经贸英语阅读术语

G-20：a group of finance ministers and central bank governors from 20 economiesG7：the meeting of the finance ministers from a group of seven industrialized nations.Treasury securities国库证券：including Treasury bills, notes, and bonds are debt obligations issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury（国库）.GNP：The gross national product (GNP)is a country’s economic performance and the total market value of goods and services produced by all citizens and capital during a given periodGDP：The gross domestic product(GDP) is a country's economic performance and is the market value of all final goods and services made within the borders of a nation in a year.☆Institute for Supply Management (ISM)：is a nonprofit association that provides opportunities for the promotion of the profession and the expansion of professional skills and knowledge. Eurozone(Euro Area)：is an economic and monetary union (EMU) of 17 European Union (EU) member states which have adopted the euro currency as their sole legal tender.Treasury Bonds（国债）：A negotiable, fixed-interest debt security issued by the U.S. government and backed (有支持的)by its full faith and creditquantitative easing (QE)：QE(量化宽松政策) is an unconventional （非常规的）monetary policy occasionally used by central banks to increase the money supply by buying government securities or other securities from the market.☆FDI：Foreign direct investment 对外直接投资：refers to the net inflows（净流入）of investment to acquire a lasting management interest in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investorHard Landing：is an economy rapidly shifting from growth to slow-growth to flat as it approaches a recessionSoft Landing：is an economy's growth rate slows enough to control inflation, but remains high enough to avoid recession.dot-com bubble or IT bubble：was a stock market bubble which popped （突然爆炸）to near-devastating（近乎毁灭性的）effect in 2001☆The Federal Reserve System(美国联邦储备体系)：★Conducts America’s monetary policy.★Supervises and regulates banks and protectsconsumers’ credit rights.★Maintains the stability of America’s financial system.★Provides financial services to the U.S. Government, the public, financial institutions, and foreignfinancial institutions.Trade Protectionnism：is the economic policy of restraining trade between states, through methods designed to discourage imports, and prevent foreign take-over of domestic markets and companies. Inflation：is a persistent rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.Deflation：is a persistent decrease in the general level of prices or a persistent increase in the purchasing power of money over a period of time.Central bank：is a nation's principal(最重要的) monetary authority discount rate（贴现率）：1、is the interest rate charged by the Federal Reserve Bank on loans to its member banks. 2、is the interest deducted in advance in purchasing, selling, or lending a commercial paper☆A credit crunch信贷紧缩，信贷危机(also known as a credit squeeze, finance crunch or credit crisis)is a reduction in the general availability of loans (or credit) or a sudden tightening of the conditions required to obtain a loan from the banks.Federal funds rate(联邦资金利率,联邦资金日拆利率) is the interest rate at which private depository institutions存托机构(mostly banks) lend immediately available funds (balances at theFederal Reserve) to another depository institution overnight.☆subprime mortgage crisis（次贷危机）：is a financial crisis triggered(引发)by a dramatic rise in mortgage（抵押）in the United States, with major adverse consequences for banks and financial markets around the globe☆Taylor rule：is a monetary-policy rule that stipulates(规定) how much the central bank should change the nominal（名义上的）interest rate in response to changes in inflation, output, or other economic conditions.economic cycle is the periodic fluctuation of the economy between periods of growth and contractionThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II☆Trade remedies（贸易救济）are trade policy tools that allow governments to take remedial actions against imports which are causing material injury to a domestic industry. Such remedies are divided broadly into:anti-dumping action(反倾销);countervailing duty (anti-subsidy)反补贴measures;safeguard action.Free Trade AgreementA free trade agreement(FTA) is a trade treaty between two ormore countries to reduce or completely remove tariffs to trade☆A market distortion（市场扭曲）is a specific type of market failure brought about by deliberate government regulation which prevents economic agents from freely establishing a clearing price.A subsidy（补贴）is a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector.A trade barrier（贸易壁垒）is a general term that describes any government policy or regulation that restricts international trade.Net importer （净进口国）is a country or territory whose value of imported goods is higher than its value of exportedIncome effect, which measures a good’s price effect as a result of consumers change in wealth from a price change. If a good’s price goes down, consumers feel richer.The substitution effect measures a good’s price effect from the change of a good’s price relative to other markets.Monetary policy is the process by which the government, central bank, or monetary authority of a country controls(i) the supply of money, (ii) availability of money, and (iii)cost of money or rate of interest, in order to attain a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy.In economics, fiscal policy is the use of government spending and revenue（税收）collection to influence the economy.Core inflation（核心通货膨胀率）is a measure of inflation which excludes certain items that face volatile（不稳定的）price movements, notably （显著地）food and energy.The “real interest rate”（实际利率）is approximately the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate.Nominal interest rates（名义利率）refers to the rate of interest before adjustment for inflation.The reserve requirement法定存款准备金(or required reserve ratio or cash reserve ratio) is a bank regulation that sets the minimum reserves（储备）each bank must hold to customer deposits and notes.A fixed exchange rate (固定汇率), is a type of exchange rate regime where in a currency's value is matched to the value of another single currency or to a basket of other currencies, or to another measure of value, such as gold.A floating exchange rate(浮动汇率), or fluctuating exchange rate is a type of exchange rate regime wherein a currency's value is allowed to fluctuate according to the foreign exchange market.☆In economics, the current account (经常账户,往来账户) is one of the two primary components of the balance of payments, the other being the capital account. It is the sum of the balance of trade (exports minus imports of goods and services), net factor income(such as interest and dividends) and net transfer payments (such as foreign aid).Corporate Culture：企业文化。