第四讲 主谓一致

第四讲主谓一致概述：指主语和谓语保持数的一致。

SAT考题通常把句子的主语和谓语用很长的干扰信息分开，这就要求考生排除干扰，找出句子的主语和谓语。

1.名词作主语与谓语的一致1）重点记一些名词：⑴部分学科名称，虽以s结尾，但仍用作单数。

如：mathematics, physics, statistics,economics, politics, ethnics, electronics, acoustics, mechanics(2) 特殊可数名词：crisis-crises, analysis-analyses, thesis-theses, bacterium-bacteria,criterion-criteria, medium-media, phenomenon-phenomena, ox-oxen, goose-geese, 不可数名词：advice, luggage, baggage, equipment, clothing, information, news, progress, damage, furniture,等。

2）集合名词作主语，如表整体用单数谓语；如表成员用复数谓语The football team consists of 20 players.The football team are having a bath now.常见的这类词有：family, group, stuff, team, community, people, crowd, audience, class, club,等。

但是，有些集合名词，如cattle, police, poultry, youth其后的谓语总是用复数。

如：The police have caught the murderer.3）单复数同形的名词作主语，要根据名词意义来决定谓语单复数。

常见的这类名词有：fish, sheep, deer, works, species, means, crossroads, series, headquarters等。

如：The species of fish are numerous.This species of rose is very rare.Every means has been tried.All means of communications of here and outside have been interrupted.2.由连接词连接的主语和谓语的一致1）由and连接两个名词，如果指同一人或物，谓语用单数，否则用复数。

如：The secretary and manager was present at the meeting.The secretary and the manager were present at the meetingEarly to bed and early to rise is a good habit.(“早睡早起”看成是一件事)2）如果主语是and连接两个单数名词，但前面有each, every, many a ,no等修饰，谓语用单数。

如：During holidays, every train and steamboat was crowded.Many a boy and many a girl is playing games.3) 一个单数或复数名词+with, along with, together with, combined with, as well as, rather than等所跟的名词作主语时，谓语要跟前面的名词同单同复。

Tom, together with two of his classmates_____ invited to the party.4) 邻近原则：当主语用or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…连接时，谓语要与邻近的主语同单同复。

如：One or two friends are coming this evening.Not only his classmates but also he is going abroad.Neither I nor you are to blame.3.“代词”以及“限定词+名词”作主语和谓语的一致1）all ,half, most, none, some, the rest of等作主语时，要根据他们所代替的词的汉以来确定。

如：Most of his spare time was spent in reading.The rest of the questions are easy.2 ) 在“one of +复数名词+定语从句”中，定语从句一般被看做修饰复数名词，从句中的谓语用复数形式。

但是，在“the only one of +复数名词+定语从句”中，定语从句看做修饰单数名词，从句中的谓语用复数形式。

如：This is one of the best books that are published this year.He is the only one of the boys who was given a prize.4.there be 结构的主谓一致,其中be可换为stand，exist，seem，appear，remain等表状态的词。

there be 实际是一个倒装句，主语在be的后面，谓语要和主语一致。

如：There are many fruit trees on the hill.There stands a weather station at the top of the hill.但是，如果be后的主语为并列结构时，be动词的单复数要取决于靠近be的那个词。

如：there is a desk and two chairs in the office.5.数词、量词作主语时1）数次和表示时间、金钱、度量、温度的词作主语时，表示总和，谓语用单数如：Twenty years in prison was the penalty he has to pay.Ten thousand dollars is quite a large sum.2 )分数和百分数修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数取决于名词如：About one third of the books are worth reading.Only 20 percent of the work was done yesterday.3) 由kind, type, sort, species, form, quantity等修饰主语时，谓语取决于这些词的单复数，而不是后面的名词。

如：Large quantities of water are needed now.There is a small quantity of paper left.A series of debates between them is scheduled for the next week.练习I. Improving Sentences1.For the past few days, one of our teachers were so absent-minded that we became concerned.A were so absent-minded that we became concernedB were so absent-minded; that we became concernedC were so absent-minded that we became concernedD was so absent-minded that we became concernedE was very absent-minded; so we becoming concerned2.The negative consequences of eating fast food often is increasingly discussed in the media.A is increasingly discussed in the mediaB is more and more discussed in the mediaC are increasingly discussed in the mediaD are increasingly in discussion in the mediaE has increasingly in discussion in the media3.One of the most frequently published and hardworking professors at the law school wereavailable so frequently to launch with students that the faculty thought something was amiss with his research.A were available so frequently to launch with students that the faculty thought somethingwasB was available so frequently to launch with students that the faculty thought somethingwereC was available so frequently to launch with students that the faculty thought something hasgoneD were available so frequently to launch with students that the faculty thought somethingwasE was available so frequently to launch with students, so that the faculty thought of it assomething was4. The main reasons students give for failing to participate in the political process is that they have demanding assignments and work at part-time jobs(A) is that they have demanding assignments and work at(B) are demanding assignments and they work at(C) are that they have demanding assignments and that they work at(D) is having demanding assignments and having to work at(E) are demanding assignments, in addition to working at5. The harmful effects of smoking on the vascular system is increasingly well documented.(A) is increasingly well documented(B) is more and more documented(C) are increasingly well documented(D) are increasing in better documentation(E) has increased in better documentation6. The poem' s colorful images and its verbal wit give the reader pleasure.(A) give the reader pleasure(B) please the one who is reading(C) gives pleasure to the one who reads it(D) give one pleasure in the reading of it(E) gives one pleasure in reading it7. The convenience and widespread availability of watercolor paint account for its popularity with amateur artists.(A) account for its popularity(B) account for their popularity(C) accounts for its popularity(D) is why it is popular(E) are a reason for its popularity8. Although the exact cause of type 2 diabetes is unknown, experts say that for some people improper diet and lack of exercise contributes to the onset of the diseases.(A) exercise contributes(B) exercise, they contribute(C) exercise contribute(D) exercise, contributing(E) exercise has been contributingII. Identifying Sentence Error.1.In the foothills of that large mountain range is (A) the sources of a river whose course (B) was not fully mapped (C) until (D) this century. No error (E).2. Air pollution caused by industrial fumes has been studied (A) for years, but (B) only recently has (C) the harmful effects of noise pollution become (D) known. No error (E).3. Flints found in (A) the region extending from the Nile Valley to (B) the highlands of eastern Iraq attests to (C) the presence of people there as long ago as (D) one hundred thousand years. No error (E).4. The bright (A) fiberglass sculptures of Luis Jimenez has received (B) critical acclaim not only(C) in his home state, New Mexico, but also in (D) New York. No error (E).5. Although (A) they have (B) radically different career plans, Luna and Gabriei both (C) hope to be a Michigan State graduates (D) one day. No error (E)6. No matter (A) when they came from or what (B) their previous lifestyle is (C), the refugees were grateful (D) for having been granted political asylum in the United States. No error (E).课后作业st month, one of my best friends were absent so often that I was afraid she might beseriously ill.A were absent so often that I was afraid she might beB were absent so often that I were afraid she might beC were absent so often; that I was afraid she might beD was absent so often that I was afraid she might beE was absent so often; that I was afraid she might be5.For days, one of the Olympic favorites were swimming so slowly that her coaches thought shewas hurt.A were swimming so slowly that her coaches thought she wasB were swimming so slowly that her coaches thought something wereC were swimming so slowly, so her coaches thought something has beenD was swimming so slowly that her coaches thought she wasE was swimming so slowly, so her coaches thought of it as10. One of the most popular and attractive new cars were available for so little money that people thought something was wrong.(A) were available for so little money that people thought something was(B) was available for so little money that people thought something were(C) was available for so little money that people thought something has gone(D) was available for so little money that people thought something was(E) was selling for very little money, so people thought of it as something was11. For weeks, one of the company's starring ballerinas were performing so infrequently that dance lovers feared something was wrong.(A) were performing so infrequently that dance lovers feared something was(B) was performing so infrequently; dance lovers feared something to be(C) were performing so infrequently that dance lovers feared something was(D) was performing so infrequently that dance lovers feared something was(E) were performing so infrequently, thus dance lovers feared something was。