《西方思想经典》复习资料

1. What does the word “BIBLE” mean? book2. In Plato’s allegory of the cave, what does the sun represent?Truth3. Who came up with the sardonic讽刺的theory of humor?Thomas Hobbes4. According to genesis, god created how many days?Six days5. Who once attended Plato’s academy学院?Aristotle6. Which writer was imprisoned被囚禁during World WarⅡ？Jean-Paul Sartre7. According to genesis, what is the name of the place where Eve and Atomlived？The Garden of Eden8. Nicolo Machiavelli was what nationality? Italian9. According to genesis, which part does god use to create Eve from Atom？Rib10. What is the Sabbath day? The day of rest11. What is a leviathan?Sea monster12. Who said love your enemies?Jesus13. Who does Saul murder in Acts of the Apostles? Stephen (Stoned)14. What may be seen as an irrationalist revolt against traditional Westernphilosoph y, idealism in particular, as it rejects epistemology and the attempt to ground human knowledge?Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism15. What is a saint?A saint is a holy person.In the Christian Bible, only oneperson is expressly called a saint: "They envied Moses also in the camp, and Aaron the saint of the LORD."16. Which female writer lived a “free, lifelong association” with Jean-PaulSartre?Simone de Beauvoir17. What is a centurion百夫长?Roman soldier18. It is much safer to be feared than loved.Machiavelli: The Prince19. Men living together according to reason with out a common superior or earth,with authority to judge between them is properly the state of Nature.John Locke: Of Civil Government20. Our Father, which art in heaven/hallowed be thy name;thy kingdom come;thywill be done,in earth as it is in heaven.Give us this day our daily bread.And forgive us our trespasses,as we forgive them that trespass against us.And lead us not into temptation;but deliver us from evil.[For thine is the kingdom,thepower, and the glory,for ever and ever.]Amen.Matthew21. In the beginning god created the heaven and the earth.Genesis22. Rather, it declares that even if god did exist, that would change nothing.Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism23. Behold! Human beings living in a underground den, which has a mouth opentowards the light and reaching all along the den; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way;Plato: The Republic24. Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth.Matthew25. God is a useless and costly hypothesis假设.Jean-Paul Sartre:Existentialism26. This human animal—prescient, sagacious, complex, acute, full ofmemory, reason and counsel, which we call man,—is generated by the supreme God in a more transcendent condition than most of his fellow–creatures. For he is the only creature among the earthly races of animated beings endued with superior reason and thought, in which the rest are deficient. And what is there, I do not say in man alone, but in all heaven and earth, more divine than reason, which, when it becomes ripe and perfect, is justly termed wisdom?Cicero: On the Laws27. Thus humanity is male and man defines woman not in herself but as relativeto him; she is not regarded as an autonomous being.Simone de Beauvoir: The Second Sex28. Religion is based, I think, primarily and mainly upon fear. It is partly the terrorof the unknown and partly, as I have said, the wish to feel that you have a kindof elder brother who will stand by you in all your troubles and disputes.Bertrand Russell: Why I Am Not a Christian29. For my part I consider that it is better to be adventurous than cautious,because fortune is a woman, and if you wish to keep her under it is necessary to beat and ill-use her; and it is seen that she allows herself to be mastered by the adventurous rather than by those who go to work more coldly. She is, therefore, always, woman-like, a lover of young men, because they are less cautious, more violent, and with more audacity command her.Nicolo Machiavelli: The Prince30. The existentialist does not think that man is going to help himself by findingin the world some omen by which to orient himself. Because he thinks that man will interpret the omen to suit himself. Therefore, he thinks that man, with no support and no aid, is condemned every moment to invent man. Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism31. The reason why men enter into society is the preservation of their property.(P280)John Locke: Of Civil Government32. Man is by nature a political animal. And therefore, men, even when they donot require one another's help, desire to live together; not but that they are also brought together by their common interests in proportion as they severally attain to any measure of well-being. This is certainly the chief end, both of individuals and of states.Aristotle: The Politics33. A PRINCE ought to have no other aim or thought, nor select anything else forhis study, than war and its rules and discipline; for this is the sole art that belongs to him who rules, and it is of such force that it not only upholds those who are born princes, but it often enables men to rise from a private station to that rank.Nicolo Machiavelli: The Prince34. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society moreeffectually than when he really intends to promote it.Adam smith: The Wealth of Nations35. And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, Eye for eye, toothfor tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe. Exodus36. First, that men are continually in competition for honor and dignity, whichthese creatures are not; and consequently amongst men there ariseth on that ground, envy, and hatred, and finally war; but amongst these not so.Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan37. And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with othertongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance. And there were dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men, out of every nation under heaven.Acts of the Apostles38. Whereas the truth is that the State in which the rulers are most reluctant togovern is always the best and most quietly governed, and the State in which they are most eager, the worst.Plato: The Republic39. So that in the nature of man, we find three principal cause of quarrel吵架.First competition; secondly, difference; thirdly, glory. The first maketh men invade for gain; the second, for safety; and the third, for reputation.Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan●The Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Gospel According to Matthew, Acts of the Apostles)●Bertrand Russell：Why I am Not a Christian 上帝不存在，基督不是一个真正慈悲的人。