FDA指南中文版
美国FDA生产过程(工艺)验证总则指南中英文版
GUIDELINEON GENERAL PRINCIPLES OFPROCESS VALIDATIONMay, 1987Prepared by: Center for Drugs and Biologics andCenter for Devices and Radiological HealthFood and Drug AdministrationMaintained by: Division of Manufacturing and Product Quality (HFN-320)Office of ComplianceCenter for Drugs and BiologicsFood and Drug Administration5600 Fishers LaneRockville, Maryland 20857General Principles of Process Validation May 1987GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PROCESS VALIDATIONI. PURPOSEThis guideline outlines general principles that FDA considers to beacceptable elements of process validation for the preparation ofhuman and animal drug products and medical devices.II. SCOPEThis guideline is issued under Section 10.90 (21 CFR 10.90) and isapplicable to the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and medicaldevices. It states principles and practices of generalapplicability that are not legal requirements but are acceptable tothe FDA. A person may rely upon this guideline with the assurance of its acceptability to FDA, or may follow different procedures.When different procedures are used, a person may, but is notrequired to, discuss the matter in advance with FDA to prevent theexpenditure of money and effort on activities that may later bedetermined to be unacceptable. In short, this guideline listsprinciples and practices which are acceptable to the FDA for theprocess validation of drug products and medical devices; it doesnot list the principles and practices that must, in all instances,be used to comply with law.-1-This guideline may be amended from time to time. Interestedpersons are invited to submit comments on this document and anysubsequent revisions. Written comments should be submitted to the Dockets Management Branch (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration,Room 4-62, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20857. Receivedcomments may be seen in that office between 9\a.m. and 4\p.m.,Monday through Friday.III. INTRODUCTIONProcess validation is a requirement of the Current GoodManufacturing Practices Regulations for Finished Pharmaceuticals,21 CFR Parts 210 and 211, and of the Good Manufacturing PracticeRegulations for Medical Devices, 21 CFR Part 820, and therefore, isapplicable to the manufacture of pharamaceuticals and medicaldevices.Several firms have asked FDA for specific guidance on what FDAexpects firms to do to assure compliance with the requirements forprocess validation. This guideline discusses process validationelements and concepts that are considered by FDA as acceptableparts of a validation program. The constituents of validationpresented in this document are not intended to be all-inclusive.FDA recognizes that, because of the great variety of medicalproducts (drug products and medical devices), processes and-2-manufacturing facilities, it is not possible to state in onedocument all of the specific validation elements that areapplicable. Several broad concepts, however, have generalapplicability which manufacturers can use successfully as a guidein validating a manufacturing process. Although the particular requirements of process validation will vary according to such factors as the nature of the medical product (e.g., sterile vsnon-sterile) and the complexity of the process, the broad concepts stated in this document have general applicability and provide an acceptable framework for building a comprehensive approach to process validation.DefinitionsInstallation qualification - Establishing confidence that process equipment and ancillary systems are capable of consistently operating within established limits and tolerances.Process performance qualification - Establishing confidence thatthe process is effective and reproducible.Product performance qualification - Establishing confidence through appropriate testing that the finished product produced by aspecified process meets all release requirements for functionalityand safety.-3-Prospective validation - Validation conducted prior to thedistribution of either a new product, or product made under arevised manufacturing process, where the revisions may affect the product's characteristics.Retrospective validation - Validation of a process for a product already in distribution based upon accumulated production, testing and control data.Validation - Establishing documented evidence which provides a high degree of assurance that a specific process will consistentlyproduce a product meeting its pre-determined specifications and quality attributes.Validation protocol - A written plan stating how validation will be conducted, including test parameters, product characteristics, production equipment, and decision points on what constitutes acceptable test results.Worst case - A set of conditions encompassing upper and lowerprocessing limits and circumstances, including those withinstandard operating procedures, which pose the greatest chance ofprocess or product failure when compared to ideal conditions. Such conditions do not necessarily induce product or process failure.-4-IV. GENERAL CONCEPTSAssurance of product quality is derived from careful attention to anumber of factors including selection of quality parts andmaterials, adequate product and process design, control of theprocess, and in-process and end-product testing. Due to thecomplexity of today's medical products, routine end-product testingalone often is not sufficient to assure product quality for severalreasons. Some end-product tests have limited sensitivity.1 Insome cases, destructive testing would be required to show that themanufacturing process was adequate, and in other situationsend-product testing does not reveal all variations that may occurin the product that may impact on safety and effectiveness.2The basic principles of quality assurance have as their goal theproduction of articles that are fit for their intended use. These1 For example, USP XXI states: "No sampling plan for applyingsterility tests to a specified proportion of discrete unitsselected from a sterilization load is capable of demonstrating withcomplete assurance that all of the untested units are in factsterile."2 As an example, in one instance a visual inspection failed to detecta defective structural weld which resulted in the failure of aninfant warmer. The defect could only have been detected by usingdestructive testing or expensive test equipment.-5-principles may be stated as follows: (1) quality, safety, and effectiveness must be designed and built into the product; (2) quality cannot be inspected or tested into the finished product;and (3) each step of the manufacturing process must be controlled to maximize the probability that the finished product meets all quality and design specifications. Process validation is a key element in assuring that these quality assurance goals are met.It is through careful design and validation of both the process and process controls that a manufacturer can establish a high degree of confidence that all manufactured units from successive lots will be acceptable. Successfully validating a process may reduce the dependence upon intensive in-process and finished product testing. It should be noted that in most all cases, end-product testingplays a major role in assuring that quality assurance goals are met; i.e., validation and end-product testing are not mutually exclusive.The FDA defines process validation as follows:Process validation is establishing documented evidence which provides a high degree of assurance that a specific process will consistently produce a product meeting its pre-determinedspecifications and quality characteristics.-6-It is important that the manufacturer prepare a written validation protocol which specifies the procedures (and tests) to be conducted and the data to be collected. The purpose for which data are collected must be clear, the data must reflect facts and becollected carefully and accurately. The protocol should specify a sufficient number of replicate process runs to demonstrate reproducibility and provide an accurate measure of variability among successive runs. The test conditions for these runs should encompass upper and lower processing limits and circumstances, including those within standard operating procedures, which pose the greatest chance of process or product failure compared to ideal conditions; such conditions have become widely known as "worst case" conditions. (They are sometimes called "most appropriate challenge" conditions.) Validation documentation should include evidence of the suitability of materials and the performance and reliability of equipment and systems.Key process variables should be monitored and documented. Analysisof the data collected from monitoring will establish thevariability of process parameters for individual runs and willestablish whether or not the equipment and process controls areadequate to assure that product specifications are met.-7-Finished product and in-process test data can be of value inprocess validation, particularly in those situations where qualityattributes and variabilities can be readily measured. Wherefinished (or in-process) testing cannot adequately measure certainattributes, process validation should be derived primarily fromqualification of each system used in production and fromconsideration of the interaction of the various systems.V. CGMP REGULATIONS FOR FINISHED PHARMACEUTICALS Process validation is required, in both general and specific terms,by the Current Good Manufacturing Practice Regulations for FinishedPharmaceuticals, 21 CFR Parts 210 and 211. Examples of suchrequirements are listed below for informational purposes, and arenot all-inclusive.A requirement for process validation is set forth in general termsin section\211.100 -- Written procedures; deviations -- whichstates, in part:"There shall be written procedures for production and processcontrol designed to assure that the drug products have theidentity, strength, quality, and purity they purport or arerepresented to possess."-8-Several sections of the CGMP regulations state validationrequirements in more specific terms. Excerpts from some ofthese sections are:Section 211.110, Sampling and testing of in-processmaterials and drug products.(a) "....control procedures shall be established to monitor theoutput and VALIDATE the performance of those manufacturingprocesses that may be responsible for causing variability in thecharacteristics of in-process material and the drug product."(emphasis added)Section 211.113, Control of Microbiological Contamination.(b) "Appropriate written procedures, designed to preventmicrobiological contamination of drug products purporting to besterile, shall be established and followed. Such proceduresshall include VALIDATION of any sterilization process."(emphasis added)VI. GMP REGULATION FOR MEDICAL DEVICESProcess validation is required by the medical device GMPRegulations, 21 CFR Part\820. Section 820.5 requires everyfinished device manufacturer to:"...prepare and implement a quality assurance program that isappropriate to the specific device manufactured..."-9-Section 820.3(n) defines quality assurance as:"...all activities necessary to verify confidence in the qualityof the process used to manufacture a finished device."When applicable to a specific process, process validation is anessential element in establishing confidence that a process willconsistently produce a product meeting the designed qualitycharacteristics.A generally stated requirement for process validation is containedin section\820.100:"Written manufacturing specifications and processing proceduresshall be established, implemented, and controlled to assure thatthe device conforms to its original design or any approvedchanges in that design."Validation is an essential element in the establishment andimplementation of a process procedure, as well as in determiningwhat process controls are required in order to assure conformanceto specifications.Section 820.100(a)(1) states:"...control measures shall be established to assure that thedesign basis for the device, components and packaging iscorrectly translated into approved specifications."-10-Validation is an essential control for assuring that thespecifications for the device and manufacturing process areadequate to produce a device that will conform to the approveddesign characteristics.VII. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONSA manufacturer should evaluate all factors that affect productquality when designing and undertaking a process validation study.These factors may vary considerably among different products andmanufacturing technologies and could include, for example,component specifications, air and water handling systems,environmental controls, equipment functions, and process controloperations. No single approach to process validation will beappropriate and complete in all cases; however, the followingquality activities should be undertaken in most situations.During the research and development (R&D) phase, the desiredproduct should be carefully defined in terms of itscharacteristics, such as physical, chemical, electrical and-11-performance characteristics.3 It is important to translate theproduct characteristics into specifications as a basis fordescription and control of the product.Documentation of changes made during development providetraceability which can later be used to pinpoint solutions tofuture problems.The product's end use should be a determining factor in thedevelopment of product (and component) characteristics andspecifications. All pertinent aspects of the product which impacton safety and effectiveness should be considered. These aspects3 For example, in the case of a compressed tablet, physicalcharacteristics would include size, weight, hardness, and freedomfrom defects, such as capping and splitting. Chemicalcharacteristics would include quantitative formulation/potency;performance characteristics may include bioavailability (reflectedby disintegration and dissolution). In the case of blood tubing,physical attributes would include internal and external diameters,length and color. Chemical characteristics would include rawmaterial formulation. Mechanical properties would include hardness and tensile strength; performance characteristics would includebiocompatibility and durability.-12-include performance, reliability and stability. Acceptable rangesor limits should be established for each characteristic to set upallowable variations.4 These ranges should be expressed inreadily measurable terms.The validity of acceptance specifications should be verifiedthrough testing and challenge of the product on a sound scientificbasis during the initial development and production phase.Once a specification is demonstrated as acceptable it is importantthat any changes to the specification be made in accordance withdocumented change control procedures.VIII. ELEMENTS OF PROCESS VALIDATIONA. Prospective ValidationProspective validation includes those considerations that should bemade before an entirely new product is introduced by a firm or whenthere is a change in the manufacturing process which may affect theproduct's characteristics, such as uniformity and identity. Thefollowing are considered as key elements of prospective validation.4 For example, in order to assure that an oral, ophthalmic, orparenteral solution has an acceptable pH, a specification may beestablished by which a lot is released only if it has been shown tohave a pH within a narrow established range. For a device, aspecification for the electrical resistance of a pacemaker leadwould be established so that the lead would be acceptable only ifthe resistance was within a specified range.-13-1. Equipment and ProcessThe equipment and process(es) should be designed and/or selectedso that product specifications are consistently achieved. Thisshould be done with the participation of all appropriate groupsthat are concerned with assuring a quality product, e.g.,engineering design, production operations, and quality assurancepersonnel.a. Equipment: Installation QualificationInstallation qualification studies establish confidence thatthe process equipment and ancillary systems are capable ofconsistently operating within established limits andtolerances. After process equipment is designed orselected, it should be evaluated and tested to verify thatit is capable of operating satisfactorily within theoperating limits required by the process.5 This phase ofvalidation includes examination of equipment design;determination of calibration, maintenance, and adjustmentrequirements; and identifying critical equipment featuresthat could affect the process and product. Informationobtained from these studies should be used to establishwritten procedures covering equipment calibration,maintenance, monitoring, and control.5 Examples of equipment performance characteristics which maybe measured include temperature and pressure of injectionmolding machines, uniformity of speed for mixers,temperature, speed and pressure for packaging machines, andtemperature and pressure of sterilization chambers.-14-In assessing the suitability of a given piece of equipment,it is usually insufficient to rely solely upon therepresentations of the equipment supplier, or uponexperience in producing some other product.6 Soundtheoretical and practical engineering principles andconsiderations are a first step in the assessment.It is important that equipment qualification simulate actualproduction conditions, including those which are "worstcase" situations.6 The importance of assessing equipment suitability based uponhow it will be used to attain desired product attributes isillustrated in the case of deionizers used to producePurified Water, USP. In one case, a firm used such water tomake a topical drug product solution which, in view of itsintended use, should have been free from objectionablemicroorganisms. However, the product was found to becontaminated with a pathogenic microorganism. The apparentcause of the problem was failure to assess the performanceof the deionizer from a microbiological standpoint. It isfairly well recognized that the deionizers are prone tobuild-up of microorganisms--especially if the flow rates arelow and the deionizers are not recharged and sanitized atsuitable intervals. Therefore, these factors should havebeen considered. In this case, however, the firm reliedupon the representations of the equipment itself, namely the"recharge" (i.e., conductivity) indicator, to signal thetime for regeneration and cleaning. Considering the desiredproduct characteristics, the firm should have determined theneed for such procedures based upon pre-use testing, takinginto account such factors as the length of time theequipment could produce deionized water of acceptablequality, flow rate, temperature, raw water quality,frequency of use, and surface area of deionizing resins.-15-Tests and challenges should be repeated a sufficient numberof times to assure reliable and meaningful results. Allacceptance criteria must be met during the test orchallenge. If any test or challenge shows that theequipment does not perform within its specifications, anevaluation should be performed to identify the cause of thefailure. Corrections should be made and additional testruns performed, as needed, to verify that the equipmentperforms within specifications. The observed variability ofthe equipment between and within runs can be used as a basisfor determining the total number of trials selected for thesubsequent performance qualification studies of theprocess.7Once the equipment configuration and performancecharacteristics are established and qualified, they shouldbe documented. The installation qualification shouldinclude a review of pertinent maintenance procedures, repairparts lists, and calibration methods for each piece ofequipment. The objective is to assure that all repairs canbe performed in such a way that will not affect the7 For example, the AAMI Guideline for Industrial EthyleneOxide Sterilization of Medical Devices approved 2 December 1981, states: "The performance qualification should includea minimum of 3 successful, planned qualification runs, inwhich all of the acceptance criteria are met.....(5.3.1.2.).-16-characteristics of material processed after the repair. Inaddition, special post-repair cleaning and calibrationrequirements should be developed to prevent inadvertentmanufacture a of non-conforming product. Planning during the qualification phase can prevent confusion duringemergency repairs which could lead to use of the wrongreplacement part.b. Process: Performance QualificationThe purpose of performance qualification is to providerigorous testing to demonstrate the effectiveness andreproducibility of the process. In entering the performance qualification phase of validation, it is understood that theprocess specifications have been established and essentially proven acceptable through laboratory or other trial methods and that the equipment has been judged acceptable on thebasis of suitable installation studies.Each process should be defined and described with sufficient specificity so that employees understand what is required.-17-Parts of the process which may vary so as to affectimportant product quality should be challenged.8In challenging a process to assess its adequacy, it isimportant that challenge conditions simulate those that willbe encountered during actual production, including "worstcase" conditions. The challenges should be repeated enoughtimes to assure that the results are meaningful andconsistent.8 For example, in electroplating the metal case of animplantable pacemaker, the significant process steps todefine, describe, and challenge include establishment andcontrol of current density and temperature values forassuring adequate composition of electrolyte and forassuring cleanliness of the metal to be plated. In theproduction of parenteral solutions by aseptic filling, thesignificant aseptic filling process steps to define andchallenge should include the sterilization anddepyrogenation of containers/closures, sterilization ofsolutions, filling equipment and product contact surfaces,and the filling and closing of containers.-18-Each specific manufacturing process should be appropriatelyqualified and validated. There is an inherent danger inrelying on what are perceived to be similarities betweenproducts, processes, and equipment without appropriatechallenge.9c. Product: Performance QualificationFor purposes of this guideline, product performancequalification activities apply only to medical devices.These steps should be viewed as pre-production qualityassurance activities.9 For example, in the production of a compressed tablet, afirm may switch from one type of granulation blender toanother with the erroneous assumption that both types have similar performance characteristics, and, therefore,granulation mixing times and procedures need not bealtered. However, if the blenders are substantiallydifferent, use of the new blender with procedures used forthe previous blender may result in a granulation with poorcontent uniformity. This, in turn, may lead to tabletshaving significantly differing potencies. This situationmay be averted if the quality assurance system detects theequipment change in the first place, challenges the blender performance, precipitates a revalidation of the process, and initiates appropriate changes. In this example,revalidation comprises installation qualification of the newequipment and performance qualification of the processintended for use in the new blender.-19-Before reaching the conclusion that a process has beensuccessfully validated, it is necessary to demonstrate thatthe specified process has not adversely affected thefinished product. Where possible, product performancequalification testing should include performance testingunder conditions that simulate actual use. Productperformance qualification testing should be conducted usingproduct manufactured from the same type of productionequipment, methods and procedures that will be used forroutine production. Otherwise, the qualified product maynot be representative of production units and cannot be usedas evidence that the manufacturing process will produce aproduct that meets the pre-determined specifications andquality attributes.1010 For example, a manufacturer of heart valves receivedcomplaints that the valve-support structure was fracturingunder use. Investigation by the manufacturer revealed thatall material and dimensional specifications had been met butthe production machining process created microscopicscratches on the valve supporting wireform. These scratchescaused metal fatigue and subsequent fracture. Comprehensivefatigue testing of production units under simulated useconditions could have detected the process deficiency.In another example, a manufacturer recalled insulin syringesbecause of complaints that the needles were clogged.Investigation revealed that the needles were clogged bysilicone oil which was employed as a lubricant duringmanufacturing. Investigation further revealed that themethod used to extract the silicone oil was only partiallyeffective. Although visual inspection of the syringesseemed to support that the cleaning method was effective,actual use proved otherwise.-20-After actual production units have sucessfully passed product performance qualification, a formal technical review should be conducted and should include:o Comparison of the approved product specifications and the actual qualified product.o Determination of the validity of test methods used to determine compliance with the approved specifications.o Determination of the adequacy of the specification change control program.2. System to Assure Timely RevalidationThere should be a quality assurance system in place which requires revalidation whenever there are changes in packaging, formulation, equipment, or processes which could impact on product effectiveness or product characteristics, and whenever there are changes in product characteristics. Furthermore, when a change is made in raw material supplier, the manufacturer should consider subtle, potentially adverse differences in theraw material characteristics. A determination of adverse differences in raw material indicates a need to revalidate the process.-21-One way of detecting the kind of changes that should initiate revalidation is the use of tests and methods of analysis whichare capable of measuring characteristics which may vary. Such tests and methods usually yield specific results which go beyond the mere pass/fail basis, thereby detecting variations within product and process specifications and allowing determination of whether a process is slipping out of control.The quality assurance procedures should establish the circumstances under which revalidation is required. These may be based upon equipment, process, and product performance observed during the initial validation challenge studies. It is desirable to designate individuals who have the responsibilityto review product, process, equipment and personnel changes to determine if and when revalidation is warranted.。
FDA现场检查行业指南(中英文对照)
FDA行业指南-药品现场检查中被认为是延迟、否认、限制或拒绝的情形一、介绍2012年7月9日，《美国食品和药物管理局安全及创新法案》（FDASIA）被签署成为法律。
FDASIA章节707添加了501（j）到《食品、药品和化妆品法令》（FD&C Act），认为“任何从事生产、加工、包装或持有的生产企业、库房造成现场检查的延迟、否认、限制或拒绝的情况均被认为该产品为假劣药品”。
该指南的目的是对“延迟、否认、限制或拒绝”的情形进行定义。
二、定义1、延迟A、检查计划安排的延迟FDA将会根据当地的情况对检查计划进行适当的调整，例如天气、安保、节假日、其他非工作日、企业的生产计划等。
以下延迟的情况将会被认为产品是假劣药品，包括但不仅限于：●企业不同意建议的检查日期，但没有合理的解释。
●在检查安排后，企业要求延迟检查日期，但没有合理的解释。
●企业不能回答为什么FDA联系不上企业指定的联系人。
下面给出了将不会被认为是假劣药品的潜在合理解释的一个例子，但不仅限于：●企业没有正在生产，例如每个月只生产一次，企业要求检查日期另定，以便FDA检查时生产正在进行中。
B、检查期间的延迟以下检查期间的延迟情况将会被认为产品是假劣药品，包括但不仅限于：●企业不允许FDA检查官进入某个区域直至一段时间过去之后，即使这个区域是正在进行操作的并且是FDA有权检查的区域，对于这种行为没有合理的解释。
●企业长时间把FDA检查官单独撂在会议室，没有相应的文件或责任人供审查和询问，从而干扰检查官完成其相应的检查。
下面给出了将不会被认为是假劣药品的潜在合理解释的一个例子，但不仅限于：●企业不允许FDA检查官进入无菌工艺区域，直至检查官能满足企业的无菌更衣程序要求。
C、记录提供延迟以下记录提供延迟的情况将会被认为产品是假劣药品，包括但不仅限于：●在检查期间，FDA检查官要求在合理的时间内提供其有权查看的文件和记录，但是企业不能按时提供，且没有合理的解释。
FDA-无菌药品生产指南(中英文版)介绍
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)
B. Technical Framework.................................................................................................................... 3 技术架构
III. SCOPE ............................................................................................................................... 4 适用范围
Translated from / 译自：
Guidance for Industry
Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice
行业指南 无菌加工生产的无菌药品 —现行的生产质量管理规范(cGMP）
II. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................... 2 背景
FDA指南中文版
目录表I. 导言 (1)II. 背景 (2)III. 分析方法的类型 (3)A. 法定分析方法 (3)B. 可选择分析方法 (3)3 C. 稳定性指示分析 (3)IV. 对照品 (4)A. 对照品的类型 (4)B. 分析报告单 (4)C. 对照品的界定 (4)V. IND中的分析方法验证 (6)VI. NDA, ANDA, BLA 和PLA中分析方法验证的内容和格式 (6)A. 原则 (6)B. 取样 (7)C. 仪器和仪器参数 (7)D. 试剂 (7)E. 系统适应性实验 (7)F. 对照品的制备 (7)G. 样品的制备 (8)H. 分析方法 (8)L. 计算 (8)J. 结果报告 (8)VII. NDA，ANDA,BLA和PLA中的分析方法验证 (9)A． 非法定分析方法 (9)1．验证项目 (9)2. 其它分析方法验证信息 (10)a. 耐用性 (11)b. 强降解实验 (11)c. 仪器输出/原始资料 (11)3．各类检测的建议验证项目 (13)B． 法定分析方法 (15)VIII. 统计分析 (15)A. 总则 (15)B. 比较研究 (16)C. 统计 (16)IX. 再验证 (16)X. 分析方法验证技术包：内容和过程 (17)A. 分析方法验证技术包 (17)B. 样品的选择和运输 (18)C. 各方责任 (19)XI. 方法 (20)A. 高效液相色谱(HPLC) (20)B. 气相色谱(GC) (22)C. 分光光度法，光谱学，光谱法和相关的物理方法 (23)D. 毛细管电泳 (23)E. 旋光度 (24)F. 粒径相关的分析方法 (25)G. 溶出度 (26)H. 其它仪器分析方法 (27)附件 A：NDA，ANDA，BLA和PLA申请的内容 (28)附件 B：分析方法验证的问题和延误 (29)参考文献 (30)术语表 (32)I. INTRODUCTIONThis guidance provides recommendations to applicants on submitting analyticalprocedures, validation data, and samples to support the documentation of the identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency of drug substances and drug products.1. 绪论本指南旨在为申请者提供建议，以帮助其提交分析方法，方法验证资料和样品用于支持原料药和制剂的认定，剂量，质量，纯度和效力方面的文件。
美国FDA药物分析程序及方法验证指导原则(中文版)
药品及生物制品的分析方法和方法验证指导原则目录1.介绍...................... (1)2.背景..................... .. (2)3.分析方法开发. ..................... . (3)4.分析程序内容.............................................. ......... ..................................... .. 3A.原则/范围 (4)B.仪器/设备............................................. . (4)C.操作参数.............................................. .. (4)D.试剂/标准............................................. . (4)E.样品制备.............................................. .. (4)F.标准对照品溶液的制备............................................ .. (5)G.步骤......... ....................................... (5)H.系统适应性..... (5)I.计算 (5)J.数据报告 (5)5.参考标准和教材............................................ (6)6分析方法验证用于新药，仿制药，生物制品和DMF (6)A.非药典分析方法............................................. (6)B.验证特征 (7)C.药典分析方法............................................. .. (8)7.统计分析和模型 (8)A.统计 (8)B.模型 (8)8.生命周期管理分析程序 (9)A.重新验证 (9)B.分析方法的可比性研究............................................ . (10)1.另一种分析方法............................................... .. (10)2.分析方法转移的研究 (11)C.报告上市后变更已批准的新药，仿制药，或生物制品 (11)9.美国FDA方法验证............................................... . (12)10.参考文献前言本指导原则草案，定稿后，将代表美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）目前关于这个话题目前的想法。
《美国FDA化妆品良好操作规范（FDA-CGMP）》中文版
美国食品和药品管理局Cosmetic Good Manufacturing Practice Guidelines化妆品良好生产规范指南联邦食品、药品和化妆品法案（The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, 以下简称FD&C 法案）禁止在州际直接贸易的化妆品是掺杂的或贴假标签的情况。
(Sec. 301)以下4种情况下，化妆品被认为是可能掺杂的：1．在用户使用过程中，由于化妆品本身含有或在包装容器中有潜在的、对人体有害的成分而使用户受到伤害的；2．本身含有不洁成分的；3．本身含有禁用成分，例如：未认可的色素添加剂；4．在不卫生条件下生产的、或保留的，可导致产品伤害用户有害或被不洁成分所污染。
以下几种情况下，化妆品被认为可能会认为贴假标签(Sec. 602)：1.虚假的标签或存在误导信息的标签2.显著违反了联邦食品、药品和化妆品法案的要求在标签上声明的信息要求3.在容器上有误导的信息为了确定化妆品生产厂家是否保留或发货了掺杂的、或是贴假标签的化妆品，和防止这些违反了FD&C 法案生产的化妆品流入市场，法律给了FDA进入这些化妆品工厂检查的权利，包括检查相关工厂的设备，成品，原料，容器和标签。
（见Sec. 704(a) of the FD&C Act.）如果工厂严格的根据良好的操作规范（GMP）的要求生产，将最低限度的减少掺杂的，或贴假标签的情况。
随后的化妆品指导，引用于FDA检查操作手册（FDA's Inspection Operations Manual），可以作为指南，用来有效的进行自我检查除。
良好的检查得分则意味着工厂执行了良好的操作规范（GMP）的要求。
指南1．建筑物和设施：检查是否a.用于生产或存放化妆品的建筑物应大小合适，设计和结构应保证设备进出不受阻碍，材料存放整洁，操作卫生以及正确的清洁和维护；b.地面，墙壁和天花板结构表面应光滑，易于清洁，并保持干净和良好状况；c.安装的固定装置，管道的滴水或者冷凝水不会污染化妆品原料，器具，以及与化妆品原料，散装产品或成品接触的设备的表面；d.照明和排风系统应满足预期员工操作和舒适的要求；e.供水，清洗和卫生设施，地面排水和废水系统应充分满足清洁操作的要求，和设备、器具的清洁要求，以及满足员工的需要并易于让员工保持个人清洁2．设备：检查是否a.加工、盛放、中转和灌装过程使用的设备和器具应设计合理，使用的材料和工艺能防止腐蚀、污垢的堆积、以及被润滑油、灰尘或者消毒剂污染；b.器具，运送管道以及和化妆品接触的设备表面应维护良好，并定期清洁和消毒；c.清洁和消毒后的便携式设备和器具应妥善放置，与化妆品接触的设备表面应罩住，以防止飞溅，灰尘或其他污染物3．员工: 检查是否a.监督化妆品的生产或者控制的员工应具有一定的教育背景，培训和/或经验来执行指定的监督工作；b.为防止化妆品掺杂，与化妆品原料，散装成品或化妆品接触表面直接接触的员工，应穿戴适合的工作服，手套，头套等，并保持良好的个人清洁；c.吃东西，喝水，或者抽烟都应严格限制在制定的区域。
FDA仿制药一致性评价指导指南(中英文版)
Guidance for Industry Controlled Correspondence Related to Generic DrugDevelopment行业指南：有关仿制药研发的书面咨询This guidance represents the current thinking of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, or the Agency) on this topic. It does not establish any rights for any person and is not binding on FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if it satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations. To discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible for this guidance as listed on the title page.该指南代表了FDA对该主题目前的看法。
它并不会赋予任何人任何权利，也不会约束FDA或公众，如果有替代的方法能够满足法律法规的要求，可以使用替代的方法。
如果想探讨替代的方法，请联系该指南首页中FDA 负责执行该指南的工作人员。
I.INTRODUCTION 简介This guidance provides information regarding the process by which generic drug manufacturers and related industry can submit correspondence to FDA requesting information related to generic drug development. This guidance also describes the Agency’s process for providing communications related to such correspondence. FDA is issuing this guidance as part of its implementation of the Generic Drug User Fee Amendments of 2012 (Public Law 112-144, Title III), commonly referred to as GDUFA.该指南描述了仿制药生产商以及相关行业向FDA提交书面咨询，询问有关仿制药研发信息的过程，同时还描述了FDA针对这些书面咨询提供交流的过程。
FDA行业指南中英对照待完成
FDA行业指南中英对照待完成FDA Industry Guidance - FDA行业指南Introduction - 引言Scope - 范围This guidance applies to manufacturers, distributors, importers, and other participants in the food, drug, and medical device industries. - 本指南适用于食品、药品和医疗器械行业的制造商、分销商、进口商及其他参与者。
Definitions - 定义For the purposes of this guidance, the following definitions apply: - 为了本指南的目的，将适用以下定义：1. Food - 食品Any article used for food or drink for man or animals. - 任何用于人类或动物的食品或饮料。
2. Drug - 药品Any substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of disease. - 任何用于诊断、治愈、治疗或预防疾病的物质。
3. Medical Device - 医疗器械Any instrument, apparatus, or device intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease. - 任何用于诊断、治愈、缓解、治疗或预防疾病的仪器、装置或设备。
4. Manufacturer - 制造商Product Quality Requirements - 产品质量要求Manufacturers should ensure that products meet the appropriate quality standards established by the FDA. - 制造商应确保产品符合FDA制定的适当质量标准。
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目录表I. 导言 (1)II. 背景 (2)III. 分析方法的类型 (3)A. 法定分析方法 (3)B. 可选择分析方法 (3)3 C. 稳定性指示分析 (3)IV. 对照品 (4)A. 对照品的类型 (4)B. 分析报告单 (4)C. 对照品的界定 (4)V. IND中的分析方法验证 (6)VI. NDA, ANDA, BLA 和PLA中分析方法验证的内容和格式 (6)A. 原则 (6)B. 取样 (7)C. 仪器和仪器参数 (7)D. 试剂 (7)E. 系统适应性实验 (7)F. 对照品的制备 (7)G. 样品的制备 (8)H. 分析方法 (8)L. 计算 (8)J. 结果报告 (8)VII. NDA，ANDA,BLA和PLA中的分析方法验证 (9)A． 非法定分析方法 (9)1．验证项目 (9)2. 其它分析方法验证信息 (10)a. 耐用性 (11)b. 强降解实验 (11)c. 仪器输出/原始资料 (11)3．各类检测的建议验证项目 (13)B． 法定分析方法 (15)VIII. 统计分析 (15)A. 总则 (15)B. 比较研究 (16)C. 统计 (16)IX. 再验证 (16)X. 分析方法验证技术包：内容和过程 (17)A. 分析方法验证技术包 (17)B. 样品的选择和运输 (18)C. 各方责任 (19)XI. 方法 (20)A. 高效液相色谱(HPLC) (20)B. 气相色谱(GC) (22)C. 分光光度法，光谱学，光谱法和相关的物理方法 (23)D. 毛细管电泳 (23)E. 旋光度 (24)F. 粒径相关的分析方法 (25)G. 溶出度 (26)H. 其它仪器分析方法 (27)附件 A：NDA，ANDA，BLA和PLA申请的内容 (28)附件 B：分析方法验证的问题和延误 (29)参考文献 (30)术语表 (32)I. INTRODUCTIONThis guidance provides recommendations to applicants on submitting analyticalprocedures, validation data, and samples to support the documentation of the identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency of drug substances and drug products.1. 绪论本指南旨在为申请者提供建议，以帮助其提交分析方法，方法验证资料和样品用于支持原料药和制剂的认定，剂量，质量，纯度和效力方面的文件。
This guidance is intended to assist applicants in assembling information, submitting samples, and presenting data to support analytical methodologies. The recommendations apply to drug substances and drug products covered in new drug applications (NDAs), abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs), biologics license applications (BLAs), product license applications (PLAs), and supplements to these applications.本指南旨在帮助申请者收集资料，递交样品并资料以支持分析方法。
这些建议适用于NDA，ANDA，BLA，PLA及其它们的补充中所涉及的原料药和制剂。
The principles also apply to drug substances and drug products covered in Type II drug master files (DMFs). If a different approach is chosen, the applicant is encouraged to discuss the matter in advance with the center with product jurisdiction to prevent the expenditure of resources on preparing a submission that may later be determined to be unacceptable.这些原则同样适用于二类DMF所涉及的原料药和制剂。
如果使用了其它方法，鼓励申请者事先和FDA药品评审中心的官员进行讨论，以免出现这种情况，那就是花了人力物力所准备起来的递交资料后来发现是不可用的。
The principles of methods validation described in this guidance apply to all types of analytical procedures. However, the specific recommendations in this guidance may not be applicable to certain unique analytical procedures for products such as biological, biotechnological, botanical, or radiopharmaceutical drugs.本指南中所述的分析方法验证的原则适用于各种类型的分析方法。
但是，本指南中特定的建议可能不适用于有些产品所用的特殊分析方法，如生物药，生物技术药，植物药或放射性药物等。
For example, many bioassays are based on animal challenge models, 39 immunogenicity assessments, or other immunoassays that have unique features thatshould be considered when submitting analytical procedure and methods validation information.比如说，许多生物分析是建立在动物挑战模式，免疫原性评估或其它有着独特特性的免疫分析基础上的，在递交分析方法和分析方法验证资料时需考虑这些独特的性质。
Furthermore, specific recommendations for biological and immunochemical tests that may be necessary for characterization and quality control of many drug substances and drug products are beyond the scope of this guidance document.而且，许多原料药和制剂的界定和质量控制所需的生物和免疫化学检测并不在本指南的范围之内。
Although this guidance does not specifically address the submission of analytical procedures and validation data for raw materials, intermediates, excipients, container closure components, and other materials used in the production of drug substances and drug products, validated analytical procedures should be used to analyze these materials.尽管本指南并不专门叙述原料，中间体，赋形剂，包装材料及原料药和制剂生产中所用的其它物料的分析方法及分析方法验证资料的递交，但是应该应用验证过的分析方法来分析检测这些物质。
For questions on appropriate validation approaches for analytical procedures or submission of information not addressed in this guidance, applicants should consult with the appropriate chemistry review staff at FDA.对于本指南中未提及的关于分析方法验证和资料提交方面的问题，请向FDA相关的化学评审人员咨询。
This guidance, when finalized, will replace the FDA guidance for industry on Submitting Samples and Analytical Data for Methods Validation (February 1987).本指南，一旦定稿，将取代FDA于1987年2月份发布的工业指南：分析方法验证所需提交的样品和分析资料。
II. BACKGROUNDEach NDA and ANDA must include the analytical procedures necessary to ensure the identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency of the drug substance and drugproduct, including bioavailability of the drug product (21 CFR 314.50(d)(1) and 314.94(a)(9)(i)).II. 背景每个NDA和ANDA都必需包括必要的分析方法以确保原料药和制剂的认定，剂量，质量，纯度和效力，还包括制剂的生物利用度(21 CFR 314.50(d)(1) 和314.94(a)(9)(i))。
Data must be available to establish that the analytical procedures used in testing meet proper standards of accuracy and reliability (21 CFR 211.165(e) and211.194(a)(2)).必须要有资料来论证所用的分析方法是符合一定的准确度和可靠性标准的。