模具毕业设计论文外文翻译

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本科毕业论文外文翻译【范本模板】

本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目:不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法学院：机械自动化专业：工业工程学号: 201003166045学生姓名: 宋倩指导教师：潘莉日期: 二○一四年五月Assembly line balancing under uncertainty: Robust optimization modelsand exact solution methodÖncü Hazır , Alexandre DolguiComputers ＆Industrial Engineering，2013,65：261–267不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法安库·汉泽，亚历山大·多桂计算机与工业工程，2013，65：261–267摘要这项研究涉及在不确定条件下的生产线平衡，并提出两个鲁棒优化模型。

假设了不确定性区间运行的时间。

该方法提出了生成线设计方法,使其免受混乱的破坏。

基于分解的算法开发出来并与增强策略结合起来解决大规模优化实例.该算法的效率已被测试,实验结果也已经发表。

本文的理论贡献在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精确算法的开发.另外，基于我们的算法设计出的基于不确定性整合的生产线的产出率会更高，因此也更具有实际意义。

此外,这是一个在装配线平衡问题上的开创性工作,并应该作为一个决策支持系统的基础。

关键字：装配线平衡；不确定性; 鲁棒优化；组合优化；精确算法1.简介装配线就是包括一系列在车间中进行连续操作的生产系统。

零部件依次向下移动直到完工。

它们通常被使用在高效地生产大量地标准件的工业行业之中。

在这方面，建模和解决生产线平衡问题也鉴于工业对于效率的追求变得日益重要。

生产线平衡处理的是分配作业到工作站来优化一些预定义的目标函数。

那些定义操作顺序的优先关系都是要被考虑的,同时也要对能力或基于成本的目标函数进行优化。

就生产（绍尔，1999）产品型号的数量来说，装配线可分为三类：单一模型（SALBP）,混合模型(MALBP）和多模式（MMALBP）。

材料成型及控制工程专业毕业设计(论文)外文翻译

中文2500字本科毕业设计翻译学生姓名：*****班级：*****班学号：*****学院：材料科学与工程学院专业：材料成型及控制工程指导教师：***** 副教授2011年3月25日Section 4 – Die Design and Construction Guidelines for HSS Dies General Guidelines for Die Design and ConstructionDraw DiesHigher than normal binder pressure and press tonnage is necessary with H.S.S. in order to maintain process control and to minimize buckles on the binder. Dies must be designed for proper press type and size. In some cases, a double action press or hydraulic press cushion may be required toachieve the necessary binder forces and control. Air cushions or nitrogen cylinders may not provide the required force for setting of draw beads or maintaining binder closure if H.S.S. is of higher strength or thickness.Draw beads for H.S.S. should not extend around corners of the draw die. This will result in locking out the metal flow and cause splitting in corners of stamping. D raw beads should “run out” at the tangent of the corner radius to minimize metal compression in corners, as shown in figure 16 on page 47. Better grades of die material may be necessary depending on the characteristics of the HSS, the severity of the part geometry, and the production volume. A draw die surface treatment, such as chrome plating, may be recommended for outer panel applications.Form and Flange DiesPart setup in form and flange dies must allow for proper overbend on all flanges for springback compensation. Springback allowance must be increased as material strength increases; 3 degrees for mild steels, but 6 degrees or morefor HSS.Punch radii must be fairly sharp. 1t for lower strength steels. Higher strength steels may require larger radii, but keeping them as small as practical will reduce springback in the sidewalls.Flange steel die clearance must be held to no more than one metal thickness clearance to reduce springback and sidewall curl.Form and flange steels should be keyed or pocketed in the casting to avoid flexing.Flange steels should be designed to wrap over and coin the flange break in order to set the break and reduce springback. See figure 17 on page 48.Die strength must not be compromised with light-weight die construction. High strength steel will require a stiffer die to resist flexing and the resultant part distortions, especially for channel or “hat-section” parts. This type of part can also cause serious die damage if double blanks occur.Cutting DiesTo reduce press tonnage requirements and extend die life, a minimum shear of four to six times metal thickness in twelve inches of trim steel length is recommended.To reduce die maintenance, maximum trim angles should be about 5° to 10°less than those used for mild steel. Trim steels should be keyed or pocketed in casting to avoid flexing. Die clearance should be 7 to 10% of metal thickness.Drawbead TypesConventional Drawbeads Run-out Drawbeads For H.S.S.Lock Beads for Stretch-Form DieFigure 161. Providing a vertical step in the flange stiffens and straightens the flange, stopping sidewall curl as well as springback.2. The addition of stiffening darts helps maintain a 90-degree flange.3. By adding a horizontal step along the flange, the flange is stiffened, resulting in reduced springback.4. Back relief on the upper flange steel allows for extra pressure to be applied futher out on the formed radius.Section 5 – Die Tryout Guidelines for High Strength Steel DiesGeneral Guidelines for Die TryoutDraw DiesHigher draw die binder pressure and press tonnage will be necessary in order to maintain process control and draw parts without buckles. A double action press or a press with hydraulic cushion may be required in some cases to achieve the required binder forces.HSS draw die operations will require sheet steel lubricants that are formulated for extreme pressures. Mill oils will not provide sufficient lubricity for most applications. Pre-lubes or dry film lubricants may be necessary for process control.Die plan view punchline corner radii should be larger than with mild steels to avoid buckling in the corners of the binder.Stretch Form DiesLock beads may require modification to avoid cracking or tearing with higher strength grades of HSS. Opening side walls of beads and enlarging corner radii will avoid cracking of high strength sheet steel. Lock beads should be continuous around the punchline for stretch form dies.For large panels from stretch-form dies, such as a roof panel or hood outer, elastic recovery may result in a shrunken panel that does not fit well on the male die member of the trim or flange dies. This problem is corrected by adding a “plus” factor to the overall part dimensions of the draw die or stretc hform die punch. This “plus” is usually no more than 2.5 mm at the center of the sides and the front, tapering to 0.0mm at the corners of the part profile on the punch. Finish part profile is defined, and plus is removed, in the main flange die.Form and Flange DiesThe punch radius should be fairly sharp with 1 or 2t used for lower strength steel. HSS may require larger radii, but as small as practical to reduce springback of sidewalls.The flange steel radius affects sidewall curl and springback on any offset flanges. This radius should also be small to reduce springback of side flanges. Overbend for springback compensation must be increased as tensile strength increases: 3 degrees is standard for mild steels, but 6 degrees or more will be required for HSS.Flange steel die clearance should be tight, maintaining no more than one metal thickness clearance to reduce springback and sidewall curl.Cutting DiesTo reduce press tonnage requirements and extend die life, a minimum shear of four to six times metal thickness in twelve inches of trim steel length is required.Die clearance should be 7 to 10% of metal thickness for HSS.To reduce trim steel maintenance, reduce maximum trim angles by about 5° to 10° from those used for mild steel. Trim steels should be keyed or pocketed in the casting to avoid flexing.Die Tryout When Using Bake Hardenable SteelIn order to obtain the maximum benefits of BHS, tryout of the dies should be performed as follows: Circle grid analysis must be performed on a panel before any die rework is attempted. With the gridded panel as a reference, the die can be modified to provide a minimum biaxial stretch of 2.0%. Stretch-form or draw dies are best for this material.For rough or functional tryout, it is possible to use mild steel with a 6% to 8% gauge increase to perform the normal process of die preparation. This alleviates complications when the BHS strengthens between each die being tried out. The reason for this is the time lag that normally occurs between a panel being formed and its use in the next operation.When the entire line of dies is ready for approval, all dies must be set in line. Panels should be run through all the die operations consecutively. This will avoid some of the strengthening effects of time delays between stamping operations that can cause variation in panels. Dimensional approval of the panel will be most difficult if this procedure is not followed.The strengthening reaction in the BHS can cause dimensional variation in flanges since springback will vary with time as the strength increases. This is why running the panel through all die operations consecutively is crucial to a successful buyoff.Part BuyoffTo reduce the part buyoff time and eliminate many hours of tryout time, the benefits of functional build must be considered. This procedure has beenproven to save time and money by concentrating on an acceptable sub-assembly rather than making each stamping to part specifications. Those parts that are easiest to change are revised to suit the sub-assembly dimensional targets. Those parts that do not affect the sub-assembly quality are not changed, but the detail part specifications are revised. The functional build process will eliminate excessive tryout hours if used for part buyoff on HSS stampings.In addition to saving tryout time and die rework costs with functional build, lower part variation can also be realized. Two dimensional challenges faced by the die maker when first trying out dies are to reduce the dimensional variation from nominal specifications, and to reduce the short term variationfrom part to part. The typical priority is to first minimize part-to-part variation and later address nominal deviation. A strong argument for this strategy is that the deviation from nominal is not precisely known until a dimensionally consistent part can be evaluated. The results are a dimensionally consistent part even though a number of checkpoints may deviate from nominal, and perhaps even be out of tolerance. In many situations when dimensions on the die are reworked to shift them closer to nominal, they become less stable and result in higher part-to-part variation. The functional build philosophy evaluates the acceptability of the part after it becomes stable, and before minor dimensional shifts are made. Large deviant or critical dimensions may be identified for rework even with functional build. There are dimensions that can often be spared rework based on a functional build approach. In these cases, the part remains more stable and the die more robust because less rework occurs while attempting to shift dimensions.For more information on functional build, refer to the Auto/Steel Partnership publication. “Event-Based Functional Build: An Integrated Approach to Body Development”.第四节-高强度钢模具设计和制造指南对模具设计和制造的一般准则拉深模具为了控制高强度钢的成形并减少板料边缘的弯曲，高强度钢成型时的压力和吨位高于一般情况是必要的。

本科毕业设计外文翻译(中文)

本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译外文原文题目：Real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a mixture of high- and low-index particles中文翻译题目：高低折射率微粒混合物的实时交互式光学微操作毕业设计（论文）题目：阵列光镊软件控制系统设计姓名：任有健学院：生命学院班级：06210501指导教师：李勤高低折射率微粒混合物的实时交互式光学微操作Peter John Rodrigo Vincent Ricardo Daria Jesper Glückstad丹麦罗斯基勒DK-4000号，Risø国家实验室光学和等离子研究系jesper.gluckstad@risoe.dkhttp://www.risoe.dk/ofd/competence/ppo.htm摘要：本文论证一种对于胶体的实时交互式光学微操作的方法，胶体中包含两种折射率的微粒，与悬浮介质（0n ）相比，分别低于（0L n n <）、高于（0H n n >）悬浮介质的折射率。

球形的高低折射率微粒在横平板上被一批捕获激光束生成的约束光势能捕获，捕获激光束的横剖面可以分为“礼帽形”和“圆环形”两种光强剖面。

这种应用方法在光学捕获的空间分布和个体几何学方面提供了广泛的可重构性。

我们以实验为基础证实了同时捕获又独立操作悬浮于水（0 1.33n =）中不同尺寸的球形碳酸钠微壳（ 1.2L n ≈）和聚苯乙烯微珠（ 1.57H n =）的独特性质。

1 引言光带有动量和角动量。

伴随于光与物质相互作用的动量转移为我们提供了在介观量级捕获和操作微粒的方法。

过去数十年中的巨大发展已经导致了在生物和物理领域常规光学捕获的各种应用以及下一代光学微操作体系的出现[1-5]。

注塑模具设计外文翻译

毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文（2012届）题目电话机三维造型与注塑模具设计指导教师院系工学院班级学号姓名二〇一一年十二月六日【译文一】塑料注塑模具并行设计Assist.Prof.Dr. A. Y AYLA /Prof.Dr. Paş a YAYLA摘要塑料制品制造业近年迅速成长。

其中最受欢迎的制作过程是注塑塑料零件。

注塑模具的设计对产品质量和效率的产品加工非常重要。

模具公司想保持竞争优势,就必须缩短模具设计和制造的周期。

模具是工业的一个重要支持行业，在产品开发过程中作为一个重要产品设计师和制造商之间的联系。

产品开发经历了从传统的串行开发设计制造到有组织的并行设计和制造过程中,被认为是在非常早期的阶段的设计。

并行工程的概念(CE)不再是新的,但它仍然是适用于当今的相关环境。

团队合作精神、管理参与、总体设计过程和整合IT工具仍然是并行工程的本质。

CE过程的应用设计的注射过程包括同时考虑塑件设计、模具设计和注塑成型机的选择、生产调度和成本中尽快设计阶段。

介绍了注射模具的基本结构设计。

在该系统的基础上,模具设计公司分析注塑模具设计过程。

该注射模设计系统包括模具设计过程及模具知识管理。

最后的原则概述了塑料注射模并行工程过程并对其原理应用到设计。

关键词:塑料注射模设计、并行工程、计算机辅助工程、成型条件、塑料注塑、流动模拟1、简介注塑模具总是昂贵的,不幸的是没有模具就不可能生产模具制品。

每一个模具制造商都有他/她自己的方法来设计模具,有许多不同的设计与建造模具。

当然最关键的参数之一,要考虑到模具设计阶段是大量的计算、注射的方法,浇注的的方法、研究注射成型机容量和特点。

模具的成本、模具的质量和制件质量是分不开的在针对今天的计算机辅助充型模拟软件包能准确地预测任何部分充填模式环境中。

这允许快速模拟实习,帮助找到模具的最佳位置。

工程师可以在电脑上执行成型试验前完成零件设计。

工程师可以预测过程系统设计和加工窗口,并能获得信息累积所带来的影响,如部分过程变量影响性能、成本、外观等。

文献翻译-注塑模具的设计与热分析

编号：毕业设计（论文）外文翻译（译文）学院：国防生学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名：学号：指导教师单位：姓名：职称：2014年1月10日注塑模具的设计与热分析摘要:本文介绍了用于生产热变形测试样品的注塑模具的设计，这种模具能为自身实现热分析，从而得到模具的热残余应力的影响。

文章对技术，理论，方法以及在注塑模型设计中需要的考虑的因素也进行了介绍。

模具设计是通过商用计算机辅助设计软件Unigraphics系统的13.0版本实现的。

这种用于分析因样品不均匀冷却产生的热残余应力的模具，已经通过使用13.5版的被称作LUSAS分析员的商业有限元分析软件得到了开发，而且存在问题也已经解决。

该软件通过绘制相应的时间反应曲线为模具提供了温度分布等高线图以及注塑周期中的温度的变化。

结果表明，与其他区域相比，收缩可能更容易发生在冷却渠道附近的区域。

热变形就是这种在模具的不同区域的不均衡降温效果引起的。

关键词：注塑模具；设计；热分析1. 引言塑料业是世界上发展最快的工业之一，被列入产值达数十亿美元的产业。

几乎每一个在日常生活中使用的产品都涉及塑料的使用，这些产品大部分可通过注塑成型方法生产［1］。

注塑成型工艺因其制造过程是以较低的成本生产各种形态和复杂几何形状的产品而众所周知［2］。

注塑成型工艺是一个循环工艺，整个过程分为四个重要的阶段，即：充模，保压，冷却和喷射。

在注塑成型过程是从漏斗中把树脂和适当的添加剂注入到注塑成型机的加热/注射系统开始的［3］。

这就是“充模阶段”，在这个过程中，模腔填充了达到注射温度的热聚合物熔体。

在模腔填充后的“保压”阶段，更多的是聚合物熔体在更高的压力下被装进腔体，以补偿因聚合物固化引起的预计萎缩。

接下来便是冷却阶段，在此过程中模具会冷却，直到有足够的刚性部分被弹出。

最后一个阶段是“弹射阶段”，这个阶段模具被打开，成型部分被弹出，过后，模具会再次被关闭开始下一个循环［4］。

因为主要是靠经验，包括了实际工具的反复修改，所以设计和制造所需性能的注塑成型聚合物部件的过程很昂贵的。

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译471塑料模具CAD集成技术

附录1 英文原文The molding tool CAD gathers the techniqueContents brief summary: Pass to analyze the calculator the assistance inject the mold design with make in the each link commonly shared of technique with information, this text announces to public to inject the mold CAD gathers technical and basic content, and the research heat that put forward it orders with trend.0, prefaceThe molding tool CAD gathers the technique is an important molding tool forerunner manufacturing technique, is the item reforms with the high technique traditional technical and important key in molding tool technique. From 6 5 plan beginning,Our country contain many molding tools business enterprise adoption CAD technique, especially recent years, the technical application in CAD is more and more widespread with thorough, shortened consumedly molding tool design period, Increases to make the mold quantity with the manufacturing ability that complicated molding tool.However, gather to the molding tool CAD because of many business enterprises technique cognition shortage, investment take the blindness, can't produce result nicely,Result in very big and wasted.This text gathers for the plastics molding tool CAD technique and its applications announce some standpoint, provide everybody consults.1, the plastics molding tool CAD gathers techniqueThe manufacturing of the plastics molding tool comtains the construction design of the shape design, molding tool and the number of the analysis, molding tools that include the plastics products control to process( I I , electricity process, the line incises etc.), throw the light with go together with to try the mold and take shape manufacturing etc. quickly.The each link a CAD for involving unit technique has: The shape design( CAD) with the construction, fast anti of the product shapebeg( RE), construction analysis with excellent turn the design( CAE), lend support to the manufacturing( CAM) and process the process conjecture imitate true( SIMULATION), product and molding tools take shape( RP) quickly, assistance craft process( CAPP) with product data management technique( PDM) etc..The plastics molding tool CAD gathers technique,Is to gather plastics molding tool manufacturing process a various units for involving technique get up, unify the database to deliver the format with the document, realize the information gather share with the data resources, from but shorten the design manufacturing period of the molding tool consumedly,Increases to make the mold quantity.2, the CAD design of the plastics product begs with fast anti of the shapeThe plastics molding tool that proceed the square one designs the manufacturing is the design of the EU a product.The traditional product design method is a design to product of three is conceive outline to use two I plane chart papers expresses to come out, marking clearly the craft and starting construction the method on the diagram paper,This kind of met hod comes to a decision the simple of a design sketch and can''ts control to make the quantity directly.The modern design method is a design establish the product directly on the computer of three the model of I ,According to the product three I models proceed the molding tool construction the design and excellent turn the design,Design according to the molding tool construction again three I models proceed to process to weave the distance and establishment crafts plan.This kind of method makes product model design, molding tool construction design, process to weave distance and technological designs regard a data as the foundation, realizing the data share, Can not only increases to design the efficiency quickly, but also can guarantee the quantity, decline low cost.The source of the computer EU a product model has three kinds of:Making use of the CAD system software proceeds the product model the designand make use of the real object measures fast anti in proceeding beg to set up the mold and make use of the standard format document of the other the system of CAD.Source method that aim at these three kinds of products model,Have studied every kind of technique now to the design efficiency that increases product model with quantity.The underneath further analyzes every kind of technical content with the characteristics.Making use of the CAD system software proceeds the product model design,Its technique includes primarily two is are several why the sketch draws, two the parameter of is turn the design of the sketch, three i entity shape design, three icharacteristic shape design, three the parameter of is turn the entity shape the design, three i curved face shape design, free shape in space design, the external appearance of the product exaggerates, product of dynamic advertise to design the etc..These softwareses contain many typical representatives.Two the software of is have: ME10, CADKEY, AUTOCAD, DHCAD, Genis, etc. of Sigraph; three the software of is have:UGII, PRO/ E, IDEAS, CATIA, etc. of EUCLID; free shape in product and advertise the software of the design have:Alias, etc. of CDRS.Two is are several why the sketch draws is to make use of the flat surface CAD software draw the spare parts sketch, then replace the handicraft painting with the calculator; but two the parameter of is turn,Then the calculator realizes the sketch changes the deal designs, making modification more convenient; threeishape designs is a true shape that the product that the arithmetic figure turn design, it expressed completely product,Can be further to designs for the molding tool, analysis with processes the mathematics model of the necessity of offering; the free shape in space design is the art of the product shape to design, making product been not only is a function product, but also art article.It is every kind of need that the external appearance of the product exaggerate that product of the result designs, making product more beautiful, the color can attractpeople more; the dynamic advertisement design of the product is a result that design to make to promote the advertisement directly the product,Proceed the market expansion.Making use of the real object measures fast anti of proceeding beg to set up mold is current investigative a little bit hot of a,It is an important technique that product imitate the type foundation go forward a line of the product modification designs.Its basic principle is to passes three coordinateses measure the machine, laser measure machine or electronicses copy the few ÒÇ to proceed to scan the diagraph to the real object,The data of large quantity that arithmetic figure turn that gets to measures the acquisition orders anti that send into the high class CAD software beg mold piece or appropriative anti beg the software inside, anti beg the software can read directly a data cluster,Combining can proceed the editor, filter, tidy up, beg the ¾« to a data cluster, row preface, part modification and reorganization, then automatic born curved face, It is end to acquire together the real object precision is consistent of or computer EU a product model that pass through reforms.This way can increases biggest new product design velocity.Current mature curved face anti beg to set up the mold software has: Surfacer,Cimatronrenge, etc. of Strim100.Make use of the standard format document of the other the system of CAD to set up the mold, this way than convenience.Because the world of the market turns with the technical development in the network of INTERNET,The CAD technique exchanges of the molding tool business enterprise with cooperate to have many pass the CAD document method proceed.Because the CAD system category is more, therefore documentary format must follow the international standard,Such as the DXF, IGES, STEP, VDA, etc. of STL.Pass to read standard format document to establish directly or establish the product model after modifying, since canquickly, deepen the customer and the exchanges of the molding tool factory house, Also can shorten the product the design the period.3, the CAD design of the molding tool and analysisThe CAD design of the molding tool, analysis,Include to divide the type, certain type C» according to the product model molding tool of proceeding the design with the type D¾ , molding tool structural and detailed design, the plastics ³a fills process analysis etc. a few aspects.Make use of the advanced characteristic shape software,such as PRO/ E, etc. of UGII, the very easily certain dividing the type,Born top and bottom mold C» with mold D¾, then the proceeding flows a way, sprinkle a people and cool off the pipe line of arrange etc..Made sure these designses data hereafter, then make use of the molding tool analysis software,Proceed such as the MOLDFLOW, CFLOW the plastics take shape the process analysis.According to the software of MOLDFOLW with it of the material, craft database of plentifulness, pass the importation take shape the craft parameter,Can the development imitate the true analysis plastics to inject in note EU mold C» the process flows the circumstance( the plastics with sprinkle a people more inject remits to flow the analysis of ÎAE ), analyze the temperature pressure variety circumstance and analyze to note EU a ²D remaining should dint etc.,According to analyze the circumstance to the rationality that check the molding tool construction, flow quantity problem etc. of the rationality, product of the appearance.For example whether the esse sprinkles to note the system not reasonable, appear to flow way with sprinkle a position size not appropriate,Can''t equilibrium alive with type C» ; whether to exsit product construction absurdity or molding tool constructions or not is not reasonable, appearing the product A dissatisfied( namely short shoot the phenomenon); whether to cool off asymmetry or not, the influence produces the efficiency with product quantity;Whether the esse notes the craft of EU wrong, appear the song of CI of the product transform etc..The molding tool passes the CAD the design with analyze, can dissolvemistake at design the stage, increase to try once the mold the success the rate.At plastics molding tool design with analyze to apply many new computer.aideds technique this stage, if the parameter turns technique, characteristic shape technique, database technique etc..There is many standards piece in the plastics molding tool, Turn such as the standard mold a parameter for outing organization, sprinkling noting system, cooling system...etc. can adopting basing on database managing the characteristic shape design method proceed the design or establish the standard a a, like this since can realize the data share,Can satisfy the customer again to the at any time modifying of the design, make the design analysis of the molding tool fast, accurate, efficiently.The parameter turns the characteristic shape can not only describe the product completely then several why sketch information,And can acquire accuracy, material and assemble etc. informations of the product, its a product for establishing model is a kind of apting to handle and can reflect design intention with process the model of the characteristic.Therefore,The parameter turns the characteristic shape technique is an one of the most important technique in process in manufacturing in molding tools.4, the technical application in CAM of the molding tool, process to imitate true and ml;I processing, line incising to process, electricity spark processing to wait.The technique of CAM rises in the type C» , type D¾ of the complicated molding tool and the I I of the electrodes process particularly more important function.Its main technique characteristics includes:(1) the O , ¾« processes the knife have the track excellent to turn the programming with the instruction of NC creation,(2) the knife has the category, characteristic to establish with the material ,(3) slicing the Ï÷ process the craft parameter to really settle,(4)The commonness slices the Ï÷ to slice with the high speed the characteristic that I process controls,(5) over slice the check with process the superficial accuracy control,(6)processing the computer entity of the process imitate the realistic I ,(7) The computer control number controls the technique of DNC and clusters of the machine bed control the technical and applied etc..Need the CAD specially in technical application in CAM three I product model data.More profession computer plait distance software,such as MASTERCAM, UNIMOD, etc. of CIMATRON, when the plait distance of many curved faces processes have the higher request to the curved face model of the product,Intend with the high accuracy of the curved face to match such as the directional consistency, curved face in U, V of the close together curved face, inclined rate in curved face continuous variety etc..In high class CAD/ the integral whole of CAM turn system,( such as UGII, PRO/ E)Because making use of the parameter turns the characteristic shape design with same database technique, making the type C of the product model data, molding tool have the track data to have got the inside contact with the type D¾ model data, knife, The modification knife of the product model has the track to also modify automatically.The molding tool processes the entity imitates the true technique more and more mature, also is more and more valued by people.It is mimicry machine bed that processing the entity imitate process the process on the computer, can keep the result that view reflect process,Can takes the gauge of directly quantity that after processing spare parts, can check the mistake that process.At check quantity that after processing spare parts, can at the computer is last to process behind of the entity model proceeds the aleatoric EE slices, Measure its size directly with the accuracy.Therefore, it can dissolve mistake at process the stage of craft plait distance design, reduce to repair after processing with return the work, increases consumedly the manufacturing efficiency of the molding tool with quantity.5, plastics product and its molding tools take shape the manufacturing quicklyPlastics product and its molding tools use the computer CAD techniquewdesignafter completing, can pass the fleetness take shape the technique make.This is the manufacturing technique of a kind of all new concept,It abandoned the traditional machine processes the method.Its take shape principle is three I CAD entity models are long.lost set up a series of a layer data of the thickness, make use of the laser take shape machine or others take shape the equipments read these datas,Increase the method technique with the material, pile up the each layer to take shape one by one in order.This technique calls the fleetness to take shape the technique automatically.( Rapid Prototype)It is also a CAD to gather the technical importance constitutes the part.The first pedestal takes shape the equipments quickly to bear in the United States a company in 1987, because of its characteristics is to has nothing to do with the complicated degree of the product of the manufacturing, bringing the manufacturing industry the enormous vibration.Henceforth decade,Take shape quickly the technique be flown to develop soon, the category of the equipments also piles up one after another,Turn from the material I the method can is divided into the laser with not the laser burns the knot method( SLS), solid surface layer shape method( SGC), layer a manufacturing method( LOM) and melt to sink to accumulate the method( FDM), district constituency glues the knot method( DSPC), laser spirit to sink to accumulate method( SALD) etc. mutually.Every kind of method characteristics is:The method of SLA is applied at the earliest stage of took shape the technique quickly, the early market occupied the bigger cent sum, but is narrow because of the material scope, the cost is higher, taking shape the piece was heat.proof and bore the burthen with applied color the ability low,The recent years was gradually replaced by the other method.The method of FDM because of taking shape the speed quick, the cost is low, get the good application in plastics product profession, because the size of the spare parts is small, accuracy bad, Also suffer certainly of restrict.The method of LOM because of adoption paper or isoutline edge that thin slice plastics, the cost is low, and the laser projects light upon each layer only, as a result take shape the speed quick,But the product surface quantity is bad.The method of SLS proceeds to burn the knot with the laser, adoptive material than wide, if the plastics,A¯ anticipates, porcelain and ceramics, metals etc. all can take shape, taking shape the piece is heat.proof and bear the burthen with apply color the ability stronger,Have the extensive and applied foreground.The other method also gets the application in some special kinds process.According to above take shape the method characteristics, take shape the technical function quickly to consist in primarily:The manufacturing useds for the design with the on trial product model, make to used for the small the molding tool that batch quantity produce to process with the special spare parts in small batch quantity.Take shape the product model of the technique manufacturing quickly in the aspects of material the ratio tradition processes the product model of the method manufacturing has the difference,But in shape and sizes almost complete similar, and there is certain machine strength, can make the function experiment, handles through surface at the same time, looking similar to true product,Can advertise the propaganda material.Take shape the molding tool of the technique manufacturing quickly,Is a soft material to take shape the mold( the mold of A¯ , wreath oxygen resin mold, ¹è rubber mold, low EU orders the metal alloy casts mold etc.) primarily to synthesize the hard type in material C mold with porcelain and ceramics or metals »ùs now.Hard mold in manufacturing the hour can take shape with the fleetness the spare parts makes the female die,Create first the soft mold between wreath oxygen resin mold or other material, sprinkle to note porcelain and ceramics or gypsum molds in soft mold, then sprinkle the steel of Öý steel mold; or sprinkle the admixture that note in soft mold chemistry contain steel powder glue knot,Proceed to burn to become the steel mold.Take shape the steel mold of the technique manufacturing quickly to process after needing further did to throw light etc., make into the small batch quantity produce of note the mold of EU .Because the molding tool sprinkles to note or burn the knot with the steel powder but, Material and common molding tool steel contain certain margin, therefore, the life span is shorter, cans make to manufacture on a trial basis product or small batch quantities produce.Moreover, taking shape the technique quickly can also manufacture the special spare parts,If make with the metallurgy powder legal system the metals electrode, nicety cast the legal system makes the copper electrode, ND mold legal system makes graphite electrode etc..Take shape the technique creation molding tool quickly to model the equipments with the product, all is STL to read CAD system creation or CLI etc. document format datas,Different document format data to the product accuracy of the creation contain bigger margin, therefore, study the system of CAD to take shape quickly the document format of the equipments output to have the very important meaning.6, the molding tool CAD gathers technical development trendA calculator for saying, molding tool CAD gathering technique is applying in molding tool making each link assistance technique on the ×U with each link information that realizes the technique gathers.Obviously,The information gathers unify with data the management is a key.The information of the product is to pierces through in the design, analyze, process, examine, assemble a stage,Fluency, solution data format that realizes each link information standardizes and the data maintenance is a point with future CAD that share to gather technique development.The system of PDM emergence is to resolve this problem brought the first light of day.It is molding tool business enterprise application CAD that the system of PDM puts into practice gather technical and important lesson.Design in molding toolmanufacturing aspect,The intelligence that imply the research, high speed that abundant expert''s knowledge turn molding tool CAD/ the system of CAM slices theI÷ processes and its plait distance etc. is a trend that future study the development.2 中文翻译塑料模具CAD集成技术内容提要：通过分析计算机辅助注射模设计和制造的各个环节中共享的技术和信息，本文揭示了注射模CAD的集成技术的根本内涵，并提出了它的研究热点和趋势。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)

毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。

程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。

一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。

而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。

这是一项令人痛苦的工作。

但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。

我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。

这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。

Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。

有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。

我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。

除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。

本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。

15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。

早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。

但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。

为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。

IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。

我自己的域名是。

所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。

冲压模具设计成型方面毕业设计外文翻译

毕业设计（论文）英文翻译课题名称系部材料工程系专业材料成型及控制工程班级学号姓名指导教师2 0 10年3 月 10日4 Sheet metal forming and blanking4.1 Principles of die manufacture4.1.1 Classification of diesIn metalforming,the geometry of the workpiece is established entirely or partially by the geometry of the die.In contrast to machining processes,ignificantly greater forces are necessary in forming.Due to the complexity of the parts,forming is often not carried out in a single operation.Depending on the geometry of the part,production is carried out in several operational steps via one or several production processes such as forming or blanking.One operation can also include several processes simultaneously(cf.Sect.2.1.4).During the design phase,the necessary manufacturing methods as well as the sequence and number of production steps are established in a processing plan(Fig.4.1.1).In this plan,the availability of machines,the planned production volumes of the part and other boundary conditions are taken into account.The aim is to minimize the number of dies to be used while keeping up a high level of operational reliability.The parts are greatly simplified right from their design stage by close collaboration between the Part Design and Production Departments in order to enable several forming and related blanking processes to be carried out in one forming station.Obviously,the more operations which are integrated into a single die,the more complex the structure of the die becomes.The consequences are higher costs,a decrease in output and a lower reliability.Fig.4.1.1 Production steps for the manufacture of an oil sumpTypes of diesThe type of die and the closely related transportation of the part between dies is determined in accordance with the forming procedure,the size of the part in question and the production volume of parts to be produced.The production of large sheet metal parts is carried out almost exclusively using single sets of dies.Typical parts can be found in automotive manufacture,the domestic appliance industry and radiator production.Suitable transfer systems,for example vacuum suction systems,allow the installation of double-action dies in a sufficiently large mounting area.In this way,for example,the right and left doors of a car can be formed jointly in one working stroke(cf.Fig.4.4.34).Large size single dies are installed in large presses.The transportation of the parts from one forming station to another is carried out mechanically.In a press line with single presses installed one behind the other,feeders or robots can be used(cf.Fig.4.4.20 to 4.4.22),whilst in large-panel transfer presses,systems equipped with gripper rails(cf.Fig.4.4.29)or crossbar suction systems(cf.Fig.4.4.34)are used to transfer the parts.Transfer dies are used for the production of high volumes of smaller and medium size parts(Fig.4.1.2).They consist of several single dies,which are mounted on a common base plate.The sheet metal is fed through mostly in blank form and also transported individually from die to die.If this part transportation is automated,the press is called a transfer press.The largest transfer dies are used together with single dies in large-panel transfer presses(cf.Fig.4.4.32).In progressive dies,also known as progressive blanking dies,sheet metal parts are blanked in several stages;generally speaking no actual forming operation takes place.The sheet metal is fed from a coil or in the form of metal ing an appropriate arrangement of the blanks within the available width of the sheet metal,an optimal material usage is ensured(cf.Fig.4.5.2 to 4.5.5). The workpiece remains fixed to the strip skeleton up until the laFig.4.1.2 Transfer die set for the production of an automatic transmission for an automotive application-st operation.The parts are transferred when the entire strip is shifted further in the work flow direction after the blanking operation.The length of the shift is equal to the center line spacing of the dies and it is also called the step width.Side shears,very precise feeding devices or pilot pins ensure feed-related part accuracy.In the final production operation,the finished part,i.e.the last part in the sequence,is disconnected from the skeleton.A field of application for progressive blanking tools is,for example,in the production of metal rotors or stator blanks for electric motors(cf.Fig.4.6.11 and 4.6.20).In progressive compound dies smaller formed parts are produced in several sequential operations.In contrast to progressive dies,not only blanking but also forming operations are performed.However, the workpiece also remains in the skeleton up to the last operation(Fig.4.1.3 and cf.Fig.4.7.2).Due to the height of the parts,the metal strip must be raised up,generally using lifting edges or similar lifting devices in order to allow the strip metal to be transported mechanically.Pressed metal parts which cannot be produced within a metal strip because of their geometrical dimensions are alternatively produced on transfer sets.Fig.4.1.3 Reinforcing part of a car produced in a strip by a compound die setNext to the dies already mentioned,a series of special dies are available for special individual applications.These dies are,as a rule,used separately.Special operations make it possible,however,for special dies to be integrated into an operational Sequence.Thus,for example,in flanging dies several metal parts can be joined together positively through the bending of certain metal sections(Fig.4.1.4and cf.Fig.2.1.34).During this operation reinforcing parts,glue or other components can be introduced.Other special dies locate special connecting elements directly into the press.Sorting and positioning elements,for example,bring stamping nuts synchronised with the press cycles into the correct position so that the punch heads can join them with the sheet metal part(Fig.4.1.5).If there is sufficient space available,forming and blanking operations can be carried out on the same die.Further examples include bending,collar-forming,stamping,fine blanking,wobble blanking and welding operations(cf.Fig.4.7.14 and4.7.15).Fig.4.1.4 A hemming dieFig.4.1.5 A pressed part with an integrated punched nut4.1.2 Die developmentTraditionally the business of die engineering has been influenced by the automotive industry.The following observations about the die development are mostly related to body panel die construction.Essential statements are,however,made in a fundamental context,so that they are applicable to all areas involved with the production of sheet-metal forming and blanking dies.Timing cycle for a mass produced car body panelUntil the end of the 1980s some car models were still being produced for six to eight years more or less unchanged or in slightly modified form.Today,however,production time cycles are set for only five years or less(Fig.4.1.6).Following the new different model policy,the demands ondie makers have also changed prehensive contracts of much greater scope such as Simultaneous Engineering(SE)contracts are becoming increasingly common.As a result,the die maker is often involved at the initial development phase of the metal part as well as in the planning phase for the production process.Therefore,a much broader involvement is established well before the actual die development is initiated.Fig.4.1.6 Time schedule for a mass produced car body panelThe timetable of an SE projectWithin the context of the production process for car body panels,only a minimal amount of time is allocated to allow for the manufacture of the dies.With large scale dies there is a run-up period of about 10 months in which design and die try-out are included.In complex SE projects,which have to be completed in 1.5 to 2 years,parallel tasks must be carried out.Furthermore,additional resources must be provided before and after delivery of the dies.These short periods call for pre-cise planning,specific know-how,available capacity and the use of the latest technological and communications systems.The timetable shows the individual activities during the manufacturing of the dies for the production of the sheet metal parts(Fig.4.1.7).The time phases for large scale dies are more or less similar so that this timetable can be considered to be valid in general.Data record and part drawingThe data record and the part drawing serve as the basis for all subsequent processing steps.They describe all the details of the parts to be produced. The information given in theFig.4.1.7 Timetable for an SE projectpart drawing includes: part identification,part numbering,sheet metal thickness,sheet metal quality,tolerances of the finished part etc.(cf.Fig.4.7.17).To avoid the production of physical models(master patterns),the CAD data should describe the geometry of the part completely by means of line,surface or volume models.As a general rule,high quality surface data with a completely filleted and closed surface geometry must be made available to all the participants in a project as early as possible.Process plan and draw developmentThe process plan,which means the operational sequence to be followed in the production of the sheet metal component,is developed from the data record of the finished part(cf.Fig.4.1.1).Already at this point in time,various boundary conditions must be taken into account:the sheet metal material,the press to be used,transfer of the parts into the press,the transportation of scrap materials,the undercuts as well as thesliding pin installations and their adjustment.The draw development,i.e.the computer aided design and layout of the blank holder area of the part in the first forming stage–if need bealso the second stage–,requires a process planner with considerable experience(Fig.4.1.8).In order to recognize and avoid problems in areas which are difficult to draw,it is necessary to manufacture a physical analysis model of the draw development.With this model,theforming conditions of the drawn part can be reviewed and final modifications introduced,which are eventually incorporated into the data record(Fig.4.1.9).This process is being replaced to some extent by intelligent simulation methods,throughwhich the potential defects of the formed component can be predicted and analysed interactively on the computer display.Die designAfter release of the process plan and draw development and the press,the design of the die can be started.As a rule,at this stage,the standards and manufacturing specifications required by the client must be considered.Thus,it is possible to obtain a unified die design and to consider the particular requests of the customer related to warehousing of standard,replacement and wear parts.Many dies need to be designed so that they can be installed in different types of presses.Dies are frequently installed both in a production press as well as in two different separate back-up presses.In this context,the layout of the die clamping elements,pressure pins and scrap disposal channels on different presses must be taken into account.Furthermore,it must be noted that drawing dies working in a single-action press may be installed in a double-action press(cf.Sect.3.1.3 and Fig.4.1.16).Fig.4.1.8 CAD data record for a draw developmentIn the design and sizing of the die,it is particularly important to consider the freedom of movement of the gripper rail and the crossbar transfer elements(cf.Sect.4.1.6).These describe the relative movements between the components of the press transfer system and the die components during a complete press working stroke.The lifting movement of the press slide,the opening and closing movements of the gripper rails and the lengthwise movement of the whole transfer are all superimposed.The dies are designed so that collisions are avoided and a minimum clearance of about 20 mm is set between all the moving parts.4 金属板料的成形及冲裁4. 模具制造原理4.1.1模具的分类在金属成形的过程中，工件的几何形状完全或部分建立在模具几何形状的基础上的。

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Injection MoldingThe basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticated),forced out the other end of the cylinder,while it is still in the form of a melt,through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up.The mold is then opened,the piece ejected,and the sequence repeated.Thus,the significant elements of an injection molding machine become :1)the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit); 2)the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3)the type of mold used;4)the machine controls.The part of an injection-molding machine,which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger,on each storke; pushes unmelted plastic material into the chamber ,which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzleThe part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted,and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Moving plate is the member of the clamping unit,which is moved toward a stationary member.the moving section of the mold is bolted to this moving plate .This member usually includes the ejector holesand moldmounting pattern of blot holes or “T” slots .Stationary plate is the fixed member of the clamping unit on which the stationary section of the mold is bolted .This member usually includes a mold-mounting pattern of boles or “T” slots.Tie rods are member of the clamping force actuating mechanism that serve as the tension member of the clamp when it is holding the mold closed.They also serve as a gutde member for the movable plate .Ejector is a provision in the clamping unit that actuates a mechanism within the mold to eject the molded part(s) from the mold .The ejection actuating force may be applied hydraulically or pneumatically by a cylinder(s) attached to the moving plate ,or mechanically by the opening storke of the moving plate.Methods of melting and injecting the plastic differ from one machine to another and are constantly being improred .couventional machines use a cylinder and piston to do both jobs .This method simplifies machine construction but makes control of injection temperatures and pressures an inherently difficult problem .Other machines use a plastcating extruder to melt the plastic and piston to inject it while some hare been designed to use a screw for both jobs :Nowadays,sixty percent of the machines use a reciprocating screw,35% a plunger (concentrated in the smaller machine size),and 5%a screw pot.Many of the problems connected with in jection molding arises because the densities of polymers change so markedly with temperature and pressure.Athigh temperatures,the density of a polymer is considerably cower than at room temperature,provided the pressure is the same.Therefore,if modls were filled at atmospheric pressure, “shrinkage”would make the molding deviate form the shape of the mold.To compensate for this poor effect, molds are filled at high pressure.The pressure compresses the polymer and allows more materials to flow into the mold,shrinkage is reduced and better quality moldings are produced.Cludes a mold-mounting pattern of bolt holes or “T” slots.Tie rods are members of the clamping force actuatingmachanism that serve as the tension members of clamp when it is holding the mold closed.Ejector is a provision in the claming unit that actuates a mechanism within the mold to eject themolded part(s) form the mold.The ejection actuating force may be applied hydraulically or pneumatically by a cylinder(s) attached to the moving plate,or mechanically by the opening stroke of the moving plate.The function of a mold is twofold :imparting the desired shape to the plasticized polymer and cooling the injection molded part.It is basically made up of two sets of components :the cavities and cores and the base in which the cavities and cores are mounted. The mold ,which contains one or more cavities,consists of two basic parts :(1) a stationary molds half one the side where the plastic is injected,(2)Amoving half on the closing or ejector side of the machine. The separation between the two mold halves is called the parting line.In some cases the cavity is partly in the stationary and partly in the moving section.The size and weight of the molded parts limit the number of cavities in the mold and also determine the machinery capacity required.The mold components and their functions are as following :(1)Mold Base-Hold cavity(cavities) in fixed ,correct position relative tomachine nozzle .(2)Guide Pins-Maintain Proper alignment of entry into mold intrior .(3)Sprue Bushing(sprue)-Provide means of entry into mold interior .(4)Runners-Conrey molten plastic from sprue to cavities .(5)Gates-Control flow into cavities.(6)Cavity(female) and Force(male)-Contorl the size,shape and surface of moldarticle.(7)Water Channels-Control the temperature of mold surfaces to chill plastic torigid state.(8)Side (actuated by came,gears or hydraulic cylinders)-Form sideholes,slots,undercuts and threaded sections.注射成型注射成型的基本概念是使热塑性材料在受热时熔融，冷却时硬化，在大部分加工中，粒状材料（即塑料树脂）从料筒的一端（通常通过一个叫做“料斗”的进料装置）送进，受热并熔融（即塑化或增塑），然后当材料还是溶体时，通过一个喷嘴从料筒的另一端挤到一个相对较冷的压和封闭的模子里。