曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册英文原版
Spending
Goods and services bought
FIRMS •Produce and sell goods and services •Hire and use factors of production
HOUSEHOLDS •Buy and consume goods and services •Own and sell factors of production
• “. . . Final . . .”
final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
• “. . . Goods and Services . . .”
Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole. Its goal is to explain the economic changes that affect many households, firms, and markets at once.
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Measuring a Nation’s Income
Macroeconomics answers questions like the following:
▪ Why is average income high in some countries and low in others?
• “GDP is the Market Value . . .”
– Output is valued at market prices.
• “. . . Of All. . .”
– Includes all items produced in the economy and legally sold in markets
– It includes both tangible goods (food, clothing, cars) and intangible services (haircuts, housecleaning, doctor visits).
• GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.
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THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
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Measuring a Nation’s Income
Microeconomics is the study of how individual households and firms make decisions and how they interact with one another in markets.
Factors of production
Wages, rent, and profit
MARKETS FOR
Labor, land, and capital
FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
•Households sell •Firms buy
Income
= Flow of inputs and outputs
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THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because:
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar
= Flow of dollars
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THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy.
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THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
of income for some seller.
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Figure 1 The Circular-Flow Diagram
Revenue
Goods and services sold
MARKETS FOR
GOODS AND SERVICES •Firms sell •Households buy
▪ Why do prices rise rapidly in some time periods while they are more stable in others?
▪ Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
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THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS
DOMESTIC PRODUCT
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曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版课件——25production-growth
Production and Growth
• In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year.
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Why Productivity Is So Important • Productivity refers to the amount of goods and
services that a worker can produce from each hour of work.
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How Productivity Is Determined • The inputs used to produce goods and services
are called the factors of production. • The factors of production directly determine
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ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD
• The poorest countries have average levels of income that have not been seen in the United States for many decades.
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Production and Growth
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
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Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
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Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
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Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
Y = C + I + G + NX
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THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.
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THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件——26saving_investment
Some Important Identities • Assume a closed economy – one that does not engage in international trade: Y=C+I+G
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Some Important Identities • Now, subtract C and G from both sides of the equation: Y – C – G =I • The left side of the equation is the total income in the economy after paying for consumption and government purchases and is called national saving, or just saving (S).
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Financial Intermediaries • Banks
• Banks help create a medium of exchange by allowing people to write checks against their deposits.
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Financial Intermediaries • Financial intermediaries are financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowers.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件 25
It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
How Productivity Is Determined
Human capital per worker is the economist’s term for the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience. Like physical capital, human capital raises a nation’s ability to produce goods and services.
The factors of production directly
How Productivity Is Determined
Physical capital per worker is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services. Physical capital includes:
Production and Growth
Productivity refers to the amount of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input. A nation’s standard of living is determined largely by the productivity of its workers.
How Productivity Is Determined
Human capital per worker is the economist’s term for the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience. Like physical capital, human capital raises a nation’s ability to produce goods and services.
The factors of production directly
How Productivity Is Determined
Physical capital per worker is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services. Physical capital includes:
Production and Growth
Productivity refers to the amount of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input. A nation’s standard of living is determined largely by the productivity of its workers.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
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THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
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Y = C + I + G + NX
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THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
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Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
最新曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件Chap幻灯片课件
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可贷资金市场
可贷资金的供给和需求取决于实际利 率。 更高的实际利率鼓励人们储蓄，提高 可贷资金的供給量。 利率调整直至可贷资金供求平衡。
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The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
The two sides of the foreign-currency exchange market are represented by NCO and NX. NCO represents the imbalance between the purchases and sales of capital assets. NX represents the imbalance between exports and imports of goods and services.
Figure 1 The Market for Loanable Funds
Real Interest
Rate
Supply of loanable funds (from national saving)
Equilibrium real interest
rate
Equilibrium quantity
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可贷资金市场
可贷资金的供给和需求取决于实际利 率。 更高的实际利率鼓励人们储蓄，提高 可贷资金的供給量。 利率调整直至可贷资金供求平衡。
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Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
The two sides of the foreign-currency exchange market are represented by NCO and NX. NCO represents the imbalance between the purchases and sales of capital assets. NX represents the imbalance between exports and imports of goods and services.
Figure 1 The Market for Loanable Funds
Real Interest
Rate
Supply of loanable funds (from national saving)
Equilibrium real interest
rate
Equilibrium quantity
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曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语Chap25省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖PPT课件
70/ 7 = 10
15/76
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70规则一个例子
每年利率为7％5000美元投资在后价值翻 一番。
70/ 7 = 10
16/76
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22/76
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生产率是怎样决定
物质资本
是生产出来生产要素。
• 它是生产过程投入，也是过去生产过程产出 。
是用于生产物品与劳务设备与建筑物存 量。
• 用于生产或修理汽车工具。 • 用于生产家俱工具。 • 办公楼，学校等等…
Physical Capital
is a produced factor of production.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
17/76
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Why Productivity Is So Important 为何生产率如此主要
Productivity refers to the quantity of goods and services that a worker can produce from each hour of work. 生产率是指一个工人一小时内所生产 物品与劳务量。
15/76
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70规则一个例子
每年利率为7％5000美元投资在后价值翻 一番。
70/ 7 = 10
16/76
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22/76
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生产率是怎样决定
物质资本
是生产出来生产要素。
• 它是生产过程投入，也是过去生产过程产出 。
是用于生产物品与劳务设备与建筑物存 量。
• 用于生产或修理汽车工具。 • 用于生产家俱工具。 • 办公楼，学校等等…
Physical Capital
is a produced factor of production.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
17/76
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Why Productivity Is So Important 为何生产率如此主要
Productivity refers to the quantity of goods and services that a worker can produce from each hour of work. 生产率是指一个工人一小时内所生产 物品与劳务量。
曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册英文原版PPT课件28unemployment
How Is Unemployment Measured?
Unemployment is measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It surveys 60,000 randomly selected households every month. The survey is called the Current Population Survey.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
A person is unemployed if he or she is on temporary layoff, is looking for a job, or is waiting for the start date of a new job.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
Based on the answers to the survey questions, the BLS places each adult into one of three categories: Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force
JOB SEARCH
Job search the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills. results from the fact that it takes time for qualified individuals to be matched with appropriate jobs.
Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?
Unemployment is measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It surveys 60,000 randomly selected households every month. The survey is called the Current Population Survey.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
A person is unemployed if he or she is on temporary layoff, is looking for a job, or is waiting for the start date of a new job.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
Based on the answers to the survey questions, the BLS places each adult into one of three categories: Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force
JOB SEARCH
Job search the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills. results from the fact that it takes time for qualified individuals to be matched with appropriate jobs.
Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?
曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册英文原版——29monetarysystem
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CASE STUDY: Where Is All The Currency? • In 2001 there was about $580 billion of U.S.
currency outstanding.
Figure 1 Money in the U.S. Economy
Billions of Dollars
$5,455
$1,179 0
M1
• Demand deposits • Traveler’s checks • Other checkable deposits
($599 billion) • Currency
10
MONEY AND PRICES IN THE LONG RUN
The Monetary System
29
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THE MEANING OF MONEY
• Money is the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people.
• That is $2,734 in currency per adult.
• Who is holding all this currency?
• Currency held abroad • Currency held by illegal entities
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The Kinds of Money
CASE STUDY: Where Is All The Currency? • In 2001 there was about $580 billion of U.S.
currency outstanding.
Figure 1 Money in the U.S. Economy
Billions of Dollars
$5,455
$1,179 0
M1
• Demand deposits • Traveler’s checks • Other checkable deposits
($599 billion) • Currency
10
MONEY AND PRICES IN THE LONG RUN
The Monetary System
29
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THE MEANING OF MONEY
• Money is the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people.
• That is $2,734 in currency per adult.
• Who is holding all this currency?
• Currency held abroad • Currency held by illegal entities
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The Kinds of Money
曼昆《经济学原理第三》宏观分册原中英文双语Chap ppt课件
通货膨胀是指经济中物价总水平上升的情况。
The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level from the previous period.
通货膨胀率是从前一个时期以来物价总水平变动的百 分比。
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The Consumer Price Index 消费物价指数
When the CPI rises, the typical family has to spend more dollars to maintain
the same standard of living. 当CPI上升时，普通家庭不得不花费 更多的美元来保持原来的生活水平。
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How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
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How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated 如何计算消费物价指数
Find the Prices: Find the prices of each of the goods and services in the basket for each point in time. 找出价格：找出每个时点上篮子中每 种物品与劳务的价格。
The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level from the previous period.
通货膨胀率是从前一个时期以来物价总水平变动的百 分比。
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Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Consumer Price Index 消费物价指数
When the CPI rises, the typical family has to spend more dollars to maintain
the same standard of living. 当CPI上升时，普通家庭不得不花费 更多的美元来保持原来的生活水平。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated 如何计算消费物价指数
Find the Prices: Find the prices of each of the goods and services in the basket for each point in time. 找出价格：找出每个时点上篮子中每 种物品与劳务的价格。