生理学基本概念的中英文名词解释

绝对不应期absolute refractory period

The time interval during which a cell is incapable of initiating a second action potential.

动作电位action potential

An action potential is a rapid change in the membrane potential. Each action potential begins with a sudden change from the normal resting negative potential to a positive membrane potential (depolarization) and then ends with an almost equally rapid change back to the negative potential (repolarization).

主动转运active transport

The movement of substances across the membrane occurs against the electrochemical gradient with the necessity of consumption of metabolic energy

后负荷afterload

Afterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction.

自身调节autoregulation

In certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental changes, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-regulation.

完全强直收缩complete tetanus

When the frequency of stimulation reaches a critical level, the successive contractions are so rapid that they literally fused together, and the contraction appears to be completely smooth and continuous. This is called completely tetanus.

去极化depolarization

The change in membrane potential away from the resting potential and toward the sodium equilibrium.

入胞endocytosis

Very large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called endocytosis. The principle forms of endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis.

平衡电位equilibrium potential

Electrochemical equilibrium is a steady state, as in the resting membrane potential of a cell ,in which an electrical potential and chemical potential gradient are in balance and no net movement of charged particles occurs.

兴奋性excitability

Excitability is the ability of certain kinds of cells (excitable cell) to generate active changes in their membrane potential. Excitability is a fundamental property common to all tissues and cells.

兴奋excitation

Excitation signifies and increases in activity, such as contraction of a muscle, acceleration of the heart beat.

出胞exocytosis

A stimulus to secrete causes the intracellular vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and to release the vesicles contents is called exocytosis.

易化扩散facilitated diffusion

In facilitated diffusion, transport proteins (carrier and channel proteins) hasten the movement of certain substances across a membrane down their concentration gradients.

以通道为中介的转运facilitated diffusion via ion channel

Channels are membrane proteins that contain small, highly selective aqueous pores. Channels usually allow specific ion, eg ,Na+,K+,Ca2+ or Cl- to move down their electrochemical gradients across the membrane.

反馈feedback

Feedback is a flow of information along a closed loop. Usually, a constancy of physiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the control system so as to modify the nature of control.

稳态Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special reference to the internal medium.

体内in vivo

Experiments performed on the whole body.

内环境internal environment

All cells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid is called the internal environment of the body.

等长收缩isometric contraction

Tension increases but the length of the muscle does not change when a muscle contracts.

等张收缩isotonic contraction

Tension remains constant but the muscle shortens when a muscle contracts.

负反馈negative feedback

A regulated variable is sensed, information is sent to a controller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.

神经肌肉接头neuromuscular junction

The complex structure responsible for signal transmission from nerve to skeletal muscle.

正反馈positive feedback

With positive feedback, a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforce change of the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.

前负荷preload

Preload is the load that is given to the muscle prior to its contraction.

相对不应期relative refractory period

A period follows the end of the absolute refractory period, during which it is possible to elicit a second action potential, but the threshold stimulus intensity is higher than usual.

复极化repolarization

Shortly after depolarization, the sodium channels begin to close and the potassium

channels open more than they normally do. Then, rapid diffusion of potassium ions to the exterior re-establishes the normal resting potential. This is called repolarization of the membrane.

静息电位resting potential

The difference in electrical potential across the membrane of an undisturbed cell, having a positive sign on the outside surface and a negative sign in the interior.

跳跃传导salutatory conduction

Conduction of a nerve impulse down a myelinated nerve fiber by skipping from node to node.

单纯扩散simple diffusion

Diffusion means simply movement through the membrane caused by random motion of the molecules of the substances, moving either through cell membrane pores or through the lipid matrix of the membrane.

钠-钾泵sodium-potassium pump

The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na せ out of cells and Kせ into cells. Sodium-potassium pump is also an adenosine triphosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

凝集agglutination

During blood transfusion, the red blood cells aggregated together in clumps which were sufficiently large to block minor blood vessels. This clumping is known as agglutination.

血液凝固blood coagulation

The coagulation system consists of cofactors and a series of zymogens which sequentially activate one another, leading to formation of fibrin at a site of vascular injury.

血型blood group

Blood groups are system of genetically determined antigenic substances on the membrane of red blood cells.

血压blood pressure

Blood pressure means the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall.

交叉配血cross-match test

Serum from recipient is tested against the donor's cells, and serum from donor is tested against the recipient's cells, this test is called cross-matching test.

红细胞沉降率erythrocyte sedimentation rate

When blood to which an anticoagulant has been added stands in a narrow tube, the red cells gradually sediment, leaving a clear zone of plasma above. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is measured as the length to column of clear plasma after one hour.

红细胞生成素erythropoietin

Erythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidneys which stimulates hemoglobin synthesis and erythropoiesis.

纤维蛋白溶解fibrinolysis

In many cases fibrin within blood vessels is rapidly dissolved to restore the fluidity of the blood, and in others the fibrin becomes hyalinized or is removed by phagocytes and replaced by connective tissue. The process of liquefaction of fibrin is known as fibrinolysis.

血红蛋白hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a chromoprotein found in the red blood cells and having a great affinity for oxygen.

自动节律性autorhythmicity

Autorhythmicity is the ability to initiate its own beat. Many cardiac tissues are found to have autorhythmicity, for example sinoatrial node, intraventricular tracts and Purkinje cells. In addition to the cardiac tissue, the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract has also autorhythmicity.

容量血管capacitance vessels

The veins have wide lumen and contain a greater volume of blood than any other section of the circulation does, thus the veins are referred to as the capacitance vessels.

心动周期cardiac cycle

The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called a cardiac cycle . Cardiac cycle is composed of two periods: systole and diastole.

心指数cardiac index

Cardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.

心输出量cardiac output

The product of the frequency of pumping (heart rate) and the stroke volume is the cardiac output; it is also called minute volume.

心力储备cardiac reserve

The ability of the heart to adapt need of organism for expelling a larger quantity of blood above the basal level.

心血管中枢cardiovascular center

The cardiovascular centers are responsible for integration of sensory information and subsequent modification of efferent autonomic nerve activity to the heart and blood vessels.

中心静脉压central venous pressure

The venous pressure as measured at the right atrium.

代偿间歇compensatory pause

The pause between the extra beat and the next normal beat is slightly longer than the usual beat interval, which is called compensatory pause.

舒张压diastolic pressure

Diastolic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the heart.

有效不应期effective refractory period

The duration from the beginning of phase 0 to -60mV of repolarization fails to produce action potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP. In the ERP, the excitability is almost zero.

射血分数ejection fraction

The proportion of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected (i.e. stroke volume/end diastolic volume).

心电图electrocardiogram

The synchronized depolarizations spreading through the heart cause currents that establish field potential, whose differences can be amplified and detected by electrodes placed on the body surface. The record produced is called electrocardiogram.

交换血管exchange vessel

The capillaries are tubes formed by a single layer of endothelial cells,. They create a very large area where the material exchanges between blood and the tissue cells take place.

心音heart sound

When the valves close, the vanes of the valves and the surrounding fluids vibrate under the influence of the sudden pressure differentials that develop, giving off sound that travels in all directions through the chest. These sounds are called heart sounds.

异常自身调节heterometric autoregulation

Regulation of cardiac output as a result of changes in cardiac muscle fiber length is called heterometric regulation.

平均动脉压mean arterial pressure

The mean arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries, average over time.

微循环microcirculation

Microcirculation is the circulation between arterioles and venules. In the microcirculation, the most purposeful function of the circulation occurs: transport of nutrients to the tissues and removal of cellular excreta.

起搏点pacemaker

The automatic cells that ordinarily fire at the highest frequency which are located in the sinoatrial node, excitation of the heart normally begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node.

期前收缩premature systole

When a second action potential is triggered at the very start of the relative refractory period, the second contraction is superimposed on the semirelaxed phase of the first contraction. This phenomenon is called premature systole.

脉压pulse pressure

The pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.

每搏输出量stroke volume

Stroke volume is referred to the volume ejected at each contraction by one side of the heart.

每搏功stroke work

The stroke work of the heart is the amount of energy that the heart converts to work during each heart beat while pumping blood into arteries.

收缩压systolic pressure

The pressure rises during cardiac systole and falls during diastole. The peak pressure value reached during systole is termed the systole pressure. Usually, at rest systolic pressure of the healthy young adult is 100~120mmHg.

肺泡通气量alveolar ventilation

The amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute, at rest it generally amounts to 4.2L/min.

解剖无效腔anatomic dead space

The space in the conducing zone of the airways occupied by gas that does not exchange with blood in the pulmonary vessels, such as in the nose, pharynx, and trachea since these area is not useful the gas exchange process but instead goes to fill respiratory passages.

波尔效应Bohr effect

The increased oxygen release by hemoglobin in the presence of elevated carbon dioxide levels (the effects shift the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left and upward). By forming hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide loading facilitates oxygen unloading, i.e., the decrease in O2 affinity of hemoglobin when the pH of blood falls, which is closely related to the fact that deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) binds H+ more actively than does oxyhemoglobin.

顺应性compliance

Distensibility, the ability of the lungs to tolerate changes in volume, a property that reflects the presence of elastic fibers. It is defined as the change in volume per unit change in pressure (△V/△P), the reciprocal of the compliance.

弹性阻力elastic resistance

A term used to describe the elastic properties of the lung and chest wall; the resistance or elastance (△V/△P),the reciprocal of the compliance.

机能余气量functional residual capacity

It equals to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration (about 2300ml).

何尔登效应Haldane effect

The increase in carbon dioxide unloading from hemoglobin in response to the combination of oxygen with hemoglobin, i.e., when oxygen binds with hemoglobin, carbon dioxide is released.

补吸气量inspiratoy reserve volume

The air inspired with a maximal inspiratoy effort in excess of the volume. i.e., the maximum extra volume of air that be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume, it is usually equal to about 3000ml.

胸内压intrapleural pressure

The pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure.

肺内压intrapulmonary pressure

The pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, also called intrapulmonary pressure.

氧含量oxygen content

The oxygen content is used to indicate how much O2 per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin in normal arterial blood, described as percent saturated.

氧离曲线oxygen dissociation curve

The graph of the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the degree of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, which has a characteristic sigmoid shape

表面活性物质pulmonary surfactant

A detergent-like mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension of water, produced by surfactant-secreting (Type-II) cells. It is a mixture of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC), other lipids, and proteins.

肺通气pulmonary ventilation

The total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute; equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory rate. The minute respiratory volume generally amounts to 6L/min.

余气量residual volume

The air left in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort. This volume averages about 1200 milliliters.

潮气量tidal volume

The amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration (or the amount that moves out with each expiration) i.e., the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath; it amounts to about 500ml.

肺总容量total lung capacity

The maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effort (about 5800ml); it is equal to the vital capacity plus the residual volume.

通气-血流比ventilation /perfusion ratio

The ratio of pulmonary ventilation to pulmonary blood flow for the whole lung, at rest about 0.8 (4.2 L/min ventilation divided by 5.5 L/min blood flow).

吸收absorption

Absorption is the process of transporting small molecules from the lumen of the gut into blood stream.

基础代谢率basal metabolic rate

The basal metabolic rate is the metabolic rate determined under basal conditions which includes complete mental and physical relaxation in a room or a comfortable temperature and 12~14 hours after the last meal.

体温body temperature

The body temperature is often referred to core temperature. The core refers to the central area of the body, including the brain and viscera, which are maintained at a constant temperature.

消化digestion

Digestion is a process essential for the conversion of food into a small and simple form.

能量代谢energy metabolism

The energy metabolism means the liberation, transformation and utilization of energy produced by the material metabolism in the body.

胃排空gastric emptying

Gastric emptying is promoted by the intense peristaltic contractions in the stomach antrum. At the same time, emptying is opposed by varying degrees of resistance to the passage of chyme at the pylorus.

胃泌素gastrin

Gastrin is a gut hormone secreted by the endocrine G cells in the gastric pyloric mucosa and duodenum mucosa. Gastrin is secreted in two forms, a large form called G-34, and a smaller form, G-17.

调定点set point

At a critical body core temperature, drastic changes occur in the rate of both heat loss and heat production. That is, all the temperature control mechanisms continually attempt to bring the body temperature back to this set-point level.

慢波slow wave

If an electrode is inserted into a smooth muscle, it records a recurring depolarization, they are called slow waves or basic electrical rhythm (BER). Slow waves are not action potential, but show undulating changes in the resting membrane potential.

出汗sweating

Sweating is an active secretory process from eccrine sweat glands which are widely distributed over the surface of body.

醛固酮aldosterone

Aldosterone is a sodium-retaining hormone of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone reduces sodium excretion and increases potassium excretion by the kidneys, this increasing sodium and decreasing potassium in the body.

抗利尿激素antidiuretic hormone

A product of neurohypophyseal which, through its action on kidneys, promotes the conservation of body water.

皮质肾单位cortical nephron

The nephrons have their glomerular located in the outer and middle portion of the renal cortex are called cortical nephrons.

肾小球有效滤过压 glomerular effective filtration pressure

The effective filtration pressure of glomerular represents the sum of the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces that either favor or oppose filtration across the glomerular capillaries.

肾小球滤过分数glomerular filtration fraction

The glomerular filtration fraction is the filtration rate as percentage of the total renal plasma flow that passes through both kidneys.

球管平衡glomerulotubular balance

One of the most basic mechanisms for controlling tubular reabsorption is the intrinsic ability of the tubules to increase their reabsorption rate in response to increased tubular inflow. This phenomenon is referred to as glomerular-tubular balance.

渗透性利尿osmotic diuresis

An increase in urine flow due to excretion of an osmotic active solute.

肾糖阈renal glucose threshold

When the plasma glucose concentration increases up to a value about 180 to 200 mg per deciliter, glucose can first be detected in the urine, this value is called the renal glucose threshold.

肾素renin

An enzyme of renal origin that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

水利尿water diuresis

The volume of urine increases when water intake exceeds body needs, it is resulted from suppression of ADH secretion

适应adaptation

When a maintained stimulus of constant strength is applied to a receptor, the frequency of the action potential in its sensory nerve deadens over time. This phenomenon is known as adaptation.

适宜刺激adequate stimulus

The stimulus that a receptor is specialized to receive and transduce. In the case of the eye, the adequate stimulus would be visible light, in the ear it would be sound waves, and so on.

暗适应dark adaptation

On going from a light environment into a darker one, there is a gradual increase in sensitivity allowing dimmer lights to be seen, a mechanism known as dark adaptation.

简化眼reduced eye

If all the refractive surfaces of the eye are algebraically added together and then considered to be one single lens, the optics of the normal eye may be simplified and represented schematically as a "reduced eye".

视敏度visual acuity

Visual acuity is defined as the ratio of the distance of the individual from the chart to the distance at which the details of the correctly read line subtend 1'of arc.

视野visual field

The field of vision is the area seen by an eye at a given instant. The area seen to nasal side is called the nasal field of vision, and the area seen to lateral side is called the temporal field of vision.

胆碱能神经纤维cholinergic fiber

A kind of neuron that liberates acetylcholine at its synaptic knobs with activity.

条件反射conditioned reflex

A conditioned reflex is a reflex response to a stimulus that previously elicited little or no response, acquired by repeatedly pairing to stimulate with another stimulus that normally does produce the response.

去大脑僵直decerebrate rigidity

When the brain stem is sectioned below the midlevel of the mesencephalon, the rigidity occurs in the antigravity muscles. This phenomenon is called decerebrate rigidity.

脑电图electroencephalogram

The minute electrical currents spontaneously generated by neuronal activity which recorded from the scalp or directly from the cortical surface.

诱发电位evoked potential

The various discrete electrical changes in the encephalon or the spinal cord which can be produced by stimulation of sense organs or of some point along the ascending pathways to it.

兴奋性突触后电位. excitatory postsynaptic potential

The excitatory postsynaptic potential is the local postsynaptic depolarization due to release of excitatory transmitter from presynaptic terminals. EPSP brings the membrane closer to threshold and makes it more likely that an action potential will be triggered.

抑制性突触后电位 inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A hyperpolarizing potential at a synapse that reduced the excitability of the postsynaptic cell.

运动单位motor unit

A motor axon, together with all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates.

非特异性传导系统 nonspecific projection system

Diffuse projections from the nonspecific thalamic nuclei connecting the ascending reticular activating system to widespread areas of cortex have a role in modifying the states of consciousness which is called nonspecific projection system.

突触后抑制postsynaptic inhibition

The presynaptic neuron liberates an inhibitory transmitter increasing the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to potassium ions and /or chloride ions thereby increasing the negativity of the postsynaptic membrane potential. In this hyperpolarized state it is difficult to stimulate.

突触前抑制presynaptic inhibition

A process which reduces the amount of synaptic transmitter liberated by action potentials arriving at excitatory synaptic knobs. The neuron producing presynaptic inhibition ends on an excitatory synaptic knob.

牵涉痛referred pain

Damage to an internal organ is commonly associated with pain or tenderness not in the organ but in some skin region sharing the same segmental innervation. This phenomenon is called referred pain.

第二信使second messenger

A small, diffusible molecule produced when a hormone combines with a cell membrane receptor and which carries the message to the inside of the cell.

特异性传导系统specific projection system

The specific sensory projection system uses relatively direct pathways through specific thalamic nuclei to restricted cortical regions.

脊休克spinal shock

Complete transection of the spinal cord results in the immediate paralysis and loss of sensation in all body regions innervated by spinal cord segments below the lesion, this phenomenon is called spinal shock.

牵张反射stretch reflex

When a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply is stretched, the muscle being stretched contracts. This is a monosynaptic reflex called the stretch reflex.

非条件反射unconditioned reflex

A fixed reflex whose mechanism may be supposed to be inherited as its functioning does not depend on previous experience.

激素hormone

A hormone can be defined as a chemical substance (a compound), which is synthesized and secreted by a specific cell type. It is generally transported in the circulation and at very low concentrations elicits a specific response in target tissues affecting the activities of cells in another portion of the body.

胰岛素insulin

A hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets; causes a reduction in plasma glucose concentrations. Insulin lowers blood glucose mainly by facilitating glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue and by inhibiting hepatic glucose output.

甲状腺激素thyroid hormone

The thyroid hormone is referred to thyroxine and triiodothyronine which increase the rate of chemical reactions in almost all cells of the body, thus increasing the general level of body metabolism.

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