环境科学专业英语考试资料
环境科学专业英语考试资料
第一单元：环境科学的定义：Environment (from the French environner: to encircle or surround) can be defined as(1) the circumstance or conditions that surround an organism or group of organisms, or(2) the plex of social or cultural conditions that affect an individual or munity.(环境(从法国environner:环绕或包围)可以被定义为(1)周围环境或条件有机体或一组生物,或(2)复杂的社会或文化环境影响个人或社区。
)Environmental science, then, is the systematic study of our environment and our proper place in it. (环境科学,是我们的环境和我们的系统研究适宜的位置。
)The study of human social development activities and environmental evolution, the interaction relationship between seeking co-evolution of human society and environment and sustainable development way and the method of science.(环境科学是一门研究人类社会开展活动与环境演化规律之间相互作用关系，寻求人类社会与环境协同演化、持续开展途径与方法的的科学。
)As distinguished economist Barbara Ward points out, for an increasing number of environmental issues, the difficulty is not to identify remedies,remedies are now well understood.〔作为出色的经济学家芭芭拉·沃德指出,越来越多的环境问题,困难并不是确定补救措施,补救措施现在很好理解。
环境科学专业英语期末试题答案
1.BOD：Biological Oxygen Demand2.TOC：Total Organic Carbon3.VSS：V olatile Suspended Solid4.CBA：Cost Benefit Analysis5.NPS：New Production Skill1.富营养化：Eutrophication2.活性淤泥：activated sludge3.反向渗透：reverse osmosis4.新陈代谢：metabolization5.曝气池：aeration tank1.Process whereby water changes from liquid to gas.Evaporation2.The physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us.Environment3.One treatment process aimed to dispose the suspended solids and grits in thewastewater.Primary treatment4.The process by which wastes are converted into environment friendly endproducts with the help of microorganism.Biodegradation5.The process in which suspended solids joined together to settle down withflocculant.FlocculationIn every society it is necessary to have a general system of laws to ensure justice. Laws are designed to make certain that people's rights are protected and that people respect each other's rights. Sometimes, however, laws are passed which are specific to a time or situation. For example, a town in Indiana once passed a law making it illegal to shoot open a can of food. Apparently, some gun-carrying citizens forgot their can openers and naturally enough, used their guns to do the job. This disturbed other citizens, and endangered their lives, so a law was passed to prevent it. Specific lawssometimes remain in existence long after the problem has disappeared. The laws then seem strange. For example, the Indiana law was no longer necessary when citizens stopped carrying guns and using them as can openers. Since the law was no longer needed, what once made sense now seems like nonsense.Sometimes laws designed to serve a good purpose were passed but somehow these became mixed up in their wording. As a result, the laws don't make sense. In one state there is a law which says that it is "illegal to move or to attempt to move a motor vehicle." Obviously, a massive traffic jam would occur if everyone suddenly obeyed that law. But no one does, of course, because the intention of the law was not to prevent owners from moving their own cars. It was to prevent people from moving (stealing) other people's cars.It is often harder to repeal a law than to pass one, so many of these old laws remain in existence. Because they no longer fit the way people live or because the problem no longer exists, these laws are ignored. Everyone understands that and life goes on. Thus, laws that once made very good sense, now seem like nonsense.1. According to the passage, laws are designed for the purpose of __A__.A. protecting people's rightsB. making people respect each otherC. preventing gun-carryingD. punishing criminals2. The word "job" in paragraph 1 refers to ___C____.A. workingB. shootingC. opening a canD. disturbing others3. The author used the Indiana law as an example to explain ___C___.A. how some laws are passed and changedB. how people in Indiana open cansC. why some laws may seem strangeD why people in Indiana no longer use their guns4. What's the problem with the law concerning motor vehicles? B .A. It leads to traffic jams.B. It is not clearly written.C. It is not designed to serve a good purpose.D. It has been out of date.5. We can conclude from the passage that ____D_____.A. a law system is necessary for every societyB. some laws that don't make sense may also get passedC. it is more difficult to change the old law than pass a new oneD. some laws may seem strange as time passesPassage2It is over 40 years since first atomic bomb was dropped on a major city in Japan. Yet even now its effect are showing themselves and may continue to do so for years to come. Much effort and human energy have been used to try to prevent such terrifying thing from happening again. So far there is no guarantee that it will not. Countries which already possess nuclear knowledge and resources have bombs stored away which are powerful enough to wipe out all life on earth.But this is not all. Other countries, which previously were not so advanced in technology, are gradually buying materials that can be used for making atomic devices. This nuclear energy will naturally be of great value in helping the economy of poor nations, but it also means that there are far more opportunities for the manufacture of bombs.The generation of electricity through nuclear power came directly from the original work on the atom bomb. Because of the increase in demand for energy and the possibility of decreasing supplies of oil and natural gas, the interest in electiricity has increased, One of the by-products of nuclear power stations is plutonium produced from nuclear fuel:plutonium is ingredient in bomb-making.This brings the problem to a full circle again. How can something so valuable and useful be controlled so that it works for the benefit and not the destruction of man?6. In the writer’s view, effects of dropping the first atomic bomb D .A are not overB may gone on foreverC could last much longerD will not be over in the near future7. The writer says that enough atomic bombs have already been manufactured toD .A wipe out JapanB last foreverC act as a peacr-keeping deviceD destroy all living things8. The writer believes that the advantage of less developed countries being able to make atomic devices is that it B .A gives them more opportunities for workB will help poor countries to become richerC will enable them to make better explosivesD will be of great value to them9. The writer implies that most people today do not reject nuclear weapons becauseC .A they are unimportantB they think that their existence will prevent countries from going to warC they are stored out of the wayD they have become accutomed to them10. The second paragraph tells us that the increased demand for electricity todayD .A has led to the decrease in supplies of oilB means that more countries are interested in nuclear powerC has increased the risk of accidental explosionsD has increased the very means of producing more atomic bombs1.Catalyst is the chemical which can be used repeatedly in a reaction withoutbeing consumed.催化剂是在反应过程中可重复使用且不会消失的化学物质。
英语环境科学英语40题
英语环境科学英语40题1. Which of the following is a renewable resource?A. CoalB. OilC. WindD. Natural gas答案：C。
本题考查可再生资源的概念。
选项 A 煤炭、选项 B 石油和选项 D 天然气都是不可再生资源，而选项 C 风能是可再生资源。
2. What causes air pollution?A. PlantsB. Clean waterC. Factory emissionsD. Beautiful scenery答案：C。
本题考查造成空气污染的原因。
选项A 植物有助于净化空气；选项 B 清洁的水与空气污染无关；选项 D 美丽的风景也不会导致空气污染；而选项C 工厂排放物会造成空气污染。
3. Which of the following is not a way to save water?A. Taking short showersB. Leaving the tap runningC. Fixing leaky faucetsD. Using a bucket to wash the car答案：B。
本题考查节约用水的方法。
选项 A 缩短淋浴时间、选项 C 修理漏水的水龙头和选项 D 用桶洗车都是节约用水的方式；选项B 让水龙头一直开着会浪费水。
4. What is the main cause of deforestation?A. Planting more treesB. Building housesC. WildfiresD. Logging for wood答案：D。
本题考查森林砍伐的主要原因。
选项A 种植更多树木是保护森林；选项B 建造房屋不是主要原因；选项C 野火可能导致部分树木受损，但不是主要的砍伐原因；选项D 为获取木材而伐木是导致森林砍伐的主要原因。
5. Which of the following is a greenhouse gas?A. OxygenB. NitrogenC. Carbon dioxideD. Hydrogen答案：C。
高一英语环境科学单选题40题
高一英语环境科学单选题40题1.The gas that is mainly responsible for global warming is_____.A.oxygenB.nitrogenC.carbon dioxideD.hydrogen答案解析：C。
carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）是主要导致全球变暖的气体。
A 选项oxygen（氧气）是维持生命所必需的气体，但不是导致全球变暖的主要气体。
B 选项nitrogen（（氮气）在大气中含量很多，但也不是导致全球变暖的主要气体。
D 选项hydrogen（（氢气）一般不作为导致全球变暖的主要因素。
2.The process by which plants convert carbon dioxide and water into food is called_____.A.photosynthesisB.respirationC.fermentationD.digestion答案解析：A。
photosynthesis（光合作用）是植物将二氧化碳和水转化为食物的过程。
B 选项respiration（（呼吸作用）是生物体将有机物氧化分解并产生能量的过程。
C 选项fermentation（（发酵）是微生物将有机物转化为其他物质的过程。
D 选项digestion（（消化）是生物体将食物分解为可吸收物质的过程。
3.The natural habitat where a particular species lives is called_____.A.ecosystemB.biomeC.habitatmunity答案解析：C。
habitat（（栖息地）是特定物种生活的自然环境。
A 选项ecosystem（生态系统）是由生物群落和其生存的环境共同组成的系统。
B 选项biome（（生物群系）是具有相似气候和生态特征的大片区域。
D 选项community（（群落）是生活在一定区域内的各种生物种群的集合。
环境科学与工程专业英语
环境科学与工程专业英语第一篇：环境科学与工程专业英语一、单词/词组（考试时要求：中译英/英译中）环境科学：environmental science环境工程：environmental engineering定量环境科学：quantitative environmental science 定性环境科学：qualitative environmental science 衰减再生：decay and recycling新陈代谢率：metabolic rates外来物质：foreign matter研究和发展：Research and Development一次大气污染物：primary air pollutant 二次大气污染物：secondary air pollutant氧含量：Oxygen content点源：point sources沥青残留物：asphaltic residue酸雨：acid rain设备维护：facilities maintenance废物最小化：waste minimization正常浓度：normal concentration胡乱收集：magpie collection需氧量：oxygen demand/the amount of oxygen required 闭合回路：closed-loop微生物：microbe/microorganisms揭示大的差别;expose the considerable gaps空气质量监测：air-quality monitoring氧化剂：oxidizer石油精炼:petroleum refining活性炭：activated carbon质量控制：quality control海轮：ocean liner挥发性化学物质：volatile chemicals沙漠化：desertification火山喷发：volcanic eruption间歇源：intermittent sources衡量浓度：trace concentrations氯化物和硫化物：chlorides and sulphates风化：wind erosion不完全燃烧：incomplete combustion化石燃料：fossil fuels液滴：liquid dropletsSO3:sulfur trioxidefor managerial and administrative reasons行政管理上的原因stacks of generating stations许多发电站Roman empire罗马皇帝Cloaca maxima 古罗马的大排泄沟Wate phosphorous 亚磷的（三价磷）phosphorous acid亚磷酸phosphoric磷的（五价）carbonates，bicarbonates碳酸盐，碳酸氢盐carbohydrates碳水化合物，主要含氢和碳TOC(total organic carbon)总有机碳COD(chemical oxygen demand)化学需氧量BOD(biological oxygen demand)生化需氧量Biodegradable organic可生物降解的有机物BOD5BOD的测试标准化rborne diseases 水传染的疾病epilimnion 表层水hypolimnion深水层thermocline热变形层become depleted of oxygen 缺氧二、重点句子翻译UNIT21.Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste.环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。
环境科学与工程专业英语第四版-练习答案-(1)
环境科学与工程专业英语第四版,练习答案1.We all wondered（）Tom broke up with his girlfriend.[单选题] *A.thatB.whatC.whoD.why(正确答案)2.Both Mary and Linda don't care for fish.[单选题] *A.喜欢(正确答案)B.关心C.照料D.在乎3.Can you _______ this form? [单选题] *A.fillB.fill in(正确答案)C.fill toD.fill with4.—What can I do for you? —I ______ a pair of new shoes.（）[单选题] *A.likeB.would lookC.would like(正确答案)D.take5. There is not much news in today's paper,_____? [单选题] *A.is itB.isn't itC.isn't thereD.is there(正确答案)6. My watch usually _______ good time, but today it is five minutes fast.[单选题] *A.goesB.makesC.keeps(正确答案)D.gains7、—Could you please make the bed?—______.（）[单选题] *A.Yes, I wasB.No, I don’tC.Sure, I’ll do it(正确答案)D.No, that’s no problem8、Tony wants _______ a job as a language teacher in China.[单选题] *A.findB.findingC.to find(正确答案)D.to be found9、Don’t ______.He is OK.[单选题] *A.worriedB.worry(正确答案)C.worried aboutD.worry about10、Your homework must_______ tomorrow.[单选题] *A.hand inB.is handed inC.hands inD.be handed in(正确答案)11.Miss Smith is a friend of _____.[单选题] *A.Jack’s sister’s(正确答案)B.Jack’s sisterC.Jack sister’sD.Jack sister12. Comparatively speaking, of the three civil servants, the girl with long hair is _____.[单选题] *A.more helpfulB.extremely helpfulC.very helpfulD.the most helpful(正确答案)13.3. Shanghai is my hometown.It’s ________ China.[单选题] *A. nearB. far away fromC. to the east ofD. in the east of(正确答案)14.—Can you play tennis?—______.But I can play basketball.（）[单选题] *A.Yes, I canB.Yes, I doC.No.I can’t(正确答案)D.No, I don’t15.There are many beautiful _______ in the wardrobe.[单选题] *A.bookB.dresses(正确答案)C.cell phoneD.grocery16.( ).The old man enjoys ______ stamps.And now he has1300 of them [单选题] *A.collectB.collectedC.collecting(正确答案)D.to collect17、—What can I do to help at the old people’s home?—You ______ read stories to the old people.（）[单选题] *A.could(正确答案)B.mustC.shouldD.would18、I am worried about my brother.I am not sure _____ he has arrived at the school or not.[单选题] *A.whether(正确答案)B.whatC.whenD.how19、--Jenny, what’s your favorite _______?--I like potatoes best.[单选题] *A.fruitB.vegetable(正确答案)C.drinkD.meat20、The three guests come from different _______.[单选题] *A.countryB.countrysC.countryesD.countries(正确答案)21.There _______ no water or milk in the fridge.[单选题] *A.is(正确答案)B.areC.hasD.have22.I _______ no idea of where the zoo is.[单选题] *A.thinkB.getC.have(正确答案)D.take23.--What would you like to say to your _______ before leaving school?--I’d like to say"Thank you very much!" [单选题] *A.workersB.nursesC.waitersD.teachers(正确答案)24.( ).I’m _____ in that ______ film [单选题] *A.interesting interestedB.interested interesting(正确答案)C.interested interestedD.interesting interesting25. While I _____ the morning paper, a headline caught my eye..[单选题] *A.have readB.was reading(正确答案)C.had readD.am reading26.I knocked on the door but _______ answered.[单选题] *A.somebodyB.anybodyC.nobody(正确答案)D.everybody27、Researchers have spent five years collecting data（）the study is based.[单选题] *A.on thatB.in whichC.in thatD.on which(正确答案)28、Henry lives happily with his three cats._______ of them are part of his family.[单选题] *A.NoneB.BothC.All(正确答案)D.Neither29、Nowadays schools should care for the full _______ of a student’s talents.[单选题] *A.satisfactionB.development(正确答案)municationD.preparation30、Tom’s mother will let him _______ traveling if he comes back?in five days.[单选题] *A.to goB.goesC.wentD.go(正确答案)。
（完整版）环境专业英语
（完整版）环境专业英语环境：environment 环境工程： environmental engineering环境保护：environmental protection 环境意识：environmental consciousness/awareness环境问题：environmental issue/problem 环境效应：environmental effect环境污染：environmental pollution 环境要素：environmental elements环境因子：environmental factors 环境化学：environmental chemistry环境生态学：environmental ecology 环境质量：environmental quality环境自净作用：environmental self-purification/self-cleansing 水环境：watershed 水体：water body 流域：watershed水质：water quality 水资源：water resources 供水：water supply废水：waste water 水处理：water treatment物理性水质指标：physical indicate of water quality 水污染物：water pollutant生物性水质指标：biological water-quality index 水质标准：water quality standard化学性水质指标：chemical water-quality index物理处理：physical treatment 过滤：screening 生物处理：biological treatment沉淀：sedimentation 化学处理：chemical treatment 气浮：flotation物理化学处理：physical-chemical treatment 蒸发：evaporation 稀释：dilution 扩散：dispersion 吹脱：stripping 好氧处理：aerobic treatment 生物膜法：bio-membraneprocess厌氧处理：anaerobic treatment 生物滤池：trickling filters活性污泥法：activated sludge process 生物接触氧化：biological contactSBR：苯乙烯-丁二烯 Styrene Butadiene RubberUASB（流式厌氧污泥床）：Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket 活性污泥：activated sludge 改进型：modification一级处理：primary treatment 二级处理：secondary treatment三级处理：tertiary treatment 高级氧化处理：advanced treatment生活污水：domestic wastewater 生产废水：industrial wastewater城市生活污水：municipal wastewater 电镀废水：metalplating plants印染废水：pulp and paper industries wastewater 浊度：turbidity硬度：hardness 水质净化：water quality purifies混凝沉淀：coagulate flocculating agent 活性炭吸附：activated carbon adsorption隔油池：oil separation tank 中和池：neutralization tank 调节池：adjusting tank 生物反应池：biological reactor 加药设备：physical equipment沉淀池：sedimentation tank 初沉池：primary sedimentation tank二沉池：secondary sedimentation tank 絮凝剂：flocculant混凝剂：coagulate flocculant 生物降解：biodegradation生物累积：bioaccumulation 飘尘：floating dust可吸入颗粒物：inhalable particles 能见度：visibility 酸雨：acid rain一次污染物：primary pollutant 二次污染物：secondary pollutant氮氧化物：nitrogen oxides 硫氧化物：sulfur oxides硫化氢：hydrogen sulfide 碳氧化物：carbon oxides 硝酸：nitric acid盐酸：hydrochloric acid 硫酸：sulfuric acid 二氧化硫：sulfur dioxide除尘工艺：Dust removal 吸收：absorption 吸附：adsorption 静电除尘：electric dust precipitation 重力除尘：gravitational settling 臭氧：ozone光化学烟雾：photochemical smoke 喷淋（洗涤）：scavenging土壤：soil 热污染：temperature change/thermal pollution 噪声：noise 放射性：radioactivity EIA：environmental impact assessmentCAD（计算机辅助设计）：computer aided design 大气污染控制工程：air pollution control 水污染控制工程：water pollution control 固体废物污染控制工程：solid waste management 污染源：pollution source 同化作用：assimilation 固体废物：solid wastes 危险废物：hazardous wastes 化学污泥chemical sludge生物污泥：biological sludge 工业固废：industrialwastes 分选处理：separation treatment 矿业固废：mine solid wastes 破碎处理：processing 农业固废：agriculture solid wastes 压实处理：reduction in volume 污泥脱水：disposal of the sludge 污泥浓缩：sludge thickening 带式压滤：Belt filter press离心脱水：centrifugal dewatering 筛分：screening 沼气和沼气化：biogas堆肥和堆肥化：compost and composting 生物转化作用：biotransformation热解与焚烧：pyrolysis and incineration 热化学转化作用：thermo-chemical固化和稳定化作用：solidification and stabilization 资源化：resource减量化：pollution control 无害化：harmlessness 物质转化：material conversion固体废物全过程控制：solid waste integrated control固体废物污染控制：solid waster pollution 处置：disposal 物质回收：materials recovery control 固体废物处理：processing and recovery 能量回收：energy recovery能量转化：energy conversionenvironmental science 环境科学environmental engineering 环境工程 waste reduction 废物减量化 air pollution control 大气污染控制 wastewater treatment 污水处理solid waste treatment and disposal 固体废物处理与处置soil erosion 水土流失 thermal pollution 热污染 biological communities 生物群落ecosystem 生态系统green science and technology 绿色科技和技术primary pollutant: 一次污染物 secondary pollutant: 二次污染物 carbon dioxide: 二氧化碳methane: 甲烷fossil fuel: 化石（矿物）燃料 power plant: 电厂hydroelectric power: 水力发电clean energy: 清洁能源renewable energy:可再生能源automobile exhaust (emission): 汽车尾气greenhouse effect (gas): 温室效应（气体）air pollution control engineering: 大气污染控制工程cyclone: 旋风除尘器pressure drop: 压力损失，压力降baghouse: 袋式除尘器operating temperature: 操作温度spray tower:喷淋塔 sanitarylandfill:卫生填埋municipal wastewater=sewage=domestic sewage= sanitary sewage: 市政污水，生活污水point source: 点源non-point source: 非点源（面源）pretreatment: 预处理primary treatment: 初（一）级处理secondary treatment: 二级处理tertiary or advanced treatment: 三级处理，深度处理 trickling filter: 滴滤池 activated sludge: 活性污泥 bar rack or screen: 格栅grit chamber: 沉砂池 equalization tank: 调节池 primary settling tank: 初沉池secondary settling tank: 二沉池sustainable development: 可持续发展 recycling economy: 循环经济the sources and sinks of pollutants: 污染物的源与汇 aeration tank: 曝气池aerator: 曝气池，曝气器sedimentation tank: 沉淀池disinfection: 消毒 eutrophication: 富营养化 oxidation ditch: 氧化沟aerobic decomposition 好氧分解 anoxic decomposition缺氧分解anaerobic decomposition厌氧分解hydraulic retention time: （水力）停留时间flue gas: 烟气 biodegradable: 可生物降解的 refractory: 难降解的（常用）nondegradable: 不可降解的 acoustical material: 声学材料 soil conditioner: 土壤改良剂 extreme temperature: 极端温度 environmental quality: 环境质量Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water 地表水环境质量标准Ambient Air Quality Standards 环境空气质量标准Environmental Quality Standards for Noise 声环境质量标准缩略词：EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment, 环境影响评价SS：Suspended Solid 悬浮物BOD：Biochemical Oxygen Demand 生化需氧量COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand 化学需氧量 TOC: Total Organic Carbon 总有机碳WWTP : Wastewater Treatment Plant 污水处理厂SBR: Sequencing Batch Reactor 序批式反应池 RBC: Rotating Biological Contactor 生物转盘 SRT: Sludge Retention Time 污泥龄（污泥停留时间） EPA: Environmental Protection Agency 环境保护署ISO: International Standardization Organization 国际标准化组织 EMS: Environmental Management System 环境管理系统 RS: Remote Sensing 遥感GPS: Global Positioning System 全球定位系统GIS: Geographic Information System 地理信息系统TSP: Total Suspended Particulates 总悬浮颗粒物。
人大环境科学专业英语试卷
人大环境科学专业英语试卷The Environment Science Major English Test Paper。
Section A: Multiple Choice Questions。
1. Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?a) Carbon dioxide。
b) Methane。
c) Nitrous oxide。
d) Oxygen。
2. The ozone layer is located in which part of the Earth's atmosphere?a) Troposphere。
b) Stratosphere。
c) Mesosphere。
d) Thermosphere。
3. What is the primary cause of acid rain?a) Carbon dioxide emissions。
b) Volcanic eruptions。
c) Deforestation。
d) Sulfur dioxide emissions。
4. The process of converting waste materials into reusable materials is called:a) Recycling。
b) Composting。
c) Incineration。
d) Landfilling。
5. Which of the following is NOT a renewable energy source?a) Solar power。
b) Wind power。
c) Nuclear power。
d) Hydropower。
Section B: Short Answer Questions。
1. Define biodiversity and explain why it is important for the environment.Biodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species in a particular habitat or ecosystem. It is important for the environment as it contributes to ecosystem stability, resilience, and productivity. Biodiversity also provides essential ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, pollination, and water purification.2. Discuss the main causes and impacts of deforestation.Deforestation is primarily caused by human activities such as logging, agriculture, and urbanization. It has significant impacts on the environment, including loss of biodiversity, increased greenhouse gas emissions, soil erosion, and disruption of local water cycles. Deforestation also contributes to climate change and threatens the livelihoods of indigenous communities.3. Explain the concept of sustainable development and provide an example.Sustainable development refers to the practice of meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves balancing economic, social, and environmental factors. An example of sustainable development is the promotion of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, which reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change.4. Describe the process of eutrophication and its consequences.Eutrophication is the excessive enrichment of water bodies with nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, leading to increased growth of algae and other aquatic plants. This excessive plant growth depletes oxygen levels in the water, leading to the death of fish and other aquatic organisms. Eutrophication also disrupts the balance of ecosystems and can result in the loss of biodiversity.Section C: Essay Questions。
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第一单元：环境科学的定义：Environment (from the French environner : to encircle or surround) can be defined as(1) the circumstance or conditions that surround an organism or group of organisms, or(2) the complex of social or cultural conditions that affect an individual or community.(环境(从法国environner:环绕或包围)可以被定义为(1)周围环境或条件有机体或一组生物,或(2)复杂的社会或文化环境影响个人或社区。
) Environmental science, then, is the systematic study of our environment and our proper place in it. (环境科学,是我们的环境和我们的系统研究合适的位置。
)The study of human social development activities and environmental evolution, the interaction relationship between seeking co-evolution of human society and environment and sustainable development way and the method of science.(环境科学是一门研究人类社会发展活动与环境演化规律之间相互作用关系，寻求人类社会与环境协同演化、持续发展途径与方法的的科学。
)As distinguished economist Barbara Ward points out, for an increasing number of environmental issues, the difficulty is not to identify remedies,remedies are now well understood. （作为杰出的经济学家芭芭拉·沃德指出,越来越多的环境问题,困难并不是确定补救措施,补救措施现在很好理解。
)Perhaps the most amazing feature of our planet is the rich diversity of life that exists here. (也许最惊人的特点我们的星球是生活的丰富多样性存在。
)While there are many things to appreciate and celebrate about the world on which we live, many pressing environmental problems cry out for out attention. Human populations have grown at alarming rates in this century. Nearly 6000 million people now occupy the earth and we are adding 100 million more each year. In the next decade, our numbers will increase by nearly as many as are now alive in China. Most of the growth will be in the poorer countries where resources and services are already strained by present populations.(虽然有很多事情要欣赏和庆祝我们生活的这个世界,许多紧迫的环境问题迫切需要关注。
本世纪人类以惊人的速度增长。
近60亿人占领地球,我们现在每年增加1亿多。
在未来十年,我们的数量将增加近现在在中国活着。
大部分的增长将在贫穷国家资源和服务已经紧张的人群。
)Some demographers believe that this unprecedented growth rate will slow in the century and that the population might eventually drop back below its present size. 一些人口统计学家认为,这一前所未有的增长速度将放缓的世纪,人口可能最终回落低于目前的规模。
Food shortages and famines already are too familiar in many places and may increase in frequency and severity if population growth, soil erosion, and nutrient depletion continue at the same rate in the future as they have in the past.粮食短缺和饥荒已经太熟悉的在很多地方,可能增加的频率和严重程度如果人口增长,土壤侵蚀和养分耗竭继续以同样的速度在未来,因为他们过去Water deficits and contamination of existing water supplies threaten to be critical environmental issues in the future for agricultural production as well as for domestic and industrial use.水赤字和现有水源的污染可能是至关重要的环境问题在未来农业生产以及国内和工业使用How we obtain and use energy is likely to play a crucial role in our environmental future. Fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas) presently supply about 80% of the energy used in industrialized countries. Supplies of these fuels are diminishing at an alarming rate and problems associated with their acquisition and use-air and water pollution, mining damage,shipping accidents, and political insecurity-may limit where and how we use remaining reserves. Cleaner renewable energy resources-solar power, wind, and biomass-together with conservation, may replace environmentally destructive energy sources if we invest in appropriate technology in the next few years.我们如何获得和使用能源很可能起到至关重要的作用在我们的环境的未来。
化石燃料(石油、煤炭和天然气)目前供应约80%的能源用于工业化国家。
这些燃料的供应以惊人的速度递减和问题相关的收购和use-air和水污染,采矿破坏,运输事故,和政治insecurity-may限制,以及我们如何使用剩余的储备。
清洁可再生能源resources-solar力量,风,和biomass-together保护,可能取代对环境破坏性的能源,如果我们投资于适当的技术在未来几年。
This and other similarly serious problems illustrate the importance of environmental science and environmental education for everyone. What we are doing to our world ,and what that many mean for our future and that of our children is paramount concern as we enter the twenty-fist century.这和其他同样严重的问题说明了环境科学和环境教育的重要性。
我们正在做我们的世界,许多对我们的未来意味着什么,我们的孩子是最重要的问题,当我们进入twenty-fist世纪。
第二单元All too often, overpopulation is thought of simply as crowding: too many people in a given area, too high a population density.人口过剩是常常认为仅仅是拥挤:太多的人在一个给定的地区,人口密度过高。
There would be a rapid aging of the world’s population. In the past, the median age for the world’s population has been between 20 and 25 ye ars. 会有一个迅速老龄化的世界人口。
在过去,世界人口的平均年龄20到25年。
Population growth is at the root of virtually all environment problems, including pollution and resources depletion, and indirect social disruptions.人口增长是几乎所有环境问题的根源,包括污染和资源消耗,和间接的社会混乱。
Population grown would have to be stopped; family planning and limited economical development are ways to bring the human population back in liner.人口增长必须停止;计划生育和有限的经济发展方式将人口班轮。