英语国家概况各单元知识点汇总'
英语国家概况总结资料全
Unit1A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 1.The flag of Britain : Union Jack〔英国国旗中没有显示出Welsh旗〕2.The basic information of each country:Count ry Capital AreaMemoEngla nd London最大1.最不会把自己的“英格兰文化区别于其他文化〞3.The time joining the British parliament: However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England:●British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding isles●UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland●Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain :At first, England was occupied by Celtic people. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.the Angle-Saxon invaded.Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land",later changed into England, the language they spoken became English.PS：One of the best-known English legends derivesfrom this time. In 5 century AD, King Author(亚瑟王) united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur〔被称为“王者之剑〞的圣剑〕, drove the Saxons back.关于亚瑟王的一些名词：Excalibur:被称为“王者之剑〞的圣剑;亚瑟王之魔剑Castle at Tintagel(廷塔杰尔) in Cornwall: Tintagel传说为亚瑟王的诞生地，这是一个与亚瑟王传奇有关的地方。
《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分
《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分1. Population, Race and Ethnic Groups 人口与民族世界第三人口大国，20世纪90年代人口增长更加迅速，将来60年还将迅猛增加。
预计将从1992年的25，550万，增加到2000年的27，500万。
移民是人口增长的主要来源，基本开放的移民政策。
现在多数移民来自亚洲和拉丁美洲。
城市化高，最大的城市：纽约，洛杉矶，芝加哥，旧金山，费城。
1946-1964是生育高峰，20世纪80年代人口老龄化趋势。
美国是移民国家。
第一批移民来自英国和荷兰，为了逃避宗教迫害，寻求更好的生活，契约劳工。
三次移民浪潮：第一次移民浪潮始于1805年，1845年到达高峰，许多爱尔兰人迁入。
第二次移民浪潮从1860-1890。
第三次移民浪潮从1890-1914，是最大的一次。
来自奥匈帝国，意大利，俄国，希腊，罗马尼亚和土耳其。
Characteristics of the American population 美国人口的特征流动性。
四次大规模的人口流动：第一次从内战结束到1880年，西进运动。
从东海岸向西部迁移。
第二次从1890-1920年，随着工业化和城市化的实现，人口从农村涌向城市。
第三次从1920-1960年，大批黑人离开南方涌入外地。
第四次从60年代至今，从东北部向西南部的阳光地带迁移。
Black people and the Civil Rights Movement 黑人与民权运动黑人是美国人口最多的少数民族。
自1619年作为奴隶贩运到北美洲，集中在南部农业区，生活悲惨。
代表小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《根》。
1863年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和1865《宪法》第13条修正案正式结束了奴隶制，但仍存在歧视。
1954年布朗诉教育委员会一案，开始了漫长的废除种族隔离的进程。
60年代爆发民权运动。
1964年通过《民权法案》，1965年通过《选举权法案》。
英语国家概况考试复习要点
英语国家概况复习要点Part One UKThe Country1.Different Names for Britain and its PartsName：England Britain Great Britain GB/G.B. British Isles British Empire The Commonwealth The United KingdomThe UKThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandParts：England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Geographically; the British Isles includes Great Britain; the whole of Ireland; and all the offshore islandsPolitically; the British Isles is made up of U.K. and Republic of Ireland.3. the highest mountain in Britain：Ben Nevis本尼维斯山the largest mountain range in Britain：the Grampians格兰扁山脉4.the longest river：The Severn River 塞文河The most important river in Britain and the second longest river: Thames泰晤士河5. the largest lake in Britain：Lough Neagh内伊湖 Northern Ireland6. Backbone of England：the Pennies奔宁山脉The people7.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人..8.Basis of Modern English raceThe earlist people known in Britain were nomads游牧者from mainland Europein the Old Stone Age旧石器时代;followed by Neolithic新石器时代 Iberians伊比利亚人 and the Beaker Folk比克人in the Bronze Age青铜器时代9.the contributions made by Anglo-Saxons to the English state①.established 'Old English'②.laid the foundations of the English state③. divided the country into shires④. created the 'Witan' to advise the Kingthe basis of the Cabinet10.different invadersFirst invasion—In 55 BC; Julius CaesarSecond—Caesar's second raid in 54 BCThird and final—In 43 AD; Emperor Claudius; final and successful Roman invasion of Britain recordedLeft—In 410; Germanic barbarian attack Rome; forcing Roman troops to leave Britain; and thus ending its occupation of the island History9.Who is known as “ the father of the British navy” Sir Francis Drake10. The Norman Conquest and its consequencesThe Norman Conquest 1066-1071Fuse: Edward ruled for 24 years and died in January; 1066. Harold was chosen to be king. William; Duke of Normandy; heard the news of Harold’s coronation; he got very angry and claimed that he had the sole right to be king of England because Edward had promised the crown to him and that Harold had promised to help him become king of England. Duke William led army and landed on the coast. The two armies met at Hastings.Consequences：It increased the process of feudalism.William established a strong monarchy in England.He introduced new ideas in laws.It brought changes in the church.The French language came along with the Normans.11.When was the feudal system established in England 封建制度Under William; the feudal system was completely established. Medieval Britain 1066-148512. Who signed Great Charter King John 签署大宪章13. Great Charter time; contents; natureTime: Magna Carta 1215Contents:内容A. the king was not to exact payments from the feudal vassals withouttheir consent;B. the laws were not to be modified by the arbitrary action of the king;C. should the king attempt to free himself from law; the vassals had the right to force the king to obey it; by civil war or by otherwise.Nature: a feudal document14.The Hundred Years’ War①. Time: intermittently from 1337 to 1453②. Countries: France and Britain③. Factors: partly territorial and partly economicThe English kings wanted to get back the lost land in France.The economic interests of England and France clashed in Flanders.New national consciousness of England④. Fuse: French throne succession——Edward III claimed the French Crown. The French refused to recognize the claim.⑤.Three outstanding stages of the warA. At first the English were brilliantly successful.B. Henry V renewed the war in 1415 and he was recognized to the French throne in 1420.C. After Henry V’s death in 1422; the French; encouraged by Joan of Arc; their national heroine; drove the English out of France.⑥. Two decisive reasons for French to win:effective use of guns &“Joan of Arc”⑦.Significance:The war was very expensive and it cost the English great deal of death; wealth and property; thus the feudal rule was weakened in the war.⑧.Effects of the war: After this war; the ruling Normans began to:A. regard England as their home.B. regard themselves as belongings to the English nation.C. reestablish English language as their official language.D. make effort to try to develop their industryThe expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of separate English national identity; while French national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.15.The War of Roses 1455--1485①. Rival groups：the House of Lancaster & the House of York②. The name of the war：The Lancastrians wore the badge of the red rose and the Yorkists wore the badge of the white rose; so the war got such a name.③. Nature of the war：feudal civil war; for power and wealth; for the possession of the Crown④.Reason：In the Hundred Years’ War; the loss was great. So the war-like nobles wanted to recoup for the loss; thus they all wanted to get power. The English nobles began to be divided and began to support different groups; in such a situation; the war broke out. At that time; the House of Lancaster was in power and Henry VI1422-1461 was the king and the House of York wanted to displace the House of Lancaster.⑤.Result:The Yorkist got complete victory; House of York 约克王朝1461-1485 but a third House; the House of Tudor got the power. Henry VII became the king. So a new important Dynasty began in English history.⑥. Consequence：Henry Tudor won descendant of Duke of Lancaster Although the Wars of the Roses were waged intermittently for 30 years; ordinary people were little affected. From these wars feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power now became supreme. This war shook off much of the feudal burden; so it paved way for the development of capitalism.16. The English Reformation①. ReasonsA. The church of the Middle Ages had not been only a religious body; but also a political and legal power as well. The greed and lazinessof the church hindered the social and political progress of England.B. Henry VIII had trouble in his divorce. He realized that foreign interference in England must be stopped.②. CourseA. By a special act by parliament ; Henry divorced and broke with the Pope.B. In 1534; Act of Supremacy: Henry became the head of the English Church.③.EffectsA.English Church became independent of Rome. The Roman Catholic church was international; the English Church was strictly national.B. The new landlords formed a new class--- a new nobility.C. Those who want to change any part of the faith were called Protestants.D. Henry’s trust in Parliament allowed the House of Commons to develop rapidly.④.NatureThe struggle between the English Church & Catholicism was essentially a struggle between the new “nobility” of money & bourgeoisie on the one hand and the remnants of feudalism on the other.⑤.People involvedA. Edward VI1547-1553: king after Henry Ⅷ’s deathB. “Bloody” Mary1553-1558:daughter of Catherine; reestablished Catholicism and burnt three hundred Protestants.C. Elizabeth I 1558-1603: Queen after Mary; restored Anglican Church.17. Renassaince in England is largely literary. Important repersentativesDistinguished Representatives：A. Sir Thomas More; the greatest English humanist; “Utopia”B.William Shakespeare1564-1616greatest dramatist ; 37 comedies; tragedies and historiesC. poetry----Spenser; Sidney; Shakespeare & DonneD. John Milton’s Paradise Lost; 1667E. English materialism---Francis Bacon1561-1626also a statesman& an essayist18.Civil War 1642-1649内战①.Background of the war战争的背景The absolutist rule of Charles I aroused the resistance of the people and the bourgeoisie; Charles took counteraction; the war broke out.②. Groups of the warA. Roundheads--supporters of Parliamentfree farmers; tradesmen; craftsmenB. Cavaliers/Royalists--King’s supportersCatholics; feudal lord <West & North of England>③.Consequence1649; Charles’ army was defeated; he was beheaded; in May 1649; England was declared a Commonwealth共和政府时期.In 1653; Cromwell was made Lord Protector护国公 for life and started his military dictatorship openly. The Commonwealth became the Protectorate摄政时期 and Parliament was dissolved. He became a “king”in all but name.19.The Glorious Revolution of 16881688年的光荣革命After thre e years’ struggle; the Whig and Tory leaders at last united against James II. Being afraid of another revolution; the leaders of the two parties planned a coup Detat. In June 1688; the leaders of Parliament invited William of Holland to come and take the throne. William landed with army and he was so welcomed that James II ran away to France. William and Mary were then crowned as joint rulers. This was known in history as The Glorious Revolution.20. Whigs and Tories辉格党和保守党The Roundheads—The Whigs—The Liberal PartyThe Cavaliers—The Tories—The Conservative Party21. The Industrial Revolution 1780-1830工业革命①.Definition 定义During the latter half of the eighteenth century; a rapid series of extensive changes began; especially in the field of manufacturing. There were so many new inventions that the whole series of changesis often described as the “Industrial Revolution”.②. Inventions发明A. In 1750s iron smelting was revolutionized.B. In 1769; the steam engine was created by James Watt.C. In 1785; the power loom the application of power to machineryD. The use of iron and coalE. In 1764; the Spinning Jenny was inventedG. In 1814; the first successful steam locomotive③. Consequences of the Industrial Revolution工业革命的后果A. The Industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also a great social upheaval. It exerted a great influence on both British society and the world.B. The Industrial Revolution promoted the development of production. It began to produce large quantity of low- priced goods in a more efficient manner.C. New cities came into being; population increased; the home market was enlarged.D. British goods almost achieved a monopoly situation in the world market. It laid a foundation for the “ factory of the world”.E. A factory system was established. Workers were employed and managers became capitalists.F. Two conflicting classes were born .G．A series of important inventions in the textile industry markedthe beginning of Industrial Revolution: 工业革命Spinning Jenny 珍妮纺纱机Spinning mule 走锭细纱机Power loom 动力纺纱机Steam engine 蒸汽机H．Means of transportation交通方式canals were dug to ship goodsthe locomotive invented in 1814the first railway completed in 1825large merchant fleetI．By the middle of 19th century; the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in BritainJ．Its influence：Britain changed in many ways1dramatically increased industrial productivity2the process of urbanization3changes in class structure4The conflict between the capitalists and the proletarians—the most important political issue22. James Watt’s steam engine in 1765.Government and Politics23. constitutional monarchy; the head of state is a king or a queen.君主立宪制国家;国家的首脑是国王或女王..24.the monarch is supposed to reigns but not rule.To reign but not to rule: perform ceremonial duties; symbolic 25.three elements of parliament议会组成The Crown The House of Lords The House of Commons26.The main functions of Parliament议会的主要作用To legislateTo vote the taxation and expenditures of the governmentTo examine government policies and administrationTo debate major current political issues27.Where does the real power lie Cabinet内阁Cabinet：The major decision-making body in the government28.two parties in the UK政党The Labour Party: believe in the supervision of industry by the government; distribution of wealth and equal opportunity for everyoneThe Conservative Party: support private enterprise and minimal state regulation; accept the mixed economy; believe in a governing class with a natural right and special privilegesJudiciary司法29. There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor the Home Secretary andthe Attorney General.30. The jury composed of 12 members. 陪审团有12个成员..31. Scotland Yard伦敦警察厅: headquarter of the Metropolitan PoliceEducation32.the compulsory education义务教育Primary and secondary education in the UK is compulsory. Children between 5 --16 years old are obliged to attend school.33.two education systemprivate schools 私立学校 public schools公学34. the oldest university：OxfordOthers35.The largest religious festival：Christmas36. The oldest newspaper：The Times37. most famous broadcasting company：the British Broadcasting Corporationthe BBCThe most desirable home: a detached house 最理想的家:独立式住宅Part Two USAThe country1. 50 states the largest; the smallest; the purchased ones50个州 Alaska—the largest 阿拉斯加州Rhode Island—the smallest 罗德岛州Texas—the largest on the mainland德克萨斯州Alaska—the purchased ones购买2. 13 colonies13个殖民地Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North AmericaDelaware 特拉华 Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚 New Jersey 新泽西Georgia 乔治亚 Connecticut康涅狄格 Massachusetts 麻萨诸塞Maryland 马里兰 South Carolina 南卡罗来纳New Hampshire 新罕布什尔 Virginia 弗吉尼亚 New York 纽约North Carolina 北卡罗来纳 Rhode Island 罗德岛3. 5 great lakes; the longest riverLake Michigan; Lake Superior; Lake Huron; Lake Erie; Lake Ontario the longest river：the Mississippi River密西西比河4.who discovered the new continentIn 1492; Christopher Columbus; found America; a new continent instead of India.History4.Independence war1775; 13 colonies began rebellion1776; proclamation of independence1777; victory at Saratoga; the turning point of American revolution1781; surrender of Britain1783; Treaty of Paris represented the formal acknowledgement of the US as an independent nationCauses:growing intense conflicts between the British government and the American people:The British government:•to bring the development of the colonies under control•to collect more taxes.•practiced unfair price policies•put into effect many taxes:The Stamp Act: 印花税法令an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercialdocuments opposition by the colonies resulted in the repeal of the act in 1766the Townshend Acts唐森德条令All goods imported into the colonies must be taxed. They were appealed in 1770.The 13 colonies:•wanted more power to determine their own business•opposed the unfair treatment and all these policies.•The Boston Massacre波士顿大屠杀 1770•Some British solders fired at the people; killed four and wounded many. The event made the people indignant.•The Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件•demonstration 1773 by citizens of Boston who disguised as Indians raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumpedhundreds of chests of tea into the harbor organized as a protest against taxes on tea•an example of the conflicts between the British•government and the American people. 5.Continental congressThe First Continental Congress1774 第一次大陆会议•held in Philadelphia in September; 1774 before the war.•encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.•Colonial militia units were organized and weapons and ammunition were collected and stored since then.Beginning of the War•The shots at Lexington started the Independence War on April 19; 1775.The Second Continental Congress 第二次大陆会议•held in Philadelphia in May; 1775 three weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord.•The Congress founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington; a Virginia militia commander. The Declaration of Independence July4; 1776 独立宣言• drafted by Thomas Jefferson• adopted by the Congress on July4; 1776• declared the independence of the 13 colonies6. Civil war内战1861-1865The Situation Before the War:Two economic systems in the North and the SouthNorth Capitalist EconomySouth PlantationThe Growth of the working classUncle Tom’s Cabinfree and slave states 1860Abraham Lincoln was elected president and opposed the expansion of slavery.Some southern states formed the Confederate States of America in 1861.a war to abolish slaveryUnion army Vs. Confederate armySurpasses all other wars for the tragedy and destructiveness.Effect: put an end to the salve system in AmericaAftermath of the war:In south: KKKKu Klux KlanIn north: building an enterprising way of lifeIn west: cowboy7.Great depression 1930’s经济危机The stock market crash in 1929Massive unemployment; factory and mill closings; and mortgage foreclosuresA breakdown of the nati on’s entire economy8.New DealFranklin D. Roosevelt: “New Deal” 罗斯福新政The aim was to save American democracy and the capitalist system The programs and policies to promote economic recovery and social reformAmerican Identity9.melting pot/ “a nation of immigrants”熔炉/“移民国家”Reasons:①.Country was settled; built; and developed by generations of immigrants②. America continues to take in more immigrants than any other country.③. The most heterogeneous多种多样的 societiesInfluence:America exercising far greater influence on Europe than Europe on America.10.Indian Reservations印第安保留地Indians’struggle and sufferings:①. first driven out of their familiar land②. either wholly or partially destroyed③. lose their land to white invaders④. lose their peaceful family & community life⑤.“Indian Reservations”Today’s Indians:①. the poorest②. lower incomes③. the highest unemployment; school dropout; and suicide rates④. malnutrition & mental illness & short life expectancy⑤. call of pan-IndianismPolitical Institutions11.Checks and balances 分权制衡12.Congress国会The legislative branch of the federal government.Congress：Senate 参议院:2年选1/3;6年House of Representatives 众议院:2年全选;2年表格对比：Congress Members Be elected Terms of office represent Senators 100 1/3 every 2 years 6 years All of the people in a state & their interestsRepresentatives 435 every 2 years 2 years Population of “congressional districts”Congress makes all laws.Each state has two Senators; regardless of population; and; since there are 50 states; then there are 100 senators.13.General election大选Is elected every 4 years4-year term of officeNo more than 2 full terms allowedHe must convince Congressmen; the Representatives & theSenators.14.two parties两党the American political system is dominated by two political parties:the Democratic Party民主党donkeythe Republican Party共和党elephantThe Democratic Party is sometimes represented as a donkey; whilethe Republican Party is sometimes featured as an elephant.15.The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the onlyorgan which has the power to interpret the Constitution最高法院唯一有权解释宪法Educationpulsory education义务教育Elementary初等 and secondary中等 education—the basis of publiceducation; free and compulsory; 12 gradesOne academic year—from September through JuneDifferent divisions of school systems:elementary school—one through eighthigh school—next four yearselementary school—one through sixjunior high school—seven through ninesenior high school—ten through twelveHigher education of the U.S began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. 高等教育始于哈佛学院的建立The beginning of higher education—the founding of Harvard College in 163617.list some famous universites in America; are they public or private The oldest one isIvy League—including eight universities Brown; Columbia; Cornell; Dartmouth;Harvard; Pennsylvania; Princeton; and Yale MIT—Massachusetts Institute of Technology麻省理工学院Harvard is the oldest one.Others18.the typical American festival isNew Year’s Day新年 Epiphany显现节;主显节Lent四旬斋 Candlemas Day圣烛节、土拨鼠日St. Valentine's Day情人节 Easter复活节 Thanksgiving Halloween万圣节 Washington's Birthday华盛顿诞辰日Lincoln's Birthday林肯纪念日 President's Day总统纪念日19.Independence Day 美国独立纪念日Independence Day is the most important patriotic holiday.The national day—the 4th of July On this day in 1776; the Continental Congress adopted The Declaration of Independence.4th July: The Fourth of July is a very important holiday in the U.S.We celebrate the signing of the Declaration of Independence by representatives of the thirteen American Colonies.On July 4; 1776; John Hancock; Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin; well-known patriots; declared the independence of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain. This holiday is considered the `birthday of the United States of America.' It is the greatest non-religious holiday on the U.S. We celebrate this day with fireworks and parades.。
2018总结——新版《英语国家概况》各单元核心生词总结
2018总结——新版《英语国家概况》各单元核心生词总结第一篇：2018总结——新版《英语国家概况》各单元核心生词总结Chapter 1 Loch Lomond罗蒙湖freight [freɪt] 货运；运费；船货prevail [prɪ'veɪl] 盛行，流行westerlies ['wɛstɚliz]西风带mammal ['mæm(ə)l] 哺乳动物 roe [rəʊ] 獐predominantly [prɪ'dɒmɪnəntlɪ] 主要地；显著地Chapter 2 iberian [ai'biəriən] 伊比利亚人；伊比利亚语teutonic [tju:'tɔnik] 日耳曼人的Iona爱奥那岛（苏格兰一小岛）columba [kə'lʌmbə] 天鸽座；鸽属 monastery ['mɒnəst(ə)rɪ] 修道院；僧侣 witan ['wɪtən] 国会成员manorial [mə'nɔrɪəl] 庄园的；采邑的 christianize ['krɪstʃən,aɪz] 使成基督徒Chapter 3 oath [əʊθ+.誓言，誓约；诅咒，咒骂 allegiance [ə'liːdʒ(ə)ns] 效忠，忠诚；忠贞immediate [ɪ'miːdɪət] 立即的；直接的；最接近的Domesday Book *'duːmzdeɪ] 最后审判日 compiled [kəm'paɪl] 编译的sponsorship ['spɒnsəʃɪp] 赞助；发起；保证人的地位；教父母身份 extent [ɪk'stɛnt] n.程度；范围；长度Plantagenet [plæn'tædʒənit]金雀花王1154-1485年significance [sɪg'nɪfɪk(ə)ns] 意义；重要性；意思 clause [klɔːz+ 条款 magna carta大宪章territorial [,terɪ'tɔːrɪəl] 领土的；土地的；地方的brutally ['brʊtli] 残忍地；野蛮地；兽性地Chapter 4 Lancaster兰卡斯特 Walter Scott 沃尔特·司各特compromise ['kɒmprəmaɪz] 妥协，和解；折衷cavaliers [,kæv ə'liəs] 骑士 Oliver Cromwell奥利弗·克伦威尔Chapter5 nonconformist [nɒnkən'fɔːmɪst] 不属于圣公会的英国基督教徒enclosure [ɪn'kləʊʒə;en-] 附件；围墙；围场Jeremy Bentham杰里米·边沁（英国哲学家）utilitarianism [jʊ,tɪlɪ'teərɪənɪz(ə)m] 功利主义/ 6modify ['mɒdɪfaɪ] 修改refer [rɪ'fɜː+参考；涉及；提到；查阅mechanization [,mekənaɪ'zeɪʃən] 机械化；机动化 consequent ['kɒnsɪkw(ə)nt] 结果industrialize [ɪnˈdʌstrɪəlʌɪz] 使工业化 allies *ˈæ,laɪz] 同盟国league *liːg+ 联盟；社团；范畴 tension ['tenʃ(ə)n] 紧张，不安Neville Chamberlain内维尔·张伯伦appeasement [ə'piːzm(ə)nt] 缓和，平息；姑息hasten ['heɪs(ə)n] 加速；使赶紧；催促 Margaret Thatcher玛格丽特·撒切尔emphasis ['emfəsɪs] 重点；强调；加强语气manifesto [mænɪ'festəʊ] 宣言；声明；告示Chapter6 conventional [kən'venʃ(ə)n(ə)l] 传统的 barley ['bɑːlɪ+ 大麦 oat [əʊt] 燕麦sugar beet *biːt+ 甜菜rapeseed ['reɪpsiːd+ 油菜籽infrastructure ['ɪnfrəstrʌktʃə] 基础设施；公共建设 financial [fa ɪ'nænʃ(ə)l] 金融的；财政的，财务的 tourism ['tʊərɪz(ə)m] 旅游业；游览Chapter7 sovereign ['sɒvrɪn] 君主；独立国；最高统治者coronation [kɒrə'neɪʃ(ə)n] 加冕礼nobility [nə(ʊ)'bɪlɪtɪ] 贵族；高贵；高尚 Lords temporal世俗贵族,上议院世俗议员peeress ['pɪərɪs] 有爵位的妇女；贵族夫人hereditary [hɪ'redɪt(ə)rɪ] 世袭的；世代相传的 suffrage ['sʌfrɪdʒ] 选举权；投票；参政权；cabinet ['kæbɪnɪt] 内阁的；私下的，秘密的magistrate ['mædʒɪstrət;-streɪt] 地方法官 bail [beɪl] 保释custody ['kʌstədɪ] 拘留 bobby ['bɒbɪ] 警察Chapter8 voluntary ['vɒlənt(ə)rɪ] 自愿的；志愿的；自发的；故意的compulsory [kəmˈpʌlsərɪ] 义务的；必修的；被强制的secretary *ˈsekrətrɪ] 秘书；书记；部长；大臣 curriculum [kə'rɪkjʊl əm] 课程,总课程applicable [ə'plɪkəb(ə)l]可适用的；可应用的；合适的Beatles ['bi:tlz] 披头士合唱（摇滚乐队）/ 6Guardian ['gɑːdɪən+ 监护人，保护人；守护者digital ['dɪdʒɪt(ə)l] 数字的；手指的Chapter 9 Michigan ['miʃigən] 美国密歇根州；密歇根Superior *suːˈpɪərɪə] 苏必利尔Huron ['hjuərən] 休伦湖Ontario安大略湖Rio Grande River里奥格兰德河Detroit [di'trɔit] 底特律（美国一座城市）volcano [vɒl'keɪnəʊ] 火山Mauna Loa莫纳罗亚山（夏威夷岛的活火山）sugar cane甘蔗pineapple ['paɪnæp(ə)l] 菠萝 Honolulu [,hɔnə'lu:lu:] 火奴鲁鲁Eskimos爱斯基摩人Chapter 10 California [,kælɪ'fɔ:njə] 加利福尼亚 Texas ['teksəs] 德克萨斯州amnesty ['æmnɪstɪ] 大赦，特赦 resident *ˈrɛzɪdənt] 居住的；定居的partial ['pɑːʃ(ə)l+ 局部的；偏爱的；不公平的ancestry ['ænsestrɪ] 祖先；血统Chicano [tʃi:'kɑ:nəu+ 奇卡诺人Hispanic [hi'spænik] 西班牙的assimilation [ə,sɪmɪ'leɪʃən] 同化；吸收 diabetes [,daɪə'biːtiːz+ 糖尿病；多尿症alcoholism ['ælkəhɒlɪz(ə)m] 酗酒tuberculosis [tjʊ,bɜːkjʊ'ləʊsɪs] 肺结核；结核病 suicide *'s(j)uːɪsaɪd] 自杀disproportionate [,dɪsprə'pɔːʃ(ə)nət] 不成比例的 incidence ['ɪnsɪd(ə)ns] 发生率；影响Chapter11 Virginia弗吉尼亚州Pilgrims ['pɪlgrɪmz] 清教徒Philadelphia [,filə'delfjə;-fiə] 费城declaration [deklə'reɪʃ(ə)n]（纳税品等的）申报theory *'θɪərɪ] 理论；原理；学说；推测philosopher [fɪ'lɒsəfə] 哲学家；哲人Saratoga [,særə'təugə] 萨拉托加Alexander [,ælɪg'zændɚ] 亚历山大Hamilton ['hæmiltən] 汉密尔顿-名；哈密尔顿-城市James Madison詹姆斯·麦迪逊（美国前总统）/ 6ratification [,rætəfə'keʃən] 批准；承认，认可Napoleonic [n ə,pəuli'ɔnik] 拿破仑一世的forcibly ['fɔːsɪblɪ] 用力地；强制地；有说服力地Louisiana [lu:,i:zi'ænə] 美国路易斯安那州 frontiersmen ['frʌntjəzmən] 拓荒者manifest destiny天定命运O’Sullivan奥沙利文confederate [kən'fed(ə)rət] 同盟国Chapter12 Muckraker ['mʌk,rekɚ] 探听丑闻的人prosperous ['prɒsp(ə)rəs] 繁荣的；兴旺的 corruption [kə'rʌpʃ(ə)n] 贪污，腐败；堕落 regulate ['regjʊleɪt] 调节，规定laissez faire *lei'sei'fεər] 放任；自由主义 Woodrow Wilson伍德罗·威尔逊，总统（1913-1921）reduction [rɪ'dʌkʃ(ə)n] 减少；下降；缩小；还原反应decentralized [di'sɛntrəl,aɪz] 使分散；使分权neglect [nɪ'glekt] 疏忽，忽视；忽略 commission [kə'mɪʃ(ə)n] 委员会 investigate [ɪn'vestɪgeɪt] 调查；研究conference ['kɒnf(ə)r(ə)ns] 会议；协商；联盟frustration [frʌ'streɪʃn] 挫折creditor ['kredɪtə] 债权人，贷方 Ku klux klan三K党foreclosure [fɔː'kləʊʒə] 丧失抵押品赎回权Franklin D.Roosevelt富兰克林罗斯福（美国总统）pragmatist ['prægmətɪst] 实用主义者；爱管闲事人 Tennessee Valley Authority田纳西州流域管理局 stimulation *ˌstɪmjʊ'leʃn] 刺激；激励，鼓舞formulation [fɔːmjʊ'leɪʃn] 构想，规划；公式化implementation [ɪmplɪmen'teɪʃ(ə)n] 实现；履行incident ['ɪnsɪd(ə)nt] 事件，事变；插曲Chapter13 violation [vaɪə'leɪʃn] 违反；妨碍，侵害；违背；senator ['senətə] 参议员McCarthy [mə'ka:θi+ 麦卡锡（姓氏）Vietnam *ˌvjet'næm+ 越南（南亚国家）vietminh [,vjet'min] 越南独立同盟；越盟领导人Geneva [dʒi'ni:və] 日内瓦（瑞士西南部城市）Hochiminh（越南）胡志明市communique [kə'mju:nɪkeɪ] 公报，官报diplomatic [dɪplə'mætɪk] 外交的；外交上的；老练的Barack Obama巴拉克·奥巴马Chapter14-16/ 6bloc [blɒk] 集团optimism ['ɒptɪmɪz(ə)m] 乐观；乐观主义circulation [sɜːkjʊ'leɪʃ(ə)n] 流通，循环；发行量 petroleum [pə'trəʊlɪəm] 石油 extreme poverty极端贫穷petition [pɪ'tɪʃ(ə)n] 请愿；请愿书vice president [,vais'prezidənt] 副总统；副主席mandatory ['mændət(ə)rɪ] 强制的；托管的；命令的 option ['ɒpʃ(ə)n] 选项；选择权；买卖的特权 patriotic *ˌpætrɪˈɒtɪk] 爱国的parade [pə'reɪd] 游行；阅兵；炫耀 concert ['kɒnsət] 音乐会Nathaniel纳撒尼尔 Hawthorne霍桑 Edgar埃德加 Allan Poe爱伦·坡Chapter 17-18 semicircular[,sɛmaɪ'sɝkjʊlɚ] 半圆的Hudson Bay哈得逊湾（位于加拿大中东部）uninviting[ʌnɪn'vaɪtɪŋ+ 讨厌的，无吸引力的；无魅力的cordillera [,kɔːdɪ'ljeərə] 山脉 Mackenzie [mə'kenzi] 麦肯齐河bison ['baɪs(ə)n] 北美野牛；欧洲野牛multiculturalism[,mʌltɪ'kʌltʃərəlɪzm] 多元文化论Montreal[,mɔntri'ɔ:l] 蒙特利尔（加拿大东南部港市）hockey ['h ɒkɪ] 曲棍球；冰球Ontario安大略省（加拿大省份）Governor General（大英帝国国协内独立国家或殖民地等的）总督 prairie ['preərɪ] 大草原；牧场adequate ['ædɪkwət] 充足的；适当的；胜任的 canola [kə'nəʊl ə] 一种菜籽油 timber ['tɪmbə] 木材；木料Halifax ['hælifæks] 哈里法克斯Chapter 19-20 platypus ['plætɪpəs] 鸭嘴兽 wattle ['wɒt(ə)l] 金合欢树floral ['flɔrəl] 花的；植物的，植物群的；花似的marsupial [mɑː'suːpɪəl+ 有袋的；袋状的kangaroo *,kæŋgə'ruː+袋鼠continuously [kən'tɪnjʊəsli] 连续不断地 influx ['ɪnflʌks] 流入；汇集；河流的汇集处 vegemite咸味酱yeast *jiːst+ 酵母；泡沫；酵母片；引起骚动因素 peanut *'piːn ʌt] 花生prestigious [pre'stɪdʒəs] 有名望的；享有声望的Sydney Cove 悉尼湾homosexuality ['hɒməʊ,seksjʊ'ælətɪ] 同性恋/ 6Brisbane ['brizbən] 布里斯班（澳大利亚东部城市）Perth [pɜrθ+ 珀斯，佩斯（澳大利亚城市）Chapter 21-22 Matthew Flinders马修·福林达斯 alongside [əl ɒŋ'saɪd] 在旁边informal [ɪn'fɔːm(ə)l] 非正式的；不拘礼节的matrimonial [mætrɪ'məʊnɪəl] 婚姻的；与婚姻有关的bicameral [,baɪ'kæmərəl] 两院制的；有两个议院的 poultry ['pəʊltr ɪ] 家禽inroad ['ɪnrəʊd] 侵袭，袭击；减少Newcastle ['nu,kæsəl] 纽卡斯尔（英国港市）vehicles *ˈviːɪk(ə)lz] 交通工具 beverage ['bev(ə)rɪdʒ] 饮料quota ['kwəʊtə] 配额；定额；限额 Hay Point海波因特（地名）Telstra Corporation澳洲电信volcanic [vɒl'kænɪk] 火山的；猛烈的；易突然发作的pohutukawa [pəu,hu:tə'kɑ:wə+ 桃金娘科常绿树 secluded [sɪ'kluːd ɪd] 隐蔽的；隐退的，隐居的missionary ['mɪʃ(ə)n(ə)rɪ] 传教的；传教士的 Waitangi怀唐伊（新西兰地名）entitled [ɪn'taɪtl] 有资格的；给与名称的mutton ['mʌt(ə)n] 羊肉integrating ['ɪntɪgreɪtɪŋ+ 整合；积分；集成化 trilogy ['trɪlədʒɪ] 三部曲；三部剧scenic *'siːnɪk] 风景优美的；舞台的；戏剧的Chapter 23-24 endemic [en'demɪk] 地方性的；风土的 stoat [st əʊt] 白鼬 hare [heə] 野兔reptile ['reptaɪl] 爬虫类的；卑鄙的 lizard ['lɪzəd] 蜥蜴；类蜥蜴爬行动物Massachusetts [,mæsə'tʃu:sits] 马萨诸塞州（美国）dire ['daɪə] 可怕的；悲惨的；极端的 prototypical [,protə'tɪpɪkl] 原型的；典型的tenor ['tenə] 男高音mccormack [məˈkɔ:mək] 麦考马克（人名）sinn fein新芬运动（要求爱尔兰独立）Downing Street Declaration唐宁街声明saint [seɪnt] 圣人；圣徒；道德崇高的人boisterous ['bɒɪst(ə)rəs] 喧闹的；狂暴的；猛烈的secular ['sekjʊlə] 世俗的；长期的；不朽的, 修道院外的教士，(对宗教家而言的)俗人/ 6第二篇：英语国家概况课后题总结和答案Chapter 1 land and people1.what are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain,England,the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth?The British Isles,Greant Britina and England are geographical names, no the official names of the country,while the official name is the United Kingdom,but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britian.2.Describe the geographical position of Britian?Britain is an island country.It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.3.Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland?The north and west of Britain are mainly highland, while the south and south-east are mostly lowlands.4.Does Britain have a favourable climate? why?Yes,it has a favourable climate, because it has a maritime type of climate---winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.It has a small range of temperature,too.5.what are the factors which influence the climate in Britain? Which part of Britain has the most rainfall and which part is the driest? The factors which influence the climate in Britain are the following three:1)The surrounding waters balance the seasonal differences;2)the prevailing south-west winds bring warm and wet air in winter and keep the temperatures moderate;3)the North Atlantic Drift,a warm current,passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.The northwestern part has the most rainfall,whilethe south-eastern corner is the driest.6.Describe the distribution o f Britain’s population.Britain has a population of 57 million.It is densely populated, with an average of 237people per square kilometre.It is also very unevenly distributed , with 90%of the population in urban areas,10% in rural areas.Geographically, most British people live in England.Of the total of 57 million people, 47 million live in England, 14 million live in London and Southeastern England.7.What are the three natural zones in Scotland?The three natural zones in Scotland are : the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands ,and the southern Uplands.8.What is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish?The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons,while the Scots,Welsh and rish are Celts.9.What are the differences in character and speech between southern England and northern England? How do the Welsh keep their language and culture alive? The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people.The Scots are hospitable ,generous and friendly.Irish are known for their charm and vivacity as well as for the beauty of their Irish girls.Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau.On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry,music,singing and art and in this way they keep the Welsh language and Welsh culture alive.10.What is the main problem in Northern Ireland?Hundreds of years ago Scots and English Protestants were sent to live in Northern Ireland.Since then there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants and the Roman Catholics.The former are the dominant group,while the latter are seeking more social,plitical and economic apportunities.The britishGovernment and the government of Ireland are now working together to bring peace to Northern Ireland.第三篇：各单元教学总结第一单元教学总结这册教材我也是第一次教，跟大家一样，看到一篇篇从未教过的新课文，我也很困惑，教什么呢，怎么教呢，我想老师们的困惑也大抵来自这两方面。
英语国家概况__谢福之_复习资料
Chapter 1全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain （大不列颠联合王国）（大不列颠联合王国） and Northern Ireland （北爱尔兰）（北爱尔兰） 由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles ）. 两大岛屿：Great Britain （大不列颠）（大不列颠） and Ireland （爱尔兰）（爱尔兰）The River Thames (second longest and most important), originates （起源于） in southwestern England -----North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh 爱丁堡爱丁堡 ) important river:Clyde River kilts （苏克兰小短裙）（苏克兰小短裙） Wales ( Cardiff 加迪夫，著名港口 ). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England. Northern Ireland (Belfast 贝尔法斯特，首府) Lough Lough Neagh----the Neagh----the Neagh----the largest largest largest lake lake lake in in in the the British Isles. Climate : temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛暖夏凉，降雨充沛Three major features : winter fog, rainy day, instability : winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London ---Buckingham Palace （白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅), St. Paul ’s Cathedral （圣保（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London （伦敦塔桥）（伦敦塔桥）The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人 Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people 威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系英语属于日耳曼语语系 Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。
英语国家概况章节概要
英国概况1. Land and People 国土与人民Different names for Britain and its parts 英国的不同名称及其区域正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
简称：联合王国，或UK。
首都伦敦。
它包括不列颠岛和北爱尔兰。
不列颠诸岛：包括不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛和几百个小岛。
爱尔兰岛：岛的北部地区，即北爱尔兰属于联合王国；岛的南部地区，称为爱尔兰共和国或爱尔兰，1949年独立，首都是都柏林。
三个政治区域：英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士。
由于帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国。
两次世界大战后，其殖民地不断独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦取代。
英联邦：是由原英国殖民地组成的一个自由联合体，各独立成员国间，根据贸易协议实行经济合作。
英联邦没有特别的权力，目前有50个成员国。
2. Origins of the Nation 英国的起源Arrival and settlement of the Celts 凯尔特人的到来和迁居自公元前700年不断迁入，来自东欧及中欧，即现在的法国，比利时和德国南部。
三次入侵高潮：第一次是公元前600年，盖尔人。
第二次是公元前400年，布立吞（不列颠）人。
第三次是公元前150年，贝尔盖人。
强大的酋长卡西弗洛诺斯，莎士比亚剧本中的辛白林。
技艺：农耕，沼泽地排水，修建房屋，铁匠。
后裔：山地苏格兰人，爱尔兰人，威尔士人。
语言：是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础。
宗教：德鲁伊德教。
德鲁伊德指智者，占星家和占卜者。
采用活人祭祀。
Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons 现代英格兰民族的基础：盎格鲁--撒克逊人三支日尔曼（条顿）部落的入侵：朱特人：来自朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）。
酋长亨及斯特和霍塞，帮助肯特国王伏泰根驱逐皮克特人和苏格兰人后，转而攻击伏泰根，最终亨及斯特成为肯特国王。
撒尔逊人：来自德国北部。
建立了埃塞克斯，苏塞克斯，威塞克斯。
英美概况各章节重点知识点总结整理
Section one：Origin of the English NationThe native Celts●The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish, and the Welsh. And the Celtic language is thebasis of Welsh and Gaelic.●Religion: Druidism.●Stonehenge: the circular arrangement of large stones in Wiltshire, near Salisbury, England, was probably builtbetween about 3000 and 1000 B.C by Celts, but its function remains unknown.Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)●Romans got possession of England by driving native Celts into Scotland and Wales. They failed to conquerScotland. They built two great walls: the Hadrian's Wall, the Antonine Wall, along the northern border of England to prevent Picts in Scotland from invading England.●Many towns’ names end with: ster, cester, and shire. e.g., Lancast er, Winchester, Y orkshire, deriving fromcastra (Latin word for camp).●Religion: Christianity.The Anglo-Saxon Conquest (446-871)(mainly occupied the Lowland Zone)●New invader: Jutes (now the county of Kent), became the king of Kent. Soon after their relat ives and othertribes came trooping after them——●It is a collective name for the seven Anglo—Saxon kingdoms from the 7th century to the 9th century. They areKent, Essex, Sussex, Essex, East Anglia, Mercia and North Umbria. After the 9th century, the seven kingdoms were conquered one after another by the invading Danes.●Saxons and Angles came from northern Germany. After they had taken possession of all the England, theywere divided into 7 principal kingdoms, known as Heptarchy. those tribes were constantly at war with one another, each trying to get the upper hand.(hero: King Arthur)●Religion: Teutonic, practicing multi-goddism. Tiu(the god of war, Tuesday), Woden(heaven, Wednesday),Thor(storms, Thursday),Freya(peace, Friday)●Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine to convert the English to Christianity. With the help of the king of Kent, hebecame the first Archbishop of Canterbury.●The A-S nominated local officials: sheriffs.●Open-field farming system: 3 big fields+commons. This system is the basis of the English agrarian civilizationand subsistence farming.●Witan: the A-S created the Witan (a group of wise man) to advice the king, the Witan was the forerunner of thepresent-day Privy Council.●Alfred the Great: the father of the British Navy & his writings were the beginning of prose literature. Made atreaty with Danes----Dane law.●Viking invasions: in the 8th, 9th, 10th centuries A.D. V ikings from North Europe, brought a new wave ofinvasion and colonization which produced lasting influence on parts of Briton.●Canute: Witan chose the Danish leader, as king of England. he included England part of a Scandinavianempire(inc luded Norway and Denmark)●Edward the Confessor: built Westminster Abbey.The Norman Conquest (1066)●William the Conqueror: the first Anglo-Norman king of England.●Battle of Hastings: ?Influence of the Norman Conquest●Feudalism: the nobles got fief, from the sovereign. But they were obliged to pay certain dues and armed manaccording to their estates to the king. They (known as barons or the king's tenants=in -chief, made up the upper landed class. They give fiefs to sub-vassals (known as lesser nobles, knights, and free man).They should take oaths of loyalty to the king directly as well as to their immediate overlords.●William built the Tower of London as a military fortress. He replaced the Witan with the Great Council thatwas composed of his tenants-in-chief.●Domesday Book: in order to have a reliable record of all lands and discover how much his tenants-in-chiefcould be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to make investigations. These clerks finally compiled a property record known as Domesday Book in 1085.this book stated the extent, value, population, and ownership of the land.Section two：The Great Charter and Beginning of ParliamentHenry II 'Reforms●William died and left his Normandy to Robert, England to William Rufus, all his money to Henry. William IIwas killed when hunting, Henry I succeeded him.●Henry I had no male heir, his nephew Henry II became the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty金雀花王朝.●The new king strengthened the Great Council. Chancellor is the chief number, in charge of the administrativeand judicial system. The present day Lord Chancellor is his successor.●Administrative reform：Replaced the traditional land tax based on hides with a new tax based on annual rentsand chatells.●Judicial reform: divided the country into 6 circuits. Itinerant judges focused their attention on baron’s propertyand abuse of privileges. Decisions made by a circuit court was regarded as a precedent judgment, becoming the basis of the Common Law习惯法.✓the Common Law is a judge-made or case-made law based on the various of local customs of the A-S, it was common to the whole people as distinct from law governing only a little community;✓Lead to the founding of the jury system, (the juries were chosen from among local freeman to help circuit judges from London. Function: bring accusation against malefactors and swear to the innocence of the accused, the judge gave verdict at first but gradually the jury was empowered to give verdict. Principle: no free man should be punished without a just trial by his peers.✓It replaced the primitive English trials----by ordeals or battles. Abolished the benefit of clergy.●Thomas Becket: the king’s chief secretary. In 1162, Henry made him the Archbishop of Canterbury, hoping hewould assist him in church reforming. But Thomas was against the king, and finally he was killed by the King.After his death, he was put upon the list of English saints as a martyr to the church.●Geoffrey Chaucer wrote “The Canterbury Tales”(24 tales)King John●Many people believed that Robin Hood, a legendary outlaw, was a contemporary of John.●In fear of the Pope suspend public services, John promised to send a yearly tribute to him; John became avassal of the Pope.The great charter 大宪章P93●In 1215, the insurgent nobles met the king at Runnymede, and forced his to sign: the Great Charter (the MagnaCarta), the most important documents in English history.Beginning of Parliament●After John died, his 9 years old boy Henry III was put on the throne.和父亲是一丘之貉●Simon de Montfort, the king’s brother in law, was the defender of the Great Charter. But king refused to acceptthe Provisions of Oxford was finally put into prison. In 1265,.each county sent two knights, and each town tworepresentatives to join the meeting at Westminster,(the earliest English parliament)●Edward I succeeded, conquered Wales, gave his new-born son the title Prince of Wales, a title held by the heirto the throne ever since.Section 3: decline of feudalism of EnglandThe hundred years’ war (1337—1453)●This war refers to the war between France and England, and ended in victory for the French, leading toexpulsion of English from France. The reason of the war: territorial and economic disputes.（direct course:Edward 3 claimed his succession to French throne, but being denied）●Joan of Arc圣女贞德: A national heroine in French history during the hundred year's war. She leaded peasantssuccessfully to drive the English out of France.●The war sped up the decline of feudalism. Gunpowder is a blow to the knights, who are pillars of feudal orderand the “flower of feudalism”.●The Black Death: It is a modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread throughEurope in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cure. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. (change serfdom农奴身份to paid labour)●The government issued a Statute of Labour, saying it is a crime for peasants to ask more wages. Otherwise,they will be branded with the letter“F” on their forehead.The peasant uprising (1381)●The government imposed a flat rate poll tax to fund the hundred years’ war. Wat Tyler led the rebels. Theuprising dealt a telling blow to villeinage隶农制. A whole new class of yeomen farmers 自耕农emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism.The wars of the Roses (1455-1485)●The wars of Roses ：After the Hundred Y ear's War, in order to decide who would rule England, a war brokeout between the House of Lancaster （won）and the House of Y ork, which were symbolized by the red and white roses respectively. The war lasted from 1455 to 1485. In nature it was a war between the commercial-minded gentry in the south and the backward landowners in the north and west. It is usually regarded as the end of English Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world history.Section 4:the Tudor Monarchy and the Rising BourgeoisieThe new monarchy●Henry VII is the founder of the Tudor Monarchy, served as the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalismin English history.●American was discovered.Henry VIII and reform of the church●Henry VIII: the quintessential Renaissance sovereign famous for founding the Church of England.●Martin Luther desired the reform of the church.●The reform of the church coincided with the Renaissance. The immediate course was Henry VIII’s divorcecase.●Henry didn’t want to alter theology in any way. What he did was only to get rid of Papal interferences inEngland’s internal affairs.●Henry VIII was followed by Edward VI, switching to Protestant theology and his drastic reform has beencalled “the Reformation” in English history.●Bloody Mary: Mary was Henry VIII’s daughter and she was a Catholic. After she became Queen, about 300Protestants were burnt as heretics, for they held Protestant views. As a result, people call her "Bloody Mary". Elizabeth 1(1533-1603)●Externally, Elizabeth successfully played off against each other two great Catholic powers, France and Spain.●Establish charter companies, such as East India Company.●The Spanish king Philip finally made war with Armada (the Invincible Fleet).Elizabeth was regarded as thefoundation-layer of the British Empire.●Elizabeth Age refers to the English golden age.Section five: the English civil war(Bourgeois Revolution)Background of Revolution●Enclosures and the peasant uprising created a new working class, proletariat.●James 6 of Scotland was welcomed to the throne as James 1.this marks the major step to the unification of the two kingdoms.James 1(1603-1625) and the parliament●James said:"no bishop, no king", relations between the Puritans and the king deteriorated.●The Catholics were also opposed to the king for his staunch support of the Church of England. The night bonfire festival is celebrated on November 5, with fireworks and bonfire on which Guy Fawkes was burnt in effigy to remember the day Gunpowder Plot of 1605,reminding the English people the danger of Catholic restoration.●Many puritans refused to conform the King James V ersion, so they became "nonconformists", in 1620,201 nonconformists sailed from Plymouth in a ship named Mayflower. They were called Pilgrims.●James 1 believed "Divine Right of Kings", dissolved the parliament for 7 years. He was called the wisest fool. Charles 1●He followed a pro-Catholic ism policy.(In Elizabethan times, puritans were popular)●The puritans were noted for simple dress, high moral standards, demand of equality, and egalitarian [i,ɡæli'tεəriən]attitudes.The civil wars●The puritans made up the most revolutionary section. So the Bourgeois Revolution was also known as the Puritan Revolution.●The left wing of the revolutionary forces found a leader: Oliver Cromwell.●Oliver Cromwell was one of the commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.●"Roundhead" was the nickname given to the supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I who claimed absolute power and the divine right of kings.●The civil war is the beginning of modern world history.Restoration●Charles II put an end to the Republic. They took over Manhattan Island from Dutch and named it New Y ork.●His brother James 2 succeeded, reviving Catholicism.●Glorious Revolution of 1688 also called the White Revolution, because it caused no bloodshed. It was the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians . Finally, William III (Jamea’2 son in law)and Mary ascended the English throne.●W and M childless. Mary’s sister succeeded. Scots accepted the Act of Union, in1707, Great Britain was born.Hanover dynasty.Section six: the industrial revolution and the chartist movementBackground of industrial revolution●The new class managed to accomplish “primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and exploitation. It plundered America and Africa through colonization and the notorious triangular trade.●James watt made the steam engine practiced for industrial use.●Enclosure movement: to make a profit by selling grain, landowners began to replace the small“open fields” with hedge-divided large fields. (A new system of crop rotation was introduced.) Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners. Tenants were driven off their lands.●Farmer George.Effects of the industrial revolution (1750-1850)●The workshop of the world.●As a result, class contradiction between the capitalists and the proletariat, or capital and labour, became the major problem.●The forests of chimneys turned Birmingham to “Black C ountry”●The transition from an agrarian civilization to industrial civilization was criticized by Luddites.●Theory: social Darwinism (Origin of Species---natural selection) and Malthusianism and Adam Smith (laissez-fair).The chartist movement (1836-1848,3times)●The chartist movement Was a mass movement of working class to fight for equal political and social rights.●Document: the People’s Charter人民宪章，drawn by London Workingmen’s Association.●Two groups: moral force chartists and physical force chartists.Queen Victoria (“the grandmother of Europe”, suffered hemophilia ) “The Polite Society”●The V ictoria Age: a time of industrial, political, and military progress within the United Kingdom. The 63-year reign of Victoria was the longest of any monarch in British history. She was official head of state not only of the United Kingdom but also the British Empire, which included Canada, Australia, India, New Zealand, and large parts of Africa.●In 1840,the Opium War against China.●The trade union act of 1871 legalized the trade unions, ------- set up Labor Representation Committee (LRC) ----------- it changed this name to Labor Party.。
英语国家概况必背-英语国家概况答案
英语国家概况精讲：第一章英国的国土与人民Chapter 1： Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
《英语国家概况》
一、课程性质、目的和要求
（一）课程性质
随着社会的进步和科技的高速发展，中外各种交流越来越密切，了解和掌握一些英语国家的文化传统也显得极为重要。
英语国家概况是面向英语专业三年一期学生开设的专业必修课程。
《英语国家概况》是介绍英语国家社会与文化背景的教科书，旨在帮助英语专业学生和英语自学者了解这些国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理，历史，政治，经济，社会生活和文化传统方面的基本知识。
（二）课程目的
该课程旨在提高英语水平为目的。
该课程可以通过课文的学习和各种练习的实践，在教学过程中实行语言教学与文化知识课紧密相结合，以学生为中心，帮助学生能够理解课文，掌握英语，吸取知识，适当的补充对重大事件和人物的历史背景，典故，以提高学生的学习兴趣。
课后可以适当布置一些思考题，指导学生进行有效的自学，拓宽他们的知识面。
（三）课程要求
该课程要求学生对英语国家的社会文化背景有一定的了解，能够对中西方社会和文化的差异有一定的理解和认识，正确看待中西方社会文化差异性与多元性。
二、教学重点和难点
（一）教学重点
英国部分：英国历史、英国的经济制度和政策、英国的政治制度和政府机构、英国的福利制度。
美国部分：美国地理区域划分及人口结构、美国历史、美国经济特点、美国政治制度中的三权分立。
（二）教学难点
英国部分：英国的经济制度和政策、英国的政治制度和政府机构、英国的福利制度。
美国部分：美国地理区域划分及人口结构、美国经济特点、美国政治制度中的三权分立。
三、教学内容
第一章英国
第一课：英国的国土和人民
教学内容：英国的地理特征，四部分的山水河流，气候状况，英国的各个民族。
这一部分主要从整体对大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国作一个综述。
了解英国不同名称的含义，英国的地理特征、河流和湖泊、气候的特点以及影响气候的因素，了解英国的民族构成、人口结构及其特点；了解英国的语言构成及阶级状况。
第二课：英国历史
教学内容：英国的起源（1066年诺曼征服之前的历史，即英国早期遭受的三次外族入侵）：诺曼王朝，金雀花王朝，兰开斯特王朝，约克王朝，都铎王朝，斯图亚特王朝，克伦威尔时期的共和国，复辟时期，光荣革命，工业革命，宪章运动，英帝国的殖民扩张，一战及二战中的英国，战后到八十年代末的英国。
第三课：英国的经济制度和政策
教学内容：了解第二次世界大战后英国经济地位衰落的原因，经济发展的三个阶段的特点以及英国工业、农业等发展的概况。
二战后，英国的经济政策经历了一系列的调节。
从五六十年代的稳步发展，七十年代的经济衰退，到八十年代的撒切尔夫人的经济政策，英国从战前的日不落帝国变成一个二流强国。
英国的工业，农业，外贸政策也将予以详细的说明。
第四课：英国的政治制度和政府机构
教学内容：英国君主立宪政体，由上院与下院组成的英国议会，英国的政党制度，中央政府机构以及地方政府机构。
英国君主立宪制的构成，运行，英国的政党制度，行政机构等将在这一章予以详细介绍。
第五课：英国的社会福利制度
教学内容：英国社会的医疗保健制度、社会保障、宗教和节假日的概况。
英国是一个福利国家，这一章介绍英国国民保健制度，和各种社会保险。
第六课：英国的社会文化
教学内容：介绍英国的社会文化；了解英国的教育制度、传播媒介、体育、艺术的概况。
介绍英国的宗教信仰，节日庆典，文化教育，广播媒体，体育，文艺及娱乐活动。
第二章美国
第一课：美国地理区域划分及人口结构
教学内容：美国自然地理的特征，其中包括地形、河流与湖泊、气候等，以及美国各地区的概况。
美国的地理位置，地形地貌，江河湖泊，气候特征，地理区域的划分；人口与民族：了解美国人口的结构及其变化，美国的移民潮，人口流动以及美国少数民族的概况。
第二课：美国历史
教学内容：美国从殖民时期（1600年）到战后80年代（1980年）里根总统上台期间的历史(其中包括对美洲大陆的“发现”，殖民时期，独立战争，新国家的形成，1812年第二次英美战争，领土扩张和西进运动，南北战争以及南北战争后资本主义的发展，20世纪初美国经济的发展，进步主义运动，第一次世界大战对美国的影响，20年代的美国，经济危机与罗斯福的“新政”，以及第二次世界大战期间的美国；冷战的起源，杜鲁门主义和马歇尔计划，柏林封锁和北约集团的形成，美国支持蒋介石集团和朝鲜战争，麦卡锡主义，50年代的民权运动，战后经济的发展，古巴导弹危机，越南战争，1961—1973年的美国社会改革，水门事件及新保守主义等)。
第三课：美国经济特点
教学内容：美国经济迅速发展的原因，美国经济的特点，当前面临的问题以及美国工农业和外贸发展的概况；美国的经济体制，自然资源，工业，农业，外贸，和制度中所存在的问题。
第四课：美国政治制度中的三权分立
教学内容：美国的宪法，总统和政府机构，美国国会，司法机构以及美国主要的政党。
美国的政治制度和政府机构，美国的宪法及其修正案，三权分立制度和制衡制度，立法，司法，行政三个部门的运行和程序及政党制度。
第五课：美国教育
教学内容：美国的教育制度，其中包括小学、中学和大学的教育制度，美国教育制度的特点，成人教育以及教育改革。
美国的教育制度和政策，美国三级教育的内容和形式；美国文学、建筑和音乐；美国的节假日：了解美国节假日的来源及其庆祝方式。
第四章加拿大
第一课：加拿大经济与政治制度
教学内容：了解加拿大的地理位置、地形、气候和行政区以及加拿大的历史
概况；加拿大经济：了解加拿大的自然资源、矿产资源、工农业发展、以及当今加拿大经济所面临的问题。
经济制度和政策，工业，农业，制造业，自然资源，及今日经济状况；加拿大政治：了解加拿大政府机构，政党制度以及魁北克的独立问题。
政府和经济的关系，政府，政党，权力分配。
第二课：加拿大社会文化
教学内容：社会文化状况，双语文化和多元文化，宗教，教育。
第五章澳大利亚
第一课：澳大利亚的国土，人民，历史及经济
教学内容：澳大利亚的地理位置、气候、人口以及行政区划。
澳大利亚的国土与人民，特有的动物植物，人口分布，了解1788年前的澳大利亚以及澳大利亚从英国殖民地至澳大利亚成立联邦的历史(原始土著社会，澳大利亚联邦成立)，一直到二十世纪九十年代；了解澳大利亚的经济结构，特点；制造业，农业，矿产，能源，服务业，和所存在的问题。
第二课：澳大利亚的政治制度
教学内容：澳大利亚的政治制度，其中包括澳大利亚宪法、议会、政党和司法机关；了解澳大利亚社会的特点，土著民族和妇女的社会地位，澳大利亚文化的内涵及澳大利亚发展的方向。
四、考核方式
（一）成绩评定：平时成绩（作业）占总成绩30%。
期终考查占总成绩70%。
（二）考核形式：考查。
（三）考试时间：120分钟。