曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
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曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版课件——25production-growth
Production and Growth
• In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Why Productivity Is So Important • Productivity refers to the amount of goods and
services that a worker can produce from each hour of work.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
How Productivity Is Determined • The inputs used to produce goods and services
are called the factors of production. • The factors of production directly determine
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD
• The poorest countries have average levels of income that have not been seen in the United States for many decades.
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Production and Growth
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件——26saving_investment
Some Important Identities • Assume a closed economy – one that does not engage in international trade: Y=C+I+G
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Some Important Identities • Now, subtract C and G from both sides of the equation: Y – C – G =I • The left side of the equation is the total income in the economy after paying for consumption and government purchases and is called national saving, or just saving (S).
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Financial Intermediaries • Banks
• Banks help create a medium of exchange by allowing people to write checks against their deposits.
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Financial Intermediaries • Financial intermediaries are financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowers.
【精品PPT】曼昆--《经济学原理》宏观经济学分册第六版
Billions
$12,000
$10,000 $8,000 $6,000
真实GDP(基
年是2000年)
$4,000 $2,000
名义GDP
$0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
34
23.4.2 GDP平减指数
• GDP平减指数是对总体价格水平的衡量 • 定义:
西方经济学（宏观）
曼昆 《经济学原理》宏观经济学分册第六版
一、什么是宏观经济学？
• 宏观经济学（macroeconomics）：研究总体经济变量 的经济学。
• 宏观经济学的主要研究对象：
– 经济增长（economic growth） – 失业（unemployment） – 通货膨胀（inflation） – 国际收支与汇率(balance of payments and exchange rate)
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳 务的市场价值
最终物品：为终端使用者所准备 中间物品：生产其他物品的一种组成成份或要素 GDP只包括最终产品—生产过程中使用的中间物 品的价值已经包含在最终物品的价值中
一国收入的衡量
15
国内生产总值 (GDP)：
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳 务的市场价值
微观经济学与宏观经济学之间的联系（ Linkage ）
微观经济学是宏观经济分析的基础（ Foundation ）
经济作为一个整体的行为（宏观）是以构成经济的个别单位（微观）的行 为为基础的。微观经济学关心资源配置(The allocation of resources)；宏观 经济学关心资源利用(The utilization of resources)。
$12,000
$10,000 $8,000 $6,000
真实GDP(基
年是2000年)
$4,000 $2,000
名义GDP
$0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
34
23.4.2 GDP平减指数
• GDP平减指数是对总体价格水平的衡量 • 定义:
西方经济学（宏观）
曼昆 《经济学原理》宏观经济学分册第六版
一、什么是宏观经济学？
• 宏观经济学（macroeconomics）：研究总体经济变量 的经济学。
• 宏观经济学的主要研究对象：
– 经济增长（economic growth） – 失业（unemployment） – 通货膨胀（inflation） – 国际收支与汇率(balance of payments and exchange rate)
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳 务的市场价值
最终物品：为终端使用者所准备 中间物品：生产其他物品的一种组成成份或要素 GDP只包括最终产品—生产过程中使用的中间物 品的价值已经包含在最终物品的价值中
一国收入的衡量
15
国内生产总值 (GDP)：
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳 务的市场价值
微观经济学与宏观经济学之间的联系（ Linkage ）
微观经济学是宏观经济分析的基础（ Foundation ）
经济作为一个整体的行为（宏观）是以构成经济的个别单位（微观）的行 为为基础的。微观经济学关心资源配置(The allocation of resources)；宏观 经济学关心资源利用(The utilization of resources)。
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
最新曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件Chap幻灯片课件
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可贷资金市场
可贷资金的供给和需求取决于实际利 率。 更高的实际利率鼓励人们储蓄，提高 可贷资金的供給量。 利率调整直至可贷资金供求平衡。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
The two sides of the foreign-currency exchange market are represented by NCO and NX. NCO represents the imbalance between the purchases and sales of capital assets. NX represents the imbalance between exports and imports of goods and services.
Figure 1 The Market for Loanable Funds
Real Interest
Rate
Supply of loanable funds (from national saving)
Equilibrium real interest
rate
Equilibrium quantity
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
可贷资金市场
可贷资金的供给和需求取决于实际利 率。 更高的实际利率鼓励人们储蓄，提高 可贷资金的供給量。 利率调整直至可贷资金供求平衡。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
The two sides of the foreign-currency exchange market are represented by NCO and NX. NCO represents the imbalance between the purchases and sales of capital assets. NX represents the imbalance between exports and imports of goods and services.
Figure 1 The Market for Loanable Funds
Real Interest
Rate
Supply of loanable funds (from national saving)
Equilibrium real interest
rate
Equilibrium quantity
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语Chap25省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖PPT课件
70/ 7 = 10
15/76
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70规则一个例子
每年利率为7％5000美元投资在后价值翻 一番。
70/ 7 = 10
16/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
22/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
生产率是怎样决定
物质资本
是生产出来生产要素。
• 它是生产过程投入，也是过去生产过程产出 。
是用于生产物品与劳务设备与建筑物存 量。
• 用于生产或修理汽车工具。 • 用于生产家俱工具。 • 办公楼，学校等等…
Physical Capital
is a produced factor of production.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
17/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Why Productivity Is So Important 为何生产率如此主要
Productivity refers to the quantity of goods and services that a worker can produce from each hour of work. 生产率是指一个工人一小时内所生产 物品与劳务量。
15/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
70规则一个例子
每年利率为7％5000美元投资在后价值翻 一番。
70/ 7 = 10
16/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
22/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
生产率是怎样决定
物质资本
是生产出来生产要素。
• 它是生产过程投入，也是过去生产过程产出 。
是用于生产物品与劳务设备与建筑物存 量。
• 用于生产或修理汽车工具。 • 用于生产家俱工具。 • 办公楼，学校等等…
Physical Capital
is a produced factor of production.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
17/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Why Productivity Is So Important 为何生产率如此主要
Productivity refers to the quantity of goods and services that a worker can produce from each hour of work. 生产率是指一个工人一小时内所生产 物品与劳务量。
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件——29monetary_system
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The Functions of Money • Unit of Account
• A unit of account is the yardstick people use to post prices and record debts.
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The Fed’s Organization • The Federal Reserve System is made up of the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C., and twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks.
The Fed’s Organization • The Federal Reserve Banks
• The New York Fed implements some of the Fed’s most important policy decisions.
pyright © 2004 South-Western
• That is $2,734 in currency per adult.
• Who is holding all this currency?
• Currency held abroad • Currency held by illegal entities
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Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Fed’s Organization • The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is made up of the following voting members:
最新曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件Chap6PPT课件
• 提出、通过和实施一项重要的财政政策 变动需要好几年的时间。
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Con: Policymakers should not try to stabilize the economy
• All too often policymakers can inadvertently exacerbate rather than mitigate the magnitude of economic fluctuations.
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反对：决策者不应该努力稳定经济
• 在需要采取行动到货币政策能发挥作用之 间，货币政策对经济的作用要有一个相当 长而且不可预见的时滞。
• 许多研究表明，在作出货币政策变动的6个 月之内，这种变动对总需求的影响很小。
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3.Should the central bank aim for zero inflation?
4.Should the government balance its budget? 5.Should the tax laws be reformed to encourage
saving?
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Con: Policymakers should not try to stabilize the economy
• Fiscal policy works with a lag because of the long political process that governs changes in spending and taxes.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Con: Policymakers should not try to stabilize the economy
• All too often policymakers can inadvertently exacerbate rather than mitigate the magnitude of economic fluctuations.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
反对：决策者不应该努力稳定经济
• 在需要采取行动到货币政策能发挥作用之 间，货币政策对经济的作用要有一个相当 长而且不可预见的时滞。
• 许多研究表明，在作出货币政策变动的6个 月之内，这种变动对总需求的影响很小。
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
3.Should the central bank aim for zero inflation?
4.Should the government balance its budget? 5.Should the tax laws be reformed to encourage
saving?
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Con: Policymakers should not try to stabilize the economy
• Fiscal policy works with a lag because of the long political process that governs changes in spending and taxes.
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© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
Factors of production
Wages, rent, and profit
MARKETS FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION •Households sell •Firms buy
Labor, land, and capital Income = Flow of inputs and outputs
– Includes all items produced in the economy and legally sold in markets
• “. . . Final . . .”
– It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
FIRMS •Produce and sell goods and services •Hire and use factors of production
HOUSEHOLDS •Buy and consume goods and services •Own and sell factors of production
• Net Exports (NX):
– Exports minus imports.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 1 GDP and Its Components
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
GDP and Its Components (2004)
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because:
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income South-Western
Figure 1 The Circular-Flow Diagram
MARKETS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES •Firms sell Goods •Households buy and services sold Revenue Spending Goods and services bought
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
REAL VERSUS NOMINAL GDP
• An accurate view of the economy requires adjusting nominal to real GDP by using the GDP deflator.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
The GDP Deflator
• The GDP deflator is a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100. • It tells us what portion of the rise in nominal GDP that is attributable to a rise in prices rather than a rise in the quantities produced.
= Flow of dollars
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the income and expenditures of an economy. • GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.
• “. . . Goods and Services . . .”
– It includes both tangible goods (food, clothing, cars) and intangible services (haircuts, housecleaning, doctor visits).
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• “. . . Produced . . .”
– It includes goods and services currently produced, not transactions involving goods produced in the past.
– It measures the value of production that takes place within a specific interval of time, usually a year or a quarter (three months).
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
• Government Purchases (G):
– The spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments. – Does not include transfer payments because they are not made in exchange for currently produced goods or services.
• “ . . . Within a Country . . .”
– It measures the value of production within the geographic confines of a country.
• “. . . In a Given Period of Time.”
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Measuring a Nation’s Income
Macroeconomics answers questions like the following:
Why is average income high in some countries and low in others? Why do prices rise rapidly in some time periods while they are more stable in others? Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?
• Investment (I):
• The spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including new housing.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally in markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– GDP excludes most items that are produced and consumed at home and that never enter the marketplace. – It excludes items produced and sold illicitly, such as illegal drugs.