专业英语4
专四考试大纲
专四考试大纲一、考试概述专四考试（全称：全国英语专业四级考试）是由中国教育部主管的一项考试，旨在考察考生对英语语言能力、阅读理解、写作能力以及口语表达的综合水平。
该考试广泛应用于高等院校、企事业单位招聘以及个人英语能力证明等方面。
二、考试内容1. 听力理解（25%）专四考试听力部分主要测试考生对英语听力的理解能力。
主要包括多项选择题、填空题和判断题等多种题型。
考生需要通过听力材料，准确把握关键信息，理解对话或演讲的主旨和细节内容。
2. 阅读理解（30%）专四考试阅读理解部分主要测试考生对英语阅读材料的理解能力。
考生需要通过阅读文章，理解文章的主旨、观点以及细节信息。
题型包括多项选择题、填空题和匹配题等。
3. 完形填空（25%）专四考试完形填空部分主要考察考生对语篇的理解和语法词汇的掌握能力。
考生需要通过上下文的提示和语法规则的运用，填入正确的词或短语，使整个短文的语意连贯。
4. 英译汉（10%）专四考试英译汉部分主要测试考生对英语表达的理解和翻译能力。
考生需根据所给的英文句子，准确翻译成汉语。
5. 写作（10%）专四考试写作部分主要考察考生对英语写作的能力。
要求考生基于所给的指导信息，写一篇短文或作文，满足要求并具有逻辑性，包括语法、拼写和标点等方面的正确使用。
6. 口语（定量评分）专四考试口语部分主要测试考生对英语口语的表达能力。
口语考试采用对话或演讲的形式，考生需自信、流利地使用英语进行表达，并能够根据考官的提问作出合理的回答。
三、考试准备1. 对考试内容有全面的了解，了解各部分题型和评分要求。
2. 多收集相关的英语学习材料，充分训练听力、阅读、写作和口语能力。
3. 配备一份专四考试真题集，实践做题，熟悉考试流程和题型。
4. 注重单词、短语和语法的积累，加强对英语语言知识的掌握。
5. 参加专四模拟考试，了解自己在各个部分的实际水平，找到不足之处并针对性提高。
四、备考技巧1. 阅读理解和完形填空部分，要注意掌握文章的总体信息，辨别文章的重点和推理信息。
英语专业四级词汇表(全)
pacific a.和平的n.太平洋pack vt.捆扎；挤满n.包package n.包裹，包，捆packet n.小包(裹)，小捆pad n.垫；本子vt.填塞page n.页pail n.桶，提桶pain n.痛，痛苦悲伤；辛劳painful a.使痛的；费力的paint vt.画；油漆vi.绘画painter n.漆工，画家，绘画者painting n.油画；绘画；着色pair n.一对vi.成对，配对palace n.宫，宫殿pale a.苍白的；浅的palm n.手掌，手心；掌状物pan n.平底锅，盘子panda n.小猫熊；猫熊pane n.窗格玻璃panel n.专门小组；面，板pant n.气喘；心跳paper n.纸；官方文件；文章parade n.游行；检阅vi.游行paradise n.伊甸乐园；天堂paragraph n.(文章的)段，节parallel a.平行的；相同的parcel n.包裹，小包，邮包pardon n.原谅；赦免vt.原谅parent n.父亲，母亲，双亲park n.公园；停车场parliament n.议会，国会part n.一部分；零件；本份partial a.部分的；不公平的partially ad.部分地participate vi.参与，参加；分享particle n.粒子，微粒particular a.特殊的；特定的particularly ad.特别，尤其，格外partly ad.部分地，不完全地partner n.伙伴；搭挡；配偶party n.党，党派；聚会pass vt.经过；通过；度过passage n.通过；通路，通道passenger n.乘客，旅客，过路人passion n.激情，热情；爱好passive a.被动的；消极的passport n.护照past a.过去的n.过去paste n.糊，酱；浆湖pastime n.消遣，娱乐pat n.&vt.&n.轻拍patch n.补钉；碎片vt.补缀path n.路，小道；道路patience n.忍耐，容忍，耐心patient a.忍耐的n.病人pattern n.型，式样，模，模型pause n.&vi.中止，暂停pave vt.铺，筑(路等)pavement n.(英)人行道paw n.脚爪，爪子pay vt.支付；付给；给予payment n.支付，支付的款项pea n.豌豆；豌豆属植物peace n.和平；和睦；平静peaceful a.和平的；安静的peach n.桃子，桃树peak n.山顶，巅 a.最高的pear n.梨子，梨树pearl n.珍珠；珍珠母peasant n.农夫pebble n.卵石，细砾peculiar a.特有的；特别的peel vt.剥(皮)，削(皮)peep vi.(从缝隙中)偷看pen n.钢笔，自来水笔pencil n.铅笔penetrate vt.穿过vi.穿渗入渗出peninsula n.半岛penny n.(英)便士；(美)分pension n.抚恤金，年金people n.人民，民族；人pepper n.胡椒，胡椒粉per prep.每perceive vt.察觉，发觉；理解percent n.百分之…percentage n.百分比，百分率perfect a.完美的；完全的perfectly ad.很，完全perform vt.履行，执行；演出performance n.履行；演出；行为perfume n.香味，芳香；香料perhaps ad.也许，可能，多半period n.时期；学时；句号permanent a.永久的，持久的permanently ad.永久地，持久地permission n.允许，许可，同意permit vt.允许n.执照persist vi.坚持，固执；持续person n.人；人身；本人personal a.个人的；本人的personnel n.全体人员，全体职员perspective n.透视；遥景；观点persuade vt.说服vi.被说服pessimistic a.悲看的；厌世的pet n.爱畜；宠儿a.宠爱的petrol n.(英)汽油petroleum n.石油phase n.阶段；方面；相位phenomenon n.现象philosopher n.哲学家philosophy n.哲学；哲理；人生看phone n.电话，电话机；耳机photograph n.照片，相片photographic a.摄影的，摄影用的phrase n.短语；习惯用语physical a.物质的；物理的physician n.医生，内科医生physicist n.物理学家physics n.物理学piano n.钢琴pick n.镐，鹤嘴锄pick vt.拾，摘vi.采摘picnic n.郊游，野餐vi.野餐picture n.画，图片vt.画pie n.(西点)馅饼piece n.碎片，块vt.拼合pierce vt.剌穿vi.穿渗入渗出pig n.猪，小猪，野猪pigeon n.鸽子pile n.堆vt.堆叠，累积pill n.药丸，丸剂pillar n.柱，柱子；栋梁pillow n.枕头pilot n.领航员；飞行员pin n.针，饰针n.别住pinch vt.捏，拧，掐掉pine n.松树，松木pink n.粉红色a.粉红色的pint n.品脱pioneer n.拓荒者；先驱者pipe n.管子，导管；烟斗pipeline n.管道，管线pistol n.手枪pit n.坑，地坑；煤矿pitch n.沥青pitch vt.投，掷vi.投掷pity n.怜悯；遗憾vt.同情place n.地方，地点；住所plain n.平原 a.清楚的plan n.&vt.计划，打算plane n.平面；飞机planet n.行星plant n.植物；工厂vt.栽种plantation n.种植园；栽植plaster n.灰泥；硬膏；熟石膏plastic a.可塑的n.塑料plate n.板，片，盘vt.电镀platform n.平台；站台；讲台play vi.玩，游戏；演奏player n.游戏的人；比赛者playground n.操场，运动场pleasant a.令人愉快的，舒适的please vt.使高兴，请vi.满足pleasure n.舒畅，快乐；乐事plentiful a.丰富的，富裕的plenty n.丰富，充足，大量plot n.小块土地vt.密谋plough n.犁vt.&vi.犁，耕pluck vt.采，摘；拉下n.拉plug n.塞子；插头vt.塞plunge vt.使投入；使陷渗透plural a.复数的n.复数plus prep.加，加上 a.正的P.M. n.下午，午后pocket n.衣袋n.袖珍的poem n.诗，韵文，诗体文poet n.诗人poetry n.诗，诗歌，诗作point n.点；要点；细目；分poison n.毒，毒药vt.毒害poisonous a.有毒的，有害的pole n.杆，柱pole n.极(点)，磁极，电极police n.警察；警察当局policeman n.警察policy n.政策，方针polish vt.磨光；使优美polite a.有礼貌的；有教养的political a.政治的，政治上的politician n.政治家；政客politics n.政治，政治学；政纲pollute vt.弄脏，污染，沾污pollution n.污染pond n.池塘pool n.水塘，游泳池，水池pool n.共用物vt.共有poor a.贫穷的；贫乏的pop n.流行音乐，流行歌曲pop n.砰的一声，爆破声popular a.民众的；流行的population n.人口；全体居民porch n.门廊，渗入渗出口处pork n.猪肉porridge n.粥，麦片粥port n.港，港口portable a.轻巧的；手提的porter n.搬运工人portion n.一部分；一分portrait n.消像，画像Portuguese n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语position n.位置；职位；姿势positive a.确定的；积极的possess vt.占用，拥有(财产) possession n.有，所有；占有物possibility n.可能；可能的事possible a.可能的；可能存在的possibly ad.可能地；也许post n.柱，桩，杆vt.贴出post n.邮政，邮寄；邮件post n.岗位，哨所；职位postage n.邮费，邮资postman n.邮递员postpone vt.延迟，推迟，延缓pot n.锅，壶，罐，盆potato n.马铃薯，土豆potential a.潜在的n.潜力pound n.磅；英磅pound vt.捣碎；舂烂；猛击pour vt.灌，倒vi.倾泻poverty n.贫穷，贫困powder n.粉末；药粉；火药power n.能力；力；权；幂powerful a.强有力的；有权威的practical a.实践的；实用的practically ad.实际上；几乎practice n.实践；练习；业务practise vt.练习，实习，训练praise n.赞扬，赞美vi.赞扬pray vt.&vi.请求；祈祷prayer n.祈祷，祈求precaution n.预防；警惕preceding a.在前的；在先的precious a.珍贵的，宝贵的precise a.精确的，准确的precision n.精确，精密，精密度predict v.预言，预报，预测preface n.序言，前言，引语prefer vt.宁可，宁愿preferable a.更可取的，更好的preference n.偏爱，优先；优先权prejudice n.偏见，成见preliminary a.预备的，初步的premier n.总理，首相preparation n.准备，预备；制备prepare vt.&vi.准备，预备preposition n.前置词，介词prescribe vt.命令；处(方) presence n.出席，到场；在present a.现在的n.目前present vt.赠送; 介绍; 提出present n.礼物，赠送物presently ad.一会儿；目前preserve vt.保护；保存；腌渍president n.总统；校长；会长press vt.压，按，揿；催促pressure n.压力；压力；压，按pretend vt.假托，借口vi.假装pretty a.漂亮的，标致的prevail vi.胜，优胜；流行prevent vt.预防，防止；阻止previous a.先的；前的ad.在前previously ad.先前，预先price n.价格，价钱；代价pride n.骄傲；自豪vt.自夸priest n.教士，牧师，神父primarily ad.首先；主要地primary a.最初的；基本的prime a.首要的n.春，青春primitive a.原始的；粗糙的prince n.王子，亲王princess n.公主，王妃principal a.主要的n.负责人principle n.原则，原理；主义print vt.印刷n.印刷；正片prior a.在先的；优先的prison n.监狱，监禁prisoner n.囚犯private a.私人的；私下的privilege n.特权，优惠prize n.奖赏，奖金vt.珍视probability n.可能性；概率probable a.或有的；大概的probably ad.或许，大概problem n.问题；习题，问题procedure n.程序；手续；过程proceed vi.入行；继续入行process n.过程；工序vt.加工procession n.队伍，行列proclaim vt.宣告，宣布；表明produce vt.生产；产生；展现product n.产品，产物；(乘)积production n.生产；产品；总产量productive a.生产的；丰饶的profession n.职业professional a.职业的n.专业人员professor n.教授profit n.益处；利润vi.得益program n.节目单；大纲；程序progress n.前入，进展；入步progressive a.入步的；向前入的prohibit vt.禁止，阻止project n.方案，工程vi.伸出prominent a.实起的；突出的promise n.诺言；指望vt.允诺promising a.有希望的；有前途的promote vt.促入，发扬；提升prompt a.及时的vt.敦促pronoun n.代名词pronounce vt.发…的音；宣布pronunciation n.发音，发音法proof n.证据；证实；校样proper a.适合的；合乎体统的properly ad.适当地；彻底地property n.财产，资产；性质proportion n.比，比率，部分proportional a.比例的；相称的proposal n.提议，建议；求婚propose vt.提议vi.求婚prospect n.展望；前景，前程prosperity n.繁荣；昌盛，兴旺prosperous a.繁荣的，昌盛的protect vt.保护，保卫，警戒protection n.保护，警戒protective a.保护的，防护的protein n.蛋白质，朊protest vt.&vi.&n.抗议proud a.骄傲的；自豪的prove vt.证实vi.结果是provide vt.提供；装备，供给provided conj.以…为条件province n.省；领域，部门provision n.供应；预备；存粮psychological a.心理的，心理学的public a.公众的n.公众publication n.公布；出版；出版物publish vt.公布；发表；出版pudding n.布丁puff n.(一)喷，(一)吹pull vt.拉，拖；拉，拉力pulse n.脉搏；脉冲，脉动pump n.泵vt.用抽机抽punch vt.冲出n.冲压机punch vt.用拳猛击n.拳打punctual a.严守时刻的；准时的punish vt.罚，惩罚，处罚punishment n.罚，惩罚，处罚pupil n.学生，小学生pupil n.瞳孔puppet n.木偶，玩偶；傀儡purchase n.买，购买vt.买pure a.纯粹的；纯洁的purely ad.纯粹地，完全地purify vt.使纯净，使洁净purity n.纯净；纯洁；纯度purple n.紫色 a.紫的purpose n.目的；意图；效果purse n.钱包，小钱袋，手袋pursue vt.追赶，追踪；入行pursuit n.追赶；追求；事务push vt.推，逼迫vi.推put vt.放，摆；使处于puzzle n.难题；谜vi.使迷惑Q qualify vt.使具有资格quality n.质量；品质，特性quantity n.量，数量，分量quarrel n.争吵，吵架，口角quart n.夸脱(=2品脱)quarter n.四分之一；一刻钟quarterly a.季度的ad.季度地queen n.王后；女王queer a.奇怪的，古怪的question n.发问；问题；疑问queue n.行列vi.排队等候quick a.快的；敏捷的quicken vt.加快vi.加快quickly ad.快，迅速quiet a.寂静的；安静的quilt n.被(子)quit vt.离开，退出；停止quite ad.完全；相当；的确quiz n.小型考试，测验quotation n.引用；引文；报价单quote vt.引用，引证；报价R rabbit n.兔子，野兔race n.比赛，竞赛，竞争race n.人种，种族，民族racial a.种族的，人种的rack n.搁物架；行李架rack vt.使苦痛，折磨racket n.球拍radar n.雷达，无线电探测器radiate vi.发射光线；辐射radiation n.放射，发射；辐射能radio n.无线电；收音机radioactive a.放射性的radioactivity n.放射性，放射(现象) radish n.小萝卜radium n.镭radius n.半径rag n.破布，碎布，抹布rage n.(一阵)狂怒，盛怒raid n.袭击；突然搜查rail n.横条，横杆；铁轨railroad n.铁路vi.由铁路运输railway n.铁路，铁道rain n.雨，雨水vi.下雨rainbow n.虹，彩虹rainy a.下雨的，多雨的raise vt.举起；引起；提高rake n.耙子vi.耙；搜索range n.排，行；山脉；范围rank n.排，横行；社会阶层rapid a.快的n.急流rapidly ad.迅速地rare a.稀薄的；稀有的rarely ad.很少，难得rat n.老鼠，耗子rate n.比率；速度；价格rather ad.宁可，宁愿；相当ratio n.比，比率rational a.理性的；出于理性的raw a.未煮过的；未加工的ray n.光线，射线，辐射线razor n.剃刀reach vt.抵达；伸出vi.达到react vi.起反应；有影响reaction n.反应；反作用read vt.读，观懂vi.读reader n.读者；读物，读本readily ad.乐意地；无困难地reading n.读，阅读；读书ready a.准备好的；愿意的real a.真的；现实的reality n.现实；真实realize vt.实现；熟悉到really ad.真正地；实在realm n.王国，国土；领域reap vt.&vi.收割，收获rear n.后部，后面；背面rear vt.抚养，培养；栽种reason n.理由；理性vi.推理reasonable a.合情合理的；公道的rebel vi.造反n.造反者rebellion n.造反；叛乱；反抗recall vt.往返想；叫来回；收来回receipt n.收到；收条，收据receive vt.收到；得到；接待receiver n.收受者，收件人recent a.新近的，最近的recently ad.最近，新近reception a.接待；招待会；接受recite vt.&vi.背诵，朗诵recognition n.认出，识别；承认recognize vt.认识，认出；承认recollect vt.往返忆，追忆，想起recommend vt.推荐，介绍；劝告recommendation n.推荐，介绍；劝告record n.记录；履历vt.记录recorder n.记录者；录音机recover vt.重新获得；挽来回recovery n.重获；痊愈，恢复red a.红色的n.红色reduce vt.减少，减小；简化reduction n.减少，减小，缩减reed n.芦苇，芦杆，芦丛reel n.卷轴，卷筒refer vt.使求助于vi.谈到reference n.参考；出处；提及refine vt.&vi.精炼，提纯reflect vt.反射；反映；思考reflection n.反射；映象；反映reflexion n.反射；映象；反映reform vt.&n.改革，改良refresh vt.使清新vi.恢复精神refreshment n.茶点，点心，便餐refrigerator n.冰箱，冷藏库refuge n.避难，庇护；庇护者refusal n.拒绝refuse vt.拒绝vt.拒绝refute vt.驳斥，反驳，驳倒regard vt.把…观作；尊敬regarding prep.关于regardless ad.不顾一切地region n.地区，地带；领域register n.&vt.登记，注册regret vt.懊悔；抱歉n.懊悔regular a.规则的；整洁的regularly ad.有规律地regulate vt.管理，控制；调整regulation n.规则，规章；管理rehearsal n.排练，排演；练习reign n.君主统治；支配rein n.缰绳vi.驾驭，控制reinforce vt.增援，支援；加强reject vt.拒绝；丢掉；驳回rejoice vi.欣喜，高兴relate vt.叙述；使联系relation n.关系，联系；家属relationship n.关系，联系relative a.有关系的；相对的relatively ad.相对地，比较地relativity n.相关性；相对性relax vt.使松弛vi.松弛release vt.释放；放松；发表relevant a.有关的，贴切的reliability n.可靠性reliable a.可靠的，可信赖的reliance n.信任，信赖，信心relief n.减轻；救济；援救relieve vt.减轻，解除；救济religion n.宗教；宗教信仰religious a.宗教的；虔诚的reluctant a.不愿的，勉强的rely vi.依赖，依靠；信赖remain vi.剩下，余留；保持remains n.残余，余额；废墟remark vt.&vi.&n.评论，谈论remarkable a.异常的，非凡的remedy n.&vt.治疗；补救remember vt.记得，想起；记住remind vt.提醒，使想起remote a.相隔很远的；心灰意冷淡的removal n.移动；迁移；除掉remove vt.移动，搬开；脱掉render vt.表示，给予；使得renew vt.使更新vi.更新rent n.租金，租vi.出租repair vt.&n.修理，修补repeat vt.重说，重做n.重复repeatedly ad.重复地；一再repent vi.悔悟，悔改vt.后悔repetition n.重复，反复replace vt.把…放往返；取代reply vi.&n.来回答，答复report vt.&vi.报告；汇报reporter n.记者，通讯员represent vt.描绘；代表；象征representative a.代表性的n.代表reproach vt.&n.责备，指责reproduce vt.&vi.繁殖，生殖republic n.共和国，共和政体republican a.共和国的reputation n.名誉，名声；好名声request n.&v.请求，要求require vt.需要；要求，命令requirement n.需要；要求rescue vt.&n.援救，营救research n.&vi.调查，探究researcher n.调查者；探究者resemble vt.像，类似reserve vt.储备，保留；预定reservior n.水库；蓄水池residence n.居住；驻扎；住处resident a.居住的n.居民resign vt.放弃vi.辞职resignation n.放弃，辞职，反抗resist vt.&vi.抵抗，抵制resistance n.抵抗；抵制；抵抗力resistant a.抵抗的，反抗的resolution n.坚决，坚定；决定resolve vt.解决；决心n.决心resort vi.&n.求助，凭借resource n.资源，物力；办法respect n.&vt.尊敬，尊重respectful a.恭敬的，尊重的respective 各自的，各个的respectively ad.各自地，分别地respond vi.作答；响应response n.作答，回答；响应responsibility n.责任，责任心；职责responsible a.有责任的；尽责的rest n.休息；安静；静止rest n.剩余部分；其余的人restaurant n.餐馆，饭店，菜馆restless a.不安定的，焦虑的restore vt.恢复；回还；修补restrain vt.抑制，遏制；限制restraint n.抑制；遏制；克制restrict vt限制，限定，约束restriction n.限制，限定，约束result n.成果vi.发生，结果resume vt.恢复；重新开始retain vt.保持，保留，保有retell vt.再讲，重述，复述retire vi.退下；引退；就寝retreat vi.(被迫)退却，后退return vi.&n.往返来，返来回reveal vt.展现；揭示，揭露revenge vt.替…报仇n.报仇reverse vt.颠倒，翻转n.背面review vt.再检查n.复习revise vt.修订，校订；修改revolt vi.&n.反抗，造反revolution n.革命；旋转，绕转revolutionary a.革命的n.革命者reward n.报答；报酬vt.报答rhythm n.韵律，格律；节奏rib n.肋，肋骨ribbon n.缎带，丝带；带rice n.稻，米，饭rich a.富的，丰富的rid vt.使摆脱，使去掉riddle n.谜，谜语ride vi.&n.骑马，乘车rider n.骑马的人；乘车的人ridge n.脊；岭，山脉；垄ridiculous a.荒谬的，可笑的rifle n.步枪，来复枪right a.正确的ad.对，正好rigid a.刚硬的；僵硬的ring n.环形物(如圈、环等) ring vi.叫；按铃n.铃声ripe a.熟的；时机成熟的ripen vt.使熟vi.成熟rise vi.起立；升起；上涨risk n.风险，危险，冒险rival n.竞争者a.竞争的river n.江，河，水道road n.路，道路，公路roar vi.吼鸣；呼喊n.吼roast vt.&vi.烤，炙，烘rob vt.&vi.抢劫；劫掠robber n.强盗，盗贼robbery n.抢劫，劫掠，盗取robe n.长袍，长衣，浴衣robot n.机器人；自动机rock vt.摇，使动摇vi.摇rock n.岩，岩石；石头rocket n.火箭，火箭发动机rod n.杆，竿，棒role n.角色，作用，任务roll vi.&vt.滚动；转动roller n.滚柱，滚筒，滚轴Roman n.古罗马人a.罗马的romantic a.浪漫的；传奇的roof n.屋顶，车顶；顶room n.房间；地位；余地root n.根，根子vi.生根rope n.绳，索rose n.蔷薇花，蔷薇科植物rot vt.烂，腐坏n.腐烂rotary a.旋转的，转动的rotate vi.旋转vt.使旋转rotation n.旋转，转动；循环rotten a.腐烂的，发臭的rough a.表面不平的；粗略的roughly ad.粗糙地，粗略地round a.圆的n.兜圈；一轮rouse vt.唤醒，唤起；惊起route n.路，路线，路程routine n.例行公事 a.日常的row n.(一)排，(一)行row vt.划(舟等) vi.划舟royal a.王的；皇家的rub vt.摩擦，擦vi.摩擦rubber n.橡皮(擦子)；橡胶rubbish n.垃圾，废物；废话rude a.加工粗糙的；粗野的rug n.小地毯；毛毯ruin n.毁灭；废墟vt.毁坏rule n.统治；规定；习惯ruler n.统治者；尺，直尺rumour n.谣言，谣传，传闻run vi.跑，奔；行驶；流runner n.赛跑的人rural a.农村的，田园的rush vi.冲，奔vt.催促Russian a.俄罗斯的n.俄国人rust n.锈vi.生锈，氧化rusty a.生锈的；变迟钝的。
英语专业四级真题及答案(4)
英语专业四级真题及答案(4)TEXT B(1) Travelling through the country a couple of weeks ago on business,I was listening to the talk of the late UK writer Douglas Adams’master work “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” on the radio and thought-I know,I’ll pick up the next hitchhikers I see and ask them wahat the state of real hitching is today in Britain.(2)I drove and drove on main roads and side roads for the next few days and never saw a single one.(3)When I was in my teens and 20s ,hitchhiking was a main form of long-distance transport.The kindness or curiosity of strangers took me all over Europe,North America,Asiaand southern Africa,Some of the lift-givers became friends ,many provided hospitality on the road.(4)Not only did you find out much more about a country than when traveling by train or plane ,but there was that lelement of excitement about where you would finish up that night.Hitchhiking featured importantly in Western culture.It has books and songs about it .So what has happened to it?(5)A few years ago ,I was asked the same question about hitching in a column of a newspaper.Hundreds of people from all over the world responded with their view on the state of hitchhiking .(6)Rural Ireland was recommended as f friendly place forhitching,as was Quebec,Canada-“if you don’t mind being criticized for not speaking French”.(7)But while hitchhiking was clearly still alive and well in some places ,the general feeling was that throughtout much of the west it was doomed.(8)With so much news about crime in the media,people assumed that anyone on the open road without the money for even a bus ticket must present a danger.But do we need to be so wary both to hitch and to give a lift?(9)In Poland in the 1960s,according to a Polish woman who e-mail me ,＂the authorities introduced the Hitchhiker’s Booklet.The booklet contained coupons for drivers,so each time a driver picked somebody ,he or she received a coupon.At the end of the season,drivers who had picked up the most hikers were rewarded with various prizes.Everyone was hitchhiking then”.(10)Surely this is a good idea for society.Hitchhiking would increase respect by breaking down barriers between strangers.It would help fight global warming by cutting down on fuel consumption as hitchhikers would be using existing fuels.It would also improveeducational standards by delivering instant lessons in geography ,history,politics and sociology.(11)A century before Douglas Adams wrote his “Hitchhiker’sGuide”,another advent ure story writer,Robert Louis Stevenson, gave us that what should be the hitchhiker’s motto:＂To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive.” What better time than putting a holiday weekend into practice. Either put it to the test yourself, or help out someone who is trying to travel hopefully with thumb outstreched.84. In which paragraph(s) does the writer comment on his experience of hitchhiking?A. (3)B. (4)C. (3) and (4)D. (4) and (5)85. What is the current situation of hitchhiking?A. It is popular in some parts of the world.B. It is popular throughout the west.C. It is popular in Poland.86. What is the writer’s attitude towards the practice in Poland?A. Critical.B. Unclear.C. Somewhat favourable.D. Strongly favourable.87. The writer has mentioned all the following benefits of hitchhiking EXCEPTA. promoting mutual respect between strangers.B. increasing one’s confidence in strangers.C. protecting enviroment.D. enrich one’s knowledge.88.＂Either put it to the test yourself…”in Paragraph (11) meansA. to experience the hopefulness.B. to read Adams’book.C. to offer someone a lift.。
英语专业四级考试（TEM-4，TESTFORENGLISHMAJORS-4），全称为全国...
英语专业四级考试（TEM-4，Test for English Majors-4），全称为全国高校英语专业四级考试。
自1991年起由中国大陆教育部实行，考察全国综合性大学英语专业学生。
考试内容涵盖英语听、读、写、译各方面。
笔试形式考核，无口试。
考试大纲
一.考试目的
本考试的目的是全面检查已学完英语专业四级课程的学生是否达到教学大纲所规定的各项要求，考核学生运用各项基本技能的能力以及学生对语法结构和词语用法的掌握程度，既测试学生的综合能力，也测试学生的单项技能。
同时，也是评估教学质量，推动校际交流的一种手段。
二.考试的性质与范围
本考试属于尺度参照性标准化考试。
考试的范围包括基础阶段教学大纲所规定的一至四级除读音和说的技能以外的全部内容。
由于目前尚未具备口试的条件，暂且只进行笔试。
三.考试时间与命题
每个四月份的第三个周六。
2010年考试时间为4月17日，2011年的考试时间为4月16日。
四.考试形式
为了较好地考核学生运用各项基本技能的能力，既照顾到科学性，客观性，又照顾到可行性以及基础阶段英语水平测试的特点，同时为确保试卷的信度，本考试除写作及听写部分为主观试题外，其余都采取多项选择题形式。
主观试题部分旨在较好地测试学生灵活运用语言的能力，从而提高试卷的效度。
五.考试内容
本考试共有六个部分：一. 写作二. 听写三. 听力理解四. 完形填空五. 语法及词汇六. 阅读理解。
前两部分需时60分钟。
后四部分需时80分钟，整个考试需时140分钟。
六.及格标准。
英语专业4级词汇
英语专业4级词汇[一年级下学期掌握]absent-mindeadj. 4心不在焉的absorb v. 41.吸收（水、热、光等）2.吸引（注意），使关心，使全神贯注abstract adj. 4抽象的n. 4摘要，概括v. 41.提取，抽取 2.摘录…的要点 3.转移…（注意等）absurd adj. 4不合理的，荒谬的，可笑的accent n. 41.音调，腔调，口音 2.重音 3.重音符号 4.重要性，重点accompany v. 41.伴随，陪同 2.为…伴奏accurate adj. 4准确的，精确的accuse v. 41.指责，谴责 2.控诉，控告accustom v. 4使习惯acquaint v. 4使认识，使了解acquaintancen. 41.相识，了解 2.相识的人，熟人acquire v. 41.取得，获得，习得 2.学到（知识等）acre n. 4英亩addition n. 4加，加法‖in addtion (to)另外，除…之外additional adj. 4附加的，追加的，另外的adequate adj. 4适当的，充分的，足够的adjust v 41.整顿，整理，安排 2.使适应于（新环境等）admission n. 41.进入的许可 2.入会费，入场费 3.承认，供认adopt v. 41.采用，采纳，采取（态度等）2.收养 3.接受某种习俗 4.正是通过adventurous adj. 41.大胆的，富于冒险精神的 2.充满危险的advertise v 4登广告adviser advin. 41.顾问，指导教授 2.affection n. 4慈爱，友爱agency n. 41.经办，代理，代理权 2.代理处 3.机构aggravate v. 4加重（病情、负担等）*agreeable adj. 41.惬意的，爽快的 2.易相处的 3.事宜的，适合的ailment n. 4轻微的病痛 *aimless adj. 4漫无目标的alchohol n. 4乙醇，酒精alphabet n. 4字母表ambulance n. 4救护车amusement n. 41.喜乐，兴趣 2.娱乐 3.文娱活动angle1 n. 41.角 2.角度，观点（= point of view）angle2 v. 4垂钓，钓鱼announcer n. 41.(无线电)广播员 2.(戏剧)报幕员annoyance n. 4烦恼,烦恼事anxiety n. 41.忧虑,担心,焦虑 2.渴望,热望apart adv. 41.相隔,相距 2.离开,离去 3.拆开‖apart from…且莫说,撇开…不说apparently adv. 4显然,明显的appetite n. 4食欲,胃口appoint v. 4任命，委派appointment n. 41.约会 2.职务,职位appreciationn. 41.欣赏,赏识 2.感谢apprentice n. 4徒弟,学徒,徒工approve v. 41.批准,通过 2.赞成,称许approximate adj. 4大约,将近arithmetic n. 4算术arouse v. 41.唤醒 2.换气,激起,引起(注意、同情、嫉妒、怀疑等) arrow n. 41.箭2.箭头ashore adv. 4在岸上，在陆上，上岸，上陆aspirin n. 4阿司匹林assemble v. 41.聚集,集合 2.装配(机器等)assign v. 41.分配（房屋、土地、工作、任务等）2.指定（时间、地点等）3.委派，指派assignment n. 41.分配，委派 2.（分派）的任务，指定的（课外）作业assist v. 4援助，帮助assistance n. 4援助，帮助association n. 41.l联合，联盟 2.联想 3.协会，社团astonish v. 4使吃惊，使惊愕astonishmentn. 4惊讶atomic adv. 41.原子的 2.原子能的 3.原子武器的attach v. 41.缚,系,贴 2.参加(党派) 3.把(重点等)放在attendant n. 41.侍者,服务员 2.护理员attraction n. 41.吸引力,诱惑力 2.吸引物,喜闻乐见的事物authority n. 41.权,权力 2.权威 3.(pl art)当局，官方 4.职权,权限automatic adj. 41.自动的 2.无意识的available adj. 4可用的,可用到的avenge v. 4为…报仇，为…进行报仇‖avenge oneself on 对…进行报仇avenue n. 41.林荫道,道路 2.(AmE)(城市中的)大街 3.途径,手段awaken v. 41.叫醒,闹醒 2.醒来,觉醒‖awaken to 使认识到award v. 4授予，给与奖励n. 4奖品aware adj. 4知晓,察觉,意识到awkward adj. 41.笨拙的,不熟练的 2.使用不方便的 3.尴尬的 4.难应付的,难处理的axe ax n. 4斧(子)background n. 41.背景 2.个人的背景资料backwards adv. 41.向后走,倒退着 2.(顺序)倒,逆‖ backwards andforwards 来回地badge n. 41.徽章,像章 2.象征,标志badminton n. 4羽毛球（运动）bang v. 41.猛撞,猛敲 2.砰的关上(门等) 3.发出砰的一生n. 4猛击 2.砰的一响banker n. 4银行家,银行高级职员barely adv. 4勉强，好容易才barrel n. 41.桶 2.炮管,枪管baseball n. 41.棒球(运动) 2.垒球(运动)basement n. 4地下室basis(pl basv 4基础,根据‖on the basis of 根据bat n. 4(棒球或板球)球棒,(乒乓球）球拍bat n. 4蝙蝠bay n. 4海湾,湾beam n. 41.梁 2.(日光、灯光等）（一）道，（一）束v. 41.微笑 2.发光bean n 4豆(子),菜豆‖full of beans(infml)精力充沛的beforehand adv. 4预先,事先behalf n. 4利益(只用于下例词组中)‖on behalf of,on sb’s behalf a. 为了…的(利益)b.代表…,替代behave v. 4举动,表现,见电(自己的行为)‖Be-have yourself！放规矩点!being n. 41.存在物 2.生物,人‖*beloved adj. 41.为…所爱的 2.被热爱的,敬爱的 n.心爱的人，爱人benefit n. 41.利益,好处 2.恩惠 3.津贴,救济金,保险赔偿费 v.有益于bet v. 4赌,打赌,赌钱‖You bet.（slang)当然,一定n. 4堵住，赌钱betray v. 41.背叛,出卖 2.辜负,不忠于 3.泄露(秘密等)Bible n. 4圣经‖The Bible 圣经billion num. 41.十亿(美制)2.万亿,兆(英制)biography n. 41.传记 2.传记文学bloody adj. 41.有血的,出血的 2.非常恶劣的,使人感到极不愉快的 adv. 4很，非常bloom n. 41.华,开花 2.青春 3.香味v. 41.开花 2.繁盛,茂盛blosslm n. 4花,开花的状态v. 41.开花 2.发展,繁荣,成长boast v. 4夸，自夸，夸口n. 4大话，自夸的话booth n. 41.(有蓬的)货摊 2.(AmE)公用电话亭 3.(隔开的)小间bosom n. 41.胸(=breast）2.胸襟，胸怀，内心bound n. 4界限,范围bound v. 41.跳动,跳跃 2.跳回,弹回bound adj. 4开往…的boundary n. 4界限,边界bow n. 4船头,舰首boxer n. 4拳击家，拳击员，拳击师boxing n. 4全集，拳术，打拳brake n. 4机(闸),刹车v. 4刹(车)breast n. 41.胸(脯),胸膛 2.乳房brighten v. 41.(使)发光,(使)发亮 2.(使）快活,(使）活跃brilliant adj. 41.光辉,辉煌 2.卓越的,聪颖的broaden v. 4放宽，加阔，（使）扩大brother-in-ln. 4姐夫,妹夫brow n. 4眉,眉毛(=eyebrow）bubble n. 4泡,水泡,气泡v. 4吹泡，起泡bunch n. 4(一)球,(一)束,(一)串v. 4使成一束(一捆等)bureau n. 41.办公署,局,司,处 2.(附有镜子的)五斗橱,写字台butterfly n. 4蝴蝶cable n. 41.缆，索，钢丝绳 2.电缆，海底电缆，海底电报v. 4拍（海底）电报camel n. 4骆驼cancer n. 4癌，癌症carbon n. 41.碳 2.复写纸career n. 41.生涯，经历 2.专业，职业carpenter n. 4木工，木匠carriage n. 41.（四轮）马车 2.客车车厢carve v. 41.雕刻 2.切（熟肉），切开catalogue can. 4（图书或商品等的）目录v. 4为…编目录，把…编入目录caution n. 41.当心，谨慎 2.告诫，警告v. 4警告，告诫cease v. 4停止，结束centigrade adj. 41.百分度的 2.摄氏温度计的certainty n. 41.确实性 2.确实的事challenge n. 41.挑战，要求决斗，邀请比赛 2.异议，质问怀疑v. 41.向…挑战 2.对…表示异议，非难，怀疑champion n. 41.冠军，优胜者 2.拥护者，战士，斗士v. 4拥护，支持chap n. 4家伙，小伙子chart n. 41.海图，航（线）图 2.图表，表，曲线图v. 41.制…的海图，把（航线等）绘入海图 2用图像表示（或说明）chase v. 4追逐追赶，追击n. 4追逐，追赶，追击chemist n. 41.化学家,化学师 2.(BrE)药剂师=(AmE)druggist chew v. 41.咀嚼,嚼碎 2.深思,回味,体味(某事物)childish adj. 41.孩子的,孩子所特有的 2.幼稚的,傻气的chorus n. 4合唱,合唱队,歌舞团‖in chorus齐声,一齐v. 4合唱,异口同声地说circular adj. 4圆形的,环形的circumstancen. 41.(pl)情况,情形,环境 2.（pl)境况,境遇‖under the cirumstances在那种情况下/under no circumstance无论如何circus n. 41.(圆形的)马戏场,杂技团 2.马戏(杂技)的表演 3.马戏团civilisationn. 4文明,文化claim v. 41.(根据权利)要求,认领,索取 2.声称,主张n. 41.(根据权利而提出的)要求 2.(对某事物的)权利,所有权clasp v. 41.扣住,扣紧,钩住 2.拥抱,抱紧 3.紧握n. 41.扣子,钩子 2.拥抱,紧握classify v. 41.把…分类,把(货物等)分等级 3.确定…为机密clench v. 41.握紧（拳头等），咬紧（牙关） 2.捏紧，抓牢coach n. 41.四轮大马车 2.长途公共汽车 3.（铁路上的）客车4.教练，指导v. 41.训练，指导，辅导 2.当教练coarse adj. 41.粗的，粗糙的，粗劣的 2.（举动等）粗鲁的，粗暴的，粗俗的collective adj. 4集体的,共同的,集体主义的n. 4集体,集体事业,全体人员commerce n. 4商业,贸易commercial adj. 4商业(上)的,商务的n. 4电台(电视)中的广告节目committee n. 4委员会communication. 41.通信,通讯 2.传达的信息 3.(pl)通讯系统 4.交通,交通工具comparative adj. 4比较的,比较上的,相当的n. 4比较级comparativeladv. 4比较地compass n. 41.罗盘,指南针 2.(pl)圆规compete v. 41.比赛 2.竞争,对抗complaint n. 41.怨言,不满,牢骚 2.投诉,抱怨,诉苦 3.疾病complex adj. 4复杂的,综合的n. 41.综合企业 2.一组建筑群complicate v. 4使复杂,变复杂complicated adj. 4结构复杂的,难懂的,难解的compose v. 41.组成,构成 2.创作,作曲 3.使安定,使平静composer n. 41.作曲家,创造者compound n. 41.混合物,复合词 2.用围墙围起的建筑地(场地)adj. 4混合的,复合的concentration. 4集中,注意力concept n. 4概念,观念,思想conclude v. 41.结束 2.推断出,断定conclusion n. 41.结束,结尾 2.结论,推论 3.(条约等的)缔结concrete adj. 41.具体的,有形的 2.明确的n. 41.具体物 2.混凝土,凝结物v. 4用混凝土修筑conditional adj. 4附有条件的confess v. 41.供认,坦白,承认 2.忏悔(罪恶等)conflict n. 41.斗争,战斗 2.抵触,冲突confusion n. 4混乱,混乱状态,骚乱congess n. 41.(代表)大会 2.(cap)国会，议会 3.聚会,会议conquer v. 41.征服,攻克,战胜,占领 2.克服(困难等),破除(坏习惯等)conscienousladv. 4认真地,诚心诚意地consciousnesn. 4意识,知觉,觉悟,自觉consequence n. 41.结果,后果 2.重要(性)consequentlyadv. 4因而,所以consideration. 41.考虑,思考 2.需要考虑的事,所考虑的事 3.体谅,照顾consistent adj. 41.坚固的,坚实的 2.一致的,连贯的,始终如一的consonant n. 4辅音,辅音字母adj. 4一致的,和谐的constant n. 41.坚定的,坚贞的,永恒的 2.经常的,不断的constantly adv. 41.经久不变的,永恒的 2.经常地,不断地consult v. 41.找…商议 2.找(医生)诊治 3.翻阅,查考(书籍、地图等)‖consult with和…商议container n. 41.容器 2.集装箱‖container ship集装箱船contemporaryadj. 41.当代的 2.同时代的,同年龄的n. 4同期的人,同辈contempt n. 4轻视,轻蔑contest v. 4争夺,竞争n. 41.争夺 2.竞争,比赛continual adj. 41.多次重复的,频繁的 2.持续的,不间断的contract n. 4契约,合同v. 41.订立和约,签约合同 2.使缩小,(使)收缩 3.得病,感染疾病contrary adj. 4相反的,相对的,对抗的‖on the contray相反contrast n. 4对比,比照v. 4使对比,形成对照cooker n. 4炊事用具（炉、锅等）correspond v. 41.符合,一致 2.相当,相应 3.通信correspondenn. 41.符合,一致 2.相当,相应 3.通信(联系) correspondenn. 4通信者,(新闻)通信员,记者costly adj. 41.昂贵的,代价高的 2.价值高的,豪华的council n. 41.理事会,委员会 2.地方议会courageous adj. 4勇敢的,有胆量的,无畏coward n. 4怯懦,胆怯者cowardly adj. 4怯懦的,胆小的crab n. 4螃蟹cracker n. 41.爆竹(=firecracker) 2.(AmE)一种薄脆饼干cradle n. 41.摇篮 2.策源地,发源地crawl v. 41.爬,爬行,匍匐前进 2.缓慢的移动,徐徐前进n. 41.爬,爬行,匍匐前进 2.缓慢的行进creative adj. 4有创造性的,创作的credit n. 41.信任 2.信用,信用往来,赊欠 3.信誉,声望,威信 4.荣誉,光荣 5.学分 6.(银行)存款,债权v. 4相信,信任‖be a credit to为…增光crisis n. 41.危机 2.危急存亡之际,决定性时刻,转折点critical adj. 41.批评(性)的,评论(性)的 2.对…表示谴责的,对…感到不满的 3.紧要的,关键性的,危害的crow n. 41.鸦,乌鸦 2.鸡啼v. 41.(雄鸡)啼 2.吹嘘,得意洋洋crush v. 41.压碎 2.压服，压倒n. 41.压碎 2.（水果的）汁cube n. 41.立方体，正六面体 2.立方cunning adj.& n. 4狡猾（的），狡诈（的）curse n. 4诅骂，咒骂，骂人话v. 4诅咒，咒骂cycle n. 41.周期，循环 2.（无线电）周（波）v. 41.循环，轮转 2.骑自行车（三轮脚踏车，机器脚踏车）dairy n. 4牛奶公司，乳品店，牛奶场adj. 4牛奶的，乳品的damn int. 4（表示愤怒、厌烦、失望等）该死的，他妈的v. 41.指责，谴责 2.咒骂n. 41.咒骂 2.丝毫，一点点darling n. 4心爱的人（动物），亲爱的，宠儿adj. 4心爱的，喜爱的，宠爱的dash v. 41.猛冲，猛掷 2.砸碎n. 41.飞奔，短跑 2.少许 3.破折号deadly adj. 4致命的，势不两立的，死气沉沉的adv. 4死一般地，非常，极度debate v 41.辩论，讨论 2.考虑，盘算n. 4辩论，争论，辩论比赛debt n. 4债，债务，欠债decent adj. 41.体面的，得体的，正当的 2.严肃的，高雅的，正派的 3.和气的，过得去的，宽容的decisive adj. 41.坚决的，果断的，有决定作用的 2.确定的，明确的deck n. 4甲板，桥面，（公共汽车、飞机机舱、大楼等）层面v. 4给…装甲板decline v 41.衰退，下降，减少 2.拒绝，婉辞n. 41.下降，减少 2.衰退，衰落期decrease v. 4（使）减少，减弱，减轻n. 4减少，减少额definite adj. 4清楚的，肯定的，明显的definitely adv. 41.当然，一定，确定 2.（和否定词连用）对，绝对definition n. 4定义，限定，清晰delegate n. 4代表，代表团团员v. 4授权，委托，委派…为代表delegation n. 4代表团，委派delicate adj. 41.易碎的，娇弱的 2.精密的，精致的 3.微妙的 4.清香的，清淡的delightful adj. 4令人愉快的delivery n. 41.交付，投递，交出 2.分娩 3.演讲的风格（方式）democracy n. 41.民主政体，民主政府，民主国家 2.民主作风，民主精神democratic adj. 4民主的，民主国家的，民主主义的demonstrate v. 4证明，示范，参加示威游行demonstration. 4论证，示范，示威游行（集会）dense adj. 4密集的，稠密的，不易看透的departure n. 41.离开，起程，开始 2.背离dependent adj. 41.依赖的，取决于…德，丛属的 2. 有瘾的depress v. 41.使消沉，使抑郁，使萧条 2.压下，按下 3.削弱，降低desirable adj. 4理想的，值得拥有的，可取的desperate adj. 41.绝望的，孤注一掷的 2.亡命的，不顾一切的despise v. 4鄙视，蔑视，轻视destination n. 4终点，目的地，目标destruction n. 4毁坏，毁灭，消灭destructive adj. 4破坏（性）的，毁灭（性）的，非建设性的device n. 41.装置,器具,仪器 2.手段,策略,诡计 3.手法, e's own devices 听任…自便,让…自行发展dew n. 4露,露水,小水珠dial n. 41.(仪表等)刻度盘,钟面,表盘 2.(电话机的)拨号盘,转盘v. 41.调频道,收听(看) 2.拨电话号码,与…通电话dialect n. 4方言,土话,行话dictator n. 41.独裁者,专制者 2.口授者 3.(左右风尚时装等的)权威digest v. 41.消化(食物) 2.(经反复思考)吸收,领悟,理解 3.整理,压缩,节略n. 4摘要,文摘,汇编disaster n. 41.灾难，大祸，大不幸 2.彻底的失败 3.祸患discipline n. 41.训练，纪律，行为准则 2.克制，规章制度，管教 3.处罚，惩罚 4.学科，科目v. 4训练，控制，惩罚discriminatev. 4区别，辨别，有差别的对待adj. 4有区别的，有差别的，有识别力的disgrace n. 41.丢脸，耻辱 2.失宠，失势v. 4使丢脸，使受耻辱，使失去地位disgust n. 4厌恶，恶心，作呕v. 4使讨厌，使厌恶，使作呕dismissal n. 41.解散，打发走 2.解雇，撤职 3.不予考虑disobey v. 4不服从，违抗，漠视disorder n. 41.杂乱，混乱 2.散乱，骚动 3.失调，不适v. 41.使零乱，扰乱 2.使失调，使不适displeasure n. 4不满，不悦，生气dissatisfy v. 4使不满意，使不高兴distinction n. 41.区分，不同，特征 2.卓越，著名，优良 3.荣誉（称号），殊勋，奖赏distress n. 41.（精神上的）痛苦，忧虑，悲伤 2.不适，疼痛 3.贫困，灾难 4.危难，困境v. 4使痛苦，使苦恼，使紧张distribute v. 41.分发，分配，配给物 2.散布，分布 3.销售（量）distributionn. 4区，行政区，区域disturbance n. 41.打扰，妨碍 2.心神不安，烦恼43.混乱，骚乱ditch n. 4沟，壕沟，渠（道）diver n. 4跳水者，潜水者，潜水艇dock n. 41.码头，船坞2.（法庭中的）被告席，犯人栏v. 41使（船）靠码头，领（船）进港2.（宇宙飞行器）在外层空间对接domestic adj. 41.家的，家庭的，家用的 2.（动物）非野生的，驯养的3.国内的，国产的，自制的dot n. 41.点，小圆点2.少量，一点儿v. 4加点，点缀，散布于//on the dot准时地doubtful adj. 41.疑惑的，（可）怀疑的2.含糊不轻的，未定的，有问题的drain v. 41.（使）慢慢流走，排出，把…弄干2.喝干3.使精疲力竭n. 41.排水沟（管）2.消耗，（人才等）外流//down the drain 被浪费掉，化为乌有dramatic adj. 41.戏剧（性）的，刺激的，激动人心的2.引人注目的，印象深刻的，突然的dread v.&n. 4畏惧，厌恶，担忧dreadful adj. 41.可怕的，令人敬畏的2.厉害的，讨厌的，极端的drive-in n.&adj, 4（顾客无须下车即可得到服务的）“*drought n. 4旱灾，干旱drunkard n. 4醉汉，酒徒durable adj. 4持久的，耐用的，耐穿的n. 4(pl) 耐用品dusk n. 4黄昏，傍晚，幽暗earnest adj. 4认真的，诚挚的，热切的n. 4/in earnest a.有决心和精力 b.认真（地），一本正经地earthquake n. 4地震echo v. 41.发出回声，引起回想，共鸣 2.随声附和，重复（他人的话等），模仿n. 4回声，反响，共鸣editor n. 4编辑，编者，校订者eggplant n. 4茄子electronic adj. 4电子的，电子仪器elementary adj. 41. 基本的，基础的，初级的 2.容易的，简易的embarrass v. 41.使窘迫，使困扰，使为难 2.妨碍，牵累embarrassingadj. 4使人尴尬的，使人为难的embrace v. 41.拥抱，抱，环绕 2.包含，包括 3.接受，利用 4.信奉n. 41.拥抱，怀抱，包围 2.接受，信奉emergence n. 4出现，露出emperor n. 4皇帝enclose v. 41.围住，圈起，关闭住 2.封入，附入endure v. 41.忍受，忍耐（常与否定词连用）容忍 2.持续，持久enlarge v. 4扩大，放大（照片），扩展entertain v. 41.招待，款待 2.使欢乐，给…娱乐 3.接受，容纳enthusiasm n. 4热情，热心，热诚enthusiasticadj. 4热情的，热心的，热烈的envy v.&n. 4妒忌，羡慕equality n. 4平等，同等，相同equally adv. 4相等地，平等地，平均地estimate v. 4估计，估计…的意义（价值），评价n. 4估计，估算，评价，评估eve n. 4（节日等的）前夜，（重大事件发生的）前夕eventually adv. 4最后，终于evidence n. 41.根据，证据，证明 2.证词evidently adv. 4明显地，显然，根据现有证据来看exchange v. 41.交换，调换，把…换成，2.互换，兑换n. 41.交换，互换，交流 2.交火，争吵 3.交换所，交易所excite v. 41.刺激，使兴奋，使激动 2.激发，唤起，引起exhaust v. 41.用完，耗尽，花光 2.排空，抽完 3.使筋疲力尽 4.详尽论述n. 41.排气管，排气装置 2.排出，放出 3.废气，废液exhibit v. 41.展览，展出，陈列 2.表现，显出，显示n. 4陈列品，展览，展览品expense n. 41.费用，消费，支出 2.（精力、时间等的）消耗，耗费 3.（pl）开支，花费 || at the expense of 以…为代价，由…付费explore v. 41.探究，探索 2.勘探，探险，探测exposure n. 41.暴露，揭露，显露 2.曝光，曝光时间extent n. 41.范围，广度，长度2.程度，限度|| to some extent 在某种程度上extraordinaradj. 41.非常的，特别的，破例的 2.离奇的，使人惊奇的，非凡的extreme adj. 41.末端的，极端的，尽头的 2.极度的，偏激的，过分的n. 4极端，极度（状态），过分facility n. 41.（pl）设备，工具2.简易，方便，便利3.技能，熟练fairy n. 4小妖精，仙人faithful adj. 4守信的，忠诚的，忠实的fame n. 4名声，名望，声誉fare n. 4车费，路程费v. 4进展, 过活fascinate v. 4迷住，使神魂颠倒，强烈地吸引feast n. 4盛宴，宴会v. 4大吃大喝，尽情地吃//feast one's eyes on尽情地欣赏，饱眼福feature n. 41.面貌的一部分，脸形2.(pl)面貌，相貌3.特征，特点，特色4.（电影）正片，故事片（报纸等的）特写v 4是…的特色，以…为特色fee n. 4费，酬金，会费fell v 4击倒，砍伐，坎倒female n. 4女子，雌性动物（植物）adj. 41.女（性）的，雌（性）的，生产果实的2.阴的，凹的festival n. 4节日，喜庆日，纪念活动日adj. 4节日的，喜庆的feudal adj. 4封建的，封建制度的fisherman n. 4捕鱼人，渔船fit2 n. 41.（病的）发作，痉挛2.（感情等的）突发flame n. 4火焰，火舌，闪光//in flames燃烧着v. 4焚烧，发光，闪耀flavour flavn. 41.味，味道，风味2.风韵，特色，特点fleet n. 41.舰队2.船队，机群，（汽）车队flesh n. 4肉，肉体，果肉fleshyflexible adj. 41.柔韧的，易弯曲的2.可变通的，灵活的，易适应的flexibly adv. 4灵活地flight1 n. 41.飞翔，飞行2.飞机的航程，空中旅行，班机3.楼梯的一段float v. 41.漂浮，浮动，漂2.成立3.建议n. 41.漂浮，漂浮物，浮标2.游行花车flourish v.&n. 41.茂盛，繁荣，兴旺2.挥舞，挥动，炫耀focus n. 41.焦点，焦距，聚焦2.中心，集中点v. 4调节…的焦距folk n. 41.人们2.(pl)家人，亲属adj. 4民间的，平民的footstep n. 41.脚步，脚步声2.足迹，踏板forbid v. 41.禁止，不许2.阻止，妨碍foresee v. 4预见，预知founder1 n. 4奠基者，创立者，缔造者frame n. 41.构架，骨架，结构2.框架，框子3.体格，身体v. 41.给…装框，构筑2.构想出，设计，表达framework n. 4框架，骨架，架构frequency n. 41.次数，重复发生率2.频繁，频率，周率frontier n. 41.边界，边境，边疆2.边缘，边远地区，(pl)（知识等）未开发的领域frost n. 41.冰冻，严寒（期）2.霜v. 4结霜，受冻frosty adj. 4霜冻的，结霜的，严寒的2.冷淡的，冷若冰霜的frying-pan n. 4煎锅，长柄平锅fund n. 41.(pl)资金，存款，公债2.基金，专款，储备v. 4为…提供资金，资助，积累fundamental adj. 41.基础的，基本的，重要的 2.起始的，主要的，固有的n. 4(pl)基本原则（原理），根本法则（规律），纲要furious adj. 41.狂怒的，暴怒的2.狂暴的，猛烈的，强烈的gallon n. 4加仑gamble v. 4赌博，打赌n. 4赌博，投机，冒险gang n. 4（囚犯等的）一群，（歹徒等的）一帮，（青少年等的）一伙gap n. 41.豁缝，裂口，缺口2.山峡，隘口3.间隙garment n. 41.（一件）衣服（指长袍，外套）2.(pl)服装，衣着3.外衣gasoline n. 4(AmE)汽油=(BrE)petrolgenius n. 4天才，天资，天赋gesture n. 41.姿势，手势2.（外交等方面的）姿态，表示v. 4用手势表示，用动作示意glare v. 41. 瞪眼，怒视 2. 令人眩目地照射，闪耀glide v. & n. 41. 滑动，滑行 2. 滑翔glory n. 41. 光荣，荣誉 2. 壮丽，壮观governor n. 41. 统治者，管辖者 2. 地方长官 ( 如省长 )，( BrE ) 总督，( AmE ) 州长gown n. 4长袍，长外衣v. 4使穿长袍，使穿礼服grab v. 41. 攫取，抓取 2. 强夺；霸占 3. ( 急速地 ) 抓住，抓牢n. 4掠夺，攫取，( 急速 ) 抓住graceful adj. 4优美的，雅致的gracious adj. 41. 宽厚的，仁慈的，和蔼的 2. 优美的，雅致的gramme gram n. 4克 ( 重量单位 )gramophone n. 4留声机grand adj. 41. 壮大的，堂皇的 2. 主要的，重要的，伟大的grant v. 4同意，准予 ( 补助等 )，授予 ( 权利等 ) || take sth for granted 认为某事当然n. 4同意，准许，授予greed n. 4贪心，贪婪greenhouse n. 4玻璃暖房，温室grip n. 41. 紧握，紧咬，紧夹 2. 掌握，支配，控制v. 41. 握 ( 咬、夹 ) 牢 2. 掌握，支配，控制groan v. 4哼，呻吟n. 4呻吟声，哼声guarantee n. 4保证，保证书v. 4保证，担保guitar n. 4吉他，六弦琴v. 4弹吉他gunpowder n. 4火药guy n. 4家伙，人gymnasium n. 4体育馆，健身房hairpin n. 41. 发钗，发夹 2. U字形急转弯halt n. 4暂停前进，中止，停止 || bring to a halt; bring a halt to ( 使 ) 停止，终止，制止 / call a halt ( 命令 ) 停止，途中休息v. 4停止前进，停止，停住hardship n. 4受苦，苦难，困苦harm n. & v. 4损害，伤害，危害 || do sb ( sth ) harm 损害某人( 某物) / Harm set; harm get. 害人反害己haste n. 41. 急速，紧迫，仓促 2. 草率，急迫 || in haste 急速地，匆忙，草率地 / make haste 赶紧 / Haste makes waste; more haste, less speed. 欲速则不达。
英语专业4、8级词汇表
英语专业4、8级词汇表abandon [əˈbændən] vt. 放弃；抛弃；放纵 n. 放任；狂热。
ability [əˈbɪləti] n. 能力；才能。
able [ˈeɪbl] adj. 能；[经管] 有能力的；能干的。
abnormal [æbˈnɔːml] adj. 反常的，不规则的；变态的。
aboard [əˈbɔːd] prep. 在（船、飞机、车）上；上（船、飞机、车）adv. 在船（或飞机、车）上；上船（或飞机、车）abolish [əˈbɒlɪʃ] vt. 废除，废止；取消，革除。
abortion [əˈbɔːʃn] n. 流产，堕胎，小产；流产的胎儿；（计划等）失败，夭折。
abound [əˈbaʊnd] vi. 富于；充满。
about [əˈbaʊt] prep. 关于；大约adj. 在附近的；四处走动的；在起作用的adv. 大约；周围；到处n. 大致；粗枝大叶；不拘小节的人。
above [əˈbʌv] prep. 超过；在……上面；在……之上adv. 在上面；在上文adj. 上文的n. 上文。
aberration [ˌæbəˈreɪʃn] n. 反常现象，异常行为；偏离；色差；精神失常。
abeyance [əˈbeɪəns] n. 中止，停顿；归属待定，暂搁。
abhor [əbˈhɔː(r)] vt. 痛恨，憎恶。
abide [əˈbaɪd] vt. 忍受，容忍；停留；遵守vi. 持续；忍受；停留。
ability [əˈbɪləti] n. 能力；能耐；才能。
abject [ˈæbdʒekt] adj. 卑鄙的；可怜的；不幸的；（境况）凄惨的，绝望的。
ablaze [əˈbleɪz] adj. 着火的，猛火燃烧；闪耀的，光亮的；激昂的，愤怒的adv. 着火；闪耀。
able [ˈeɪbl] adj. 能；[经管] 有能力的；能干的。
专业英语第四章
Chapter 4 The Evolution of Management Thought[本章学时]：2学时[本章内容概要]：4.1 Classical management perspective4.2 Behavioral Management Perspective4.3 Quantitative Management Perspective[本章教学目的与要求]： describe the background of managerial theory; know something about of Taylor; define scientific management and administrative management; discuss the open system and closed system; master the contingency approach.[本章重点与难点]：the definition of scientific management, contingency approach; background of management theory.4.1 Classical management perspective1 Precursors of Management TheoryThe practice of management can be traced back thousands of years, such as pyramids in Egypt, the Great Wall in China, and floating warship assembly lines in Venice.Adam Smith—“The Wealth of Nations” advocated the division oflabor to increase the productivity of workers.Industrial Revolution—large organizations were created in need ofmanagement and machine power was substituted for human labor.2 The definition(1) Scientific ManagementScientific management concerned with improving the performance of individual workers and grew out of the industrial revaluation’s labor shortage at the beginning of the twentieth century.(2) Administration ManagementAdministrative management theory focuses on managing the total organization.3 Fredrick Winslow TaylorFredrick Winslow Taylor who published principle of scientific management in 1911,and was considered the father of scientific management, who replaced old rule-of-thumb methods of how to do work with scientifically-based work methods.4 Important viewsHow do today’s managers use scientific management? They use timeand motion studies to increase productivity. Hire the best qualifiedemployees, and design incentive systems based on output.Administrative management theory focus on managing the wholeorganization rather than individuals.4.2 Behavioral Management Perspective1 what is behavioral managementBehavioral management theory emphasized individual attitudes and behaviors, group processes, and recognized the importance of behavioral processes in the workplace. It was stimulated by a number of writers and theoretical movement.2 Organizational behaviorsOrganizational behavior is the study of the actions of people at work, and people are most important asset of an organization. It is a contemporary field,which draws on psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, and medicine, focus on behavioral perspectives on management.4.3 Quantitative Management Perspective1 Quantitative ManagementQuantitative management, also called operations research or management science, focus on improving managerial decision making by applying statistics, optimization models, information models, and computer stimulations.2 Operations ManagementOperation management is the practical application of management science to efficiently manage the production and distribution of products and services.3 Systems PerspectiveA system is an interrelated and interdependent set of elements functioning as a whole.There are two basic types of systemsOpen systems are organizations that dynamically interacts with theirexternal environment by taking in inputs and transforming them intooutputs that are distributed into their environment.Closed system are organizations that are not influenced by and donot interact their environment (all system input and output ininternal).4 Synergy and Entropy(1) Synergy is the notion that the whole system (subsystem working togetheras one system) is more productive and efficient than the sum of its parts.(2) Entropy is a normal process in which an organizational system declines due to failing to adjust to change in its environment.5 The Contingency PerspectiveThe contingency perspective, sometimes called the situational approach, is the appropriate managerial behavior for managing an organization which depends on the current situation in the organization.It suggests that each organization be unique, organizations be individually different, face different situations (contingency variables), and require different ways of managing. There is no one universally applicable set of management principles by which to manage organizations.本章小结Scientific management concerned with improving the performance of individual workers and grew out of the industrial revaluation’s labor shortage at the beginning of the twentieth century.Administrative management theory focuses on managing the total organization.Behavioral management theory emphasized individual attitudes and behaviors, group processes, and recognized the importance of behavioral processes in the workplace. It was stimulated by a number of writers and theoretical movement.Quantitative management, also called operations research or management science, focus on improving managerial decision making by applying statistics, optimization models, information models, and computer stimulations.Operation management is the practical application of management science to efficiently manage the production and distribution of products and services.Systems Approach called a system is an interrelated and interdependent set of elements functioning as a whole.The contingency perspective, sometimes called the situational approach, is the appropriatemanagerial behavior for managing an organization which depends on the current situation in the organization.复习思考题a. Can you set examples of early examples of management?b. What’s the historical background of management theories?c. What are the open system and closed system?d. What is the situational approach?。
专业英语第四章
Unit 4
Human Resource Management 人力资源管理
• What is the base of recruitment? • 1)The human resource planning estimates as to the numbers, types, and skill sets of employees needed. • 2)The organizations’ ability to compensate the employees.
Unit 4
Human Resource Management 人力资源管理
• How to make a good compensation system? All good compensation systems should be based upon a detailed job analysis to allow the organization to attract ,retain , and motivate needed employees. This is typically done by an examination of the internal and external pay rates for key jobs in the organization and then creating a hierarchy of position worth based upon the contribution of the job to the mission of the organization.
Unit 4
Human Resource Management 人力资源管理
• Where to advertise the job opening?
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Q1.Why the RFID-related technology has gradually become more popular in the industry? Find the answer in unit 4, passage A.
RFID is similar to smart card or IC chip cards in function. However RFID has larger memory storage capacity, and its appearance has smaller size,which not only can be used to replace the existing fixed or contact identification tags, product barcode,but also can be integrated with computer networks,database management systems and firewall technology. So RFID can be applied to storage management,access control,track management,transportation control,production automation,combined ticket and so on. Q2.Based on your understanding of unit 4 and unit 5, compare and contrast RFID and barcode technologies. E.g., When would one technology be preferred over the other? RFID tags’s memory chips, data storage capacity,read ,write and transfer capacity is advanced than the barcode.So when the application environment needs to deal with the information,the RFID is the best choice since barcode doesn’t have this kind of function. Besides, RFID’s price is not cheap enough to let it applied on some small commodities such as a bread ,an apple or an towel. It’s better used a barcode to label .However, if the goods are important and expensive, an RFID is needed. Such as a car full of computers, in the process of transportation, the barcode is easily deformed and damaged. Next, since the RFID has a sensing function such as temperature and pressure,the application environment maybe worse where the barcode is no use . While on the other hand,the barcode has it’s flied to apply ,such as a wed site on the poster, we can easily have a scan using our mobile phone.
Q3. Discuss the applications of RFID and Barcode technologies in your own words (either based on the given text or from Internet or library resources).
Two dimensional bar code can be widely applied to logistics, defense,commerce, communication. Electronic business, education, etc.
The domestic application of RFID the most successful case is the railway vehicle scheduling system.Before applying the RFID, the car, the scheduling is done by the people, there are problems in the accuracy and cost, serious waste of resources. After the Ministry of railway’s promotion of information technology, the RFID technology is used to realize statistical real-time and automation. Improved the utilization rate of resources, reduced the cost of management, the annual direct economic benefit of up to 300000000 Yuan, which is a national logistics network is adopted at present in China s of RFID.
Q4. Have you experienced RFID or Barcode technology in your life? Discuss the Pros and Cons associated with these technologies based on your own experience.
Almost everything I bought has a barcode on it, a one-dimensional barcode on my book,a two-dimensional barcode on my ticket.
When I borrow a book from our library ,I can use a RFID reader in the library to realize the process of borrow and return by myself without the manager.。