考研英语红宝书——10年真题_部分7

ｗｗ．ｈｏｎｇｂａｏｓｈｕ．ｃｏｍ２００７年考研英语真题㊀㊀㊀词汇解析㊀㊀ｗ
２００７年考研英语真题 ☆ 词汇解析 ☆
ＳｅｃｔｉｏｎＩＵｓｅｏｆＥｎｇｌｉｓｈ
大纲词汇
ｒｏｕｇｈ［ｒｆ］ａｄｊ．
【词义】粗暴的，粗野的：Ｄｏｎｔｂｅｓｏｗｉｔｈｔｈｅ ① 粗糙的，对小孩不要这样粗暴。ｃｈｉｌｄ．大致的：Ｔｈｅｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｉｓ．这是大致的估计。 ② 粗略的，【词组】ｏｕｇｈｏｎ（对某人来说）不愉快的，不幸的 ①ｒｉｖｅｓｏｍｅｏｎｅｔｈｅｒｏｕｇｈｓｉｄｅｏｆｏｎｅｓｔｏｎｇｕｅ对……严 ②ｇ厉斥责派生】ｒｏｕｇｈｌｙ［ｒｆｌｉ］ａｄｖ．粗略地，大致地，大约 ⒈【ｅｇｉｍｅ［ｒｅｉｉｍ］ｎ． ⒉ｒ【词义】政体，制度（ｃ）：Ｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｎｅｗｎｏｏｎｅｉｓａｌｌｏｗｅｄｔｏｌｅａｖｅｅａｒｌｙ．在新制度下不允许任何人提前离开。ｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｖｅ［ｒｅｐｒｉｚｅｎｔｔｉｖ］ ⒊ｒ【词性】． ?ｎ【词义】代表，代理人：Ｈｅｉｓａ【词性】ｄｊ． ?ａ【词义】（ｏｆ）有代表性的，典型的：ＴｈｅｅｐｉｃｉｓｔｈｅＭｉｄｄｌｅＡｇｅ．叙事诗反映了中世纪生活。ｏｍｍｅｒｃｅ［ｋｍｓ］ｎ． ⒋ｃ【词义】商业，贸易（化）：Ｗｅｍｕｓｔｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｏｖｅｒｅｉｇｎ［ｓｖｒｉｎ］ ⒌ｓ人→君主【词性】． ?ｎ【词义】君主，统治，元首：ａ【词性】ｄｊ． ?ａ【词义】君主的：Ｗｈｏｈｏｌｄｓ ① 至高无上的，ｓｔａｔｅ？谁掌握国家的最高权力？完全的：ｂｅｃｏｍｅａｓｔａｔｅ成为主权国家 ② 独立自主的，【派生】ｓｏｖｅｒｅｉｇｎｔｙ［ｓｖｒｎｔｉ］ｎ．最高统治权，君权ａｌｌｙ［ｒｌｉ］ ⒍ｒ【词性】． ?ｖ【词义】团结：Ｔｈｅｙｗｉｌｌｏｆｔｅｎ ① 集合；遇危机总能团结共济。ｓｔａｔｅ主权国家ｉｎｇｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ．我们必须促进与邻国的贸易。是一家大型钢铁公司的代理人。
ｅｖｅｎｕｅ［ｒｅｖｎｊｕ］ｎ． ⒐ｒｂｙｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇ
ｗｗ．ｈｏｎｇｂａｏｓｈｕ．ｃｏｍ【红宝书】考研英语１０年真题㊀㊀㊀系统解析㊀㊀ｗ
ａｔｈｏｌｉｃｉｓｍ［ｋｌｉｓｉｚｍ］ｎ．天主教Ｃｇａｌｉｔａｒｉａｎ［ｉｌｉｔｅｒｉｎ］ｎ．平等主义者ｅ
健康等），重新振作：Ｈｅｗｉｌｌｈｉｓｓｐｉｒｉｔｓａｔｔｈｅ ② 恢复（ｌａｓｔｍｏｍｅｎｔ．他会在最后关头振作起来。
【助记】ｄｅｍｏ（人民）＋ｃｒａｃｙ（统治） →由人民统治→民主【词义】民主制（ｕ）：Ｗｈａｔａｒｅｔｈｅｂａｓｉｃｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓ ① 民主，ｏｆ？民主的基本原则是什么？ｃ）：Ａｔｒｕｅａｌｌｏｗｓｆｒｅｅｓｐｅｅｃｈ．一个真正 ② 民主国家（的民主国家允许言论自由。
【词义】Ｔｈｅｄｅｆｅａｔｅｄｋｉｎｇｄｏｍｈａｄｔｏｐａｙ ① 贡品：
【词组】ｐａｙ（ａ）ｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｔｏ称赞，歌颂；向……进贡
【词义】由来：ａｗｏｒｄｏｆＬａｔｉｎ ① 起源，
ｐｌ．）出身，血统：Ｈｅｎｅｖｅｒｆｏｒｇｏｔｈｉｓｈｕｍｂｌｅｓ．他从 ②（未忘记过自己卑微的出身。
【派生】ｃｅｒｔｉｆｉｃａｔｅｄ［ｓｔｉｆｉｋｅｉｔｉｄ］ａｄｊ．合格的，授予证明书的ａｎｋ［ｒｋ］ ⒉ｒ
ｏｎｆｅｒ［ｋｎｆ］ｖ． ⒊ｃ【助记】ｃｏｎ（全部）＋ｆｅｒ（ｃａｒｒｙ带） →全部带来→赠予【词义】商议：Ｔｈｅｙａｒｅｒｉｎｇ．他们在商谈。 ① 商谈，赋予：ａｃｅｒｔｉｆｉｃａｔｅ授予证书／Ｊｏｇｇｉｎｇｗｉｌｌ ② 授予，ｓｔｒｉｋｉｎｇｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ．慢跑会带来明显益处。【同义】ｏｎｓｕｌｔ，ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｒａｎｔ ①ｃ ②ｇｕｐｅｒｉｏｒ［ｓｊｕｐｉｒｉ］ ⒋ｓ【助记】ｓｕｐｅｒ（超越）＋ｉｏｒ（形容词后缀） →优于……卓越的【词性】ｄｊ． ?ａ
Ｔｅｘｔ１
大纲词汇
ｅｒｔｉｆｉｃａｔｅ［ｓｔｉｆｉｋｉｔ］ｎ． ⒈ｃ
【助记】ｃｅｒｔ（确认）＋ｉｆｉｃ（做）＋ａｔｅ（名词词尾） → 做确认用的东西→证（明）书【词义】证（明）书，执照：Ｔｈｉｓｉｓｙｏｕｒｇｒａｄｕａｔｉｏｎ．这是你的毕业证书。
ｆｏｒａｌａｒｇｅｓｔｅｅｌｃｏｍｐａｎｙ．他
櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒櫒毃
ｏｆｔｈｅｌｉｆｅｏｆ
ｗｉｔｈｎｅｉｇｈｂ）＋ｒｅｉｇｎ（ｒｕｌｅ统治） → 在上面统治的
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【典型考题】ＴｈｅｒｅａｒｅａｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｗｏｒｄｓｉｎｔｈｅＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｌａｎ
ｇｕａｇｅｗｈｉｃｈｗｅｒｅＦｒｅｎｃｈｉｎ㊀㊀．㊀Ｂ．ｏｒｉｇｉｎ㊀Ｃ．ｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇ㊀Ｄ．ｆｉｒｓｔＡ．ｓｏｕｒｃｅ
超纲词汇
ｏｌｏｎｉａｌｉｓｍ［ｋｌｕｎｊｌｉｚｍ］ｎ．殖民主义；殖民政策ｃｖｉａｂｌｅ［ｖａｉｂｌ］ａｄｊ．可行的，可实施的；能成功发展的，能养活的
·４８ ·
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重点词组
ｎｔｈｅｃｒｉｓｉｓｏｆ在……危机中 ①ｉｈｅｂａｓｉｓｏｆ ……的基础㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀③ ｏｎｔｈｅｉｓｓｕｅｏｆ在……问题上 ②ｔｅｅｋｔｏ寻求，追求ｎｒｅｔｕｒｎｔｏ作为回报 ④ｓ ⑤ｉ
ＳｅｃｔｉｏｎＩＩＲｅａｄｉｎｇＣｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｏｎＰａｒｔＡ
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【词性】． ?ｎ【词义】行，列：Ｔｈｅｓｏｌｄｉｅｒｓｓｔｏｏｄｉｎｔｗｏｓ．士兵站成 ① 排，两排。阶级，级别：Ｈｅｉｓａｐｈｙｓｉｃｉｓｔｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔ． ② 社会地位，他是一流的物理学家。军衔：ｔｈｅｏｆｃｏｌｏｎｅｌ上校军衔 ③ 军阶，【词性】． ?ｖ【词义】Ｔｈｅｃｕｐｓｗｅｒｅｅｄｎｅａｔｌｙｏｎｔｈｅｓｈｅｌｆ．杯子 ① 排列：整整齐齐地排列在架子上。把……分类：Ｉｈｅｒａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｓｂｅｓｔ ② 分等级，ｗｒｉｔｅｒｓ．我认为她可属全国最优秀的作家之列。【词组】ｌｏｓｅｒａｎｋｓ团结起来（面对困难） ①ｃｆ（ｔｈｅ）ｆｉｒｓｔｒａｎｋ头等的，一流的 ②ｏａｎｋａｍｏｎｇ／ｗｉｔｈ．．．属……之列 ③ｒ
ｐｏｗｅｒｉｎｔｈｅ
【词义】财政收入，税收（ｃ／ｕ）：Ｄｉｍｉｎｉｓｈｔｈｅ由于减税而使这个国家的税收减少。ｔａｘ．ｅｍｏｃｒａｃｙ［ｄｉｍｋｒｓｉ］ｎ． ⒑ｄ
ｉｎａｃｒｉｓｉｓ．他们每

【词性】． ?ｎ【词义】群众）集会，（群众）大会：ｓｔａｇｅａｎｔｉｗａｒｒａｌｌｉｅｓ ①（举行反战大会ａｍｏｔｏｒ ② 公路汽车赛：ｒｉｂｕｔｅ［ｔｒｉｂｊｕｔ］ｎ． ⒎ｔｔｏｔｈｅｗｉｎｎｉｎｇ．战败国不得不向战胜国进贡。称赞；礼物（ｃ／ｕ）：Ｉｎｈｉｓｗｏｒｋｓ，ｔｈｅｗｒｉｔｅｒｐａｙｓａ ② 颂词，ｏｈｉｓｍｏｔｈｅｒｌａｎｄ．那位作家在作品中热情歌颂ｗａｒｍｔ自己的祖国。ｒｉｇｉｎ［ｒｉｄｉｎ］ｎ． ⒏ｏ源自拉丁语的词／ｔｈｅｏｆａｄｉｓｐｕｔｅ争端的起因汽车大赛

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2010考研英语真题答案(仅答案-完整)

2010年真题答案（多方答案不统一，仅参考）Section I Use of English1.A解析：A项affect 意思是“影响，感动”; B项achieve意思是“达成，完成”; C项extract意思是“提取，榨出”;D项restore是“恢复，重建”. 这句话的意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生产率的，所以答案是A。

2.B解析：本题考查了固定短语end up 的用法，end up 意思是“最终成为……”，end 和其它三个介词的搭配都无此意，故选B。

3.C解析：本句的大意为：研究最终总结为一个极具影响力的概念—“霍桑效应”，也正是实验所研究的行为改变了工人们的表现。

所以这里应选择C。

4.B解析：作者这里表达的意思是这个问题之所以引起大家的注意是因为工厂女工的行为令人费解。

四个选项中perplexing意为“令人费解的”，所以正确答案为B。

5.C解析：本句的含义是：根据研究描述，当照明灯变亮或变暗时，工人的时产量就会提高。

四个选项中有描述含义的是C项accounts。

6.B解析：这句话的意思是：实验中做什么并不重要。

Do not matter 固定表达，故选B。

7.D解析：考查so long as 短语，意思是“只有”，句子意思是：只要有改变，生产率就会上升。

8.A解析：A项awareness 意思是“意识”，B项expectation意为“期望”，C项sentiment 意为“”观点，意见，D项illusion 为“幻觉”，本句的大意是说：工人知到自己本身是被研究对象-这一意识就足以改变他们的行为。

所以选A。

9.C解析：be enough to do sth, 足够做某事，符合上下文。

10.D解析：by oneself 表示“独自地”，这里的itself 代指an awareness of ...。

11.C解析：be subjected to表示“服从于，与……一致’，为固定短语。

2010年考研英语真题及解析

2010年考研英语真题及解析Section I Use of English【文章综述】本文选自The Economist(《经济学家》，是一本专业报道商业和政治新闻的英文周刊), 原文题为Light Work; Questioning the Hawthorne Effect,（《照明效用：质疑霍桑效应》），刊登在该刊2009年6月4日的Finance and Economics（财政与经济学）专栏上。

其题材为科普知识类【考频4次】，文章介绍了著名的“霍桑效应”的产生过程及多年后人们对此所提出的质疑。

【试题连线】…………………………….…【选项分析】……………………………..….In1924 Awerica's National Research Councilsent two engineers to surpervise a series ofexperiments at a telephone-parts factory called theHawthorne Plant near Chicago.It hoped they wouldlearn how shop-floor lightingworkers'productivity. Instead, thestudies ended givingtheir name to the “Hawthorne effect，”the extremely influential idea thatexperimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the woman in the plant.According to 5 of the experimenteda,their hourly output rose when lighting was increased ,but also when it was dimmed.It did not 6 what was done in the experiment；7 something was changed ,productivity rose ,A(n) 8 that were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers' behavior 10 itself.After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analsis.The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in stone. 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened. 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday.When work started again on Monday ,output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondaya. Workers 19to be diligent for the first few of the week in any case, beforeThis suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.1.[A]affected影响[B]achieved 完成[C]extracted 提取；获取[D]restored 恢复2.[A]（ended）at 在某时刻结束[B]（ended）up 最终处于（意料之外的境况）；以……结束[C]（ended）with 以……结束[D] ended）off 结束3.[A]truth 真相[B]sight 看见[C]act 行为[D]proof 证据4.[A]controversial 有争议的[B]perplexing 令人费解的[C]mischievous 恶作剧的[D]ambiguous 意向不明的；模棱两可的5.[A]requirement 要求[B]explanations 解释[C]accounts 描述；叙述[D]assessments 评估6.[A]conclude 推断[B]matter 要紧[C]indicats 表明[D]work 起作用7.[A]as far as 至于[B]for fear that 唯恐[C]in case that 万一；以防[D]so long as 只要8.[A]awareness 意识；知道[B]expectation 期待[C]sentiment 情绪[D]illusion 幻想9.[A]suitable 适合的[B]excessive 过度[C]enough 足够的[D]aboundant 充裕的10.[A]about 关于[B]for 为了[C]on 关于[D]by（oneself）单独地11.[A]compared 比较[B]shown 宣示[C]subjected 使……遭受[D]conveyed 传达12.[A]Contrary to 与……相反的[B]Consistent with 与……相一致的[C]Parallel with 与…相应的[D]Peculiar to 特有的13.[A]evidence 证据[B]guidance 指导[C]implication 暗示；可能的影响（或结果）[D]source 来源14.[A]disputable 有争议的[B]enlightening 给人启迪的[C]reliable 可信的[D]misleading 误导的15.[A]In contrast 相比之下[B]For example 例如[C]In consequence 结果是；因此[D]As usual 像平常一样16.[A]duly 适当地；按时地[B]accidentally 偶然地[C]unpredictably 变幻莫测的[D]suddenly 突然地17.[A]failed（to do）未能做[B]ceased（to do）停止做[C]started（to do）开始做[D]continued（to do）继续做18.[A]Therefore 因此[B]Furthermore 此外；而且[C]However 然而[D]Meanwhile 同时19.[A]attempted（to do）试图做[B]tended（to do）往往会[C]chose（to do）选择做[D]intended（to do）打算做20.[A]breaking 打破；突破[B]climbing 攀升[C]surpassing 超过[D]hitting 达到【核心词汇】allege [əˈledʒ] v.断言，宣称；指控，辩解（al表强调+lege→表强调讲→宣称）;-ed,adj. 声称的；所谓的arise[ə^raiz]v.发生；产生；出现influential[influ^en∫l]adj. 有影响的interpretation[inʌtЗ:pri^tei∫] n.解释；说明plateau[ˈplætəu]n.高原,（发展、增长后的）平稳状态(时期);停滞时期（plat+eau名词后缀→平坦地）slack［slAk］a.懈怠的,松弛的;萧条的n.淡季;(pl.)便裤;-en,v.使松弛，使萧条surpervise [^su:pəvaiz]v. 监督；管理；指导systematic［sisti5mAtik］a.(systematical)系统的,有组织的，成体系的，有规律的;-ic,人或学科（表名词）【超纲词汇】duly[ˈdu:li] adv. 1. 正确地, 适当地,恰当的2. 按时地, 准时地,适时地shop-floor[∫op^flʌ:(r)]n.车间；工厂【常用词组】experiment on/upon 用………做实验give one’s name to以……的名字命名（新生的）事物go up(价格、水平等)上涨；上升；增长in store(for sb) 1. 储备着, 贮藏着2. 将要发生, 就要出现on record有记载的, 记录在案的, 公开发表的pin down 1. 把…固定住; 使动弹不得2. 迫使作出决定, 采取行动slacken off 松懈下来；减缓turn out 结果（是）；原来（是）【答案与详解】1.答案→A 考点→上下文关系与动词词义辨析。

红宝书必考词练习题及答案详解_部分7

10．该题考查句子结构。

可以看出during the early...navigation在句中做状语，如果选择B选项该句没有主句，所以本题是一简单句，选项A、C不符合倒装结构，故答案为D。

11．该题考查定语从句。

该句中whom I was...ago是定语从句修饰a girl，而在定语从句中谓语动词的宾语不能直接是a girl，即要接一个介词with，其他选项不符合题意，故答案为D。

欢迎使用【红宝书】考研英语精品系列：1.【红宝书】考研英语词汇（必考词+基础词+超纲词）—— 附MP3光盘2.【红宝书】考研英语10年真题（系统精析）—— MP3+其它5年真题及解析3.【红宝书】考研英语写作180篇——（三段式+精解+考点）4.【红宝书】考研英语考前预测 —— 最后冲刺3套题（网上另外再附赠3套题）红宝书考研英语词汇（必考词+基础词+超纲词）练习题及答案详解必考词第四节（Unit 22——Unit 26；第148页——182页）练习一：词汇与搭配1． The man told the hostess he would take his revenge __ the hotel fordismissing him.．2 This middl e school is attached __ a normal college.3． As a way of coping the mails while they were away, the Johnsons askedthe cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write againlater.． If you really understood the difficulties facing the government, you wouldn’tbe so critical 4its spending reductions.5． In addition, many exceptions __ the rules of English usage make itdifficult to master.．The rol es expected 6 old people in such a setting give too fewss.psychological satisfactions for normal happine ．7A stream issued the bottom of the hill.．8I can’t study with that music getting my nerv H es.9．e rescued the child the risk of his own life. ．10In the play the heroine expired __ a broken heart.11．Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to avail myself every chance to improve my English.练习二：词汇辨析1．water into the glass or it will Don’t pour hot ___ .[A] split[B] crack C] break[[D] burst2．as created by Poe, is something as specialized and asoblem.The detective story, r ________as a chess p[A] intellectual[B] intelligent C] intellect [[D] intelligence3．bs can provid e A variety of small clu opportunities for l eadership, asn successful group dynamics.well as for practice i[A] durable[B] excessive C] surplus D] multiple[[4． contains a (n) The English language of words which are comparativelynary conversation.seldom used in ordi [A] altitudee[B] latitude C] multitud [[D] attitude5．n the fourthThe article appeared i __ of the magazine.[A] editionn[B] issue C] versio[[D] print6．Martin Luther King, the great Black leader in the movement against racials discrimination, wa the Nobel Prize for peace for his outstandingld peace.contribution to wor [A] rewardedd[B] awarded C] conferre [[D] granted7．T pts were hopelessly he precious manuscri by long exposure in the cold,damp cellar.[A] damaged d[B] destroye C]harmed [[D] ruined8．The unpleasant taste in his mouth for hours.[A] prolonged[B] waited C] lingered [[D] lengthened9．The tension as theguest of honor was about to announce the winner.[A] mounted d[B] ascend e C] climbed D [[] raised10． Our house is the most one in the street; it’s painted red.[[A] prominentB] distinguished[C] outstanding[D]well‐known11．nd that even people insensitive to a certain smell ate sensitive to it when However, it has been fou becom first can suddenly _____to it often enough.[A] subjected[B] left C] drawn [[D] exposed12．Ma hite color as it is a ny people like w of purity.[A] sign[B] symbol C] signal[[D] symptom13．W s matter. There is energy; all changes of matter herever there i changesi nergy.n the form of the e [A] retain[B] include C] involve [[D] contain14．A technology stands to s an industry, bio electronics in dollar volume andt in social impact by 2020.perhaps surpass i[A] contend t[B] contes C] rival [[D] striveican system, one rank below the full professor is the15．According to the Amer ____ professor.[A] underte [B] associa C] vice [[D] deputy16．We’d like to a table for five for dinner this evening.[A] preserve[B] sustain C] retain D] reserve[[17．e west, south and central parts of the continent, thoughns are to be found over so The plain occupies th consid erable variatio an area.[A] expensive[B] expansive C] extensive [[D] intensive18．If no importance is attached to collecting information, we cannot survive insuch a(n) _ competitive society, because it is the basis on which we make our decisions.[A] intensively[B] forcefully C] intensely [[D] powerfully19．ling by train, but after six hours standing in the corridor,_He said he liked trave he changed his .[A] sound[B] voice C] tone [[D] tune20．The pioneers _ their journey after a short rest.[A] assumed[B] resumed C] consumed [[D] resumed21．he entertainment at the company’s annualThey were arranging t deal er .[A] congress[B] convention C] conference [[D] assembly22．An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advancedmedical ___ will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.[A] interference[B] interruption C] intervention D] interaction[[23．e same about each other, their feelings are When two people feel th .[A] visibl e[B] common [C] joint [D] mutual练习三：英语知识运用1．Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They admitted that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the __man. But they insisted that its immediate eriod from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and f the English population.results during the p e bulk omisery for th [A] plain[B] averageC] mean [[D] normal2．During this period American car manufacturers set about improving their products and work efficiency. As a result, the yearly income of the average 1950 to 1975 faster than the price of cars. For this reason family increased from ________a new car takes a smaller part of a family’s total earnings today.[A] bringing[B] obtainC] bought [[D] purchasing3．Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal se they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or arned criminal behavior through behavior becau that they have le _with others.[A] interaction[B] assimilation C] cooperation [[D] consultation 4．The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. Furthermore homelessness has reached such proportions that local governmentcan’t possibly _.[A] stand[B] cope[C] approve[D] retain5．In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a bill that will propose making payments al and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be fore a trial begins.to witnesses illeg case be given to a [A] sketch[B] rough [C] preliminary[D] draft6．FBI men, who do not wear uniforms, have the right to cross State borders if ng a suspect. They are they are pursui to the US Department of Justice, eadquarters in Washington, DC.and have their ible h[A] respons [B] reasonableC] reliable[[D] respectable7．His role, therefore, is completely different. He is there to make sure that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him insist on particular things, and to the images on the tel evision screen. Unlike his radio e must know the value of silence and how to use it at those moments s speak for themselves.colleague, h when the picture te[A] exhibit[B] demonstra C] expose[[D] interpret8．As Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in uts it, “There has to be Massachusetts, p of programs. What we need is a package deal.”n[A] supervisio [B] manipulation [C] regulation [D] coordination 9．These attempts are usually resisted by powerful people who from the status quo(社会现状), and it is often difficult for social movement participantsto use the a p ccepted and legal means of producing social change (such as the olitical institutions).courts and [A] acquire[B] profitC] prohibit [[D] succeed10．In deed more and more schools are discovering that foreign languages are best taught in the lower grad es. Young children often can l earn several languages by being to them, while adults have a much harder time learning age once the rules of their first language have become firmly fixed.another langu [A] disclosed[B] reveal edC] immersed e [[D]xposed11．Compare this with what happens in the mass production of poultry: there are battery farms, for example, where thousands of chickens live crowded together in one building and are fed on food which is little better than rubbish. t in this way are not only tasteless as food; the also Chicken kep __eggs tant vitamins.which lack impor ure[A] producefact ate[B] manu C] gener ra [[ D] ise12．The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors for unfamiliar and such as the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger emergency signals of fire.[A] available[B] reliable[C] id entifiable[D] suitable13．Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in to their failure class values to rise above their socioeconomic status, or as a rejection .of middle‐[A] return[B] replyC] referenceD] response[[14．Many linguists believe that evolution is for our ability to produce and y claim that our highly evolved brain provides us with an ility not found in lower organisms.use language. The ab innate language [A] reliabl e[B] responsibleC] available [[D] accountable15．Asia’s need for business l eaders who are competent in using mass media to involve the public the economic development dream has never been greater. Television and the print media have an enormous impact on the public’s usiness. Our business lead ers have not yet faced an ess.perception of b thetic pr unsympa [A] in[B] intoC] with [[D] within16．Something like a caste line is emerging centered around knowledge. far behind in the Individuals who fall too of knowledge at a young age will le to catch up later, no matter how hard they try.find it almost impossib [A] control[B] mastery C] search [[D] pursuit17．Unlike their western counterparts, they are not so much frightened by mass media’s potential to magnify, distort, and expose. The problem lies more in the lack of professional support available to them. In most Asian companies the nction either does not exist or is public affairs fu _ routine chores removed he CEO to communicate with wider audiences.from helping t [A] resigned[B] assignedC] awardedd [[D]istributed18．He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance ________the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical soil.must sell in ord er to feed the fertilizers to [A] for[B] against[C] of [D] towards。

考研英语红宝书——10年真题_部分9

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【词性】． ?ｎ【词义】奇事：ｔｈｅ～ｓｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ世界奇观／Ｂｏｏｋｓ ① 奇迹，ａｒｅｆｉｌｌｅｄｗｉｔｈｍａｎｙ～ｓ．书中充满了新奇的事物。惊讶：Ｈｅｆｅｌｔ～ｍｉｎｇｌｅｄｗｉｔｈａｗｅａｔｔｈｅＧｒａｎｄ ② 惊奇，面对着大峡谷，他又惊奇又惶恐。Ｃａｎｙｏｎ．【同义】ｉｒａｃｌｅ② ｓｕｒｐｒｉｓｅ，ａｍａｚｅｍｅｎｔ ①ｍ【词性】． ?ｖ【词义】ａｔ）感到惊讶，感到诧异：Ｉ～ａｔｈｉｓｒｕｄｅｎｅｓｓ．我 ①（对他的粗鲁感到惊讶。想要知道：Ｉ～ｈｏｗｙｏｕｃａｍｅｔｏｍｉｓｓｙｏｕｒ ② 感到疑惑，ｗａｙ．我想知道你是怎样迷路的。【词组】ｎｏ（或ｌｉｔｔｌｅ，ｓｍａｌｌ，ｗｈａｔ）ｗｏｎｄｅｒ难怪，怪不得【派生】ｗｏｎｄｅｒｆｕｌ［ｗｎｄｆｌ］ａｄｊ．惊人的，奇妙的，极好的ｕｌｂ［ｂｌｂ］ｎ． ⒉ｂ【词义】Ｔｈｉｓｌｉｇｈｔｂｕｌｂｈａｓｇｏｎｅ．这灯泡不亮了。 ① 灯泡：状物），球状物：Ｒｏｏｔｔｈｅ～ｓｉｎｐｏｔｔｉｎｇｓｏｉｌ．把 ② 鳞茎（这些球茎扦插在盆栽土壤里。ｐｔｉｏｎ［ｐｎ］ｎ． ⒊ｏ【词义】选择权：Ｉｈａｖｅｎｔｍｕｃｈ～ｉｎｔｈｅｍａｔｔｅｒ．在这 ① 选项，件事情上我无可选择。ａｎ～ｏｎａｐａｃｋａｇｅｈｏｌｉｄａｙ包价旅游选 ② 买卖的特权：择权【词组】ｏｐｔｉｏｎｏｎｓｔｈ． ……的选择权ｎｓｔｉｎｃｔ［ｉｎｓｔｉｋｔ］ｎ． ⒋ｉ【词义】本能，直觉，天性：Ｗｅｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓａｃｔｏｎ～．我们有时凭直觉办事。

2010年考研英语真题(含答案解析)

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting大1家workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 大2家giving their name to the "Hawthorneeffect", the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 大4家behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家what was done in the experiment; 大7家something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家to alter workers' behavior 大10家itself.After several decades, the same data were 大11家to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments hasanother surprise store 大12家the descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家interpretation of whathapped. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output大16家rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18. [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19. [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D]intended20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to w riters who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lif etime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents." Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too manypatents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks' long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness[D] sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语(二)十年真题(含答案)

考研英语（二）十年真题及答2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (1)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (10)2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (12)2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (22)2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (24)2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (34)2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (36)2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (45)2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (47)2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (56)2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (58)2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (68)2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (70)2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (80)2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (82)2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (92)2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (94)2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (104)2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题 (106)2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题答案 (117)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试考研英语（二）真题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June11,2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic1by the World Health Organization in41years.The heightened alert2an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia,and rising3in Britain,Japan,Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is"4"in severity,according to Margaret Chan,the organization's director general,5the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery,often in the6of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global7in late April2009,when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths8healthy adults.As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic,cases began to9in New York City,the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States,new cases seemed to fade10warmer weather arrived.But in late September2009, officials reported there was11flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the12tested are the new swine flu,also known as(A)H1N1,not seasonal flu.In the U.S.,it has13more than one million people,and caused more than600deaths and more than6,000hospitalizations.Federal health officials14Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began15orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine.The new vaccine,which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is16ahead of expectations.More than three million doses were to be made available in early October2009, though most of those17doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type,which is not18for pregnant women, people over50or those with breathing difficulties,heart disease or several other19.But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group:health care workers,people20infants and healthy young people.1.[A]criticized[B]appointed[C]commented[D]designated2.[A]proceeded[B]activated[C]followed[D]prompted3.[A]digits[B]numbers[C]amounts[D]sums4.[A]moderate[B]normal[C]unusual[D]extreme5.[A]with[B]in[C]from[D]by6.[A]progress[B]absence[C]presence[D]favor7.[A]reality[B]phenomenon[C]concept[D]notice8.[A]over[B]for[C]among[D]to9.[A]stay up[B]crop up[C]fill up[D]cover up10.[A]as[B]if[C]unless[D]until11.[A]excessive[B]enormous[C]significant[D]magnificent12.[A]categories[B]examples[C]patterns[D]samples13.[A]imparted[B]immersed[C]injected[D]infected14.[A]released[B]relayed[C]relieved[D]remained15.[A]placing[B]delivering[C]taking[D]giving16.[A]feasible[B]available[C]reliable[D]applicable17.[A]prevalent[B]principal[C]innovative[D]initial18.[A]presented[B]restricted[C]recommended[D]introduced19.[A]problems[B]issues[C]agonies[D]sufferings20.[A]involved in[B]caring for[C]concerned with[D]warding offSectionⅡReading comprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages.Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A,B,C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of56works by Damien Hirst,"Beautiful Inside My Head Forever",at Sotheby's in London on September15th2008.All but two pieces sold,fetching more than￡70m,a record for a sale by a single artist.It was a last victory.As the auctioneer called out bids,in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,Lehman Brothers,filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since2003.At its peak in2007it was worth some$65billion,reckons Clare Mc Andrew,founder of Arts Economics,a research firm—double the figure five years earlier.Since then it may have come down to$50billion.But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,enormous egos,greed,passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst's sale,spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable.In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms.Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds,and in the most overheated sector,they were down by nearly90%in the year to November2008.Within weeks the world's two biggest auction houses,Sotheby's and Christie's,had to pay out nearly$200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of1989.This time experts reckon that prices are about40%down on their peak on average,though some have been far more fluctuant.But Edward Dolman,Christie's chief executive,says:"I'm pretty confident we're at the bottom."What makes this slump different from the last,he says,is that there are still buyers in the market.Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.The three Ds—death,debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market.But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away,waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph,Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as"a last victory"because________.[A]the art market had witnessed a succession of victories[B]the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids[C]Beautiful inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces[D]it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying"spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable"(Line1-2,Para.3),the author suggeststhat________.[A]collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions[B]people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries[C]art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent[D]works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23.Which of the following statements is NOT true?[A]Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from2007to2008.[B]The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.[C]The art market generally went downward in various ways.[D]Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24.The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are________.[A]auction houses'favorites[B]contemporary trends[C]factors promoting artwork circulation[D]styles representing Impressionists25.The most appropriate title for this text could be________.[A]Fluctuation of Art Prices[B]Up-to-date Art Auctions.[C]Art Market in Decline[D]Shifted Interest in ArtsText2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to join them.Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative,frequently offering ideas and anecdotes,while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch.Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them.This man quickly nodded in agreement.He gestured toward his wife and said,"She's the talker in our family."The room burst into laughter;the man looked puzzled and hurt."It's true,"he explained."When I come home from work,I have nothing to say.If she didn't keep the conversation going,we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations,they often talk less at home.And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late1970s.Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book"Divorce Talk"that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces.Given the current divorce rate of nearly50 percent,that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year—a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research,complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning,cooking,social arrangements.Instead they focused on communication:"He doesn't listen to me.""He doesn't talk to me."I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short,the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face,while a woman glares at the back of it,wanting to talk.26.What is most wives'main expectation of their husbands?[A]Talking to them.[B]Trusting them.[C]Supporting their careers.[D]Sharing housework.27.Judging from the context,the phrase"wreaking havoc"(Line3,Para.2)most probably means________.[A]generating motivation.[B]exerting influence[C]causing damage[D]creating pressure28.All of the following are true EXCEPT________.[A]men tend to talk more in public than women[B]nearly50percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation[C]women attach much importance to communication between couples[D]a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?[A]The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.[B]Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.[C]Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.[D]Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30.In the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focus on________.[A]a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk[B]a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon[C]other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.[D]a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerText3Over the past decade,many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers.These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks,or wipe counters almost without thinking,often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues."There are fundamental public health problems,like dirty hands instead of a soap habit,that remain killers only because we can't figure out how to change people's habits,"said Dr.Curtis,the director of the Hygiene Center at the London school of Hygiene&Tropical Medicine."We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically."The companies that Dr.Curtis turned to—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers'lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough,you'll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums,skin moisturizers,disinfecting wipes,air fresheners,water purifiers,health snacks,teeth whiteners,fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits.A century ago,few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.Today,because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns,many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day,often with Colgate,Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago,many people didn't drink water outside of a meal.Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum,once bought primarily by adolescent boys,is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup."Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,"said Carol Berning,a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter&Gamble,the company that sold$76billion of Tide,Crest and other products last year."Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers'lives,and it's essential to making new products commercially viable."Through experiments and observation,social scientists like Dr.Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising.As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31.According to Dr.Curtis,habits like hand washing with soap________.[A]should be further cultivated[B]should be changed gradually[C]are deeply rooted in history[D]are basically private concerns32.Bottled water,chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph5so as to________.[A]reveal their impact on people's habits[B]show the urgent need of daily necessities[C]indicate their effect on people's buying power[D]manifest the significant role of good habits33.Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people's habits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilever34.From the text we know that some of consumer's habits are developed due to________.[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35.The author's attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people's habits is________.[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values,including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries;that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community;that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race,religion,sex,or national origin;that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers;and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy.In a direct democracy,citizens take turns governing themselves,rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in1968,jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.In some states, for example,jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence,education,and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the1880case of Strauder v.West Virginia,the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century.Although women first served on state juries in Utah in1898,it was not until the1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty.Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list.This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the1960s.In1968,the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act,ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.In the landmark1975decision Taylor vs.Louisiana,the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of thecommunity to the state level.The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36.From the principles of the US jury system,we learn that________.[A]both literate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37.The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to1968showed________.[A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures[D]the arrogance common among the Supreme Court Judges38.Even in the1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because________.[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement39.After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.________.[A]sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished[B]educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors[C]jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D]states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40.In discussing the US jury system,the text centers on_______.[A]its nature and problems.[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions.[D]its tradition and developmentPart BDirections:Read the following text and decide whether each of the statements is true or false.Choose T if the statement is True or F if the statement is not true on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft,the787and A350respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference.But a group of researchers at Stanford University,led by Ilan Kroo,has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use,and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer,says Dr Kroo,lies with birds.Since1914,scientists have known that birds flying in formation-a V-shape-expend less energy.The air flowing over a bird's wings curls upwards behind the wingtips,a phenomenonknown as upwash.Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag,and spend less energy propelling themselves.Peter Lissaman,an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California,has suggested that a formation of25birds might enjoy a range increase of71%.When applied to aircraft,the principles are not substantially different.Dr Kroo and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles,San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah,assume an inverted V-formation,occasionally swap places so all could have a turn in the most favorable positions,and proceed to London.They found that the aircraft consumed as much as15%less fuel(coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output).Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.There are,of course,knots to be worked out.One consideration is safety,or at least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable traveling in companion?Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles,and would not be in the intimate groupings favored by display teams like the Red Arrows.A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes.Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter,although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organization has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient.In zones of increased turbulence,the planes'wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish.Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further.It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft,in contrast,might be easier to reschedule,as might routine military flights.As it happens,America's armed forces are on the case already.Earlier this year the country's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight,though the program has yet to begin.There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War,but Dr Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated."My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,"he adds.So he should know.41.Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and Airbus aircraft.42.The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.43.Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other planes.44.The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.45.It has been documented that during World War II,Americas armed forces once tried formation flight to save fuel.SectionⅢTranslation46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English.Translate it into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)"Sustainability"has become a popular word these days,but to Ted Ning,the concept will always have personal meaning.Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late1990s selling insurance.He'd been through the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for a job,signed on with a Boulder agency.It didn't go well."It was a really bad move because that's not my passion,"says Ning,whose dilemma about the job translated,predictably,into a lack of sales."I was miserable,I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling.I had no money and needed the job.Everyone said,'Just wait,you'll turn the corner,give it some time.'"Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:You have just come back from the U.S.as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange program.Write a letter to your American colleague to1)Express your thanks for his/her warm reception;2)Welcome him/her to visit China in due course。

红宝书基础词_部分7

练习二1．augment“扩大，增长，加强”，用于表明某一东西已有一定基础，而在此基础上得到进一步发展，变得更大、更好、更有价值等。

句意：警察部队新招了些男女警察，扩大了队伍。

[A] extend“延长”，如:extend a railway; [B] exaggerate“夸大，夸张”，如：exaggerate the difficulties of the situation 把困难情况讲得过分；[C] magnify 特指放大之意，如：I want to magnify the picture.我要放大这张照片。

2．句意：也许我们将永远无法查明这些亚原子粒子的确切性质了。

ascertain意为“确实（事实），探知，查明”，符合题意。

[A] assert指“断言；坚持”，[B] impart 意为“传播（知识等），告知（情报）”，［D］notify指“通知，报告”。

3．cure“治疗”，尤指用药物治愈疾病。

句意：假如这种药我一天吃两次；它就可以治愈我的感冒。

[B] heal着重指治好外伤或烧伤后的患部，使伤口愈合，不用于治感冒等疾病；[C] restore指（使）恢复硬朗或使正常；[A] recover“恢复”，不合句意。

4．contents（用复数形式）表示“容器所盛（装）的东西”。

[B] content（不可数）表示“（作品等的）内容”；[C] consent“同意”和[D] contend“斗争，竞争”是content的形近易混词。

5．expel“赶走”。

句意：警卫人员把在法庭上大声喊叫的两个男人赶了出去。

四词皆含pel，该词根意为“推动，催逼”。

[B] propel“推进，推动”（=push forward），如：The ship is propelled by steam.。

[C] repel“击退，排斥，拒绝”，如：repel the enemy 击退敌人。

[D]dispel “驱散（云、雾等）”。

丁晓钟(2010考研英语真题及答案)

完型1. [A] affected2. [B] up3. [C] act4. [B] perplexing5. [C] accounts6. [B] matter7. [D] as long as8. [A] awareness9. [C] enough10. [D] by11. [C] subject12. [A] contrary to13. [A] evidence14. [D] misleading15. [B] for example16. [A] duly17. [D] continued18. [C] However [原文是but, 但根据考生回忆，考试原文空格后有个逗号，并且只有however 一个表转折的词。

(but后不用逗号)]19. [B] tended20. [D] hitting常规阅读21. [B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.22. [A] free themes.23. [D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. [A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.25. [D] Prominent Critics in Memory26. [C] the possible restriction on their granting27. [D] It may change the legal practice in the U.S.28. [C] change of attitude29. [B] are often unnecessarily issued30. [A] A looming threat to business-method patents31. [B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas32. [D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. [A] the power of influence goes with social interactions34. [C] are influenced and then influence others35. [C] the readiness to be influenced36. [A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules37. [D] the weakening of its independence38. [C] act on their own in rule-setting39. [B] exaggerated the real value of their assets40. [D] sympathy排序41. B42. F43. D44. G45. A争议题解析23. Which of the following would shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.【其他答案】[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.【点点答案】[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.【解析】我们根据题干中的Shaw 和Newman定位到原文第三段，注意，题干是问：Shaw 和Newman最可能同意什么？也就是在问shaw 和Newman的观点是什么。

2010年考研英语真题及答案完整解析

2010年考研英语真题与答案解析从2010年开始，全国硕士研究生入学考试的英语试卷分为了英语（一）和英语（二）。

英语（一）即原统考“英语”。

英语（二）主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。

英语一考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构（一）考试形式考试形式为笔试。

考试时间为180分钟。

满分为100分。

试卷包括试题册和答题卡。

答题卡分为答题卡1和答题卡2。

考生应将1~45题的答案按要求填涂在答题卡1上，将46~52题的答案写在答题卡2上。

（二）考试内容试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。

第一部分英语知识运用该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力等。

共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。

在一篇240~280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。

考生在答题卡1上作答。

第二部分阅读理解该部分由A、B、C三节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。

共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。

A节（20小题）：主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。

要求考生根据所提供的4篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。

考生在答题卡1上作答。

B节（5小题）：主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。

本部分有3种备选题型。

每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。

考生在答题卡1上作答。

备选题型有：1）本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字。

要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。

2）在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱，要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落（7~8个）重新排序，其中有2~3个段落在文章中的位置已给出。

考研英语二(2010-1012)三年真题及答案

2010年考研英语二Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. (10 points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global pandemic on June 11, 2009, in the first designation by the World Health Organization of a worldwide pandemic in 41 years.The heightened alert came after an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising numbers in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the pandemic is "moderate" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, with the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the absence of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global notice in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths among healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to crop up in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed to fade as warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was significant flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the samples tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. @Zov&0 1 In the U.S., it has infected more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials released Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began taking orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is available ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those initial doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not recommended for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other problems. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people caring for infants and healthy young people.SectionⅡReading comprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008 (see picture). All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ā70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last hurrah. As the auctioneercalled out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising vertiginously since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clie nts who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the second world war. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more volatile. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher th an in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph,Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “a last victory”because ____-.A.the art market hadwitnessed a succession of victoryiesB.the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC.Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD.it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Li ne 1-2,Para.3),the author suggests that_____ .A . collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsB .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleriesC.art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23.Which of the following statements is NOT ture?A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007to 2008.B.The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C.The market generally went downward in various ways.D.Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24.The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____A.auction houses ' favoritesB.contemporary trendsC.factors promoting artwork circulationD.styles representing impressionists25.The most appropriate title for this text could be ___A.Fluctuation of Art PricesB.Up-to-date Art AuctionsC.Art Market in DeclineD.Shifted Interest in ArtsText2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room -- a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative frequently offering ideas and anecdotes while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly concurred. He gestured toward his wife and said "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true" he explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late '70s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she interviewed -- but only a few of the men -- gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year -- a virtual epidemic of failed conversation. In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning cooking social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me" "He doesn't talk to me." I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face while a woman glares at the back of it wanting to talk.26.What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?A.Talking to them.B.Trusting them.C.Supporting their careers.D. Shsring housework.27.Judging from the context ,th e phrase “wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means ___ .A generating motivation.B.exerting influenceC.causing damageDcreating pressure28.All of the following are true EXCEPT_______A.men tend to talk more in public tan womenB.nearly 50percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC.women attach much importance to communication between couplesDa female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29.Which of the following can best summarize the mian idea of this text ?A.The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists .B.Marriage break_up stems from sex inequalities.C.Husband and wofe have different expectations from their marriage.D.Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30.In the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focuson ______A.a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB.a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoonC.other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerTxet3Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits — among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like hand washing with soap, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested hund reds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins — are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berni ng, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31.According to Dr.Curtis,habits like hand washing with soap________.[A] should be further cultivated[B] should be changed gradually[C] are deepiy rooted in history[D] are basically private concerns32.Bottled water,chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____[A] reveal their impact on people’habits[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities[C]indicate t heir effect on people’buying power[D]manifest the significant role of good habits33.which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilver34.From the text wekonw that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to _____[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35.the author’sattitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____[A]indifferent [B]negative [C]positive [D]biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve onjuries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of strauder v. West Virginia,the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898,it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personlly asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36.From the principles of theUS jury system,welearn that ______[A]both litcrate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37.The practice of selecting so—called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____[A]the inadcquavy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures38.Even in the 1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement39.After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___[A]sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished[B]educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors[C]jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D]states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40.in discussing the US jury system,the text centers on_______[A]its nature and problems[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions[D]its tradition and developmentSection ⅢTranslation46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability” has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.It didin’t go well. “It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and neede d the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll trun the corner, give it some time.’”2010年考研英语二真题答案：21 D 22 A 23 B 24 C 25 C26 A 27 C 28 D 29 D 30 B31 A 32 A 33 D34 C 35 B36 A 37 C 38 C 39 C 40 D新题型：F T T T F2011年考研英语二Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specificcomputer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by t he government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what wo uld 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.thoughwlessC.pointlessD.helplesspromiseD.proposalrmationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.overpared8.A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize10.A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered11.A.carry on B.linger onC.set in D.log in12.A.In vainB.In effectC.In return D.In contrastpeting14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united17.A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually18.A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s b oard as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falli ng, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, s maller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission la unched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will holdanother meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .。

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