

It’s unknown when he will come.

2)it用作形式主语的重要句型。

①It+be+adj.+for(of)sb to do sth. 某人做某事…

It is hard for him to make up his mind.他很难下定决心。

It was foolish of her to say such a thing.她说那样的话,太愚蠢了。

提示:此句型中的介词of和for的区别是:of用于指某人的性格,属性,特征等。介词for表示对象,意为“对…来说”。

②It takes/took sb+时间段+to do sth.某人做某事花了…时间。

It took me two hours to finish my homework.

③It is up to sb to do sth.该由某人做某事了。

It’s up to you to make the choice.该由你来做选择了。

④It looks(seems,appears,happens,occurs) that (as if) …似乎…

It seems as though he didn’t recognize me.

(4)it用作形式宾语的用法。

1)当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且后面跟有宾语补足语时,通常会在宾语补足语前使用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语移至句末。其基本结构为“动词+it+宾语补足语+不定式(动名词或从句)”

I find it difficult to do the job well.

I think it best that you should stay here.

We think it no use complaining.

2)用作形式宾语的几个特殊结构:

①动词+it+that-从句

I think it (that) he will come on time.

②动词+it+when(if)-从句

We rally appreciate it when she offered to help.

③动词+prep.+it+that-从句

I can’t answer for it that he will come.我不能保证他会来。

④动词+it+介词短语+that-从句

I took it for granted that he would help us.

(5)it在强调句中的用法。

强调句的基本结构是:It+be+被强调部分+that(who)+其他部分。It was a computer that he bought last week.

高中英语语法总结大全-代词

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新初中英语语法知识—代词的分类汇编含答案

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初中英语语法 代词讲解

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