专业英语复习资料小结
英语专业必备知识点总结
英语专业必备知识点总结English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world and it is the lingua franca of international communication. As a result, the study of English as a major is a popular choice for many students in universities and colleges. The English major encompasses a wide range of knowledge and skills, including literature, linguistics, writing, and language teaching. In this article, we will summarize some of the essential knowledge points that are necessary for students majoring in English.1. LiteratureLiterature is one of the core components of an English major. It covers a wide range of genres, including poetry, drama, and fiction. Students majoring in English should have a good understanding of the major literary periods, such as the Renaissance, Romanticism, Realism, and Modernism. They should also be familiar with the major literary movements and the works of influential writers. In addition, students should have a good grasp of literary analysis techniques, such as close reading, critical theory, and historical and cultural contexts. A solid foundation in literature is essential for students majoring in English, as it provides the groundwork for understanding the cultural and historical significance of the English language.2. LinguisticsLinguistics is another important component of an English major. It is the scientific study of language and its structure, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Students majoring in English should have a good understanding of the major areas of linguistics, as well as the basic concepts and theories in each area. They should also be familiar with the major developments and debates in linguistics, as well as the application of linguistic theories to the analysis of English language usage. In addition, students should have a good grasp of the relationship between language and society, as well as the role of language in communication and identity. A solid foundation in linguistics is essential for students majoring in English, as it provides the groundwork for understanding the structure and use of the English language.3. WritingWriting is a fundamental skill for students majoring in English. It encompasses a wide range of genres, styles, and formats, including academic essays, creative writing, professional writing, and technical writing. Students majoring in English should have a good understanding of the principles of effective writing, including organization, coherence, clarity, and style. They should also be familiar with the major types of writing, as well as the conventions and standards for each type. In addition, students should have a good grasp of the writing process, including brainstorming, drafting, revising, and editing. A solid foundation in writing is essential for students majoring in English, as it provides the groundwork for effective communication and expression in the English language.4. Language TeachingLanguage teaching is another important component of an English major. It encompasses a wide range of knowledge and skills, including language acquisition, pedagogy, assessment, and curriculum design. Students majoring in English should have a good understanding of the major theories and approaches to language teaching, as well as the principles and techniques for teaching English as a second or foreign language. They should also be familiar with the major factors that affect language learning, such as individual differences, motivation, and learning strategies. In addition, students should have a good grasp of the practical aspects of language teaching, including lesson planning, materials development, and classroom management. A solid foundation in language teaching is essential for students majoring in English, as it provides the groundwork for effective and successful language instruction.ConclusionThe English major encompasses a wide range of knowledge and skills, including literature, linguistics, writing, and language teaching. Students majoring in English should have a good understanding of each of these areas, as well as the connections and intersections between them. With a solid foundation in these essential knowledge points, students majoring in English will be well-prepared for a wide range of careers and further study in the field of English language and literature.。
专业英语专升本知识点总结
专业英语专升本知识点总结1. English grammarGrammar is one of the most important aspects of learning English. It is the foundation of the language and without a good understanding of grammar, it is difficult to build a coherent and understandable sentence. Some key grammar points include verb tenses, prepositions, pronouns, articles, and the order of adjectives. Understanding these grammar rules and how to use them correctly is essential for effective communication in English.2. VocabularyVocabulary is another crucial aspect of learning English. Without a good grasp of vocabulary, it is impossible to express yourself effectively. You need to be able to understand, recognize, and use a wide range of words and phrases in order to communicate fluently. This includes both general vocabulary and specialized vocabulary related to specific fields such as business, finance, technology, and medicine.3. Reading comprehensionBeing able to understand written English is an essential skill for adult learners. This includes understanding the main idea, identifying supporting details, and understanding the writer's purpose and tone. Being able to comprehend written material is critical for academic success and is also important for everyday life, as it allows you to read and understand important information such as news articles, emails, and technical documents.4. Writing skillsBeing able to write effectively is another important skill for adult learners. This includes writing clear and coherent essays, reports, emails, and other types of documents. To do this, you need to be able to organize your thoughts, use correct grammar and vocabulary, and structure your writing in a logical and coherent manner. Writing is a key skill for academic success, as well as for many professional and personal situations.5. Speaking and listeningBeing able to speak and understand spoken English is crucial for effective communication. This includes being able to hold a conversation, ask and answer questions, and express your thoughts and opinions. Listening skills are also important, as they allow you to understand what others are saying and respond appropriately. Being able to speak and listen effectively is essential for social, professional, and academic situations.6. PronunciationGood pronunciation is critical for effective communication in English. If your pronunciation is poor, it can be difficult for others to understand you. This includes being able to produce the correct sounds, stress, and intonation patterns, as well as understanding how differentwords are pronounced in different contexts. Improving your pronunciation is essential for effective communication in English.7. Cultural knowledgeUnderstanding the cultural aspects of English-speaking countries is important for effective communication. This includes understanding social customs, business practices, and everyday life. It also includes being aware of different accents, dialects, and regional variations in English, as well as understanding the cultural context of different expressions and idioms. Understanding the cultural aspects of English is important for social and professional interactions.8. Test preparationFinally, many adult learners are preparing for English proficiency tests such as the TOEFL, IELTS, or Cambridge exams. These tests measure a person's ability to read, write, speak, and understand English, and are often used for academic or professional purposes. Test preparation involves understanding the format of the test, practicing test-taking strategies, and improving your skills in reading, writing, speaking, and listening.In conclusion, adult learners of English need to focus on a range of key skills and knowledge points in order to communicate effectively in English. This includes grammar, vocabulary, reading comprehension, writing skills, speaking and listening, pronunciation, cultural knowledge, and test preparation. By mastering these skills and knowledge points, adult learners can improve their ability to communicate in English, both in everyday life and in academic and professional contexts.。
学位英语必考知识点总结
学位英语必考知识点总结随着全球化的不断发展，学位英语已经成为人们研究生学业的一部分。
在考试过程中，对于学位英语必考知识点的掌握是至关重要的。
本文将对学位英语的必考知识点进行总结，包含词汇、语法、阅读、写作等方面的内容，帮助学生更好地备考学位英语考试。
一、词汇1. 常见词汇学位英语考试对于学生的词汇量要求较高，因此常见词汇的掌握至关重要。
常见词汇包括日常生活中常用的词汇，也包括学术领域的专业词汇。
2. 同义词和反义词在学位英语考试中，经常会涉及同义词和反义词的考察，因此学生需要对一些常见的同义词和反义词进行深入的学习和掌握。
3. 词汇拼写和用法学位英语考试中会对学生的词汇拼写和用法进行考查，因此学生需要注重词汇的拼写和用法细节。
4. 词汇记忆方法对于词汇的记忆，学生可以采用多种方法，如记忆卡片、词根词缀法、语境记忆法等。
二、语法1. 基础语法知识学位英语考试对学生的基础语法知识要求较高，包括动词时态、名词单复数、形容词副词等基本语法知识。
2. 长难句分析学位英语考试中常常会出现一些长难句，学生需要能够准确地分析和理解这些句子的结构和意义。
3. 语法填空考试中的语法填空题目要求学生对语法知识有较为深入的了解，能够根据上下文合理地填入适当的词语。
4. 语法练习对于语法知识的掌握，学生可以通过大量的练习来加强自己的掌握程度。
可以选择一些语法练习册或者网上的资源进行练习。
三、阅读1. 阅读理解学位英语考试中的阅读理解题目要求学生能够准确地理解文章中的主旨和细节，并能够准确回答相关问题。
2. 阅读速度在考试中，学生需要具备较快的阅读速度，能够在有限的时间内阅读完考试文章。
3. 题型分析学位英语考试中的阅读题型主要有多选题、判断题、填空题等，学生需要对各种题型进行深入的了解。
4. 阅读训练对于阅读理解的训练，学生可以选择一些精选的阅读材料进行练习，提高自己的阅读能力。
四、写作1. 写作结构在学位英语考试中，写作的结构和逻辑性很重要，学生需要掌握好文章的开头、中间和结尾部分。
专业英语词汇小结
Water Supply 给水two major sources两大主要水源: surface water地表水、ground water地下水composition组成: collection收集、purification净化、transmission传输、distribution分配Mixing and Flocculation混合和絮凝=Coagulation混凝Sedimentation or Clarification沉淀或澄清Filtration and Backwashing过滤及反冲洗Disinfection消毒常用化学药品：activated carbon活性炭、chlorine氯、chlorine dioxide二氧化氯、alum明矾、potassium permanganate高锰酸钾flexibility加药的灵活性：pre- intermediate- post- chlorination 前、中、后氯化Processes for Water Treatment Sludges污泥处理流程：storage储存－chemical conditioning化学调节、thickening浓缩－mechanical dewatering机械脱水－air drying空气干燥－disposal处置、chemical recovery化学回收Distribution System Configuration and Analysis配水系统的构造与分析Wastewater Treatment污水处理Water Pollutants and Their Sources污染物及其来源1、point sources点源：domestic sewage生活污水industrial waste工业废水municipal wastewater城市污水nonpoint sources非点源：storm water雨水urban and rural runoff城市和农村地表径流2、污染物：1)oxygen-demanding material耗氧物质：DO溶解氧aquatic life水生生物2)nutrients营养物：nitrogen and phosphorus eutrophication富营养化3)pathogenic organics致病微生物：bacteria细菌、viruses病毒、protozoa原生动物4)total solids总固体：suspended 悬浮态、dissolved溶解态、colloidal胶体态5)salts盐类：chlorides氯化物、carbonates碳酸盐nitrates硝酸盐sulphates硫酸盐6)heavy metals and toxic organic compounds重金属和有毒有机物：lead铅mercury 汞Cadmium镉Chromium铬Arsenic砷zinc锌copper铜pesticides杀虫剂herbicides除草剂7)heat热Wastewater Collection Systems污水收集系统1、combined system合流制2、separated system分流制sanitary sewers污水管storm sewers雨水管污水处理四类方法：1、物理法physical methods：格栅screen、沉砂desilting、重力沉淀gravity settling、2、化学法chemical methods：混凝coagulation、中和neutralizaion、氧化oxidation、还原reduction、化学沉淀precipitation、软化/除硬度softening、淡化/除盐desalination、消毒disinfection 3、生物法biological methods：好氧的aerobic、厌氧的anaerobic、兼性的facultative悬浮的suspended活性污泥法activated sludge process附着的fixed生物膜法biofilm process4、物化法physiochemical process：吸附adsorption、离子交换法ion exchange、萃取法extraction 反渗透reverse osmosis污水处理三个程度：1、一级处理primary treatment：物理法/化学法除SS2、二级处理secondary treatment：生物法除BOD3、三级处理tertiary/advanced treatment：物理法/化学法除NP、色素等Conventional Wastewater Treatment Processes传统废水处理流程1、preliminary treatment 预处理－primary settling一沉－biological aeration生物曝气－secondary settling二沉－waste sludge thicken and dewatering废污泥浓缩和脱水2、preliminary treatment units预处理单元：coarse screening粗格栅、medium screening中格栅、communition粉碎flow measuring计量、pumping抽水、grit removal除砂、preaeration预曝气flotation气浮、flocculation絮凝、chemical treatment化学处理3、primary treatment units一级处理单元：sedimentation沉淀30~50%SS4、secondary treatment units二级处理单元：activated-sludge processes活性污泥法、biological film processes生物膜法5、sludge disposal污泥处置处理：withdrawal抽取－holding集泥－thickening浓缩－anaerobic digestion厌氧消化－mechanical dewatering机械脱水－air drying空气干燥—处置：landfill填埋、incineration焚烧微生物生长曲线三阶段：growth curve对数增长期logarithmic growth phase、减速生长期declining growth phase、内源呼吸期endogenous respiration phaseActivated Sludge Processes 活性污泥法1、处理对象：domestic生活污水、biodegradable industrial wastewater可生物降解的工业废水2、conventional 传统—modified改进的：extended aeration延时曝气法high-rate aeration高负荷曝气法step aeration阶段曝气法contact stabilization接触稳定法oxygen-activated sludge纯氧曝气法sequencing batch reactor序批式反应器SBR3、重要参数parameters参数、typical value经验值：BOD生化需氧量、COD化学需氧量、MLSS混合液悬浮固体、MLVSS混合液挥发性悬浮固体、volumetric loading容积负荷、food/microorganism食物（有机物）/微生物之比、detention/retention time停留时间、daily waste sludge flow废污泥日流量Biological Filters 生物滤池（trickling filters滴滤池）1、微生物组成：bacteria protozoa fungi真菌sludge worm蠕虫、filter-fly larvae池蝇幼虫、rotifer轮虫、algae藻类2、组成：filter media滤料、underdrain system排水系统、rotary distributor旋转布水器材料：durable耐久、insoluble不溶、resistant to spalling 抗压synthetic media合成介质3、缺点：plug堵塞reoxygenation复氧（困难）anaerobiosis厌氧作用foul odors臭味改进biological towers生物滤塔、rotating biological contactors生物转盘Anaerobic Treatment厌氧处理1、对象：municipal wastewater sludge 城市污水处理后的剩余污泥、high-strength organic waste高浓度有机废水2、三阶段反应three-stage reaction: 1)SS—hydrolysis水解—soluble2)acid former产酸菌---volatile fatty acid挥发性脂肪酸3)methane former产甲烷菌---methane3、环境条件要求：pH and alkalinity requirements pH和碱度要求toxicity毒性nutrients营养好氧COD:N:P=100:5:1 厌氧COD:N:P=100:1:0.2temperature温度mesophilic中温的thermophilic高温的methanogens产甲烷细菌most sensitive最敏感acclimation驯化厌氧反应器anaerobic reactors1、悬浮生长系统suspended-growth systems：anaerobic lagoon厌氧塘、anaerobic contactor厌氧接触池、anaerobic upflow blanket厌氧上流式污泥床2、附着生长系统fixed-growth systems：anaerobic upflow filter厌氧上流式滤池、anaerobicdownflow filter厌氧下流式滤池、anaerobic fluidized bed厌氧流化床Advanced Wastewater Treatment高级废水处理1、Nitrogen Removal 除氮生物法：nitrification/denitrification 硝化/反硝化NH4++2O2== NO3-+H2O+2H+2NO3-+organic matter== N2↑+CO2+H2O化学法：NH4++OH-== NH3↑+H2O加碱如Lime2、Phosphorus Removal 除磷化学法：FeCl3----FePO4Al2(SO4)3----AlPO4Ca(OH)2----Ca5(PO4)3OH生物法：厌氧聚磷、好氧释磷Sludge Stabilization污泥稳定1、they are aesthetically displeasing感观令人不愉快：odor and putrescibility 气味和腐败性they are potentially harmful有潜在危害：pathogenic organisms 致病微生物they have too much water含有大量的水2、稳定方法：aerobic digestion 好氧消化anaerobic digestion厌氧消化3、aerobic digestion 好氧消化:endogenous respiration phase内源呼吸期4、anaerobic digestion厌氧消化:biochemistry生物化学原理Fig3-11 Page166primary digester一级消化池:covered加盖、heated加热35C、mixed搅拌secondary digester二级消化池: not heated and mixed、floating cover—storage of gas、concentrating sludge设计：solids loading固体负荷气体产量：T温度、solids loading固体负荷、solids volatility固体挥发性mesophilic 中温消化35 thermophilic 高温消化45sterilization灭菌pathogen viability致病菌存活能力Sludge Dewatering污泥脱水1、sand (drying) beds沙床、污泥干化床：原理：seepage渗透、evaporation蒸发2、mechanical dewatering processes机械脱水工艺belt filter带式压滤机pressure filter板框压滤机vacuum filter真空过滤机centrifuge离心机Air Pollution and Control Technologies大气污染及其控制技术Air Pollutants Source and Effect大气污染物来源及其影响1、分类：(1)primary air pollutants一次：direct emissions直接排放的secondary二次：chemical interactions反应生成的(2)particulate matter颗粒物如PM2.5、aerosol气溶胶gaseous pollutants气态污染物2、来源sources 多样性diversity3、常见大气污染物：carbon monoxide、carbon dioxide――greenhouse effect温室效应sulfur oxides 硫氧化物nitrogen oxides氮氧化物particulate matter颗粒物lead铅等重金属hydrocarbon烃dioxin二恶英PAH多环芳烃Treatment of Air Pollutants大气污染物治理1、particulate air pollutants去除颗粒状污染物，除尘settling chamber重力沉降室cyclone旋风除尘器centrifugal action离心力bag filter布袋过滤器entrapment and surface forces卷捕和表面张力adhere粘附impingement and Brownian diffusion撞击和布朗扩散wet scrubber湿式洗涤器electrostatic precipitator静电除尘器3、gaseous air pollutants去除气态污染物absorb吸收adsorb吸附catalytic combustion催化燃烧4、SOx reducing emissions: 1) change to low-sulfur fuel改用低硫燃料2) coal desulfurization煤脱硫3) flue-gas desulfurization烟道气脱硫4) tall stacks高烟囱NOx：off- stoichiometric combustion接近化学计量的燃烧，来减少产生Solid Wastes Treatment and Disposal固体废弃物的处理处置1、composting堆肥aerobic decomposition好氧分解2、incineration焚烧可以volume reduction减小体积、energy recovery回收能量3、landfilling填埋anaerobic decomposition厌氧分解Four distinct stages:四个阶段1)aerobic 好氧2)anaerobic, acid formers takes hold, cause a buildup of CO2厌氧产酸产CO23)anaerobic CH4 methane production build up厌氧产甲烷4)steady state, CH4, CO2 equal and microbial activity has stabilized CO2甲烷平衡Methods方法：trench沟式area场式selection of site engineering aspects include:场址选择原则：1)drainage排水wind风向distance from collection距离size规模ultimate use最终用途渗滤液leachate气体gas。
专业英语知识点小结
一、汉译英：串联：connect in series并联：connect in parallel测量仪器：instruments for measurement模拟万用表：analogue multimeters半周期：half cycle有源原件：active elements分立元件：discrete components耗能小：low power consumption逻辑门：logic gates晶体管-晶体管逻辑原件：transistor-transistor logic共用电源：utility mains脉动直流电：pulsating direct current网络拓扑结构：network topology长途电话系统：long-haul system调制格式：modulation format客户层系统：client-layer systems国际漫游：international roaming紧急服务：emergency service码分多址：code division multiple access伪随机调制：pseudo-random modulation时分双工模式：time division duplex局域网：local area network白噪声：white noise二、英译汉：components used in building electronic circuits 用于构成电子电路的元器件liquid crystal display 液晶显示屏electronics engineers 电子工程师electronic components 电子元件passive elements 无源元件metal oxides 金属氧化物operational complifiers 运算放大器complementary metal oxides semiconductor logic 补偿金属氧化物半导体逻辑元件exclusive or gate 异或门maintain a nearly constant voltage 保持一个近于稳定的电压power supply 电源synchronous digital hierarchy 同步数字序列synchronous optical network 同步光网络optical signal 光信号pluggable module 可插拔模块cellular network 蜂窝式网络duplex spacing 双工间隔the core principle of spread spectrum 扩频通信技术的基本原理network architecture 网络体系twisted pair telephone lines 双绞线电话线路三、翻译句子：1.把电池单元串联可以提高电压，但不会影响电池单元的使用寿命。
专业英语总结
《专业英语》课程总结转眼间已经度过了一个学期的学习英语的过程。
首先，我想说的是，我们中国人真的是很会背单词，学语法，所以，对于我们而言，似乎英文阅读是不尴尬的事情。
我以前学的都是很acamedic 的语法，包括单词，我都没有学好，我学的单词最大功用是阅读使用，和说话时候偶尔用到，即使是这样，我的好朋友还是说我的英语虽较比较fluent,但是不够natural,有点太academic了。
我们知道很多单词，但是没有真正熟悉这些单词的发音，这里的熟悉不是单纯知道发音是什么，而是当别人说出来的时候，我们可以很快的识别它，我们知道其实美式发音对很多单词的发音，重音，是和中国字典里音标标出来的不一样的。
所以现在我想来，一个必要的做法是，背单词是一定要听录音，熟悉美式发音读音，自己也要跟读，模范美式的发音。
多读，让自己的脑细胞熟悉透了这些单词，然后才能在自己需要用的时候，一下想起来。
我学习英语总结为五条：一、感情第一In my opinion，要想学好英语或者说至少在学的过程中不感到痛苦，就必须学会将英语变成一种爱好，一种兴趣，这样在学习的过程中才不至于半途而废、有始无终且学习时如座针毡、抓耳挠腮、味同嚼蜡、痛苦无比！二、长期积累“积累”可以说是任何学习所必需的，在英语学习中它显得更为重要！For example ：我将英语中的“单词、语法、句子、结构、阅读、写作、听力、口语”等等一切比喻成不同的层，你每学一些相关的东西就会在相应的层上加一些东西，而你学的越扎实，同样层与层之间就砸的越扎实。
三、正确认识只有经过正确修改的东西才值得牢记。
不要反复去看那些做了而未经别人修改的练习，看多了就会不自觉地连同错误一起记在脑子里。
假若你纯属自学而无旁人相助，那你就去记那些肯定是正确无误的东西。
四、敢于出口要敢于说话，不要怕出错误，但要请别人纠正错误。
尤其重要的是，当别人确实开始帮你纠正错误时，不要难为情，也不要泄气。
五、执着追求所谓“执着追求”，引用英国利兹大学一位教授的话就是一定要相信“the power of your dream”。
英语知识总结(精华)
英语知识总结（精华）英语是全球通用的语言之一，具有很高的实用性和较强的国际交流能力。
为了更好地学习和掌握英语，以下是一些英语知识的总结和要点：一、基础语法知识：1.词汇：掌握常用的英语词汇，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词等。
2.时态：了解各种时态的用法和相应的时间标志词，如一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时等。
3.句型结构：掌握基本句型结构，包括陈述句、疑问句、否定句以及复合句的构成和使用方法。
4.从句：了解主从复合句的构成和使用，包括宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句等。
5.语态：掌握主动语态和被动语态的转换和使用方法。
二、拼写和发音：1.拼写规则：掌握基本的拼写规则和拼写技巧，包括字母的读音和拼写规则，以及词汇的变形和拼写规则。
2.发音：了解英语中的发音规则和音标符号，包括元音和辅音的发音，以及重音和连读的规则。
三、阅读技巧：1.识别词义：通过上下文和词根词缀等方法来推测词义。
2.理解主旨：抓住关键信息，了解文章的主要内容和目的。
3.掌握排除法：通过排除错误选项，选择正确答案。
4.注意细节：注意细节信息，如数字、地点、时间等。
四、口语表达：1.培养语感：多听多说，模仿英语母语者的发音和语调，培养语感。
2.学习常用表达：掌握常用的口语表达方式，包括问候、道歉、感谢、请求等。
3.练习口语：多与他人进行英语口语练习，积累口语表达的经验和自信心。
4.注重语音语调：注意语音语调的准确性，避免重读错误和口音干扰。
五、写作技巧：1.选择合适的词汇和短语：注意使用恰当的词汇和短语，表达清晰准确的意思。
2.灵活运用句型和句式：避免句子结构重复，使用丰富多样的句型和句式。
3.逻辑清晰：合理组织文章结构，将各个段落和句子连接起来，使逻辑关系清晰明确。
4.练习写作：多写多练，积累写作经验和提高写作水平。
5.审查修改：写完文章后，对文章进行审查和修改，检查语法错误和逻辑问题。
六、语言学习方法：1.多听多说：培养英语语感和听说能力。
英文知识点梳理 总结
英文知识点梳理总结IntroductionThe acquisition and application of knowledge is fundamental to human development and progress. In the field of education, the process of acquiring knowledge is often formalized into specific areas of study and subjects. These subjects are designed to help individuals acquire a specific set of knowledge and skills, which can be used to solve problems, make decisions, and improve their lives and the lives of others. In this knowledge point summary, we will explore some of the key areas of knowledge that are commonly studied and applied in the fields of science, technology, engineering, mathematics, humanities, and social sciences.ScienceScience is the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. It encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, geology, astronomy, and environmental science. The key knowledge points in science include the scientific method, which involves making observations, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, and analyzing data to make conclusions. Other important concepts in science include the principles of conservation of energy and matter, the laws of motion, the atomic structure of matter, the theory of evolution, and the principles of ecology and environmental sustainability.TechnologyTechnology refers to the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. It includes the design, development, and use of tools, machines, materials, and processes to solve problems and achieve specific goals. Key knowledge points in technology include the design process, which involves identifying a problem, generating ideas, developing prototypes, testing and evaluating solutions, and refining the final product. Other important concepts in technology include the principles of computer programming, the design and function of electronic devices, the principles of engineering and construction, and the ethical and social implications of technological advancements.EngineeringEngineering is the application of scientific and mathematical principles to design and build structures, machines, systems, and processes that solve practical problems and improve the human condition. Key knowledge points in engineering include the principles of statics and dynamics, the properties of materials, the principles of electrical and mechanical systems, and the design and analysis of structures and machines. Other important concepts in engineering include the principles of thermodynamics, the principles of chemical engineering, the principles of environmental engineering, and the ethical and social responsibilities of engineers.MathematicsMathematics is the study of numbers, quantities, shapes, and patterns, and the relationships between them. It includes the study of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus, statistics, and probability. Key knowledge points in mathematics include the properties of numbers, the principles of algebraic manipulation, the properties of geometric shapes, the principles of trigonometric functions, and the techniques of differential and integral calculus. Other important concepts in mathematics include the principles of probability and statistics, the applications of mathematical modeling, and the use of computational tools for solving mathematical problems.HumanitiesHumanities is the study of human culture, history, language, literature, philosophy, religion, and the arts. It includes the study of ancient civilizations, classical literature, world religions, modern and contemporary art, and the history and philosophy of science. Key knowledge points in humanities include the principles of critical thinking, the analysis of historical and cultural artifacts, the study of literary and artistic works, and the understanding of different cultural and philosophical perspectives. Other important concepts in humanities include the principles of rhetoric and argumentation, the study of ethical and moral philosophy, and the analysis of different forms of artistic expression.Social SciencesSocial sciences is the study of human society, social behavior, and the relationships between individuals and groups. It includes the study of sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, political science, and geography. Key knowledge points in social sciences include the principles of social organization and interaction, the study of individual and group behavior, the analysis of economic and political systems, and the understanding of different cultural and geographic contexts. Other important concepts in social sciences include the principles of research methodology, the analysis of social and cultural diversity, and the study of global and regional development.ConclusionThe acquisition and application of knowledge in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, humanities, and social sciences are essential for human progress and development. By studying and applying the key knowledge points in these areas, individuals can develop a better understanding of the world around them, solve practical problems, make informed decisions, and contribute to the improvement of society and the human condition. It is important for educators and learners to recognize the value of these knowledge points and to explore ways to integrate them into formal education and lifelong learning. Through the acquisition and application of knowledge, individuals can continue to learn, grow, and make meaningful contributions to the world.。
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bar graph n.条形图equalization n.均衡化;均等image contrast n.图像对比度addition n.加subtraction n.减lapse v.流逝, 失效, 下降time-lapsed (时间上)相继的matrix n.矩阵motion n.运动, 动作v.运动dimension n.维数convolution n.回旋, 盘旋, 卷积boundary n.边界, 分界线blur v.涂污, 污损, 使……模糊,sharp adj.锐利的, 锋利的, 明显的locate v.定位, 位于spectra n.范围, 光谱spectrum n.光谱, 频谱phase spectrum相位频谱magnitude spectrum幅度频谱facsimile n. 传真,摹写,影印lossless compression（压缩）无损压缩lossy compression 有损压缩irretrievably adv.不能挽回地, 不能补救地CT (computed tomography) 计算机断层造影MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) 核磁共振成像DCT (discrete cosine transform)离散余弦变换run-length encoding行程编码Huffman encoding霍夫曼编码Image contrast图像对比度Edge filter边缘滤波Edge detection边缘检测Object recognition目标识别Run-length encoding行程编码Huffman encoding哈夫曼编码Pixel 像素Gray scale image 灰度图像Gray scale level灰度级Histogram 直方图Bar graph条形图Histogram equalization直方图均衡encryption program 加密程序deletion command 删除命令authorized user 授权的用户backup copy 备份的副本voltage surge 电涌，浪涌电压circuit breaker 断路器electronic component 电子器件data-entry error 数据输入错误electronic break-in 电路中断power line 电力线，输电线EC:Electronic Commerce 电子商务Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)电子数据交换Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)电子资金转账embedded system 嵌入式系统radio frequency 射频schematic原理图capture记录,输入building block模块,构件EDA (Electronic Design Automation)电子设计自动化HDL: Hardware Description Language 硬件描述语言Full-custom IC（全定制集成电路）Semi-custom IC（半定制集成电路）FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) 现场可编程门阵列CD: compact disc光盘LP: long playing record慢转密纹唱片CAD: Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计EDA: Electronic Design Automatic电子设计自动化HDL: Hardware Description Language 硬件描述语言VHDL: VHSIC Hardware Description Language极高速集成电路(VHSIC)硬件描述语言ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit专用集成电路PLD: Programmable Logic Device可编程逻辑器件PLA: Programmable Logic Array可编程逻辑阵列RTL: Register Transfer Level寄存器传送级CRT: Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管transducer 传感器，换能器fundamental frequency基频sonic boom声爆single-shot单脉冲raster 光栅attenuator 衰减器particle 粒子phosphor 磷，启明星vibrating 振动grading 分级，归类pervade 遍及indispensable不可缺少的demanding过分的,苛刻的luminous 发光的,明亮的legible 清晰的,易读的front-end 前端的，前期的archive 存档,档案文件user authentication 用户认证electronic purse 电子钱包information filter 信息过滤data integrity 数据完整性smart card 智能卡HTML 超文本标记语言symmetric key cryptosystem 对称密钥密码系统message authentication code 信息鉴定码unauthorized access control 未授权访问控制electronic catalog 电子目录electronic money (或cash) 电子货币search engine 搜索引擎digital signature 数字签名user interface 用户界面EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer) 电子资金转帐public key cryptosystem 公钥密码系统PDA (personal digital assistant)个人数字助理hypertext link 超文本链接3D image 三维图像credit card 信用卡Alkaline 碱性的Resolution 清晰度，分辨力Beam splitter分光镜，分色镜Photography 摄影，摄影术Lens 透镜，镜头Film 薄膜，胶卷，影片Focus 焦点TIFF: Tagged Image File Format标签图像文件格式JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group 联合图像专家组LCD: Liquid Crystal Display液晶显示器CCD: Charge Coupled Device电荷耦合器件user authentication 用户认证electronic purse 电子钱包symmetric key cryptosystem 对称密钥密码系统search engine 搜索引擎detection program 检测程序power source 电源digital signature 数字签名software piracy 软件侵权hard-disk drive 硬盘驱动器Programmable Logic Array 可编程逻辑阵列primary storage 主存储器electronic bulletin board 电子公告板histogram equalization 直方图均衡edge detection 边缘检测magnitude spectrum 幅度谱Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器full-custom integrated circuit 全定制集成电路embedded system 嵌入式系统图象传感器image sensor电子设计自动化electronic design automation模拟电子电路设计analogue electronic circuit design加密程序encryption program电子器件electronic component计算机病毒computer virusⅡ. Choose among the four choices the one that best completes the sentence. (70 points) 1. A ___B___ copy is a copy of a current file made in order to protect against loss ordamage.A. hardB. backupC. softD. file2. T h e infamous “Michelangelo” __C__ strikes thousands of computers every year onMarch 6.A. crackerB. hackerC. virusD. disease3. D ata __A____ can reduce the amount of data sent or stored by partially eliminatinginherent redundancy.A. compressionB. conversionC. configurationD. compilation4. C onfidentiality of the message is not enough in a secure communication; ____C____is also needed. The receiver needs to be sure of the sender’s identity.A. encryptionB. authorizationC. authenticationD. encapsulation5. T o access a page on the WWW, one needs a ___D_____ that usually consists ofthree parts: a controller, a method, and an interpreter.A. routerB. codeC. passwordD. browser6. T he data, when they are not encrypted, are called ___A_____.A. plaintextB. ciphertextC. hypertextD. context7. W hereas the decimal system is based on 10, the _____B___ system is based on 2.There are only two digits in the latter system, 0 and 1.A. bilateralB. binaryC. byteD. bit8. The larger the number of pixels in an image, and the lager the number of availablegray scale levels, the better the ___A__ of the image.A. resolutionB. identificationC. recognitionD. shade9. The gray scales present in a digital image can be summarized by its _C_______.A. graphB. schematicC. histogramD. diagram10．The abbreviation JPEG stands for Jointed Picture ___B_____ Group.A. ExpertsB. ExpertC. EngineersD. Engineer11.When you send a document electronically, you can also sign it. This is called___B____ signature.A. onlineB. digitalC. virtualD. simulated12. People who gain unauthorized access to a computer system for malicious purposes are called ____B____.A. HackersB. CrackersC. breakersD. intruders13. The abbreviation FPGA stands for Field ____B____Gate Array.A. ProgramB. ProgrammableC. ProgrammingD. Programmer14.To save time and bandwidth, both images and other files are often compressedbefore being ____C____.A. transferredB. transportedC. transmittedD. traversed作业如下：翻译文章"Digital Image Fundamentals"（P237~240)翻译“补充资料”中的《Computer Security》全文翻译补充资料"Electronic Commerce"中的<4. Security Services>部分翻译文章"Overview of Modern Digital Design"中的<Design automation>部分(Page 131~132)完成<课后练习>的第1题的第一段(Page 149)。