中国矿业大学研究生英语国家概况重点(填空)

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英语国家概况复习重点

英语国家概况复习重点：1.PuritanismPuritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England .They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were God's chosen people while others were damned to hell. No Church nor god’ works could save people. The sign of being God's elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God's will and establish a direct contact with God .These beliefs had great impact on American culture.2. The three traditions of Christmas in Britain:One is the Christmas Pantomime, a comical musical play. The main male character is played by a young woman while the main female character, often an ugly woman called “the Dame”, is played by a man. Another British Christmas tradition is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio. A third British tradition is Boxing Day, which falls on the day after Christmas. Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants. Now that most British people do not have servants, this custom is no longer observed. However, a new Boxing Day custom has emerged in the cities: shopping. Shops open up to sell off all their Christmas stock decorations, food, cards and gift items at low prices.3. Grammar schools It is a type of secondary schools in Britain. Grammar schools select children at age 11,through an examination called "the 11-plus".Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools. These schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and except many of their pupils to go on to universities.4. The BBC: The British Broadcasting Corporation. It has been the Britain’s main public service broadcaster. It currently has two TV channels.5. Quality papers: they belong to one of the categories of the national dailies. The quality papers carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews, such as book reviews and feature articles about high culture. These papers are also referred to as “the broadsheets” because they are printed on large-size paper. The readers of them are generally a well-educated middle class audience.6. Sinn Fein: It is a legal political party in Northern Ireland which support the IRA to fightfor the union of Ireland. The leader of Sinn Fein prefer union with Ireland by a twin campaign, both military and political which they call the policy of “ the Bullet and the ballot Box”. It believe that without the participation of Sinn Fein the political problem of Northern Ireland cannot be thoroughly solved.7. Comprehensive school: They are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practicalsubjects like cooking.8 The House of Lords:The House of Lords consists of the Lords of Spiritual, who are the archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers or they have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.9. Checks and Balance:The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power. And each branch of government can check, or block, the actions of the other branches. The three branches are thus in balance. This called “checks and balances”.10. The House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where abouts 650 elected representatives(Members of Parliament)make and debate policy .These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.11 Boxing DayIt is a typical British tradition celebrated on the day after Christmas. People used to give Christmas gift or money to their staff or servants on this day. And now they mostly do shopping, pay visits, enjoy eating and relax.12.Independent schools are commonly called public schools which receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates, with some government assistance. Independence schools are not part national education system, but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through her majesty’s Inspectors of schools. These schools are restricted to students whose parents are comparatively rich.13. anglo-saxons: They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.14. Eli Whitney Eli Whitney is an American inventor who invented the cotton gin, which made removing the seeds from the bolls of cotton much easier. He also began manufacuring rifles with machinery, using interchanageable part. This contributed to the American system of mass production.15. migrant workersMany big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore---such as picking crops. Many of th ese seasonal workers travel from farm to farm,staying only until the cropss are picked…They are known as migrant workers.16. They are the Primary Industry, the Secondary Industry and Tertiary Industry or service.17.“Football hooligans”reflect the violence associated with football. “Football hooligans”are supportersof rival teams. They sometimes clash before, during and after matches and occasionally run riot through the town breaking windows and beating each other up.18. The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the congress on July 4 ,1776. When the people fro the 13 English colonies in Northern America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all men are equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and pursuit of happiness.19. the Bill of Rights in US The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.20. Three Faiths in the U.S.By the 1950s, the three faiths model of American religion had developed. Americans were considered to come in three basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish, the order reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.21. LondonLondon is the largest city located in the south of the country .It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business center and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain's big companies.It is not only the financial center of the nation,but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world.22.Christmas: It is the biggest and the most popular British holiday celebrated by on December 25th each year to commemorate the birth of Jesus Christ. People usually decorate homes with evergreen plants. Christmas trees and ornament. They also exchange gifts and Christmas cards. Three typical British traditions on Christmas are: the Christmas pantomime, the Queen’s speech and the Boxing Day.23.Ggeorge Washington George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.24. Tabloids:A tabloid is a small format newspaper with color photos and catchy headlines. Tabloids are interested in scandals and gossip usually about famous people. They also carry lots of crime, sports and sensational human interest stories so as to attract readers. Stories are short, easy to read and often rely more on opinions than fact. They belong to a category of national papers different from quality papers.25. comprehensive schools:They are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.26. Home Rule: Ireland had long been dominanted by Britain, but Ireland desired for aindependent Irish state was never lost, “Home Rule” refers to a campaign for Irish control of Irish affairs. The home Rule bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the first World War and was supendedfor the duration of the war.27. King Arthur: He was a king of England in the fifth century and united the British and drove the Saxon back with his magical sword, Exalibur. His real existence is in doubt. He is the central figure of many legends28. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interpret statute law.29. AgribusinessIt refers to the new farming in Britain, because it’s e quipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designs to give the maximum output of crops and animals.30 .British constitutionBritish has no written constitution. The foundations of the British state are laid out in statute law, which are laws passed by parliament; the common laws, which are laws established through common practice in the courts ;and conventions.31. a federal systemIt is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.32. Grammar schoolsIt is a type of secondary schools in Britain.Grammar schools select children at age 11,through an examination called "the 11-plus".Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools.These schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and except many of their pupils to go on to universities.V．Questions: （5分*3= 15 分）1. What is.Puritanism?Puritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purity the Church of England .They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born .Some were God's chosen people while others were damned to hell.No Church nor godd works could save people.The sign of being God's elect was the success in hia work or the prosperity in hia calling.They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God'swill and establisha direct contact with God .These beliefs had great impact on American culture.2. What is the class system in British society?Most of the British population would claim themselves to be either of middle-class or working class, though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower middle-class. Class divisions are not simply economic, they are cultural as well. People of different classes may differ in the kind of newspapers they read, in the way they speak and in the kind of education they receive. One of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.3. Please define “absolute decline and relative decline” in the UK economy. Absolute decline means its GDP, employment rate or other economic factors are lower than those in the same period in the past, while relative decline refers to the comparison between develop countries. UK economy is still among the top of these countries.As for the reason, the UK economic history and current economic measures play important roles in that.4. What were the contents and the significance of the Great Charter?—— The Great Charter, or the Magna Carta, was document signed in 1215 between the barons and king John. It had altogether 63 clauses, of which the most important contents were these: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land; (3) the church should possess all its rights and priv ileges; (4) London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges; (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. The Great Charter was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.5. What are the forces that brought about the modern development of Europe in the 16th -17th century?(1) The growth of capitalism(2) the Renaissance(3) the Religious Reformation6 What were the causes of the War of Independence?—— The economy in the thirteen colonies developed very fast and people wanted more power to detemine their own business. But the policy of the British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies. On April 19, 1775, on their way to Concord to seize the military supplies of the militia there, the British soldiers met armed militiamen. The shots were fired, the War of Independence began.7 Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?The Articles of Confederation failed because the states did not cooperate with the Congress or with each other. When the Congress needed money to pay the national army or to pay debts owedto France and other nations, some states refused to contribute. The Congress had been given no authority to force any state to do anything. It could not tax any citizen. Only the state in which a citizen lived could do that.8. the functions of the British ParliamentThe main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation; (3) to examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.9. What kind of institution(部门) is the House of Lords? What role dose it play in British government?A: It consists of the Lords Spiritual who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the church of England ;and the Lords Temporal，which refers to everyone else。

中国矿业大学研究生英语国家概况重点(大题)

The U.K.Chapter 1 P132.4) what are the factors that led to the end of British empire?First, the two world wars in the earlier 20th century gradually weakened Britain's power. Britain lost a great number of people, the sea supremacy in the world and was into huge national debt in order to support the wars. Then, in 1921, the Republic of Ireland became independent from the United Kingdom. Furthermore, after the World War II, in the wave of national liberation and a movement of national independence throughout the world, most of Britain's colonies became independent. Therefore, British Empire completely fell apart in the late 1960s.3.3) Hundred Years War: The Hundred Years War was a series of wars from 1337 to 1453 and fought between England and France over territory, trade, and the throne. At first, the war was in Britain's interests, but with the use of guns and gunpowder in France and the resistance of the French people, Britain lost its superiority and was defeated by France.5) Glorious Revolution:It refers to the "bloodless revolution" in Britain in 1688, when the Parliament declared William and his wife Mary as the joint sovereigns. They signed the Bill of Rights passed by the Parliament, which guaranteed the authority of Parliament and limited the power of the monarch.4.1) the significance of the great charterThe Great Charter is the document King John was forced to sign in 1215. It covered a wide field of law and feudal rights but the most important clauses were: No extra taxes should be imposed on nobles without the permission of the Great Council; no free man should be arrested or penalized or banished in any way unless convicted by a jury; merchants would be allowed to move about freely; in addition, the nobles should be entitled to declare war against the King if the King seriously violates the provisions of the Great Charter. The Great Charter was of progressive significance and considered as an important turning point of English history. It granted to the townspeople freedom of trade and self-government. The merchants and craftsmen appeared for the first time as a political force in the British history. It also lays a foundation for the British constitutional monarchy and provides basic principles for the protection of civil rights in the Western World.2) the influences of industrial revolution in the UK The Industrial Revolution accelerated the process of modernization and the economic development of Britain, and also had a significant impact on the British society. Firstly, the industrial productivity was dramatically increased because of the inventions of machines. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. Secondly, it promoted the process of urbanization in Britain. With numerous free labors moved into cities and towns, many new cities such as Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham and Sheffield sprang up and became Britain's industrial centers. Thirdly, it also brought with some changes in class structure. The capitalist class replaced the old aristocrats and became the most important force in the country.Chapter 2 P252.2) how do you understand the role of British Monarch in the parliament?The Queen or the King is the official head of Parliament, and plays a constitutional role in opening and dissolving Parliament, approving Bills before they become law, and appoint the Prime Minister after election. However, in reality, their role is broadly ceremonial and symbolic without real power. The Monarch has no right to determine decisions made in Parliament. The importance of the Monarch is its effect on public attitude.4)what are the common practices of criminal trials in the UK?In criminal trails, the accused is presumed innocent until proved guilty and presented by a law. Trails are in open court, and in most cases, they are tried before lay justices without a jury of 12. Only in more serious cases are the trails tried before the jury,which decides guilty or innocent.3.2) Parliament is the legislative body in the UK, which first officially appeared in the 13th century. It is the supreme law-making body in the country and enjoys a number of major powers. According to the constitution, it consists of three parts: the Monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. Chapter 3 P332.2) how do you understand the relative decline ofBritish economy after WWII?The decline is relative to some other country rather thanabsolute. That is, although its economy has beenimproved, its competitors have improved more rapidly;hence its economic dominance has been overtaken. TheBritish economy was still increasing, but at a slowerpace.4.2) the different routes of economic growth incontemporary China and the UKThe forms of the economic developing path aredifferent .Britain is taking the path of capitalisteconomy, while China is taking the road of marketeconomy and commodity economy with Chinesecharacteristics.Different national economic development process. Afterthe industrial revolution, Britain directly into the periodof industrial economic development, and then graduallyinto the road of modern economic development.However，after the founding of China, China's economybasement was agricultural economy , the developmentof industrial economy was slow. After the reform andopening up, China's economy was transformed fromagricultural economy to industrial economy.Chapter 4 P332.1)what are the characteristics of British Humor?Typical British Humor usually contains two features:self-mockery and Irony. Self-mockery, which meanslaughing at oneself, is to laugh at one's own faults,failures and embarrassments and even one's own ideal.Irony is defined as a character speaking on a subject,about which the audience knows more than himself. Itis the presentation of a lack of self-awareness. It can beeasily found in many literature works, TV comedy,magazine articles, or tabloid newspaper reporting in theUK.5)what are the two types of British newspapers?Traditionally British newspapers have been divided into"quality" and "tabloid" varieties. The quality pressusually reports in-depth articles of political and socialissue, and carries high-quality reviews and featurearticles. The "tabloids", smaller format newspaper withcompact page size, usually carries gossips, scandals,and stories about celebrities and politicians with catchyheadlines and colored photos.3.3) Standard English: The English adopted as abroadcasting standard in the British media nowadays iscalled Standard English, or Queen's English. It is basedon the speech of the Upper Class of southeasternEngland and the London dialect. Standard English hasbecoming a universal Lingua Franca.4.1)the development of English languageThe development of English language experienced threemayor stage: Old English, Middle English and ModernEnglish. Old English was spoken and written byAnglo-Saxons and their descendants between at leastthe mid-5th century and the mid-12th century. It is awestern Germanic language and is greatly influenced bythe Old Norse. Middle English began with the NormanConquest in 1066. During this stage of Englishdevelopment, many French words were brought into theEnglish vocabulary and became part of it. ModernEnglish started from the end of 15th century. Thedialect of London was accepted as standardpronunciation. Moreover, English was greatly improvedwith a large vocabulary for various purposes byborrowing from other origins during and after theRenaissance and Industrial Revolution in the UK.2）British newspaper cultureReading newspaper is one of the favorite leisureactivities to British people. There are about 130 dailyand Sunday newspapers, and over 2,000 weeklynewspapers in the UK. Traditionally British newspapershave been divided into “ quality”, serious-mindednewspa per and the more populist, “tabloid” varieties.The quality press have The Times, The Daily Telegraphand The Guardian. Their readers are mostlywell-educated, Middle Class and Upper Class people.The “tabloids” have The Sun and The News of theWorld. These newspapers are normally read by peoplefrom Lower and Working Class.Chapter 5 P612.5)compare the admission of universities betweenChina and the UK?Admission in the UK is based on student's A-levelresults, school references, high school records, andsometimes their performance in the university'sinterview. Although the most important factor isstudent's A-level results, other factors are also importantthat influence the result of student's application touniversities. However, in China, the only criterion ofuniversity admission is student's results in the CollegeEntrance Examination, while other factors are notconsidered.Beside, although both in China and the UKexaminations are taken as a way to pick up candidatesfor further study, differences are quite obvious. A-levelis more flexible in time and form. Students have thefreedom to choose the courses in the exam, and theycan choose whether to take all the subjects all of a pieceor to take each one at a different time. The samesubjects can taken for more than once. The CEE inChina is fixed in time and can only be taken once in ayear. The options of subjects are more limited comparedwith that of A-levels.3.1) public schools：Public schools, also known asprivate schools, are independent from the governmentand supported by private funds and fees. Parents needto pay for their children's fees to attend these schools.At present, there are about 2,500 public schools in theUK, among which the most famous and prestigiousones are Eton and Winchester.5) Red Brick University：It refers to six civicuniversities founded in the late 19th and early 20thcenturies in the major industrial cities of England,including Victoria University, the University ofLiverpool, the University of Manchester, the Universityof Birmingham, the University of Leeds, the Universityof Sheffield, and the University of Bristol.4.2)what should be placed first in education ,and why?I think the moral education should be placed first ineducation . To strengthen the ideological and moralconstruction is significance to students' development .First , facing the huge social pressure , people have notime to improve their moral level and it leads to a seriesof social problems . Second , improving the moralcultivation is a long historical tradition and almost allsuccessful people have high moral cultivation fromancient to modern times . Third , We are the future ofour country and the hope of our nation. Improving themoral cultivation is helpful for us to set up the correctdirection and realize our dream . In conclusion ,improving the moral cultivation is not only beneficial toour own development and is more advantageous to thedevelopment of society and the state .IrelandChapter 1 P613.3) Great Frost：Also called "Great Famine". Irelandand the rest of Europe were struck by an extraordinaryclimatic shock between December 1739 and September1741, and the winters destroyed stored crops of potatoesand other staples and the poor summers severelydamaged harvests, leading to the deaths of an estimated250,000 people (about one in eight of the population).Chapter 2 P9331)the Celtic Tiger：The 1995 to 2000 period of higheconomic growth of Ireland was called the “CelticTiger”, a reference to the “tiger economics” of EastAsia.In the 1990s, history has been rewritten.According to statistics, in 2003, Ireland's per capitalGDP has reached 136% of the EU average; in 1987, theIrish government debt has topped 136 percent of totalGDP, while in 2003 this figure plummeted 33%; theunemployment rate has dropped from 17% in 1987 to4% in 2003. After a sudden force in the 1990s, the Irishbecame the second one in the wealthy country in EU'sper capital GDP ranking, and created the average annualGDP growth of 7 percent economic miracle in the1990s."Economic upheaval has changed the image of the Irishpeople in the EU, it is this change called 'Celtic Tigermiracle'.The USAChapter 1 P11621) what are the cause of the American Civil War?1.Economic and social differences between the Northand the South.2.States versus federal rights3.The fight between Slave and Non-Slave StateProponents4. Growth of the Abolition Movement.5.The election of Abraham Lincoln2) In what ways were the British settlers differentfrom other European colonists?Among the European invaders of North America, onlythe English established colonies of agricultural settlers, whose interests in Native Americans was less about trade than about the acquisition of land. That fact would have huge implications in the long struggle for control of North America.34) the Victory at Gettysburg：J uly 1863, 1 to 7 months 3, in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and the surrounding area, as part of the battle of Gettysburg, is the bloodiest in the American Civil War battle fought, are often cited that the turning point of the civil war. George Gordon Meade of the Union Army Major General George Gordon Meade, the rate of the army of the Potomac against the Union army of the Confederate general Robert E. Lee Northern Virginia army offensive, win a decisive victory, the end of the General Lee is the second and last invasion in the northern United States.5)the Emancipation Proclamation：The Emancipation Proclamation Is published by the American President Abraham Lincoln's declaration , which declared free all slaves residing in territory in rebellion against the federal government. This Emancipation Proclamation actually freed few people. It did not apply to slaves in border states fighting on the Union side; nor did it affect slaves in southern areas already under Union control. but in essence, it strengthen the federal army to control the territory of the federal territories after these slaves freedom of authority, the proclamation did show Americans--and the world--that the civil war was now being fought to end slavery and to pave the way for the eventual abolition of the American slave system. Chapter 2 P1272.2)what are the qualifications for a senator and a Representative respectively?A senator must be over 30 years old,and a resident in the state which they represent,and must have been a U.S. citizen for at least nine years.A representative must be at least 25 years old and must have been U.S.citizen for no less than seven years. Congress Senator RepresentativesElection 2 members fromeach state Based on populationTotal No 100 members 435 members Age At least 30 yearsoldAt least 25 Term 6 years 2 yearsCitizenship Citizens for 9years Citizens for 7 years3.2)Separation of PowersTo avoid and guard the possibility that one person or group might become too powerful or be able to seize control of the country and create a tyranny,the delegates who drafted the Constitution set up a government consisting of three parts ,or branches:the legislature,the executive,and the judiciary.Each branch has powers that the others do not have and each branch has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrongful action by other branches.And the Constitution specified exactly which power the center government had and which power was reserved for the state government.4.2) election of American President：The United States to implement the presidential system, the presidential election held every four years. The American presidential election system is complex and the process is long. Election of the main program includes pre selection, the parties held a National Congress to determine that the presidential candidate, candidate for the presidency and national voters elected president "the elector", "the elector" established in the electoral college vote formally elect the president and President elect presidential inauguration in several stages. Chapter 3 P1422.2)what do you know about silicon Valley?The Silicon Valley (English: Silicon Valley), is a high-tech enterprise gathered in Santa Clara in California Valley ". Located in the northern part of California, the southern portion of the San Francisco Bay area; usually contains Santa Clara County and Eastern San Francisco Bay area of Fremont. The first is the research and production of silicon based semiconductor chips, so named. Although other high technology areas in the United States and the world are continued to develop and grow, but Silicon Valley is still founder of high-tech innovation and development in and risk investment in the region accounted for one third of the national total investment risk.3.2) Wall Street is the name of the borough of Manhattan in New York City South from Broadway Road extends to the east of a street, full-length only a third of a mile, width is only 11 meters, is a transliteration of the English "Wall Street", original intention is "Wall Street".The streets are narrow and short, from Broadway to theEast River only 7 street, but in the United Statesfinancial center is well known in the world. Americanzaibatsu Morgan, Rockefeller oil magnate and DuPontfinancial group to open banking, insurance, shipping,railways and other company managers focus on this.The famous New York stock exchange is also here, isstill the headquarters of several major exchanges: suchas NASDAQ, the American stock exchange, the NewYork futures exchange, etc..Chapter 4 P1552.5)list some of American literary writers and theirliterary achiements1.Benjamin FranklinModest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of aPaper Money;Poor Richard's Almanack,The Way toWealth is his masterpiece .2.Ernest HemingwayThe Old Man and the Sea,A Clean, Well-LightedPlace,In Our Time,A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is hismasterpiece3.Eugene Glastone O’NeilThe best playwright in the United States, who won thePulitzer prize four times, is by far the only one to winthe Nobel prize for the playwright, 1936, known as thefather of American drama. whose masterpiece is“Beyond the Horizon”,”The Long Days Journey IntoNight”.4.Pearl S. BuckThe first woman to win the Pulitzer prize for fiction;won the Nobel prize for literature in 1938. Buck is afamous American writer to Speakers of Chinese .whosemasterpiece is The Good Earth.5John Steinbeckwhose masterpiece is Of Mice and Men and TheGrapes of Wrath6.Sinclair LewisAmerican first won the Nobel Peace Prize, 1930 he isgood at depicting the town features, describe thePhilistine typical, mockery of the American way of life", full of irony and humor, rough style, straightforward.All this is one of the important characteristics of thenew American literature.whose masterpiece is TheMain Street and Babbitt7.William FaulknerOn behalf of the United States in 20 of the SouthernRenaissance, distinguished and influential. 1949 orNobel prize in literature. whose masterpiece is A Rosefor Emily and he Sound and the Fury ,Light inAugust ,As I lay dying Absalom, Absalom8.Mark Twain, Henry James and Howells are threeoutstanding representatives of American Realism period.Whose masterpiece is The Adventures of Tom SawyerLiterary writers Literary achievementsThomas Jefferson United Sates Declarationof IndependenceHenry DavidThoreauWaldenFrederick Douglass Narrative of the Life ofFrederick DouglassNathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet LetterHenry James The Turn of the Screw3.3) "Salad bowl" means the United States multiculturalbackground of immigrant groups together, like a largesalad bowl, different cultures have their owncharacteristics, there is no merger integration into asingle homogeneous culture.4) Hollywood: California has Hollywood, more than50% of the Chinese and Americans in Mexico. StFrancesco's Chinatown is the most densely populatedresidential area in the Chinese. Sacramento. Mildclimate throughout the year, every year in October tonext April as the rainy season, from May to Septemberfor the dry season, and Northern California andSouthern California annual rainfall difference is quitebig, the rainfall in the northern coastal area of 80 inches,the south such as the Los Angeles area annual rainfall isonly about fifteen inches, and rainfall in the easterndesert more scarce.Chapter 5 P1673.2) Ivy League:Ivy League refers to the northeast regionof the United States by the composition of the sportsevents of the United States (see the). They are all topAmerican schools, and the United States to generate thelargest Rhodes scholarship winners of the Universityalliance. In addition, the time is long, eight schools inseven is established in the British colonial period. Theseeight institutions include: Harvard University, YaleUniversity, Princeton University, Columbia University,University of Pennsylvania, Dartmouth College, BrownUniversity and Cornell University.4.1) comments on US higher educational systemIn America ,there is not but 50 educational system .Each state has an educational administration , notsubject to federal control,and the state authorities laydown general principles concerning the organization ofschools and such matters as the ages of compulsoryeducation.The United States has a more comprehensive educationsystem.The students have obvious advantages in theaspect of knowledge width and comprehensivequality.High tuition fees make the students in theUnited States a lot of economic pressure aftergraduation.The college entrance examination system inthe United States produced a fractional expansionphenomenon.CanadaChapter 1 P1773.2) The Great Lakes:I n Canada and the United States atthe junction, there are five Great Lakes, which is knownas the world's five largest freshwater lake. According tothe size of their Lake Superior, Lake Huron, LakeMichigan, Lake Erie and lake Ontario.Chapter3 P2013.1) Multiculturalism itself is the cultural norm anddiversity is force that unites the commubity.Australia P220Chapter 12.2) what advice would you give to Australiangovernment to protect Aboriginal culture?Australia Aboriginal culture is one of the oldest andlongest surviving cultures that dated back to at least40000 years.It may date as far as 65000 years ago.Thegovernment play an important part in protecing theAustralia Aboriginal culture .The government shouldsupport the aboriginal culture and hold more relevantactivities.Despite this,the government should acceleratethe development of culture, and promote the integrationwith other cultures.4.1) Aboriginal culture :Australia Aboriginal culture isone of the oldest and longest surviving cultures thatdated back to at least 40000 years.It may date as far as65000 years ago.Aboriginals believed that the worldwas ade by the Ancestors,back in the Dreamtime.TheAncestors made everything-the rocks,mountains,plantsand animals.They made the Aboriginals too.TheAncestors left certain sights to show which places wereto be sacred.The Aboriginals performed ritual songs andceremonies near the scared sites to keep the spirits ofthe Ancestors alive.Different tribes had different ideasabout the Ancestors who made the world.Othersbelieved that they were animals-spirits.In parts ofArnhem Land,in the Northern Territory,the Ancestorswere huge snakes.In other places the spirit who createdthe world was Wanadjina.New Zealand P251Chapter 14.2)the significance of The Treaty of WaitangiThe Treaty governs the relationship between theindigenous people, Māori, and everyone else andensures the rights of both Māori and Pakeha (non-Māori)are protected.It does that by:Accepting that Māori iwi (tribes) have the right toorganize themselves, protect their way of life and tocontrol the resources they own.Requiring the Government to act reasonably and ingood faith towards Māori.Making the Government responsible for helping toaddress grievances.Establishing equality and the principle that all NewZealanders are equal under the law.。

英语国家概况的复习资料

英语国家概况的复习资料英语国家概况考试题型如下：1.选择题（30 X 1’）2.填空题（20 X 1’）3.简答（10 X 2’）--必须回答完整的句子4.分析题（6 X 5’）-- 必须回答完整的句子总分100 分主要内容包括：一．U.S. Geography1.Full name of U.S..2.Number of States: 50 states.3.After President Jefferson brought the Louisiana territory from France there was a desire forterritorial expansion among many frontier men.4.The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. The fourth largest countries.5.Taxas is the largest mainland state of the U.S.. Alaska is the largest state of the U.S..6.Hawaii is in the Pacific Ocean.7.America’s movies are mostly made in Hollywood near the city of Los Angeles in southCalifornia.二．U.S. People1.The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the US is the Blacks (Afriican-Americans).2.The “first Americans” were the Indians.3.The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States.4.The first permanent settlement in North America wasesta blished in today’s V erginia in theyear of 1607.5.The “Three Faiths” in the U.S. refer to:ProtestanCatholicJewish6.The majority of the Catholics in the U.S. are descendants of immigrants from Ireland, Italyand Poland.7.American society is a stratified one in which power, wealth and pestige are unequallydistributed among the population.8.WASP stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.三．Economy1.Services sector (industry) of the economy employs the most American.2.U.S. Federal law prohibits emplyment discrimination on the basis of:RaceLanguageDisability3.The American economy is characterized by a high degree of monoply.4.Mid-west is the nation’s leading center of heavy industry in the United States.5.Microsoft is the largest software company now in the United States.6.Give examples of industries which are decling, and industries which sare fast developing inthe U.S..( P70倒数第一行到P71 第一段)四．Policy1.When was the United States Constitution drafted?In 17872.How long are terms for Senators?6 years.3.How long are terme for members of House of Representatives?2 years4.What are the terms of office for Supreme Court justices?Life.5.Which U.S. President said: “Government of the people, by the people, for the people shall notperish from the ea rth.”---- Abraham Lincoln6.The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world.7.The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continented Congress on July 4,1776.8.The United States and the People’s Republic of China established diplomatic relations in1979.9.The president of the United States is the head of the executive branch.10.Presidential election is held every 4 years in November in the U.S.A..11.What are the two major political parties in the United States? And their symbols? (P59)One is the Democtatic Party. Symbol is donkey.The other one is the Republican Party. Symbol is elephant.12.What does “FBI” stand for?Federal Bureau of Investigation.13.Who were the two famous leaders assassinated in American History?They are J.F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln.14.Wat are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. government? Howare the three branches supposed to check and balance each other? （这题没有统一答案，请大家参考书本P55-P58里面的内容自己组织。

英语国家概况各单元知识点汇总

《英语国家概况》一、课程性质、目的和要求（一）课程性质随着社会的进步和科技的高速发展，中外各种交流越来越密切，了解和掌握一些英语国家的文化传统也显得极为重要。

英语国家概况是面向英语专业三年一期学生开设的专业必修课程。

《英语国家概况》是介绍英语国家社会与文化背景的教科书，旨在帮助英语专业学生和英语自学者了解这些国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理，历史，政治，经济，社会生活和文化传统方面的基本知识。

（二）课程目的该课程旨在提高英语水平为目的。

该课程可以通过课文的学习和各种练习的实践，在教学过程中实行语言教学与文化知识课紧密相结合，以学生为中心，帮助学生能够理解课文，掌握英语，吸取知识，适当的补充对重大事件和人物的历史背景，典故，以提高学生的学习兴趣。

课后可以适当布置一些思考题，指导学生进行有效的自学，拓宽他们的知识面。

（三）课程要求该课程要求学生对英语国家的社会文化背景有一定的了解，能够对中西方社会和文化的差异有一定的理解和认识，正确看待中西方社会文化差异性与多元性。

二、教学重点和难点（一）教学重点英国部分：英国历史、英国的经济制度和政策、英国的政治制度和政府机构、英国的福利制度。

美国部分：美国地理区域划分及人口结构、美国历史、美国经济特点、美国政治制度中的三权分立。

（二）教学难点英国部分：英国的经济制度和政策、英国的政治制度和政府机构、英国的福利制度。

美国部分：美国地理区域划分及人口结构、美国经济特点、美国政治制度中的三权分立。

三、教学内容第一章英国第一课：英国的国土和人民教学内容：英国的地理特征，四部分的山水河流，气候状况，英国的各个民族。

这一部分主要从整体对大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国作一个综述。

了解英国不同名称的含义，英国的地理特征、河流和湖泊、气候的特点以及影响气候的因素，了解英国的民族构成、人口结构及其特点；了解英国的语言构成及阶级状况。

第二课：英国历史教学内容：英国的起源（1066年诺曼征服之前的历史，即英国早期遭受的三次外族入侵）：诺曼王朝，金雀花王朝，兰开斯特王朝，约克王朝，都铎王朝，斯图亚特王朝，克伦威尔时期的共和国，复辟时期，光荣革命，工业革命，宪章运动，英帝国的殖民扩张，一战及二战中的英国，战后到八十年代末的英国。

(0200)《英语国家概况》复习大纲、样题及答案

（0200）《英语国家概况》复习大纲学习要点和课程考核目标参看课本最后附录页考试内容Part oneThe United kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandChapter 1-10Part TwoThe Republic of IrelandChapter 11-12Part ThreeThe United States of AmericaChapter 13-22Part FourCanadaChapter 23-26Part FiveAustraliaChapter 27-32Part SixNew ZealandChapter 33-34（0200）《英语国家概况》样题及答案一．单项选择题Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question four suggested answers A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one you think best completes the statement or answers the question. (15 %)1. There are political divisions on the island of Great Britain.A. oneB. twoC. fourD. three2. The longest river in England is .A. the Tweed RiverB. the Rhine riverC. the Thames RiverD. the Seven River该题共15小题，每题一分。

请按顺序将答案写在答题纸相应的位置上。

每5个为一组，如1－5 adxxx评分标准：选对得一分。

英语国家概况复习整理精选全文完整版

可编辑修改精选全文完整版英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点：1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿：Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和 a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月，The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释：1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution，which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation，s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing the U.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much government intervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Partyfavors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism.monwealth of Nations（联邦国家）The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题：1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。

英语国家概况期末重点(必考)

英语国家概况期末重点（必考）1 How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods:Old English, Middle English and Modern English.2 What are the two components of the British Parliament ?They are the House of Commons and the House of Lords.3 What were some of Queen Victoria’s major achievements?Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect. She promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign, britain had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass.4 What are the three functions of the House of Commons ?The three functions are: to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the government, and to influence future government policy.5 What kind of subjects do British comprehensive schools provide ? British comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like literatuure and science,and practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.6 How do students in the Open University receive their education ?The students follow university course through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, video, and a network of study centeres.7 What is Critical Realism ?Critical Realism is a literary school which flourished in the 40s and early 50s of the 19th century. The critical realists described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The greatest English critical realist was Charles Dickens.8 Briefly introduce the Liberal Party ?The Liberal Party is Canada’s largest political party. It has been in office for most of the time in Canadian history since 1867. The party combines a liberal social policy with a moderate economic policy.9 What does “cultural mosaic” mean in Canada ?“Cultural mosaic”indicates that people of diverse origins and communities are free to preserve and enhance their own cultural heritage while participating as equal partners in Canadian society. 10 What is Standard English ?Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is widely used in media and taught at schools.It is preferred by the educated, middle-class people. It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct BritishEnglish.It is also the norm carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.11 What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain ? The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, industrial productivity increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. Second, urbanization took place. Many new cities sprang up. Third, it caused grest changes in the class structure. The old social classes declined, and new ones emerged and developed.12 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire ?Colonization of Newfoundland, the first British colony overseas, in 1583 marked the beginning of the British Empire. By1837, Britian had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies. By the end of the 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world’s landmass.During-the-mid-19th century,the-British-government-consol idated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government.Before World War I,Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world. However, Britain suffered great loss to its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves ofgold, dollars and overseas investment. Most of Britain’s colonies gained independence since the 1940s, which inevitably led to the fall the Empire.13 Give a brief account of Romanticism ?Romanticism is the literary trend that appeared in England at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. It is a revolt against the prescribed rules of Classicism. Writers of Romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with reason and intellect. Discontent with the development of capitalism, they seek a literary refuge. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge began the trend with their joint work Lyrical Ballads, whose preface is viewed as Rmnantic poetry’s "Declaration of Independence". It was the "second generation' Romantic poets such as Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats who brought the Romantic Movement to its height.14 What are the goals of the four main political parties in Ireland ? Fianna Fail pursues a policy of complete political separation from Britain and supports peaceful reunification of the whole island. The key principles of Fine Gael are equality of opportunity, proenterprise Policies,security,and integrity and hope.The aim of the Labor Party is to establish a society without poverty, which is based on democracy , Equality,participation and cooperation. The Progressive DemocraticParty supports free enterprise, marked separation between church and state,and a peaceful resolution to the problems in Northern Ireland.15 What are the similarities between the major cities of Canada ? Canada's major cities, from east to west, are Quebec,Montreal, Ottawa,Toronto and Vancouver, all located near the Canadian-U.S. Border.The climate in this area is comparatively moderate, and cities in this area all enjoy distinct seasons.Each city has a large population with people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds.16 What is the immigration policy in Canada ?Before World War II, Canada used to have a racist immigration policy which actively discriminated against racial and religious minorities. After Worid War II, the Canadian government began to adopt a new policy to eliminate pttjudice. Since Then, Canada has opened its door to immigrants of all races and religions from any countries. At the end of the 20th century, a kind of anti-immigrant sentiment spread in Canada, and the federal government made changes in immigration policy and rules that decreased the number of immigrants allowed into Canada. Now, it is more difficult for people to immigrate into Canada.17 Multilingualism and Multiculturalism in Canada ?Canadians are composed of many different races and ethnic groups;they speak different languages at home apart from English and French. while participating as equal partners in the Canadian society, they keep their own cultural heritage, constituting a "cultural mosaic". In 1971, Canada became the first country to implement a multiculturalism policy to admit pluralism as a fact of Canadian life. In 1988,the Canadian Multiculturalism act was passed,With globalization and increasing immigration,multilingualismand multiculturalism will remain a special feature of the Canadiansociety.。

(完整版)英语国家概况重要知识点

What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth?~The British Isles, Great Britain and England are geographical names, not the official names of the country, while the official name is the United Kingdom, but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Describe the geographical position of Britain.~Britain is an island country. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland?~The north and west of Britain are mainly highland, while the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.Does Britain have a favourable climate? Why? Yes, it bas a favourable climate. Because it has a maritime type of climate—winter is mild, not too cold, and summer is cool, not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature, too. What are the factors which influence the climate in Britain? Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest?~The factors which influence the climate in Britain are the following three: (1) The surroundingwaters balance the seasonaldifferences by heating upthe land in winter andcooling it off in summer; (2)The prevailing southwestwinds bring warm and wetair in winter and keep thetemperatures moderate; (3)The North Atlantic Drift, awarm current, passes thewestern coast of the BritishIsles and warms them.The northwestern parthas the most rainfall, whilethe southeastern corner isthe driest.Describe the distributionof Britain’s population.~Britain has a population ofabout 57 million. It isdensely populated, with anaverage of 237 people persquare kilometer. It is alsovery unevenly distributed,with 90% of the populationin urban areas, 10% in ruralareas. Geographically, mostBritish people live inEngland. Of the total of 57million people, 47 millionlive in England, 14millionlive in London andsoutheastern England.What are the threenatural zones in Scotland?~The three natural zones inScotland are: the Highlandsin the north, the centralLowlands and the southernuplands.What is the differencebetween the ancestors ofthe English and Scots,Welsh and Irish?~The ancestors of theEnglish are Anglo-Saxons,while the Scots, Welsh andIrish are Celts.What are the differencesin character and wpeechbetween southernEngland and northernEngland? How do theWelsh keep their languageand culture alive?~The English have manydifferences in regionalspeech. The chief divisionis between southernEngland and northernEngland. Generallyspeaking southerners speakthe type of English closer toBBC English. They do nothave a special accentexcept the Cockneys fromthe East End of London.However, the northernerspeak broader English thansoutherners, and often leaveout the article “the” and thepossessive adjectives “my”,“your”, “their”, etc.The Welsh areemotional and cheerfulpeople, They are musiclovers and are proud oftheir past. Throughout theyear thy hold competitionsin Welsh poetry, music,singing and art, and in thisway they keep the WelshLanguage and Welshculture alive.What is the main problemin Northern Ireland?~Hundreds of years agoScots and EnglishProtestants were sent to livein Northern Ireland. Sincethen there has been bitterfighting between theProtestants and the RomanCatholics. The former arethe dominant group, whilethe latter are seeking moresocial, political andeconomic opportunities.The British Governmentand Government of Irelandare now working togetherto bring peace to NorthernIreland.What do you know aboutthe Roman invasion ofBritain?~In 55BC and 54BC, JuliusCaesar, a Roman general,invaded Britain twice. InAD 43, the EmperorClaudius invaded Britainsuccessfully. For nearly 400years Britain was under theRoman occupation, thoughit was never a totaloccupation. Britishrecorded history beginswith the Roman invasion.Why was the Romaninfluence on Britain solimited?~Britain was under theRoman occupation fornearly 400 years. TheRoman built many towns,roads, temples andbuildings. They alsobrought the new religion,Christianity to Britain.However，although Britainbecame part of the RomanEmpire, Roman influenceupon Britons was verylimited. The Roman treatedthe Britons as a subjectpeople of slave class. Theynever intermarried. TheRomans had no influenceon the language or cultureof ordinary Britons.Who were theAnglo-Saxons and howdid the heptarchy comeinto being?~The Anglo-Saxonsreferred to the threeTeutonic tribes whoinvaded Britain in themid-5th century. They wereJutes, Saxons and Angles.In the 7th century, theAnglo-Saxons invadedBritain and three tribessettled in different parts ofBritain which was dividedin many small kingdoms.Among them, there wereseven principal kingdomsof Kent, Essex, Sussex,Wessex, East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbriahave been given the nameof Heptachy.How were the earlyAnglo-saxons convertedto Christianity?~The Anglo-Saxonsbrought their own Teutonicreligion to Britain whenthey invaded Britain, andChristianity was only afringe belief. So, in 579,Pope Gregory I sent StAugustine to England toconvert the heathen Englishto Christianity. Augustinewas very successful inconverting the king and thenobility, and became thefirst Archbishop ofCanterbury. But theconversion of the commonpeople was largely due tothe missionary activities ofthe monks in the north.Many small monasteriessprang up throughout thecountry.What contributions didthe early Anglo-Saxonsmake to the English state?~Though the Anglo-Saxonswere brutal people, theylaid the foundations of theEnglish state. Firstly, themodern names of“England”and “English”derived from the Angles.Secondly, they divided thecountry into shires, withshire courts and shirereeves, or sheriffs,responsible foradministering law. Thirdly,they devised thenarrow-strip, three-fieldfarming system whichcontinued to the 18thcentury. Fourthly, they alsoestablished the manorialsystem, whereby the lord ofthe manor collected taxesand organized the localarmy. Finally, they createdthe Witan to advise the king,the basis of the PrivyCouncil which still existstoday.Who were Vikings andhow did thry invadeBritain?~The Vikings were theNorwegians and the Danesfrom Denmark. Theyattacked various partsofEngland from the end of the8th century. They became aserious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. they even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in867. they gained control of the north and east of England(“the Danelaw”).What do you know about King Alfred? What makes him worthy of the title of “Alfred the Great”?~Alfred was the king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes who attacked England and reached an agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while Alfred ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.Alfred is known as “the father of the British navy”as he founded a strong fleet to beat the Danes at sea, to protect the coasts and to encourage trade. He reorganized the Saxon army to make it more efficient. He even translated Bede’s “Ecclesiastical History of the English People”from Latin to English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this made him worthy of his title “Alfred the Great”.Why did the William the Conqueror invade England after Edward’s death?~It was said that King Edward had promised the English throne to William but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king ofEngland, thus beginning theNorman Conquest ofEngland.What were theconsequences of theNorman Conquest?~The Norman Conquest of1066 is one of the bestknown events in Englishhistory. It brought aboutmany consequences.William confiscatedalmost all the land and gaveit to his Norman followers.He replaced the weakSaxon rule with a strongNorman government. Sothe feudal system wascompletely established inEngland. Relations with theContinent were opened, andcivilization and commercewere extended.Norman-French culture,language, manners, andarchitecture were beenintroduced. The church wasbrought into closerconnection with Rome, andthe church courts wereseparated from the civilcourts.Why do we say that theEnglish nation is amixture of nationalities ofdifferent origins?~The population of Britainis made up of the English,the Scottish, the Welsh, theIrish, the Northern Irish andother peoples. Theformation is complicatedbecause England wasinvaded by different racesat various times fromEurope.Besides the earlysettlers, the Iberians and theCelts, including Gaels andBritons, Roman occupiedBritain for nearly 400 yearsafter 55BC. Then theinvasions of Anglo-Saxonshelped to form English raceand language and laid thefoundation of the Englishstate. After that, were theinvasions of the Vikingsand Danes. Finally, in 1066,William of Normandyinvaded England and beganthe age of the NormanConquest which resulted ingreat French influence.Therefore, manydifferent peoples ofdifferent origins are livingin Britain. That’s the reasonwhy we say English nationis a mixture of nationalitiesof different origins.What was feudalism likein England under the ruleof William theConqueror？~Under the rule of William,the Conqueror, the feudalsystem in England wascompletely established.According to this system,the king owned all the landpersonally. William gavehis barons large estates inreturn for military servicesand a proportion of theland’s produce. Theseestates were scattered allover the country so that thebarons could not easilycombine to rebel the king.Then, the barons parceledout land to the lesser nobles,knights and freemen, alsoin return for goods andservices. At the bottom ofthe feudal scale were theserfs. One peculiar featureof the feudal system ofEngland was that alllandowners must take theoath of allegiance not onlyto their immediate lord, butalso to the king.How did King Henry IIconsolidate monarchy?~Henry II took somemeasures to consolidate themonarchy. He forced theFlemish mercenaries toleave England; recalledgrants of Royal lands madeby Stephen; demolishedscores of castles built inStephen’s time;strengthened and widenedthe powers of his sheriffsand relied for armedsupport upon a militiacomposed of Englishfreemen.How did King Henry IIreform the courts and thelaw?~Henry II greatlystrengthened the king’scourt and extended itsjudicial work. He dividedthe country into six circuitsand appointed itinerantjustices who apply the lawimpartially.In Henry II’s reign, acommon law wasestablished which overrodelocal law and private lawand was common to thewhole people.The jury systemreplaced old Englishordeals and old Normantrials. At that time, a jurywas composed of 12 menand the jurors function wasto act as witnesses, not tohear evidences and giveverdict.As part of his legalreforms, Henry II insistedthat all clergymen chargedwith criminal offences betried in the king’s courtinstead of in the Bishop’scourts.What was the quarrelbetween King Henry IIand Thomas Becket?~As part of his legalreforms, Henry II wished toreform certain abuses inchurch government andinsisted that all。

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英国11) The United Kingdom separated English Channel.2)England is the largest part of the UK.3) The overall climate is temperate maritime.4) Since Britain is an island country the climate is considerably changeable compared with others.5) The recorded history begins Roman invasion.6) During the Anglo-Saxon Invasion period , Roman Christianity was introduced to Britain.a7) During the Norman Conquest , federal system in England was completely established .8) The Wars of Roses a series of dynastic wars.9) The English Civil War a conflicts machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists.10)Eve World War I in 1914 , Britain has became“a country on which the sun never sets”.英国21.The Kingdom is a unitary Monarchy.2.The British governmental of three branches:the legislature,theexecutive,and the judiciary.3.The constitution of the United Kingdommake up the body politic of the United Kingdom.4.The members of the House are not elected but .5.The Government is led by the Prime Minister.6.The Cabinet is the ultimate decision-making.7.British court can be divided into two systems:the Civil Court and t he Criminal Court.8.The Supreme Court is the highest court .9.The Conservative Party: center-right party.10.For the purpose of election ,country is divided into 650 constituencies of similar population.英国31.As the first country the First Industry Revolution2.The British economy three main sectors：Primary Industry，Secondary Industry and Tertiary Industry.3.Tertiaryor Service Industry:particular banking，insurance，and business service.4.the end of World WarИled to a series of problems of the British economy in varying ways.5.two-thirds agriculture productiondevoted to livestock，one-thirds to arable crops.6.The UK has large amounts of coal，oil，and natural gas reserves，and is a major energy producer.7.Engineering and allied industries contributing around 30% of output in manufacturing.8.The service sector is the dominant sector of the UK economy. in 2013.9.London is a “command centers”along with New York City and Tokyo.英国41)The existence and continuity of the Monarch and Social Classes, the use of old measurement units,mile and pound,.2) The Upper Class is the top class consisted peerage, gentry, and hereditary landowners.3)English,It originates from the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons.4)Middle Englishperiod, many French.5) Thereligion in Britain is Christianity. half of the British people are Christians.6) Many holidays celebrated reflect the religious, historical, social, and cultural.7) At present birthdayQueen Elizabeth Ⅱknown as Trooping the Color.8) Its national sport is cricket,while football is undoubtedly the mostpopular.9) Radio in the United Kingdom is dominated by the BBC,英国51. two types of schools in the British the public schools and the private schools .2.Students who do not higher education GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications (GNVQS) ,3.Admissionuniversities, A-level results, and sometimes their performance .4.establishment of Oxford University.Cambridge.University.highereducation6.On the whole , “flexibility” used to describeteaching mode ; andemphases on students’ self-study ability .7.In Britain , QAA(Quality Assurance Agency)playsrole in the supervision .8.Cambridge and Oxford , are frequently jointly referred to as “Oxbridge”.9.thereover 50 Nobel Prize laureates 30 national leadersin the University .10.The term Plate Glass University refers to any of the several universities .11.In Open University students‟ previous academic achievement are not taken into account for entry .爱尔兰.11) Ireland is anEarth(third-largest , twentieth-largest）2)Traditionally，Ireland is……north.（Connacht, Leinster, Munster, Ulster）3) That the population……21st century.（immigrants）4) ______were commonly……BC.（The vikings）5)From the mid-14……of decline.（Black Death）6) An extraordinary……mild winters.（Great Frost）7) In 1800……and Ireland.（Acts of Union）8)The_____ofthe1840s……escape it(Great Famine）9) It was not until1949……to be _____.(t he Republic of Ireland) 10)There a number of ……from England.（Irish）11)JonathanSwift…Proposal.（Gulliver's Travels）12)Int20th century……Prize for ____.( Literature)13)__is the most popular…2600…(Gaelic football）14) introduction of ……cuisin e of Ireland.(potato)爱尔兰21)Ireland is ranked as one ……of2008.（5th）2)The 1995 to 2000……of East Asia.(Celtic tiger)3)In November2010……by 2015.(the National RecoveryPlan)4) The Primary ……employment.（5% 8% ）5) Ireland‟s inequality …of 31.(the Gini coefficient scale}6) In January 1999……____.( the euro)7) Ireland now ranks as the ……lead concentrates.（zinc）8) Ireland…s main ……regions.（pastures）9) The taxation of earnings ……top earner.(progressive)10)Before the ……or punt.（euro notes）爱尔兰3.1)The education system of ……___.( primary, secondary,and higher or third-level education )2)Education in Ireland is……from ____.( free, theEuropean Union )3)Typically ,the academic ……in total.（September,October, three ）4)The Department……and directio n.（t he Minister forEducation and Skills ）5)Higher（or third-level）……and so on.（38）6) Some college are ……Training Awards Council.（constituent, linked ）7) There are over……Irish language.（25）8) Students wishing…individual university.(the CAO）9) The stud ent must …under the ___.（points system）10)In 2011……with a ___.（student contribution）加拿大1.1)Canada‟s fourth……of Ontario.（Ottawa）2)____are by far ……Vancouver.（Chinese）3)The first time “Canada”……coloniesof ___.( Upper andLower Canada)4)Canada is a multilingual society……language.（official）5）_____is a ……tobogganing.（Winter）6）France sent ……20th century.（British）7）_____contributed ……European colonies.（Indigenouspeoples）8）It is said that British……set up colonies.（French ）9）Samuel de Champlain ……City.（“father of NewFrance” ）10）Canada…s involvement ……10,1939.（Germany）加拿大2.1)Senators are appointed …of 75.(the Prime Minister）2)Provincial judges ……under __.(provincial laws)3) The main function ……_____.（legislate）4）The Senate is ……Prime Minister.（Governor General）5）The head of ……general election.（premier）6）The immense Athabasca oil ……after ____.（SaudiArabia）7）Eastern Canada is ……___products .（farm）8）The Canadia n Pacific ……and _(dairy farming)9）As a large country …biggest in the world.（energy）10）Canada‟s transportation ……manufacturing output.（one quarter）加拿大3.1)Multiculturalismof Canada.(bilingualism)2)In Canada，football……world.（gridiron ）3)There are seven ……on those days.（extra ）4）Children believe ……the year.（Santa Claus）5）Catholicism was ……in Canada.（take hold）6)__account for …30%……population.(Protestants）7）Canadian women are ……with men.（equality ）8）At the same time，……is rising.（divorce）9）There is an increasing…wedding__.（a nniversary）加拿大4.1) Canada…s maintains this…healthy ____.（returns）2)University colleges… certificates ____.（rather thandegrees）3)Canada‟s universities areresearch.(quality)4）In addition to ……in Canada.（exists ）5__is the larg est …enrol lment.(University of Toronto ）6）University of Totonto ……Alzheimer…s disease.（birthplace ）7）As of 2012，McGill……____year.（consecutive）8）With almost 215,000…and sport.(ranging from)9）It is Ontario‟s ……social responsibility.（diversity）澳大利亚1.1) Australiacalled The Oldest Continent, The Lastof Lands, The Last Frontier.2) Aboriginals were the real founders of .3) It was sending disease and conflict thatBritishbegan to colonize Australian .4)The gold era,also called “long boom”.5) Melbourne chosen astemporary capital6) In order to administer gold mining, grantedgold license to diggers.7) In the 17th century,Europeancountries,began exploringworldiscalled theAge of Exploration.8)NewSouth Wales,Queensland,South Australia,Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia9)TheAustralia Age in 1986 eliminated the vestigers ofBritish legal authority.澳大利亚21.Australian economy has been largely dependedon the mining sector and agricultural sectorwith the products to supports its worldwideinvolvement.2.The word diversity is the best reflection ofAustralian‟s life and style.3.Today, about 25.6% population are overseas bornimmigrants.4.Australian’s laws support the identity ofAustralia‟s life and style.5.Sydney and Melbourne are two Australiancities that host summer Olympic Games.6.Writers like Robin Boyd, Donald Horne, andHugh Stretton drew attention to the significanceof the suburban character in Australiancultural.7.The state-sponsored Queenland Ballet(1960)and West Australian Ballet(1953)presents bothclassical and contemporary programs.8.Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries,the Georgian style was used for majorbuilding.9.The unique feature of two public broadcastersis funded by but independent from nationalgovernment.澳大利亚3.1.Overseas studentattracted by relatively low livingcosts compared American and European schools.2.Australian higher education started its step whenUniversity of Sydney was founded.3.The traditional university system was based on Britishmodel.4.Robert Menzies found that financial stringency rootcause of the shortcomings across universities.5.Australian higher education reforms from 1987 to1992,later called Dawkins Revolution.6.The Australian Government hasprimaryresponsibilitypublic funding of higher education.7.At number 37 in the world rankings,the university ofMelbourne the Australian the highest placed .新西兰1.1.Zealand is island country .2.Mount Cook is the highest mountain .3.The seasons reverse northern hemisphere.4.Around 30specieslisted as endangered.5.Wellington capitalNewZealandpolitical centre.6.NewZealand has three official languages, English,Maori and sign language.7.In1769 the British naval officer and explorer JamesCookcompleted Tasman‟s work .8.OnFebruary6,1840,the British representatives andMaori chiefs signed the treaty of waitangi.9.Thetreaty ofWaitangi is generally considered asthe founding document of New Zealand.10.In1947 New Zealand adopted the Statute ofWestminster,making a Commonwealth realm.新西兰21.New Zealand has s market economy that is greatlydependent on international trade.2.Traditionally,NewZealand‟s economy built upon on anarrow range of primary products, .3.NewZealandself-sufficient allenergy except oil.4.Wellington and Picton provide important shipping linksbetween the North and South islands.5.Railways do not play the central role in the transportsystem that they did in the past.6.Australia is New Zealand‟s closest market and by far thelargest source of overseas visitor arrivals.7.The information and communications technology (ICT)sector is competitive in New Zealand.新西兰4.1.Based on the guiding principle of building “aworld-class educational system in a lifelong learningsociety”,.2.Tertiary education in New Zealand includes allpost-school education and training, includinguniversities, polytechnics or institutes of technology,colleges of education, wānanga, and private trainingestablishment.3.The University of Otago in Dunedin is New Zea land…soldest university.4.The University of Auckland is the largest universityin New Zealand.5.The Student Loan Scheme was established to assiststudents to partiacipte in tertiary education.6.TheScholarship and the University Bursary are awardedto school leavers by a competitive examination and alsoprovide financial support to school-leavers pursuing auniversity degree.7.Many courses in polytechincs receive significant inputfrom industry and research is technical.8.Colleges of Education were set up primarily to trainteachers.9Wānanga are state-funded Maori teching and researchinstitutions modeled on an ancient Maori institution ofhigher learning “the wharewa nanga”.10.Australia and New Zealand have declared mutualrecongnition.。