2021医学考研复试：肾脏内科[SC长难句翻译文]

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2021医学考研复试：老年病1[SC长难句翻译文]

SCI长难句老年病学第一章-姑息医学Cancer is primarily a disease of the elderly and the palliation of both disease-and treatment-related symptoms is of importance in the practice of cancer medicine in all patients.Many older patients are treated within community hospitals,in which anticancer therapies are less likely to be given and in which the palliation of symptoms should be of primary importance.Many oncologists struggle with the palliation of symptoms in patients who are near the end of life.This is despite the considerable energies that are spent in palliating symptoms in patients who are receiving anticancer therapies at all disease stages.癌症主要是老年人的疾病，缓解与疾病和治疗相关的症状对所有患者的癌症医疗实践都非常重要。

许多老年患者在社区医院接受治疗，那里进行抗癌治疗的可能性很小，减轻症状应是最重要的。

许多肿瘤学家都在为缓解晚期病人的症状而努力。

尽管在所有疾病阶段接受抗癌治疗的患者在减轻症状方面都花费了相当大的精力。

知识点总结：①palliation n.减轻②oncologist n.肿瘤学家SCI长难句老年病学第二章-老年综合征Frailty is a new and emerging syndrome in the field of geriatrics.The study of frailty may provide an explanation for the downward spiral of many elderly patients after an acute illness and hospitalization.The fact that frailty is not present in all elderly persons suggests that it is associated with aging but not an inevitable process of aging and may be prevented or treated.The purpose of this article is to review what is known about frailty,including the definition,epidemiology,and pathophysiology,and to examine potential areas of future research.衰弱是老年医学领域中新出现的一种综合征。

肾内科面试题

肾内科面试题1什么是慢性肾脏病？该病常见的病因有哪些？答案：慢性肾脏病是指肾脏结构和功能进行性损害导致肾小球滤过功能下降，进而引起肾小管功能异常的一组临床综合征。

常见病因有糖尿病、高血压、多囊肾、肾小球肾炎等。

分析：了解慢性肾脏病及其常见病因对于肾内科医生至关重要。

面试者需要了解慢性肾脏病的定义、病因等基本知识。

注意点：回答该问题时，需要注意提及慢性肾脏病的病因并进行详细说明，以展示对相关疾病的知识掌握程度。

2.肾功能衰竭的分类有哪些？请列举一种主要类型并简要描述其特点。

答案：肾功能衰竭可分为急性肾功能衰竭(AKI)和慢性肾功能衰竭(CKD)两类。

其中，慢性肾功能衰竭主要指肾小球滤过率持续缓慢而进行性下降的一类肾脏疾病。

分析：了解肾功能衰竭的分类及其特点对于肾内科医生来说非常重要。

面试者需要熟悉AKI与CKD这两种主要类型，并简要描述其特点。

注意点：回答该问题时，需要注意提及肾功能衰竭的分类并简要描述其中一个类型的特点，以表明对肾内科疾病的了解。

3.肾小球肾炎是什么疾病？有哪些常见的病因？答案：肾小球肾炎是一组以肾小球炎症性损伤为特征的肾脏疾病。

常见病因有IgA肾病、膜增生性肾炎、肾小球膜肾病等。

分析：了解肾小球肾炎及其常见病因是肾内科医生的基本要求。

面试者需要了解肾小球肾炎的疾病特征以及常见的病因。

注意点：回答该问题时，需要提及肾小球肾炎的基本概念，并列举一些常见的病因以展示对该疾病的掌握程度。

4.高血压性肾病是指什么？其病理生理机制是什么？答案：高血压性肾病是指由于长期高血压引起的肾小动脉和肾小球动脉硬化，导致肾脏局部血液供应不足而引起的肾脏病变。

其病理生理机制包括肾小球滤过膜受损、肾小动脉硬化、肾小动脉痉挛等。

分析：了解高血压性肾病及其病理生理机制对于肾内科医生来说非常重要。

面试者需要清晰地了解高血压性肾病的定义及其病理生理机制。

注意点：回答该问题时，需要确切地解释高血压性肾病的概念，并简要描述其病理生理机制，以体现对该疾病的理解。

2021医学考研复试：心血管内科[SC长难句翻译文]

木仓医学考研复试SCI长难句循环内科第一章—二尖瓣返流Ischemic mitral regurgitation(IMR)is a frequent complication of left ventricular(LV)global or regional pathological remodeling due to chronic coronary artery disease.It is not a valve disease but represents the valvular consequences of increased tethering forces and reduced closing forces.IMR is defined as mitral regurgitation caused by chronic changes of LV structure and function due to ischemic heart disease and it worsens the prognosis.缺血性二尖瓣返流(IMR)是慢性冠脉疾病引起的左心室(LV)整体或局部病理性重塑的常见并发症。

它不是一种瓣膜病，但它表现了系留力增加和关闭力减少所导致的瓣膜症状。

IMR的定义为由缺血性心脏病引起的左室结构和功能的慢性改变所导致的二尖瓣返流，使患者的预后更差。

知识点总结：①ischemic adj.缺血性的，局部缺血的②mitral adj.二尖瓣的③regurgitation n.回流，返流④ventricular n.心室/adj.心室的⑤pathological adj.病理的⑥remodeling n.重塑，重建⑦coronary artery冠状动脉⑧valve/valvular n.瓣膜/adj.瓣膜的⑨tether v.系，拴住⑩prognosis n.预后木仓医学考研复试SCI长难句循环内科第二章—急性心力衰竭A diagnosis of acute heart failure（AHF）is made when patients present acutely with signs and symptoms of heart failure,often with decompensation of pre-existing cardiomyopathy.The most current guidelines classify based on clinical features at initial presentation and are used to both risk stratify and guide the management of haemodynamic compromise.Despite this,AHF remains a diagnosis with a poor prognosis and there is no therapy proven to have long-term mortality benefits.急性心力衰竭(AHF)的诊断是基于患者突然表现出心力衰竭的体征和症状，通常伴有原有心肌病的失代偿。

2021医学考研复试：呼吸内科[SC长难句翻译文]

SCI长难句呼吸内科第一章—社区获得性肺炎Community-acquired pneumonia is still a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and is often misdiagnosed and inappropriately treated.Although it can be caused by a wide variety of micro-organisms, the pneumococcus,atypicals,Staphylococcus aureus and certain Gram-negative rods are the usual pathogens encountered.Antimicrobial therapy should be started as soon as possible particularly in those requiring admission to hospita.社区获得性肺炎仍然具有很高的发病率和死亡率，且经常被误诊和不恰当地治疗。

虽然它可以由多种微生物引起，但涉及的常见病原体有肺炎球菌、非典型球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和某些革兰氏阴性杆菌。

特别是（对于）那些需要住院的患者，抗菌治疗应尽快开始。

知识点总结：1pneum(o)-前缀，肺2pneumonia n.肺炎3pneumococcus n.肺炎球菌4atypical adj.非典型的5Staphylococcus aureus n.金黄色葡萄球菌6Gram-negative rods n.革兰氏阴性杆菌7pathogen n.病原体8antimicrobial adj.抗菌的Mandell munity-acquired pneumonia:An overview.Postgrad Med.2015 Aug;127(6):607-15.SCI长难句呼吸内科第二章—肺脓肿A lung abscess is an infectious pulmonary disease characterised by the presence of a pus-filled cavity within the lung parenchyma.The content of an abscess often drains into the airways spontaneously,leading to an air-fluid level visible on chest X-rays and CT scans. Primary lung abscesses occur in patients who are prone to aspiration or in otherwise healthy individuals;secondary lung abscesses typically develop in association with a stenosing lung neoplasm or a systemic disease that compromises immune defences,such as AIDS,or after organ transplantation.肺脓肿是一种感染性肺部疾病，其特征是肺实质内有充满脓的空洞。

2021医学考研复试：影像科[SC长难句翻译文]

SCI长难句影像科第一章-CT骶髂关节炎Early diagnosis of sacroiliitis may lead to preventive treatment which can significantly improve the patient's quality of life in the long run.Oftentimes,a CT scan of the lower back or abdomen is acquired for suspected back pain.However,since the differences between a healthy and an inflamed sacroiliac joint in the early stages are subtle,the condition may be missed.We have developed a new automatic algorithm for the diagnosis and grading of sacroiliitis CT scans as incidental findings,for patients who underwent CT scanning as part of their lower back pain workout.The method is based on supervised machine and deep learning techniques.早期诊断骶髂关节炎可以进行预防性治疗，显著提高患者的长期生活质量。

通常，由于可疑的背部疼痛，需要对下背部或腹部进行CT扫描。

然而，因为发炎早期的骶髂关节和健康的骶髂关节之间的区别是很细微的，所以可能会被忽略。

我们开发了一种新的自动算法，对偶然发现的骶髂炎的CT扫描进行诊断和分级，适用于进行了CT扫描的下背部疼痛的患者。

2021医学考研复试：护理[SC长难句翻译文]

SCI长难句护理第一章-髋关节护理Patient Reported Outcome Measures(PROMs)are being used to measure the quality of services from the patients’perspective within the National Health Service(NHS).The Department of Health encouraged the use of PROMs initially in four clinical procedures,hip and knee replacements, hernia and varicose vein surgery.It was mandated that all providers of NHS funding care should collect PROMs in these areas from the first of April2009.The health status information collected from patients by way of PROMs questionnaires before and after an intervention was expected to provide an indication of the outcomes or quality of care delivered to NHS patients.病人报告结果测量(PROMs)被用来从病人的角度来衡量英国国家医疗服务体系(NHS)的服务质量。

卫生部最初鼓励在四项临床手术中使用PROMs，包括髋关节和膝关节置换、疝气和静脉曲张手术。

从2009年4月1日开始，所有NHS 资金资助的医疗机构都必须在这些地区收集PROMs。

通过PROMs问卷收集的患者在干预前后的健康状况信息，有望提示向NHS患者提供的护理结果或质量。

肾内科专业英语

肾内科专业英语篇一：医院各科室中英文对比医院各科室中英文对比急诊室——Emergency Room医院——Hospital内科病房——Medical Ward外科病房——Surgical Ward儿科病房——Pediatric Ward接生房——Labor and Delivery手术室——Operation Room (OR)心脏重症室——Coronary Care Unit (CCU)重症室——Intensive Care Unit (ICU)内科重症室——Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) 初生婴儿重症室——Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)儿科重症室——Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) 外科重症室——Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) 末期护理——Hospice居家健康服务、药疗、物理治疗等——Home Health Service化验所（进行化验讨论）——Laboratory门诊手术中心（一般非严峻性手术）——OutpatientSurgical Center药房（药物、医疗用品）——Pharmacy医疗服务——Health Care Provider医生——Physician针灸——Acupuncture过敏性专科——Allergy and Immunology 麻醉科——Anesthesiology心脏科——Cardiology心胸外科——Cardio-Thoracic Surgery脊椎神经科——Chiropractic结肠直肠外科——Colorectal Surgery牙科——Dentistry皮肤科——Dermatology内分泌科——Endocrinology家庭科——Family Practice肠胃科——Gastroenterology一般全科——General Practice一般外科——General Surgery老人病专科——Geriatrics血液科——Hematology肝病专科——Hepatology传染病科——Infectious Disease内科——Internal Medicine肾脏科——Nephrology神经科——Neurology神经外科——Neurosurgery妇产科——Obstetrics-Gynecology癌症专科——Oncology眼科——Ophthalmology验光科——Optometry骨外科——Orthopedic Surgery整骨疗科——Osteopathy耳鼻喉科——Otolaryngology (ENT)病理科——Pathology小儿科——Pediatrics整形外科——Plastic surgery足科——Podiatry精神治疗科——Psychiatry物理康复科——Physiatry物理疗法及复原正常生活护理——Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation肺科——Pulmonary Medicine癌症放射疗科——Radiation OncologyＸ光科——Radiology泌尿科——Urology血管外科——Vascular Surgery其它医疗专业人员——Other Health Care Professionals听觉学专家——Audiologist牙医助理——Dental Assistant饮食指导员——Dietitian遗传病辅导员——Genetic Counselor健康技员——Health Technician化验技员——Laboratory Technician医务助理——Medical Assistant医学技师——Medical Technologist护士——Nurse家访护士——Home Visiting Nurse接生护士——Nurse Midwife养分专家——Nutritionist药剂师——Pharmacist药理学专家——Pharmacologist物理治疗员——Physical Therapist医生助手——Physicians Assistant心理学专家——Psychologist心理辅导员——Psychologic Counselor呼吸治疗员——Respiratory TherapistＸ光科技员——X-Ray Technician总值班室——general staff on call康复门诊——rehabilitation out-parient神经外科——department of neurosurgery卫生间——rest room男卫生间——toilet(male)女卫生间——toilet(female)开水间——water supply room贮存室——store静——keeping quite医生办公室——doctor office处置室——disposal room换药室——dressing room医务人员洗手间——medical workers toilet 盥洗室——laundry room挂号收费处——registration charge门诊——out-parient急诊——emergency请勿吸烟——no smooking神经内科门诊——neurology consultant room抢救监护室——critical care and monitoring room 神经外科门诊——neurosurgery out-patient clinic 急诊外科——surgery清创手术室——operation room骨科急诊——orthopaedics emergency篇二：最全的医院科室英语翻译医院科室英语翻译大全2021-11-16 16:10:59 责任编辑：悠闲来源：扫瞄次数：1539ENT(ear-nose-throat)department: 耳鼻喉科urology department: 泌尿科dermatology department; skin department: 皮肤科 orthopedic surgery department: 矫形外科traumatology department: 创伤外科plastic surgery: 整形外科anesthesiology department: 麻醉科pathology department: 病理科cardiology department: 心脏病科psychiatry department: 精神病科orthopedics department: 骨科department of cardiac surgery: 心脏外科department of cerebral surgery: 胸外科neurology department: 神经科neurosurgery department: 神经外科thoracic surgery department: 脑外科department of traditional Chinese medicine: 中医科registration office: 挂号处out-patient department: 门诊部in-patient department: 住院部nursing department: 护理部consulting room: 诊室waiting room: 候诊室emergency room: 急诊室admitting office: 住院处operation room: 手术室X-ray department: 放射科blood bank: 血库dispensary; pharmacy: 药房ward: 病房laboratory: 化验室牤Department of Nephrology 肾内科Department of Chemotherapy 化疗科Department of Radiotherapy 放疗科Department of Endocrinology 内分泌科 Respiratory medicine 呼吸科Rheumatology 风湿科Hematology 血液科Geriatrics 老年科Neurology 神经科Oncology 肿瘤科Thoracic surgery 胸外科Urology 泌尿外科Neurosurgery 神经外科Vascular surgery 四周血管外科Gastroenterology 肠胃外科Hepatobiliary surgery 肝胆外科General surgery 普外科Orthopedics 骨科Cardiovascular surgery 心外科Burns surgery 烧伤科Hand surgery 手外科Plastic surgery 整形外科Pediatric surgery 儿外科Obstetrics and gynecology 妇产科Stomatology 口腔科Ophthalmology 眼科Infectious disease 感染科Dermatology 皮肤科Otorhinolaryngology (ENT) 耳鼻喉科Nuclear medicine 核医学科Psychiatry 精神科Medical rehabilitation 康复科Anesthesiology 麻醉科Radiology 放射科Ultrasonography 超声科Pain management 痛苦科Pharmacology 药理科Internal Medicine 内科医院科室英语词汇medical department; department of internal medicine: 内科surgical deparment;department of surgery: 外科department of obstetrics and gynecology : 妇产科 ophtalmology department: 眼科dental department: 牙科医院科室牌中英文对比科室牌英文翻译2021-04-08 04:51 来源:未知门诊部行政办公室 administratve office院长办公室Presidents Office导向询问 Enquiry挂号处Registration专科门诊一览表 Schedule for Special Out-patient 门诊病案室 Outpaient Medical Records西药房 Pharmacy中药房 Pharmacy of Traditional Medicine中西药取药处 Pharmacy Dispenser登记划价处 Account of Medicine篇三：医院科室中英文对比门诊部行政办公室 administratve office院长办公室Presidents Office导向询问 Enquiry挂号处 Registration专科门诊一览表 Schedule for Special Out-patient 门诊病案室 Outpaient Medical Records西药房 Pharmacy中药房 Pharmacy of Traditional Medicine中西药取药处 Pharmacy Dispenser登记划价处 Account of Medicine收费处 Cashier门诊检验 Clinical Laboratory标本接受处 Specimen-Reception门诊输液中心 Out-Patient Infusion Center注射室 Injection Room取报告单处 Iaboratory Report换药室/治疗室 Bandage Change/Treatment Room污洗室 Cleaning Room洗手间 Toilet茶水间 Drinking Room男更衣 Mens Dressing Room女更衣 Womens Dressing Room门诊接待室 Reception Room候诊厅 Waiting Lobby中西医结合门诊 Clinic of Integrated Traditional Western Medicine内科 Dept.of Internal Medicine神经内科 Neurology心血管内科 Cardiovasology呼吸内科 Respiratory Medicine呼吸隔离诊查室 Examination for Respiratory消化内科 Gastroenterology肾内科 Nephrological Dept.泌尿内科 Urologic Dept.关节内科 Arthrology肿瘤内科 Medical Oncology口腔内科 Oral Medicine外科 Surgery外科诊室 Surgical Clinic头颈外科 Head Neck Surgery心胸外科 Cardiothoracic Surgery胸外科 Thoracic Surgery创伤外科 Traumatic Surgery泌尿外科 Urology Surgery显微外科 Micro Surgery口腔颌面外科 Dental Restoration Technician Room 骨科 Orthopaedics骨伤科 Orthopedic Surgery手法复位室 Manipulation of Bone-Setting Room 妇产科 Gynecology Obstetrics妇科检查室 Examination for Gynecology产科门诊 Obstetrics Clinic方案生育门诊 Family Planning Clinic生殖中心 Reproductive Center儿科 Pediatrics儿童消遣室 Amusement Room for Children儿童保健部 Child Hygiene儿童生长资料室 Data Room of Children Development 新生儿疾病专科 Newborns Disease Dept.中医科 Traditional Chinese Medicine中医门诊 Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinic中医正骨 O.P.D of Bone Setting针灸科 Acupuncture Moxibustion针推理疗科 Acupuncture Massage Physical Therapy 针灸按摩室 Acupuncture Massage Room保健科 Health Care地段保健室 Vaccinoprophylaxis Community预防保健医疗中心Medical Center for Health Prevention and Care 家庭医疗服务部 Health Services for Family社区医疗服务中心办公室Office for Community Medical Service Center眼科 Ophthalmology眼科门诊 Ophthalmology Clinic眼肌治疗室 Ophthalmology Therapy Room弱视治疗室 Amblyopia Therapy Room角膜地形图 Corneal Topography视野检查室Computerized Automated Perimetry Testing Room 配镜处 Lens Fitting隐形眼镜室 Contact Lenses Room压平眼压 Applanation Tonometry耳鼻喉科 ENT Dept.耳鼻喉科专家诊室 Specialist of ENT耳鼻咽喉 Otorhinolaryngology嗓音疾诊疗室 Voice Disease Diagnosis Therapy Room 口腔科 Stomatology口腔诊室 Dental Consulting Room口腔修复室 Prosthodontics口腔技工修复 Artifice Room口腔X光室 Dental X-ray Room口腔正畸室 Orthoclontics口腔种植室 Dental Implantation技工室 Artifice Room皮肤科 Dermatology皮肤科治疗室 Treatment Room for Dermatology皮肤性病科 Dermatology STD康复科 Rehabilitation Dept.康复诊疗室 Consultation Room脑瘫痪康复门诊Rehabilitation Clinic for Encephalic Paralysis 功能康复室Function Rehabilitation Room健康资料放置处 Health Data肠道门诊 Gastroenterology Clinic肠道病诊室Consulting Room for Intestinal Diseases 肠道隔离诊查室 Isolation Room for Intestinal Disease 肠道治疗室 Therapy Room for Enterology 肠道传染病门诊 Intesti Infectious Disease Clinic 隔离室 Isolation Room肝炎专科 Division of Hepatitis结核门诊 Tuberculosis Clinic老年病科 Gerontology Dept.内分泌科 Endocrinology血液专科 Division of Hematology痛苦门诊 Painful Disease Clinic痛苦门诊观看室Observation Room for Painful Disease Clinic 痛苦门诊治疗室Treatment Room for Painful Disease Clinic其他心理询问 Psychology Consulting佝偻病专科 Rachitis Dept.神经、脊柱 Neurolohy Rachitis神经科 Neurology贵宾（特需）门诊 VIP Clinic体检中心 Physical Examination Center风湿专科 Rheumatism挂号须知 Notes for Registration请便后冲水 Please Flush After Use请勿吸烟 Please No Smoking未经批准不得进入 No Admittance严禁吸烟 No smoking医患沟通园地 Patient-Doctor Communication Grounds 在此候诊 Waiting Aera暂停服务 Service Suspended急诊部急救分中心办公室Office of Branch Emergency Center 急救中心 Emergency Center抢救室 Emergency Treatment Room急诊诊疗室 Emergency Room急诊化验室 Emergency Laboratory急诊收费 Emergency Cashier急诊药房 Emergency Pharmacy输液室 Infusion Room抢救监护室 First-aid Care Room急诊仪器室 Emergency Instrument Room医师办公室 Physicians Office观看区 Observation Ward医技科室药剂科 Pharmacy Dept.药剂科办公室 Pharmacy Office药剂科会议室 Meeting Room of Pharmacy制剂讨论室 Preparation Research Room西药调剂室 Prescription Room of Medicine中药调剂室 Prescription Room of TCM一般制剂室 General Preparation Room中药制剂室 Preparation Room for TCM西药库 Medicine Store中药库 TCM Store一次性物品库 DisposabLe Storage Room无菌室 Asepsis Room无菌制剂室 Aseptic Preparation Room口服液灌封间 Filling Enveloping Room for Orally Liquid 灌封间 Filling Enveloping Room灯检包装间 Packing Room of Light Examination 配制间 Confecting Room工作人员休息室 Staffs Rest Room中药制剂前处理 TCM Preparation Processing片剂调剂室 Dispensary Room for Tablet针剂调剂室 Dispensary Room for Injection输液库 Infusion Store临床检验中心 The Center Laboratory Medicine化验室 Clinical Laboratory生化室 Biochemistry Lab生化贫析室 Clinic Chemistry Lab细菌室 Bacteriology Room微生物室 Moicrobiology Lab分子生物学室 Molecular Biology临床化学室 Clinical Chemistry化学试剂室 Chemistry Reagent Room临检室 Clinical Examination Room静脉采血处 Blood Collection Room采血室 Blood-taking Room大小便、体液标本收集处 Specimen Collection Room 常规检验室 Routine Examination留样观看室 Observation Room for Sample免疫病理室 Immunopathology Room分子病理试验室 Molecuar Pathology Lab 仪器室 Apparatus Room天平室 Balance Room电泳室 Electrophoresis Laboratory血库 Blood Bank血液标本放置处 Blood Sample Collection 《肾内科专业英语》由：创业找项目整理转载请保留,感谢!。

2021医学考研复试：消化内科[SC长难句翻译文]

木仓医学考研复试SCI长难句消化内科第一章—结直肠癌Colorectal cancer(CRC)is the third most common cancer in the world,with about1.4million cases diagnosed worldwide in2012.The prognosis for CRC patients is largely dependent on the stage of the tumor at diagnosis.In the USA,the5-year survival rates following surgical removal of tumors for localized(stage I),regional(stages II and III)and distant(stage IV)cases are91.1,71.7and13.3%,respectively.Current options for standard treatment of CRC include surgical removal alone for stage I and for most of stage II CRCs and surgical removal followed by adjuvant5-fluoruracil(5-FU)-based chemotherapy for high-risk stage II and stage III CRCs.For metastatic stage IV disease,surgical removal of the primary CRC and/or metastatic lesions is followed by therapy using a variety of chemotherapy and targeted treatments.结直肠癌(CRC)是世界上第三常见的癌症，在2012年，全球约有140万例确诊病例。

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SCI长难句
肾内科第一章—急性肾损伤
Acute kidney injury(AKI)has emerged as a major public health problem that affects millions of patients worldwide and leads to decreased survival and increased progression of underlying chronic kidney disease(CKD).Recent consensus criteria for definition and classification of AKI have provided more consistent estimates of AKI epidemiology.Patients,in particular those in the ICU,are dying of AKI and not just simply with AKI.Even small changes in serum creatinine concentrations are associated with a substantial increase in the risk of death.
急性肾损伤(AKI)已成为一个重大的公共健康问题，它影响着全世界数百万患者，并导致了患者生存率的下降，加速了潜在慢性肾脏病(CKD)的进程。

AKI 最新公认的定义和分类标准为AKI的流行病学提供了更加一致的推论。

患者，特别是ICU里的患者，正在死于AKI，但不仅仅是AKI。

即使是血清肌酐浓度的微小变化也会导致死亡风险的显著增加。

知识点总结：
①survival n.生存率
②underlying adj.潜在的
③consensus n.共识
④classification n.分类
⑤epidemiology n.流行病学
⑥creatinine n.肌酐
⑦concentration n.浓度
SCI长难句
肾内科第二章—慢性肾脏病
Both hypertension(HTN)and Chronic Kidney Disease（CKD）are serious interrelated global public health problems.Nearly30%and15% of US adults have HTN and CKD,respectively.Because HTN may cause or result from CKD,HTN prevalence is higher and control more difficult with worse kidney function.Etiology of CKD,presence and degree of albuminuria,and genetic factors all influence HTN severity and prevalence.In addition,socioeconomic and lifestyle factors influence HTN prevalence and control.There are racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence,treatment,risks,and outcomes of HTN in patients with CKD. Control of blood pressure(BP)in Hispanic and African Americans with CKD is worse than it is whites.
高血压(HTN)和慢性肾脏病（CKD）是相互关联的且严峻的全球公共健康问题。

近30%和15%的美国成年人分别患有高血压和慢性肾脏病。

由于HTN可导致CKD，也可由CKD导致，所以HTN患病率较高，且肾功能差的患者血压控制更困难。

慢性肾脏病的病因、蛋白尿的有无和程度以及遗传因素均影响HTN 的严重程度和患病率。

此外，社会经济和生活方式因素影响HTN的流行和控制。

CKD患者HTN的患病率、治疗方法、风险和预后存在种族和民族差异。

西语裔和非裔美国人慢性肾病脏患者的血压控制比白人差。

知识点总结：
①hypertension n.高血压
②respectively adv.各自的
③prevalence n.流行
④albuminuria n.白蛋白尿
⑤socioeconomic adj.社会经济的
⑥racial adj.种族的，人种的
⑦ethnic adj.民族的，种族的
⑧disparity n.差异
木仓医学考研复试
SCI长难句
肾内科第三章—肾病综合征
Nephrotic syndrome(NS)consists of peripheral edema,heavy proteinuria,and hypoalbuminemia,often with hyperlipidemia.Patients typically present with edema and fatigue,without evidence of heart failure or severe liver disease.The diagnosis of NS is based on typical clinical features with confirmation of heavy proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia.The patient history and selected diagnostic studies rule out important secondary causes,including diabetes mellitus,systemic lupus erythematosus,and medication adverse effects.Most cases of NS are considered idiopathic or primary;membranous nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis are the most common histologic subtypes of primary NS in adults.
肾病综合征(NS)由外周水肿、大量蛋白尿和低蛋白血症组成，常伴有高脂血症。

患者通常表现为水肿和疲劳，无心力衰竭或严重肝病的迹象。

NS的诊断是基于严重的蛋白尿，低蛋白血症和典型的临床特征。

根据患者病史和所选的诊断检查可以排除重要的继发原因，包括糖尿病、系统性红斑狼疮和药物不良反应。

大多数NS病例被认为是特发性或原发性的；膜性肾病和局灶节段性肾小球硬化是成人原发性肾病最常见的组织学亚型。

知识点总结：
①rule out排除
②diabetes mellitus n.糖尿病
③systemic lupus erythematosus n.系统性红斑狼疮
④adverse effects n.副作用
⑤idiopathic adj.特发的
⑥focal segmental glomerulosclerosis n.局灶性节段性肾小球硬化
木仓医学考研复试
SCI长难句
肾内科第四章-血液透析
Venous air embolism(V AE)during hemodialysis（HD）is thought to be rare,but because signs and symptoms of air embolism may mimic other more common complications,careful vigilance and high suspicion are required for the diagnosis.Air bubbles trapped in the systemic (pulmonary or cerebral)microcirculation may cause local ischemia, circulatory arrest,activation of complement and coagulation system, localized inflammation,and vascular endothelial cell damage.
尽管在血液透析（HD）期间发生静脉空气栓塞很罕见，但是在诊断空气栓塞的时候仍要保持小心警惕和高度怀疑，因为它的表现和症状与其他更常见的并发症很相似。

堵塞于系统微循环（肺循环或者脑循环）中的气泡可能会导致局部缺血、循环骤停、补体和凝血系统的激活、局部炎症和血管内皮细胞的损伤。

知识点总结：
①venous adj.静脉的
②embolism adj.间质的
③hemodialysis n.血液透析
④mimic n.实质，本质
⑤vigilance n.肾脏的
⑥bubble n.活检
⑦ischemia n.结节病
⑧complement n.结核病
⑨vascular adj.真菌的
⑩endothelial n.多血管炎
⑪tubular n.管状的
⑫atrophy n.萎缩。