湖南省蓝山二中高中英语 Unit4 Project学案 牛津译林
高中英语Unit4Project教案牛津译林版选择性
Unit 2 Living with technologyProjectI. Learning objectivesBy the end of the lesson, students will be able to:1. read the introduction to the product: InstaTrip watch;2. make an introduction to an imaginative high-tech product.II. Key competence focus1. Exhibit idea about future high-tech products.2. Make an introduction to the high-tech product.III. Predicted area of difficulty1. Find out the writing characteristics of InstaTripwatch: travel in no time!.2. Write an introduction to the high-tech product.IV. Teaching proceduresT greets the class.T: Class begins, boys and girls! Good morning/afternoon!Step 1 Revise and introduce the theme of this lessonT gets the Ss to finish off CP54.T: Last period I left one question to you: “What future development do you think VR will have?” Let’s discuss it now.Sample answer:Software: There would be a revolutionary interface and a newer powerful computing platform. Programmers and developers would create a richly detailed virtual world with unlimited possibilities and scenarios.Hardware: Head-mounted displays, sensory gloves, high-definition screens and stereo sound systems will all be linked to the computer system, thus fully immersing the user into the virtual world.T gets the Ss to list their products to design.T: VR is a high-tech technology which can be found in endless scene applications. VR is a revolutionary invention, which helps humans in all kinds of fields. Use yourimagination and come up with as many high-tech products as possible that will be available in the future.(The teacher lists Ss’ ideas on the blackboard)Answers:1. A machine that can send and receive energy generated on the moon.2. A sleeping cream that sends special smells to get people to sleep instantly without side effect.3. A robot that accompanies the lonely senior citizen.4. A handy battery that generates power, using of nuclear energy technology, and lasts for a hundred years.5. A pill that can release energy which keeps humans alive for scores of years, when they travel in space to another planet.…【设计意图：利用54页C的问题复习第6课，也由此引出本课主题：设计一款未来产品。
湖南省蓝山二中高中英语 Unit4 Word power学案1 牛津译林版选修8
湖南省蓝山二中2014年高中英语 Unit4 Word power学案1 牛津译林版选修8locationn. [C or U] a place away from a studio where all or part of a film or a television show is recorded:The documentary was made on location in the Gobi desert.not all表部分否定，“不是所有的”Not all the students are interested in the lecture about American culture.=All the students are not interested in the lecture about American culture.与not构成部分否定的词有： all everyone, everywhere, entirely, both, everybody, always, wholly, everything等I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree __________.A. everythingB. anythingC. somethingD. nothing答案：A2. There are also many important words that refer to the camera. (P54)refer to有关，针对; 提到，说起；参考，查阅The new law does’t refer to land used for farming.The accident he referred to was reported in yesterday’s newspaper.Let me just refer to my notes to find the exact figures高考链接It was foolish of him to _________ his notes during that important test, and as a result, he got punished. (2004年上海)A. stick toB. refer toC. keep toD. point toI didn’t know the word; I had to __________ a dictionary.A. look outB. make outC. refer toD. look upThe expert he referred to ___________ a new discovery on this virus.A. madeB. makingC. makeD. being made答案：B C A3. In this case, ne w actors are hired to read the dialogue and it is recorded over the original talking. (P54)casen. [C] a particular situation or example of sth.:Over a hundred people were injured, in several cases seriously.Jobs are hard to find but in his case that's not the problem because he has so muchexperience.I wouldn't normally agree but I'll make an exception in this case.hirev. to employ someone or pay them to do a particular job:I was hired by the first company I applied to.[+ to infinitive] We ought to hire a public relations consultant to help improve our image.recordv. [T] to keep information for the future, by writing it down or storing it on a computer:She records everything that happens to her in her diary.Unemployment is likely to reach the highest total that has ever been recorded. [+ that] In his journal, Captain Scott recorded that he and his companions were weakened by lack of food.4. He looked very scared! (P55)scarev. [I or T] to (cause to) feel frightened:Sudden noises scare her.She's very brave - she doesn't scare easily.He scared me out of my wits (= made me extremely frightened) when he was driving so fast.Meeting new people scares me stiff/to death (= makes me extremely nervous and anxious).scaredadj. frightened or worried:He's scared of spiders.I'm scared of telling her what really happened.He's scared to tell her what really happened.I was scared (= very worried) (that) you might not be there.I was scared stiff (= extremely frightened).She had a scared look on her face.5. The best thing I learned from the lecture is never to ignore the credits at the end of the film. (P55)ignorev.[T] to intentionally not listen or give attention to:She can be really irritating but I try to ignore her.Safety regulations are being ignored by company managers in the drive to increase profits.How can the government ignore the wishes of the majority?I smiled at her but she just ignored me.ignorantadj.无知的，不知道的ignorancen.无知It would be a mistake __________ my advice.A. to ignoreB. to passC. to be ignorantD. to informAs he had been ill in bed for several months, he was __________ of the new development in his field.A. awareB. consciousC. ignorantD. ignorance答案： A C6. I am responsible for all the filming. I operate the camera. (P55)be responsible for sb./sth./doing sth.to have control and authority over sth. or someone and the duty of taking care of it or them:Paul is directly responsible for the efficient running of the office.Her department is responsible for overseeing the councils.operatev. [I or T] to (cause to) work, be in action or have an effect:How do you operate the remote control unit?Does the company operate a pension scheme?For several years she operated a dating agency from her basement flat.Changes are being introduced to make the department operate more efficiently. Specially equipped troops are operating in the hills.We have representatives operating in most countries.。
湖南省蓝山二中高中英语 Unit4 Task学案 牛津译林版选修8
湖南省蓝山二中2014年高中英语Unit4 Task学案牛津译林版选修8高考链接When __________ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.A. comparedB. being comparedC. comparingD. having compared 答案：Ccer tainadj.having no doubt or knowing exactly that something is true, or known to be true, correct, exact or effective:[+ (that)] Are you absolutely certain (that) you gave them the right number?I feel certain (that) you're doing the right thing.You should make certain (that) everyone understands the instructions.The police seem certain (that) they will find the people responsible for the attack. [+ question word] I'm not certain how much it will cost.He was quite certain about/of his attacker's identity.2. You do not want the judge to misunderstand your answer because you have left out some words! (P58)leave sb./st h. out to not include someone or sth. 遗漏，忽视You can leave the butter out of this recipe if you're on a low-fat diet.I've made a list of names - I hope I haven't left anyone out.None of the other children play with her, and I think she feels rather left out (= feels that no one wants to be her friend).3. No figures are available for money made from popcorn sales, but film fans usually consume a lot of this salty snack, especially when watching a tense thriller. (P59) availableadj. able to be obtained, used, or reached:Is this dress available in a larger size?There's no money available for an office party this year.It is vital that food is made available to the famine areas.[+ to infinitive] I'm afraid I'm not available to help with the show on the 19th. Every available officer will be assigned to the investigation.Do you have any double rooms available this weekend?consumev. [T] 1) to use fuel, energy or time, especially in large amounts:Our high living standards cause our present population to consume 25 percent of the world's oil.2) to eat or drink, especially a lot of sth.:He consumes vast quantities of chips with every meal.4. You have successfully entered the competition and want to include the information about the Chinese film industry in your speech.enterv.[I or T] to be included in a competition, race or exam, or to arrange for someone else to do this:Both men have been entered for/in the 100 metres in Paris next month.All three companies have entered the race to develop a new system.Are you going to enter the photography competition?includev. [T] to contain sth. as a part of sth. else, or to make sth. part of sth. else: The bill includes tax and service.Tax and service are included in the bill.[+ ing form of verb] Your responsibilities will include making appointments on my behalf.includedadj. [after noun]The trip cost a total of £250, insurance included.includingprep.Eight people, including two children, were injured in the explosion.5. Speech and essay competitions ofte n require you to do research on many different aspects of a subject. (P61)requirev.[T] to need or make necessary:Please telephone this number if you require any further information.Skiing at 80 miles per hour requires total concentration.[+ object + to infinitive] Bringing up children often requires you to put their needs first.You are required by law to stop your car after an accident.[+ that] The rules require that you bring only one guest to the dinner.require相关短语require sth. 需要某物require doing= require to be done 需要做require sb. to do sth. 要求某人做require sth of sb. 要求某人某物require that sb. should do 要求或命令某人做1. Look at your shirt! It requires __________.A. washingB. washedC. to washD. being washed2. He will agree to do what you require __________ him.A. ofB. fromC. toD. for答案：A Aaspectn. [C] one part of a situation, problem, subject, etc: Which aspects of the job do you most enjoy?His illness affects almost every aspect of his life. Have you thought about the problem from every aspect?。
湖南省蓝山二中高二英语同步教案：M7 Unit 4 Task (牛津译林版选修7)[ 高考]
![湖南省蓝山二中高二英语同步教案：M7 Unit 4 Task (牛津译林版选修7)[ 高考]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/b938f5fb76a20029bd642de6.png)
In this part, you will learn how to listen to instructions.T: What sentence structures are often used to give instructions?S: You should …/ You will need to…/ You will have to…Quite good. Now let’s read the guidelines and the key structures in this part. You will know what you should focus on when listening to instructions.Step 1: taking notes for future actionPart AT: If you are going somewhere for holiday, what do you need to plan?S: Where to go, when to go there, how to go there, how much money to spend, who to go with, what to do there and so on.T: Let’s come to the context of Part A. Two families are planning their May Day holiday trip to Dalian. Read the notes before you listen to the recording and make sure that you know what you shouldNow let’s listen to the conversation in Part B and find out advantages and disadvantages of takingPart CLet’s read the information on the web page about Dalian in Part C on page 59. Compare theSkills building 2: finding out different informationT: If you are going somewhere, what information should you know before you go on the trip?S1: which way to travelS2: the timetable for the transportS3: travel timeS4: travel costS5: the number of changes needed……Read the guideline in this part first. Then read the questions and the information in the chart. If the question is not complete, you should complete the question first.Step 2: buying ticketsNow you have decided to go to Beijing and then Dalian by train, and you are going to buy the tickets for the fastest train. Work in pairs, with one person selling tickets and the other as the person who wants to buy the tickets. The student who is going to buy the tickets should ask the ticket seller some questions to decide which train should be taken. Remember to choose the fastest train within the budget. Do you still remember how much money can be spent on the tickets for you all?Work in pairs to make up a dialogue. Some of you will be asked to present your dialogue to theBoys and girls, you are asked to write an e-mail to explain the reason why you have made the decision. Do you know what you should explain and how to explain your decisions? Now read the guidelines in this part.Step 3: writing an e-mail to your uncle1. First discuss what you should write in the e-mail according to the information gathered in steps 1 and2. You can write an outline to organize your reasons in the e-mail to help you write it well. You can take the following as an example.What to writethe decision: travel by trainthe reasons: why to travel by train;why not to travel by boat or by coach or by planethe decision: which trains to takethe reasons: why to take the chosen trains, considering travel time and travel allowance2. Now begin to write your e-mail. Then some of you will be asked to present your e-mails to theA. Read the passage about the importance of transportation and fill in the chart.Have you ever thought about how important transportation is to the world? Without transportation modern life could not exist. We have come to depend on the availability (可用性) of three principal kinds of transportation.Automobiles, railroads, trucks, and pipelines are the principal means of land transportation. Ships, barges, and submarines (潜水艇) form the chief means of water transportation. Without our principal means of air transportation, the airplane, we would have to slow down our lives and commerce. Nearly every major city in the world provides some form of public transportation. The most common form of transportation is the bus. Buses have been in use in major cities since approximately 1900. They provide transportation service on innumerable (无数的) routes from the city center to the suburbs and even to outlying rural areas that surround the city. Subways are mostly found in larger cities, such as New York, London, Beijing, Paris, Sydney, and Tokyo. The subway is an underground system of high speed trai ns. The world’s first system was built in London, and trains have been operating there since 1890. Subway trains move more quickly and efficiently than buses. They, too, are inexpensive and help solve city traffic problems. The one drawback of subway trains is that they are often crowded and noisy. Taxicabs are more expensive than buses or subways, but they deliver you to the exact location you want in the shortest time possible. Taxis are convenient if you are in a hurry or if you are taking along a number of suitcases or packages. And as an added attraction, many cab drivers will tell you stories about their adventures as taxicab drivers or even the details of their life stories. If you ever visit a major city in another country, you probably have no trouble getting around. You will quickly find out about city bus routes and schedules, and about crowds on subway trains. Like many people, of course, you may come to the conclusion that the most inexpensive and reliable form ofB. Tom is writing a letter to a newspaper editor, telling him his opinion about what he saw this morning. Please complete the letter by filling each blank with one proper word.Dear Editor,This morning, I saw many cars (1) ____________ for the traffic lights at the (2) ____________ road when a large number of people came to the cars. Some of them were selling newspapers while others were (3) ____________ drinks and brushes. One woman was rushing to the cars with some magazines. Another girl was running as fast as she (4) ____________ to the cars, carrying some other things. Even one beggar was (5) ____________ at the windows of the cars to ask for money!As a (6) ____________, the road looked very messy and the drivers felt so uncomfortable and frightened that they couldn’t drive even though the lights had turned (7) ____________.In my opinion, this is very bad for (8) ____________ and the environment. What’s worse, it’s very (9) ____________ for the people selling those things. Some (10) ____________ should be taken to stop it.Yours,1. Read the passage in Part A on page 133 of the Workbook.2. Finish the writing exercise in Part B.。
译林牛津版高中英语必修第二册-UNIT 4 Project教学课件
Homework
1. Read this article aloud.
谢谢
2. Finish the workbook.
Each group puts up the poster on the walls.
Evaluation
1. Evaluate the posters of other groups and make comments.
* Content (appealing, concise) * Layout (well-organized)
3. Polish up the poster based on other groups’ comments.
Homework
1. Continue to polish up the posters. 2. Enjoy the posters of other groups and get to know more about
1. the role each member plays 2. the reason why you choose this writer 3. a brief account of the writer’s life, popular works,
achievements and famous sayings
2. Vote to decide on the choice of the writer. (Done before class) 3. Take on responsibility for tasks.
• Designing the poster • Sorting the information • Drawing and writing • Presenting the poster
高中英语 M4U2 Project学案 牛津译林版必修4
高中英语 M4U2 Project学案牛津译林版必修4Teaching aims:1.Help students do a project with entering a new sport into the Olympics.2.Help students read the passage for entering a new sport into the Olympics.3.Introduce the procedure to make a speech.Step one 课前预习1 至少2 使……. 处于控制之3 给……让路4 发表演讲5满足要求 6 练习做某事7 使…. 成为一部分 8由于，因为9与…. 有联系 10考虑做某事11偶然做某事 12某人自己的国际协会Step two Answer the following questions1. What requirements must be met before a sport can be considered by the IOC?2. What sports have been removed from the Olympics? Why?3. What sports have been added in the Olympics only recently? In which year? 5. What other sports will probably be included? Why?1.Which sport is still trying to get into the OlympicsTrue or false1. Entering a sport into the Olympics can be a long process.2. Golf has been in the Olympics for many years by now.3. Tae kwon do, now very popular, was first included in the Olympics in 2000.4. If a sport is practised by men in 70 countries on four continents, it can beincluded in the Olympics.5. It is likely that Wushu will get into the Olympics in the near future课文及知识点的讲解1. require v. 要求，规定，需要Require sth. *He requires immediate medical care.Require sb to do sth *The teacher requires all the students to arrive at school on time.Sb require that 从句，从句要用虚拟语气，The teacher requires that all the students (should) arrive at school on time. =It’s required that all the students (should) …Require doing sth=require to be done*The letters require answering / to be answered.meet/ satisfy one’s requirements 满足某人的需求2 .involve v.牵连，牵涉Involve sb/ sth. The problem has involved many people.Involve sb in sth Don’t involve me in your problem.Sb be involved in sth . I’m regret to inform you that your son is involved in the crime.5.control n. / v.beyond control 无法掌握，无法控制in control of 管理in the control of 被……控制/管理lose control of 无法控制,对……失去控制out of control 不受控制,失去控制take control of 控制,管理under control 控制1. 与一个脾气经常失控的人是很难相处的。
湖南省蓝山二中高二英语同步教案M7Unit4Project(牛津译林版选修7)
First, let’s discuss the following questions:1. What should you pay attention to when you go to school by bike?2. What do you need to do to avoid accidents on your way to school on foot?3. If you are a bus driver, what do you think you should or should n’t do when you drive students to their school?4. What are the possible reasons for the traffic accident? What do you think should be done to avoid a traffic accident?Discuss them in your groups and write your group answers down, then report them to the class.Step 2: Part A1. ReadingNow we are going to read an article entitled Traffic Accidents and Road Safety. From the title, what information do you think the reading passage will give us? (It will mainly talk about two things: the causes of traffic accidents and how to be safe on the road.)1) What is the purpose of the notice?________________________________________________________________________2)What is the most common cause of accidents?________________________________________________________________________3) Why is it dangerous for drivers to speak on mobile phones?________________________________________________________________________4) Can cyclists ride on the pavement? Why (not)?________________________________________________________________________5) What can we do to prevent accidents?3. Read the article again and complete the following notes:The notice was released because ____________. (the number of accidents and the deaths arising from traffic accidents has increased greatly over the past year)In order to prevent accidents, drivers should_____________________________________;( pay attention to the surrounding traffic)_____________________________________; (be patient in a traffic jam)_____________________________________; (not speak on a mobile phone)_____________________________________; (not drink alcohol)_____________________________________; (not drive too fast)In order to prevent accidents, cyclists should_____________________________________; (always obey traffic laws)_____________________________________; (pay attention to the cars that surround them)_____________________________________; (not carry a passenger)_____________________________________; (have a light on the bicycle at night)_____________________________________; (keep the bicycle in good condition) In order to prevent accidents, pedestrians should_____________________________________; (always cross roads on a crossing)_____________________________________; (look both ways and listen for cars while crossing thestreet)_____________________________________; (never ignore traffic lights)Step 3: Part BWork in groups of four or six to discuss the questions 5-8 in Part B. Write down your answers. Then one student from each group presents your answers to the class. Other groups can give your comments.Step 4: Exercises:Complete the sentences with proper words or phrases from the article on pages 62-63 of your book. Change the form where necessary.1) There were 39, 000 new cases last year - an ____________ of 7 per cent.2) He is still standing under the tree, not ____________ the danger.3) My father was ____________ for dangerous driving yesterday.4) He has been ____________ from his job for dishonesty.5) It would be____________ to ignore these warnings.6) Leaving your house unlocked is an open ____________ to burglars7) The western part of China is in great ____________ of teachers.8) Whenever you come into his room, it is always ____________.9) I found it hard to follow what the teacher was saying, and eventually I lost____________.10) In ____________ cases, the disease can lead to blindness.1. Finish D1 and D2 on page 129 of the Workbook.2. Read the newspaper article in Part B on page 131 of the Workbook to know about an aeroplane accident many years ago.。
湖南省蓝山二中高中英语 Unit4 Films and film events学案 牛津译林版选修8
Films and film eventsAims and requirements♦ Read a television show transcript and a film review♦ Listen to a radio programme about the history of film♦ Talk about films you like and interview a director♦ Write a speech about the film industry♦ Watch a film and write a review Procedures● Welcome to the UnitStep 1: BrainstormingFirst, let’s enjoy some pictures.Are you familiar with these pictures?Can you name the films from which these pictures come?(张国荣，《宝贝计划》，《满城尽带黄金甲》，《美丽的大脚》，《乱世佳人》，《憨豆》)I t seems that you know a lot about films. Now I’d like to ask you something more about films.Who is your favorite actor or actress? Why do you like him or her?Who is your favorite director? Can you name some of his/her works?What’s your favorite film? What can you learn from it?Why do you think it is a good film?What do you think are the criteria of judging a good film?A. popular film stars with good skillsB. an attractive or moving plotC. a meaningful themeD. magnificent scenesMake your choice and give your reason!Step 2: Sharing informationHave you ever watched a film in the cinema? Have you looked at and paid attention to film tickets? What information is usually presented on a film ticket?Let’s come to the books. Read the instructio ns and study the four pictures one by one.Ticket 1: The Black-and-White FestivalT: What kind of information can you get from the first picture?S: One ticket for one adult onlyShowing b lack-and-white films from the 1930sFull day entryT: What other information do you want to know about the event?S: the starting date and closing date of the festivalthe starting time and closing time every daythe price of the ticketthe city where this festival is heldTic ket 2: Hiding DragonT: What impressed you the most while looking at this ticket?S: letters printed in different stylesattractive patternsthe low price of the student ticketT: What do you think may be the story of the film?Why do you think there is a single eye printed in the ticket?If you are as ked to design the ticket, how will you do it?Ticket 3: An invitation to the Academy AwardsT: What can we know about Academy Awards from the invitation?S: The Academy Awards will honor the best films, actors and directors on that night. T: Is there any special requirement for the special night?S: All the guests must dress formally.T: What do you think of the design of the invita tion?If you were given the chance to design an Academy Awards Invitation, what would it look like?Ticket 4: The Day BeforeT: What kind of information can we get from the ticket?S: This is an adult ticket for the film The Day Before at the Park Theatres, which is owned by ABC Film Corporation at 210 West Road in New York.T: Compared with the previous three tickets, what do you think of the design of the last ticket?S: Much simpler.Step 3: Discussion1. Compare the four pictures and discuss the following questions:Which of the four designs attracts you the most? Why?If you had a chance to improve the design of one of the tickets, which would you choose and what would you do about it?2. What kind of information might be included on a ticket?3. Suppose there is a new film for children, how do you think the ticket should be4. Come to the three questions below the pictures:How much do you know about foreign film festivals?Who is your favorite director? Why?Do you prefer to go to the cinema or watch a film at home? Why?Discuss them in groups of four, and you can exchange and compare your answers with others groups. Then report your answers to the class.Step 4: Homework1. Surf the Internet to find more information about films and film events.2. Prepare the Reading part.。
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湖南省蓝山二中2014年高中英语 Unit4 Project学案牛津译林版选修8n. [C] sth. that you want to happen very much but that is not very likely:It's always been my dream to have flying lessons.Winning all that money was a dream come true.2. Harry, a sensiti ve young boy, has been living with his relatives. (P80) sensitiveadj. easily influenced, changed or damaged, especially by a physical activity or effect 灵敏的，敏感的sensitive skinSensitive相关短语be sensitive to 对……敏感be sensitive about 介意，在乎1. Try not to say anything hurtful to her. She is a very _________ person.A. reasonableB. sensibleC. sensitiveD. tough2. The elderly need special care in winter, as they are ________ to the sudden changes of weather.A. sensitiveB. sensibleC. flexibleD. positive答案：C A3. His uncle abuses him; his aunt ignores him; and his cousin hates him. (P62) abusev [T] to use or treat someone or sth. wrongly or badly, especially in a way that is to your own advantage:She is continually abusing her position/authority by getting other people to do things for her.Some government leaders are accused of _________ their power for their personal interest.A. employingB. abusingC. takingD. offering答案：Bcontraryadj. opposite:a contrary point of viewContrary to all our expectations, he's found a well-paid job and a nice girlfriend. contrary相关短语on the contrary 相反to the contrary 与……相反be contrary to 相反的What you have done is ___________ the doctor’s orders.A. attached toB. responsible toC. resistant toD. contrary to答案：D5. Harry discovers that he possesses the magical powers of a wizard too, and that he already has a reputation in the world of witches and wizards because of his parents. (Page 62)possessv. [T] to have or own sth., or to have a particular quality:I don't possess a single DVD (= I don't have even one DVD).In the past the root of this plant was thought to possess magical powers which could cure baldness.n. [U] when you have or own sth.:The possession of large amounts of money does not ensure happiness.I have in my possession a letter which may be of interest to you.相关短语in possession of sth. 拥有，占有in the possession of sth. 为……所占有have/ take possession of sth. 拥有－Does the young man standing there _________ the company?－No. T he company is _________ his father.A. in possession of; in the possession ofB. have possession of; in the possession ofC. take possession of; in possession ofD. have possession of; in possession of答案：B6. I think this is more to highlight the advanced special effects than to help the film’s plot. (P63)highlightv. [T] to attract attention to or emphasize sth. important:The report highlights the need for improved safety.The spelling mistakes in the text had been highlighted in green.n. [C] the best or most exciting, entertaining or interesting part of sth.: Highlights of the match will be shown after the news.more…than…与其说……, 还不如说……This book seems to be more of a dictionary than a grammar book.He was more amused than angry.－I wonder why Mary is so unfriendly to us.－She is _________ than unfriendly, I’m afraid.A. shyerB. much shyerC. shy moreD. more shy答案：D7. Much of this early part of the film could have been skipped and more time could have been spent at Hogwarts. (P63)“情态动词＋have＋过去分词”是很重要的一种句型，除should外，may, might, must, couldn’t, needn’t, ought to等都可以用于这一句型，但要注意, 使用不同的情态动词，句子的意思就有所不同。
表示对已发生的事情进行推测, 就表示的可能性程度而言，must 最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。
◇ could + hav e done 表示“本来有能力做而实际上没有做”。
— We could have walked to the station, it was so near.— Yes. A taxi was not at all necessary.I could have won if I hadn’t fallen ove r.◇ must + have done 表示对过去情况的推测，只用于肯定句，意思是“一定……”。
Her eyes were red, she must have been crying.You must have left your handbag in the theatre last night, I think.◇ can (could) + have done表示对过去情况的推测，只用于否定和疑问句中，意为“一定没有……，一定不会……”。
用 could 比用 can 语气更加委婉些。
He couldn’t have gone to bed, you see, the light in his room is still on .Where is Dick? Where can he have gone?◇ should (ought to) + have done表示“本来应该做而实际上没做”，其否定式则表示“本来不该做而实际上做了”，常含有责备的语气。
You should have been here five minutes ago.How I regretted the days when I had played and should have studied.◇ needn’t + have done 表示“本来不必做的事，实际上做过了。
”I got up early, but needn’t have done so, because I had nothing to do that morning.You need n’t have written such a long article. The teacher only asked for 300 words, and you hav e written 600 words.◇ would like to have done 表示“本来希望做而却未做的事”。
I’d like to have gone to college.I’d like to have seen his face when he opened the letter.◇ may (might) + have done表示对过去的推测，多用于陈述句，意思是“可能……”。